Longman a al Effective Guide to ‘0’ LEVEL ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICSPearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd 23/25, First Lok Yang Road, Singapore 629733 Associated companies, branches and representatives throughout the world © Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd 2002 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, of transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the Copyright owner. First published 2002 Fifth reprint 2006 ISBN 13 978-981-235-795-3 ISBN 10 961-235-795-5. Set in Avant Garde 10/14 Produced by Pearson Education South Asia Pte Lid Printed in Singapore ‘The publisher's policy is to use paper manufactured from sustainabe forestsAdditional Mathematics Syllabus L Sets 2. Functions 3. Quadratic Functions 4. Indices and Surds 5. Factors of Polynomials 6. Simultaneous E 7.__Logarithmic and Exponential Functions 8. Straight Line Graphs 9___ Circular Measure 10. jonome: 11. Permutations and Combinations 12. Binomial Expansion 13.__ Vectors in Two Dimensions 14. Matrices 15. Differentiation 16._Integration 12. Kinematics Specimen Paper A Specimen Paper B Answers iv Ww ] u 20 al 40 43 46 54 7a 79 92 98 102 ie 130 146 140 123 172 185 This ane “eVIn this second edition, new topics: Sets. Indices and Surds, Permutations and Combinations, and Matrices are included and given greater emphasis. For a more indepth coverage, Kinematics Is now a chapter on its own, In general, when you prepare for examinations, the first things you need to know will be the syllabus and the examinations structure, When you revise your work, make sure you cover all the content specified in the syllabus. For ease of reference, the content required in the syllabus for each topic is outlined at the beginning of each chapter. It is advisable to cover a topic at one time and attempt questions related to the topic, questions from your textbooks, guide books as well as the Cambridge past year questions. It will also be better if you revise related topics consecutively, In preparing for additional mathematics examinations, a crucial factor is time. It is insufficient to just revise and practise. You will need to sit for mock examinations too! After revising all the topics, it is advisable that you sit down will all the materials you need for an examination — question papers, formuld list. calculator, Ad line papers, graph papers, stationery and a watch. Remember to put up a ‘Do not disturb’ sign too. Attempt an entire paper within the given time limit. You find that you will be better and faster after practising a few complete papers. By simulating the examination conditions, you be more confident and know exactly what to do during the actual examination. The amount of time you should spend on each question is determined by the number of marks allocated to It. In the event that you are ‘stuck’ at a question, you may want to move on and solve other questions and attempt the unsolved question later. If you have time after answering all the questions, it will be advantageous to check your answers, Remember to have an early night the day before the examinations so that you will be fresh and mentally alert. Well, good luck and happy revision,Additional Mathematics Syllabus Secondary GCE ‘QO’ LevelADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS G.C.E. © LEVEL ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS Syliabus Aims The course should enable students 1. to extend their elementary mathematical skills and use these in the context of more advanced techniques; 2. todevelop an abllity to apply mathematics in other subjects. particularly science and technology; 3. todevelop mathematical awareness; and the confidence to apply their mathematical skills In appropriate situations; 4, to extend their interest in mathematics and appreciate its power as a basis for specific applications. Assessment Objectives The examination will test the ability of candidates to recall and use manipulative techniques; interpret and use mathematical data, symbols and terminology: comprehend numerical, algebraic and spatial concepts and relationships: fecognise the appropriate mathematical procedure for a given situation; formulate problems into mathematical terms and select and apply appropriate: techniques of solution. mw Bish Examination Structure There willbe two papers, each of 2 hours and each caries 80 marks. Content for Paper 1 and Paper 2 will not be dissected. Each paper will consist of approximately 10-12 questions of various lengths. There will be no choice of question except that the last question in each paper will consist of two: alternatives. only one of which must be answered. The mark allocation for the last question will be in the range of 10-12 marks. Detailed Syllabus Knowledge of the content of the Syndicate’s Ordinary level Syliabus D, (or an equivalent Syllabus) is assumed, Ordinary level material which is not repeated in the syllabus below will not be tested directly but it may be required indirectly in response to questions on other topics.THEME OR TOPIC: CURRICULUM OBJECTIVES 1. Set language and Use set language and notation, and Venn dlagrams to notation describe sets and represent relationships between sets as follows: A= (x xis A natural number} B= (tx, ys y = mx + c} C(x: Asxsb) D={a,b,¢,...) Understand and use the following notation: Union of A and B AuB Intersection of A and B AnB Number of elements in set A ntAy *,.. is an element of ...” € *... is not an element of ...” € Complement of set A A The empty set @ Universal set & Ais a subset of 8 AcB Ais a proper subset of B ACB Ais a not a subset of B Ags Ais a not a proper subset of & AGB 2. Functions Understand the terms function, domain, range (image. set), one-one function, inverse function and composition of functions. Use the notation f(x) = sinx, f: x Igx, (> 0), F109 and 0 (= flfOd)). Understand the relationship between y = f(x) and y= [f0o|. where tO) may be linear, quadratic or trigonometric. Explain in words why a given function is a function or why it does not have an inverse. Find the inverse of a one-one function and form composite functions. Use sketch graphs to show the relationship between A function and its inverse, es [|THEME OR TOPIC CURRICULUM OBJECTIVES 3. Quadratic functions 4. Indices and surds §. Factors of polynomials 6, Simultaneous equations 7. Lagarithmic and exponential functions 8. Straight line graphs Find the maximum or minimum value of the quadratic function f:x— ax? + bx + c by any method. Use the maximurn or minimum value of f(x) to sketch the graph or determine the range for a given domain. Know the conditions for {69 = 0 to have ()) two real roots, (ii) two equal roots, (ili) no real roots; and the related conditions for a given line to (i) intersect a given curve, (il) be a tangent to a given curve, (iil) not intersect a given curve. Solve quadratic equations for real roots and find the solution set for quadratic inequalities. Perform simple operations with indices and with surds, including rationalising the denominator. Know and use the remainder and factor theorems. Find factors of polynomials. Solve cubic equations. Solve simultaneous equations in two unknowns with at least one linear equation, Know simple properties and graphs of the logarithmic and exponential functions Including Inx and e* (series expansions are not required). Know and use the laws of logarithms (including change of base of logarithms). Solve equations of the form a* = b, Interpret the equation of a straight line graph in the form y = mx + c. Transform given relationships, including y = ax" and y= Ab*, to straight line form and hence determine unknown constants by calculating the gradient or intercept of the transformed graph. Solve questions involving mid-point and length of line. Know and use the condition for two lines to be parallel and perpendicular. viTHEME OR TOPIC CURRICULUM OBJECTIVES 9. Circular measure Solve problems involving the arc length and sector area of a circle, Including knowledge and use of radian measure. 10, Trigonometry Know the sk trigonometric functlons of angles of any magnitude (sine, consine, tangent, secant, cosecant, cotangent). Understand amplitude and periodicity and the telationship between graphs of e.g. sin x and sin 2x. Draw and use the graphs of y = a sin(bx) + c, y = a cos(by) + c, y = a tan(bx) + c, where a, bare positive integers and c is an integer. Know and use the relationships sina =tana, cosA ash =cotA, sin?A + cos*A = 1, seo*A = 1 + tan? A, cosec? A = 1 + cof?A, and solve simple trigonometric equations involving the six trigonometric functions and the above relationships (not including general solution of trigonometric equations). Prove simple trigonometric identities. 11. Permutations and Recognise and distinguish between a permutation case combinations and a combination case. Know and use the notation ni, (with O! = 1), and the expressions for permutations and combinations of n items taken rat a time. Answer simple problems on arrangement ond selection (cases with repetition of objects. or with objects arranged in a circle or involving both permutations and combinations, are excluded). 12. Binomial expansions —_- Use the Binamial Theorem for expansion of (a + 5)? for positive integral n. Know and use the general term "Cab. O. Integrate functions of the form (ax+ 6)" (excluding n = -1), e%*>, sin(ax + b), cos(ax + b). Evaluate definite integrals and apply integration to the evaluation of plane areas. Apply differentiation and integration to kinematics problems that involve displacement, velocity and acceleration of particles moving in a straight line (with variable or constant acceleration. and the use of x-f and v-f graphs).MATHEMATICAL NOTATION The list which follows summarizes the notation used in the Syndicate’s Mathematics examinations. Although primarily directed towards Advanced level, the list also applies, where relevant, to examinations at other levels, ie, O level, AO level. Mathematical Notation 1. Set Notation € is an element of € is not an element of (X. Xpe vel the set with elements x. xX)... be. the set of all x such that... nA) the number of elements in set A @ the empty set & universal set A the complement of the set A N the set of positive Integers and zero, {0, 1. 2.3...) z the set of Integers, {0, +1, +2, +3...) a the set of positive integers, (1, 2, 3. Zz, the set of integers modulo n, {0, 1, 2,...,0- 1} a the set of rational numbers Q the set of positive rational numbers, {x =@ : x > O} a5 the set of positive rational numbers and zero, {xeQ: x= 0} R the set of real numbers Rt the set of positive real numbers, (xc: x> OQ} Ro the set of positive real numbers and zero, [xe R: x > 0} RO the real n tuples Cc the set of complex numbers c is a subset of c is a proper subset of ¢g is not a subset of € is not a proper subset of u union nq intersection (a, B) the closed interval {xeR: a= x= b} (a, B) the interval [xeR:a=x< bl} (a, b) the interval [xeR:a o In a school. some of the subjects that students Physics, Maths: can take are Mathematics, Additional Mathematics and Physics. The Venn diagram ay shows the combinations of these subjects that are possible. and the numbers and letters (7) atl tepresent the number of students in each subset. (a) Given that the number of students taking Physics Is 123, calculate the value of x. (b) Given that one sixth of those taking Mathematics also take Additional Mathematics, calculate the value of y and hence find the total number of students taking Mathematics. (cyCurriculum Objectives: Understand the terms function, domain, range (image set), one-one function, inverse function and composition of functions Use the notation {00 = sinx, f:x— Igx, O> 0). F100 and 70%) (= f(O0)) Understand the relationship between y = f() and y = |fGo|. where f() may be linear, quadratic or trigonometric Explain in words why a given function is a function or why it does not have ‘on inverse Find the inverse of a one-one function and form composite functions Use sketch graphs to show the relationship between a function and its inverse. 1. Functions Consider set X and set Y, related by the function f, every element in the set X is mapped to a unique element In the set Y. (2, 1) is an ordered pair where 1 Is the image of 2. The domain of the function is the set X = (2, 3, 4, 5}. The codomain of the function Is set Y= {1, 2. 3, 4, 5, 6). x—___y 7 LE Notation f:X— ¥ or X45Y denotes a function f from domain X to codomain Y, fx f@) denotes a function f linking x, an element of the domain, to its image y = (GO In the codomain.2. Considering each element in domain xX, 12) =1 103) = 2 (4) = 3 5) = 4. 2 (00 =x-7 The set of images Is called the range of f. For example, the range of f(x) = x- 1 is {1, 2, 3, 4). Elements like 5 and 6 in codomain ¥ are not images of any element in domain X and therefore are not in the range of f. Example 1 A function f Is defined by f: x 3x. Find the range of f for the domain 0s xsd, Solution Osxs4 Osdxsl2 Ost) s 12 Composite Functions When a function fis followed by another function g, we get a composite function gf. aft) = gtd) no Ais the domain and C is the codomain of the composite function gf. Example 2 If f:x—x ond g:x—ox-2. a Find the range of gf for the domain -1< x<2. di) Find an expression for P.‘Curriculum Objectives: Find the maximum or minimum value of the quadratic function tf: x a? + bx + by any method Use the maximum or minimum value of f() to sketch the graph or determine the range for a given domain Know the conditions for f(%) = 0 to have @) two real roots, (i) fwe equal roots, Gli) no real roots, and the related conditions for a given line to @) — Infersect a given curve, (be a tangent to a given curve, di) not intersect a given curve Solve the quadratic equations for real roots and find the solution set for quadratic inequalities. 1. General form of a quadratic function The general form of a quadratic function is {0d = ax? + bx+¢ or y=are+bx+e, where a. band care constants and a#0. Note : If a= 0, then we have a linear function which involves variables of power 1. Quadratic functions involve variables of highest power 2. 2. Maximum and minimum values of quadratic function y = ax? + bx +¢ When a > 0, the function has a minimum value. The shape of Its curve is U, When a < 0, the function has a maximum value. The shape of its curve Is n. The maximum and minimum values can be found using two methods: @ =~ “Completing the square” Express the function in a form, like +(ax+p)* + q, Cor other similar forms) where a, p and q are constants. The maximum or minimum is given by q and the corresponding value of xis Pe a (Note: You may need to use other similar forms, depending on the given quadratic function.) ——————————————————Gi) Differentiation Differentiate the function y= ax? + bx + c with respect to x. to get * + to zero and solve to get the x coordinate of the maximum/minimum Equate value. Substitute this value into the expression for the function to get the corresponding value of y. YY 20+ b= 0 =P 2a b Substitute x= ->— into y= ae + bx+c ‘a Example 1 Given that the curve whose equation is y= p- (x- q)* crosses the x-axis at the points (1, 0) and (3, 0). find @ ~~ the value of p and q, (i) the maximum value of y. «c) Solution For the point (1, 0), y=0=p-(1-q? p-Q-29+¢)=0 p-14+2q-q= For the point (3, 0), y=0=p-@-q? p-@-6q+ f)=0 PHD OG FR Decne (2) @)-a) 4q-8=0 “q=2 Substitute q = 2 into (1). p-1+22)-@F=0 p-1+4-4=0 ~p=l “~pslqz2 di) Use the “completing the square” method (this is a better and faster method to use in this question, especially so as the function is already expressed in the * squared” form) Substituting the values of p and q into the function, y=l-@-2) By Inspection, maximum value of y = 1. SSNSAlternatively, using the differentiation method (not recommended but Is shown fo Illustrate the method) y= 1-(-2)? = 1-28 + dx-d = 8 + Ax -3 Y . oe4e4=0 dx xe? Substitute x = 2 into function, y=1-(2-2" y=) The maximum value of y is 1 Example 2 Express y = HO + 5)? + (x - 7} in the form y = (x + q? + 1. Hence find the least value of y and the corresponding value of x. (Cc) Solution y= $08 + 10x + 25 + x? - 14x + 49) = f(28 - dx + 74) =x -2x+ 37 = (x= 17 + 36 Maximum value of y = 36 when x = 1, 3. Graphs of quadratic functions Shape of quadratic function y = ax? + bx + c depends on aand D, its discriminant. given by b? - dae, @ When a> 0, (di) When a<0, D>0 D>O0 ¥ The curves cut the x-axes at 2 different points A and 8, Le., the xaxes intersect the curves.Solution () gf) = gf) = gG*) = 2-2 of-1) = 1-2=-1 gf(0) = 0 - 2 gf(2)=4-2=2 The range of of is 2s gf) s2. (i) G8 = Od) = 02) = xt 2 Pixaxt 3. Inverse Function To find the inverse of a function, let 00 = y, then x = fy. Example 3 The function f is defined by f: xr 2x - 1, Find the expression for f). Solution Let y= 2x? - 1, ory ysl ve ry = (2! (A Ve Pog = /t \2 en [1qi) a>0 fv) a<0 D=0 D=0 Y ¥ | | x | ae QO The curves touch the x-axes at one point. ie. the x-axes are tangents to the curves, @w) a>0 w) a<0 D<0 D<0 ¥ ¥ 5 x a x The curves are either entirely above or entirely below the x-axes, i.e. the x-axes do not intersect the curves. To sketch a quadratic graph. consider the following: OQ oaFr0ora<0, @ D>0,D=0o0rD<0, Gi) = the maximum or/and minimum points, (the y-intercept(s) (the value(s) of y when x = 0), @) the xintercept(s) (the value(s) of x when y = G). 4. General form of a quadratic equation The general form of a quadratic equation Is ax? * bx + c = 0 where a, b and c are constants and a 0,Solutions/roots to a quadratic equation are given by the following formula (which is given in the formula list). xe rbt yb? -dac 2a D, the discriminant of the equation = b? - 4ac, when @ D> 0, the equation has two real and unequal roots, A and 8 (See figures 1 & ii) (i) =D =0, the equation has two real and equal roots, |.e. one root A. (See figures Ih & iv.) Gi) =D <0, the equation has no real roots. See figures v & vi) Example 3 Find the value of p for which the equation (1 - 2p)x? + Bpx-(2 + Bp) =0 has two equal roots. (Cc) Solution — Recall for an equation ax + bx + c = 0 to have equal roots, D=b-dac=0. For the equation (1 -2p)x? + Bex- (2 + 8p) = 0 to have equal roots, D = p)? - 4(1 - 2p)- 2 + Bp) = 0. 64p* + (4 ~ Bp)2 + 8p) = 0 b4p? + 8 - lép + 32p - 4p? = 0 lp +8=0 p=- Quadratic inequalities When a quadratic function = 0, we get a quadratic equation y= an? + bx+ ¢=0. Quadratic Inequalities are obtained when y= ax? + bx + c> Oory= ax + bx+ <0, Partial inequalities are obtained when y= ax* + bx+ c20 or y= a+ bx+e50. Solution of quadratic inequalities: Method 1: Factorize the expression and consider the signs (a) (x+A}x+B>0 Both (x + A) and (x + 8) have the same sign: Either (x + A) > O and (x + 8) > 0, or (+ A) 0 and x+ B> 0.45 well as that which satisfy both (x+ A)<0 and (x + 8) <0.to) (x + A+ <0 (x + A) and (x + 5) have different signs: Either (x + A) > O and (x + 8) <0, or (x + A) 0 Draw two number lines and determine the range of x that satisfy both conditions x+ A>Ooand x+ B<0 as well as that which satisfy both («+ A) <0 and (x+ 8) >0. Method 2: Factorize the expression and sketch the curve (a) (x+ A)ie+ D> O for this part of the Eve, 20 & IeoA Solution x<-Aorx>-B ) + A+ <0 RB tor this part of the: ~ Solution §=-A2 @ Mx-1)<2. Solution i) xx-1)>2 w-x-230 &=-2)%+ 1) >0 Method 1: Consider signs For (x- 2)(x+ 1) > 0, (¢- 2) and (x + 1) have the same sign (anows in number lines point in the same direction).(x-2)>Oand(+1)>0 or &-2)2and x>-1 or x<2andx<-] Dene eee o——_> —_—_—___ -l 2 - 2 To satisfy both conditions To satisfy both conditions (> 2&x>-1)x>2 &<2&x<-1)x<-l «. The range of x for which x(x -1) > 2 is x > 2 orx<-1. Note: Use hollow dots o> for strict inequalities (.e. > or <). Use bold dois e+ for partial inequalities that include the points (i.e. 2 or s). Method 2: Skefch curves y (x- 241) >0 y>0 yoo x<-lorx>2 ti) -x-2<0 (¢-200+ 1950 Method 1: Consider signs For (x- 2)(x + 1) <0, (&- 2) and (x + 1) have different signs (Le. arrows point in oppasite directions). @-220and&+Ds0 of G-2s0and(&+1)20 x22andx<-] or xs2andx2-1 _ _— —_—, T T T T -1 2 4 2 Both conditions (xs 2 and To satisfy both conditions XS-1) cannot be satisfied. (xs 2and x2-1).-lsx<2. «. The range for which xx - 1) 0. D=P-4ac>0 (4c¥ — 4(8)(c? - 20) > 0 6c? = 20¢? + 400 > 0 4c? < 400 @< 100 (c + 10)(¢ - 10) <0 (e+ WXc- 10) <0 From the graph, the range of values of c is -10 < ¢ < 10. eeExample 6 Find the value of kfor which the line y+ 3x= kis atangent to the cuve y= +5. (C) Solution At the point of intersection. the two equations must be satisfied simultaneously, ¥+3x= k= y=k-3x GQ) yer 4+ Bun. (2) Substitute (1) into (2). k-3x= 45 + 3x4+5-k=0 For the line to be a tangent to the curve, ie. for x7 + 3x+ 5-kto have ‘one real root, its D = 0. D = bP- doc D =)? - 405 -k) =0 9-204 4k=0 kel 4 Example 7 Find the range of values of ¢ for which y = cx + 6 does not meet the cure 2 - xy = 3. (c) Solution At points of intersection, the two equations are simultaneously satisfied. Y=ox+6 map) 2 -xy= »Q) Substitute (1) into (2). 2x = xox + 6) = 3 De - of - 6x-3=0 When the line does not meet the curve, 2x* - cx - 6x- 3 = 0 has no. real roots, Le. D < 0. D= bt - dac = (-6% - 4(2 - cx-3) < 0 36+ 24-12¢<0 12¢ > 60 c>s5Revision Exercises lL Find the maximum or minimum value of each of the following quadratic functions by expressing them in the form +(ax + p)*+ g, State the corresponding value of x in each case. (a) 9x2 + 24x + 14 (b) 40x - 16% - 19 (©) 16-3x-# (d) 3t-4x+9 2. Express y=-2x? + 4x+ 19 in the form y= (x+ p)? + q, where a, p and qare constants. Hence, state the maximum value of y and the corresponding value of x. Sketch the graph y = -2x7 + 4x + 19. 3. White 22 + kx+ 64 in the form (x + p)? + qand obtain expressions for p and qin terms of k. Hence find the range of values of ksuch that + kx+ 6d is positive for all values of x and deduce the coresponding range of values of k. 4. The following équations have equal roots. Find the value of p: (a) 2+ px+4=0 (b) 2 - (p+ I)x=5p- 30 tc) (p- 1) + dpx + p+ 20=0. 5, The quadratic equation px? + x + q = 0 has roots 3 and -4. Find @ the values of p and q, Gi) the range of values of rfor which the equation px’ + x+ q+ r=Ohas no real roots, 6. Find the range of values of k for which the equation ke + 2(2k + 2)x+ 4k+9=0 has real roots. 7. Find the range of x which satisfy each of the following inequalities: (a) (2x +3)x- 4) <0 (b) 7 -&+2)>0 (ec) 9+ 21 2 10x (d) 2¢+2x< ¢-5x+8 20 te Sx? -7x+68 1 2x? -11x4+5 8, Find the range of values of k for which the expression 2° + 5x + k Is positive for all real values of x. 9. Find the range of values of k for which the expression 2x(1 - x) + kis never positive for all real values of x. aFind the range of values of k for which the line kx + y = 3 intersects the curve 2@ + 2 = 8 at two real and distinct points. If the line y = mx + cis a tangent to the curve + = 10, find the relationship between mand c. Find the range of values of p for which the graph y = pre + Ox+ P+ 12 crosses the x-axis. State also the values of p for which the x-axis is a tangent to the curve. (a) Calculate the range of values of x for which x2 + dx - 5 > 5x-3 (b) = Calculate the range of values of c for which 3x7 - 9x + c > 2.25 for all values of x, (c) (a) Find the range of values of x for which x(10 - 0 > 24, (be) Find the value of k for which 2y + x= kis a tangent to the curve 7 + 4x= 20. (cyCurriculum Objectives: . Perform simple operations with indices and with surds, including rationalising the denominator. 1. Indices Multiplication of a by itself n number of times can expressed in the form of an index as a? where ais the base and nis the index. For example, 24= 2x 2x 2x2 =16 2. Laws of Indices Laws of Indices Notes ax gs qn q+ q@= qr cay =a a" x b™ = (ax by” m ons m= (2) where b #0 fs where a #0 and is a real number ome where a #0 (gy = (ey where a0Example 1 Simplify wo ap Sofution = (i) a) Example 2 Simplify @ Gi) Solution = (I) ai) Example 3 Simplify ) cli Solution (iy ci) ¥ x 3° BHY x Bey Method 1: # x 3¢= (x3) x Bx 3x3x3xIxd) = 38 Method 2: Using | a" x a? = am B2 x 36 = B28 = 38 Note: Method 1 is used to verify the Law: it is faster and less ‘cumbersome to use the Law of Indices. BOY yg GUY a BOHR = oe + Ones OY 35 “3? _ 3x3x3x3x3 ~ 3x3 =3x3x3 =3 Alternatively, Using | a + a? = gn 35+ 32 = 32 = go 329 OY 4 BHF = GOH Ory) = Bey a (2° (HP =x 3x 3x 3x Gx3x3xu3xGx3x3xd = 32 Using (3? = 349 = 32 (Bite = ie MbExample 4 Simplify (i) 2%x3> @ #x2 Solution () 2x 3=(2x2%2x2%2)x(Bxdx3xIx 3) = (2% 3) x (2% 3) x (2 « 3) x (2.x 3) x (2 x 3) = (2x 3) Alternatively. Using | a7 x BT = (ax by” 2 x 3 = (2 x 3) @ 8xx¥=Qx x? Example 5 Simplify @ 38+ 2° G) xb +28 i ‘ 3x3xKIKIxKS Sotution 38+ %= ToS = 345,3,3,8 ~2°2°2°2°2 Alternatively wpe (2) Using on =on= (2) 5 +28 (3) 6 x iy ens (4) Consider a special case of the law a? + @=aq"™ when m= n, for example. axaxd_ axaxa and a3: a= at} = a? Hence. we get the zero index law: +aqi= eSExample 6 Simplify @ 100° oO ai) x) Solution Using} a® = 1 Consider another case of the law a% + a = qn where m 0 and x is a variable. Important logarithmic functions: q@) common logarithm where a = 10, log)gx i.e. Igx. i) natural logarithm where a= @, log,x i.e. Inx. ¥ <—y=loo,% Properties of the graphs where y = gx or Inx () ~— y does not exist for x < 0 qi) = y=Qwhenx=1 (i) As xe then yow (lv) As x30 then y>—=2. Exponential Functions General form Is a" where ais a positive constant and x a variable. Important exponential functions () 10% (inverse of Igx) (i) &* (inverse of In.x) Properties of the graph y = a" (a> 1 and x>0) @) = y > 0 for all real values of x gd) y=1lwhenx=0 qi) As xe then y+ (iv) As x3 then yo0 ™ graph is obtained when y = a* is reflected in the y-axis. a |3. Laws of Logarithm and Indices Laws of Logarithm Laws of Indices loggtxy) = log, x+ loggy QM Qh = gm mm la,{ *)= loggx+logay Sama ¥ a" log, ("= nlog,x (a™r=a™ log,a=1 a= ogy) =0 ar = logg] = on ama Va ame (Yay =Vo" log, N= log) logy a Example 1 (a) Solve the equation 2* = 5, (b) Solve the equation Igx + Ig (3x + 1) = 1. (c) By using the substitution y = 6, find the value of x such that 8e*- e*= 2, (d) Given that y = ax®, that y = 2 when x= 3 and that y 5 when x= 9, find the value of a and of b. «) Solution (a) 2*=5 Ig 2 =IgS xig2=Ig5 since log, ()" = nlog,x x=!95 9.49 Ig2 (b) Igx+ig @x+1=1 Igx (3x + 1) =Ig 10 x(3x + 1) = 10 3x2 + x- 10=0 Gx - 5) + 2) = 0 or x = -2 (rejected as ig of negative constant is undefined)(c) Bet—-et=2 Multiply throughout by e*, 8- oe = 2e* Using the substitution y= e*, y+ 2y-8=0 y+ 4ty- 2 = 0 | or y=2 & = -4 (undefined) or e=2 2 X= 0,693 () ysae® When x = 3, y= 2: 2 = aG@y? Ig? = Ig + B1gd were qd) (sincelog, Gy) =log,x+ log, ¥ and log, ()" = n log, %) 2 When x= 9 y 3 2 = ag 9 g2=igas big? Ig2-IgP=lgat big Qu Q a)- @ Ig9=bilg3-Ig9% Ig? Ig? = = JD a-2 Ig3-I99 igs 9 Substitute b = -2 inte (1). Ig2 = Iga + (2) Igs Iga = Ig2 + 2ig3 Iga@ = Ig2 + Ig3? Iga = Ig2 x 3? n@s2xH=18 Example 2 @ = Sketch the graph of y = Inx for x > 0. di) Express x? = e*? in the form Inx = ax + b. (ii) Insert on your sketch the additional graph required to obtain a graphical solution of x? = e*?, (Cc)Solution (i) ¥ ys inx Gd) =e? Inx? = x-2 2inx=x-2 inxe dyed where a= Lond b=-1 2 2 Gi) x? = ex? Inx = ly -1 2 1 Let y = Inx and y = rile 1 The intersection of y = Inx and y= Jy graphs gives a solution of x7 = e?, 2 y= 3 = 1is a straight line graph with gradient ; and y-intercept of -1. When y= 0, x= 2. ¥ thase are 2 pts Felt intersection Example 3 Sketch the graph of y = e!-2%, Sofufion ysexe Thus, it will take the shape of y = o%, y= el*= | when 1 -2x=0 axe MLThe graph of y = e!-2" is obtained by translating y = ¢*half an unit to the right. Example 4 By changing bases, evaluate the following: (a) log.5 (b) log) 52.6 Solution (a) log, = oe B a2, 32 tomato. log,5 = pee = 2.32 192.6 (b) 109,426 = jg7g = 2-56 Alternatively. log, 26 = ES =2.96Revision Exercises 1 Solve the following equations: (a) 2igx=lg (x +2) (b) 219 27+ Ig (@+ 1)-19 3z=0 (©) 19 (x2 4+ 5x42 =31Ig241 Solve the following equations: fa) aytls7 (b) 2x lol = et (ce) 2*-5+2?*=0 Solve the following equations: (a) 1 = 148 (pb) 2e*'=7 (c) e%+3e%=4 (d) 2e"'- e*!-6e=0 Given that Ig 5 = p, find in terms of p ® 18 (i) Ig 50 Gi) Ig 25 Given that In 2 = 0.693 and In $ = 2.197, calculate without using calculator, the values of @ in72 Gi) InvTé2 Gi) in 2.25 Sketch the following functions: @ yelg 3x di) y= 3inx ii) sy = In(x + 2) Sketch the following functions: @ y= 20% @) yee! Gy y= ten" 2 Using the substitution y = 2", solve the equation 4*- 2"? + 3 =0, (a) The cure with equation py= qx passes through the points (1. -12) and (2, ie Find the value of p and of q. BL(6) Solve the simultaneous equations: Igx + 2 Igy=3 Xy= 125 (c) Given that y = 2xe*, @ show that y has a stationary value when x = 1. di) Complete the following table. x 0 05 1 2 ¥ Using graph paper, draw the graph y= 2x e* for 0 < x < 2. By drawing a suitable line, find the solutions of the equation x + 1 = 10xe™, (c) 10, (a) The mass, m grams, of a radicactive substance, present at time t days after first being observed, is given by the formula m = 24g 002, Find @ the value of m when t= 30, (the value of f when the mass Is half of Its value at f= 0, di) the rate at which the mass is decreasing when f = 50. (Answer this question after revising chapter 15: Differentiation ) (b) Solve the equation Ig(20 + Sx) - Ig(10 - x) = 1. (c) Given that x = Iga is a solution of the equation 102+! - 7¢10) = 26, find the value of a. «cyCurriculum Objectives: Interpret the equation of a straight line graph in the form y = mx + ¢ Transform given relationships, including y = ax" and y = Ab*, to straight line form and hence determine unknown constants by calculating the gradient or intercept of the transformed graph Solve questions involving mid-point and length of a line Know and use the condition for two lines to be parallel and perpendicular, 1, Distance between two points ¥ Given that the coordinates of A and Bare (x,, y,) and (x2. y2) respectively. distance between A and B, i.e. AB= (x2 -%))? +(¥2-¥4)*.2. Mid-point Let the mid-point of AB be C (x. y). X, + X- + Coordinates of C = (p42. nen) Example 1 Two points have coordinates A (-8, 4) and B (-2, 0). find () the distance between And &: (ii) the coordinates of C, the mid-point of AB. Solution (@) AB = y(-2-(-8))? +@-4)? = 162 = 7.21 units -B+(-2) 4+0 qi) Mid-point C= ( 2° 2 } = 5,2)3. Gradient Gradient, m, of a straight line joined by any two points is defined as - the difference in the y - coordinates the difference in the x - coordinates _VitVa or Yuty2 Xq bX] Ry EX Ye-Vi _ tan ZBAC = tan @ Xy-X Gradient of AB, m= Since 2BAC = Z8P®, gradient of a straight line = tangent of the angle which the line makes with the positive direction of the x-axis. #is acute «. tan @>0, gradient @>0.aris obtuse ». tan a<0, tan @ = -tan ZPQO, gradient <0. 4. Gradients of two parallel lines ¥ yemxs cy YEIMK+ Cp Equation of AB is y= mx+ c Gradient of AB = m, = tan 8 Equation of CD is y = myx + c Gradient of CD = m, = tan 4, When AB is parallel to CD 9, =o tan 4, = tan @, m =m5. Gradients of two perpendicular lines ¥ ¢ f, has gradient m, m, = tan ZABD = tan @ 4 has gradient m, m, = tan ZEDX = tan p EF is the perpendicular from £ to the x-axis. ZDEF = 0 EF DF im = pp oton Oat =- =-f£.--_1..-1 My =~tan a= BE fan @” m7 mm, zt m, Example 2 Lines AC and 8D are perpendicular fo each other. Given that the gradient of AC is 1. find the gradient of 8D. Solulion Gradient of AC, mac ls 4. Since AC and 8D are perpendicular, gradient of BD is -a =-4, 6. Area of Plane Figures General formula for area of the figure with vertices AGy, 4). BOs. ¥2). CO, Vy NOG. Yn). where A,B,C...N are located In an anti-clockwise direction, Is Xp Xq Kee XX V2 Fare wy, = (Gum of all products \,)) - urn of all products .“)) 581 $$Example 3 What Is the area of the trapezium shawn below? y BiG. 13) C10, 10) 10. 110, 6/0 Solution Area of trapezium ADCB = se%o 05" | = Je (COZ) + C1ICIO) + C10)CT3) + (65) — (C165) + C1ON-2) +(6)10) + @d3))} = J (+ 10 + 130 + 30) - ( - 20 + 60)) = \ (170 - 45) = 62.5 unit? 7. Equation of a straight line @ When two points are given ¥ BGs. vd PY Ai yi) To find the equation of the straight line joining two points ACx,. ¥,) and BUX, ¥2). let Px, ¥) be a point lying on the same straight line. ee -)A, Pand B are collinear, * gradient of AP = gradient of AB ¥-¥i _ Ye K-xX) Xp-Xy oO ¥oKe ee (x- x) qi) = When one point and gradient of the straight line are given ¥ POY) Atay) To find the equation of the straight line passing through a point Atx), ¥;) and with gradient m Let P(x. y) be a paint lying on the straight line. ¥- Y= Me - %) Example 4 In the quadrilateral ABCD, the points A, B and D are at (3, 3), (0, -1) and (6, 2) respectively. The line BD bisects the line CA at right angles at point M. Find the equation of BD and AC. Calculate @ the coordinates of M, (ii) — the coordinates of C, Gil) the area of the quadrilateral ABCD (Cy wl S$ rrSolution — Given two points 80, -1) and 1X6, 2), equation of BD is y-CD_2-(-) x-O0 6-0 y+1_3_01 x 62 ay+2=x 2y=x-2 AC is perpendicular to BD. From the equation of BD, the gradient of BD is } *. gradient of AC = -1 = -2, Since gradient of AC is found and point A(3, 3) is given, the equation of AC is y-3_ 5 x-3 ¥-3=-2x+6 y=9-2x @ Since Mlies on both BD and AC, it must simultaneously satisfy the two corresponding equations of both lines. 2yox-2 y=9-2x From (1), « Substitute (3) into (2), y=9-2(ay+2)=9-4y-4 . Sys5s yes] Substitute y = 1 into (3). x=242=4 “. Coordinates of M = (4, 1) di) Let the coordinates of C be &. ¥,) Mis the mid-point of AC, -. M= (2 2) =) 2 Hence, 34x. ed=ox,=8-3=5 34¥e 2] ype 2-32-41 + C= 6-1) 2|3 -1 -1 2 3 =F GMH1) + OX) + (52) + (6)(3)) — (OY) + (C1) + (6-1) + ()2))} = }C3 104 18)--6-6+ 6) = $(25- (6) = 16 units? a 5 3 (iy) Area of ABCD is -i{) ° é |Example 5 The diagram shows d trapezium ABCD in which AB is parallel to BC. The point A lies on the y-axis. Points B and D are (6, 13) and (1. -2) respectively. Angles ABC and BCD are 90°. co) y B46, 13) 00,-2 Given that the equation of DC is 3y = 4x - 10, find @ the equation of AB, qi) ~~ the equation of BC, di) the coordinates of A and of C, (iv) the area of the trapezium. Solution = (i) ~— ABis parallel to DC. from the equation of DC. it can be deduced that gradiont of DC ws +. the gradient of AB Is :. y-13_4 x-6 3 3-13) =4 &- 4) Sy - 39 = 4x- 24 Sy = 4x4 15 The equation of AB Is 3y = 4x+ 15 (i) BC is perpendicular to AB. “ gradient of BC is 1 m 3 y-l x-6 Aty- 13) = -3 («- 6) dy - 52 = -3x+ 18 4y = 70 - 3x *, equation of BC Is 4y = 70 - 3x erail) (hwy Given that A lies on the yaxis, let coordinates of A be (0, ya). Using the equation of AB, Sy =4x+ 15 3y, = 40) + 15. Yash -. the coordinates of A is (0, 5). Point Cis the point of intersection of both lines BC and DC, hence it must satisfy the two equations of BC and DC simultaneously. Substituting the coordinates of C (x,. ¥,) Into equations of lines BC ond DC, we gat: Ay, = 70 - 3x, 3¥_ = 4x, - 10 axe From (2), Yo = Substitute (3) into (1). 2-9) =10-3x, 16x, - 40 = 210 - 9x, 25x, = 250 = x, = 10 Substitute x, = 10 into (3), Yee 4(10)-10 =10 3 « the coordinates of C = (10, 10) . 1/0 11060 Area of the trapezium is Zl 5 21013 ‘| = Ye (O)-2) + (110) + (10913) + (6)(5) = (C165) + CLO) + (O10) + (0)(13))} = }6(10 +130 + 30 - (6 -20 +60) = 62.5 unil?Special equations parallel to the axes @ ~~ When a line is parallel to the x-axis, gradient, m = 0, yintercept = a. y-a=0(%-0) yea the x-intercept Is b. Gradient, m is undefined but 1/m =0 limty-O)=x-b . x-b=sO0=>x=b ¥ i x (i) = When a line is paraliel to the yaxis, y Le * 6 Example 6 Given that A and B are (2, 3) and (5, 3) respectively. Find the equation of AB. Solution Gradient of AB, m, = = =0 Equation of AB is y- 3 = 0 (- 2) “a ysd Example 7 Given that C and D are (2, 8) and (2, 1) y tively. Find th iti f CD. respectively. Fins @ equation of ce. Solution Gradient of CD, m, = ; = undefined 1eo m™ D1) Equation of CD is y- 1 = m, (x - 2) x keeDetermination of unknowns from straight line graphs A non-linear equation involving variables x and y can be converted to a straight line function in the form Y = mX + c where X and Y are expressions in x and/or y. mis the gradient of X-¥ graph and c the Y-intercept. Non-linear equation | Straight line function y= N+ bx Yc asbe x y=teb y=246 x x y-2 Vale x-b yaa a a yeteb yeS+b y=ab* igy=lga+xgb Igy=lga+bgx igin-Y=iga+bigx Ig(b+n) Ig y=lo(b+ )-xga Table 8.1 Example 8 When the graph of y against Vx is drawn, a straight line is obtained which has gradient 2 and passes through the point (4, 7). Determine the relationship between x and y. Evaluate y when x Is 25. Solution = Y=mX+e y=mx+e Since gradient m = 2, ye2xeoWhen x= 4, y= 7. 27=2fdec =o=7-2¥4=3 2. the relationship between x and y Is y=2Vx+3. When x = 25, y = 225 +3=2(5)4+3213 Example 9 2 Variables xand yare related by the equation 240 =1,When a graph of against p xis drawn, the resulting line has a gradient of -2 and an intercept on the ¥? axis of 8, Calculate the value of p and of q. (Cc) 2 Solution = ~4¥-1 eq ye 41 qa P y2=-Leeg Pp q The graph of ¥ against x is a straight line with gradient -— and y intercept of g. Pp : gradient = -22-25929 ua p p and y Intercept = q=8 Substitute q = 8 Into (1). Sip=2>p=4 « p=4oandq=8 Example 10 The table below shows experimental values of two variables x and y. It is believed that one of the experimental values of y is abnormally large and also. that the variables x and y are connected by an equation of the form y=A+ 4. x where A and 8 are constants. By a suitable cholce of variables this equation may be represented by a straight line graph. State these variables and, using the data given above, obtain corresponding palrs of values. Plot these values and hence identify the point conesponding to the abnormally large value of y. Ignoring this point use the remaining points to obtain a straight line graph. Use your line to evaluate A and 8B. (C) MLSolution For equation y=A +f, straight line graph is obtained by plotting y x against 4. with gradient B and y intercept A. x x 0.25 0.30 0.60 1,00 y 26.0 18.7 59 3.5 16.00 Wl 2.78 1.00 o| Pd 2 4 6 8 0 2 4 From the graph, the point with x and y coordinates (0.35, 15.6) has an abnormally large value of y. 26-20 16-0 | Gradient of the line, 8 = 18 y intercept, A = 20 Revision Exercises: 1 The straight lines y= ax - 6, where ais a constant and y= 2x + 3 are perpendicular. State the value of a and hence find the coordinates of the point of intersection of the lines. 2. Two points A and B have coordinates (-3. -5) and (6. 2) respectively. Find the distance between A and B. Given that the perpendicular bisector of the line joining A and 8 meets the y-axis at C, calculate the coordinates of C. 3. Find the equation of the line which passes through the point (1, -2) and is parallel to the line y = 3x+ 4, a F4. The diagram shows a rectangle ABCD, where equation of CDis y= -2. Given that B has coordinates (3, 7), find ¥ (the equation of AB, di) the equation of BC, qi) the coordinates of C. Given that CD is 4 units, find D and A and hence the area of ABCD. §. In the diagram, Pt7, 6). 6X1. 3) and RG, 8) are ihe mid-points of the sides of triangle ABC. Find () — the gradient of the line Pa, (i) the equation of the line AB, (i = the equation of the perpendicular bisector of the line AC. ee6. ABCDis a parallelogram whose diagonals meet at M. The coordinates of B, Cand D are (2, 8), (14, 12) and (16, 6) respectively. Given that AC has a gradient 1, find the equation of AC and BD. Calculate y B16, 6) oO the coordinates of M. Gi) the coordinates of A. Prove that ABCD |s a rectangle. Find the area of the rectangle ABCD. 7. The straight lines y= ax +9 where als a constant. and y = fe] are perpendicular. State the value of a and hence find the coordinates of the point of intersection of the lines. (cc) The diagram shows a quadrilateral ABCD in which A is (2, 8) and Bis (8, 6). The point C lies on the perpendicular bisector of AB and the point D lies on the y-axis. The equation of BC is 3y = 4x - 14 and the angle DAB = 90°. Find @) ~~ the equation of AD, i) the coordinates of D, ee )Gil) the equation of the perpendicular bisector of AB, (iv) the coordinates of C. Show that the area of the tangle ADC is 10 unit? and find the area of the quadrilateral ABCD. «c) Express each of the following equations in the form Y= mX + c, where X and ¥ are expressions In X and/or y and m and c are constants, Hence, state the expressions for X, ¥Y, mand c in each case. @ ys oe + 2x ai) y=6-2 ag ra ap y=—- Vx (iv) xy =5x4+— vx 5 * () 4+3f=x Ww) ys 4 x (wll) y=4x® Variables x and y are related by an equation y = = where a and b are constants. When Ig y is plotted against x, a straight line Is obtained with a gradient of -2 and an intercept on the Ig y-axis of 1. Calculate the value of a and of b. The table shows experimental values of two variables x and y which are known to. be connected by the equation of the form ax} + by = x7. Explain how a straight line graph may be drawn to represent the given equation, Use the above data to plot the graph and hence estimate the value of a and of b. It is known that x and y are related by the equation x+a=2, where aand bare constants. ¥ wD Plat xy against y to obtain a straight-line graph. (i) Use your graph to estimate the value of a and b. (ii) When graph of 1 vs x is plotted, what is the value of the gradient of the ¥ straight line obtained and calculate the intercept in the J eys, y -3 -16 -1 0.75 0.613. The diagrarn shows the straight line graph obtained by plotting Ig y against Ig x. GWven that the varlables x and y are connected by the equation y =ax® where a and 6 are constants. lay igx @ Express Ig y in terms of Ig x. (i) Express y in terms of x. Gi) Find the values of a and b, (lv) Calculate the value of y when Ig x= 3. 14, Variables x and y are related In such a way that when x Is plotted against 2, a straight line Is obtained . This line passes through the points (-1 , 6) and (-5, 2) as shown on the diagram. Find a an expression for y in terms of x, qi) the value of y when x= 1, 15. (a) The table shows experimental values of two variables, x and y.It is known that x and y are related by the equation y + 10 = Ak*, where 4 and k are constants. Using graph paper, plot Ig (y + 10) against x for the above data and use your graph to estimate @) the value of A and of k, di) the value of x when y = 0. (6) Variables xand yare related by the equation px +q¥ = 1. The diagram shows the straightJine graph of 7 against x which passes through the point (3 , 3) y? a o x @ Given that the gradient of this line is 2. calculate the value of p and of q. (i) Given also that this line passes through (k, 4), find the value of k. (C)Curriculum Objective: Solve problems involving the arc length and sector area of a circle, including knowledge and use of radian measure. Radian Angles can be measured in terms of (i) degrees (°) Gi) radians (rad) Angle, 6 (in rad) = sie For the angle of a complete revolution 360°, N $= 2a 2ar 10s 22 r = Q «2 mrad = 360° mrad = 180° Arc length and area of sector From ons, sore Area of sector MON = 3176, where @ls inrad Example 1 M The diagram shows a sector OAB of radius 10 cm and @ = 40. Find @ ~~ @inrad, (i) are length AB, a did) = area of sector AOB. Solution (i) e =60x—= rad = 1.05 rad ‘180 r= 10m (i) AB = ré= 1001.05) = 10.5 cm (li) Area of sector AOB = 7/0=1.00%1.05 =52.5cm? ?Example 2 The diagram shows a circle of radius 13 cm and chord AC of length 24 cm. Calculate @ the length of the arc ABC, A (i) the area of the shaded region. (C) 8B Solution a= sir? = 67,38" » 13 « Ate ABC = r0= 13x{ 2067.98. 4] e =306cm (i) Area of the shaded region = pre = 303¥[2x-2067 389-2] 2 180° = 332 cm? 3. Area of triangle Area of AABC = ; x base x height = —b¢a sin C) ab sinc NI- NI Expressing height in terms of sin A and sin B, Area of AABC = dab sin = tbe sin A= dea sin B Example 3 The diagram shows part of a circle, its centre O and its radius of 5 cm. Given that 4 AOC is 1.2 radians, calculate @ the length of the are ABC, A Gi) the area of the shaded segment. «c) Solution (i) ~The length of the arc ABC = r@ = 51.2) =6em di) Area of the sector OAC is 4re -l@ra2) 2 dapsine = Les)? so 2100") c Area of ADAC is 2 2 n «area of shaded segmentis deor[t- a x ie) =3.35 cm? ig FaExample 4 The figure shows the circular cross-section of an uniform log of radius 40 cm floating In water. The points A and 8 are on the surface and the highest point Xx Is 8 cm above the surface. Show that 2AOB is approximately 1.29 radians. Calculate @ the length of the arc AxB, a) the area of the cross-section below the surface, i) the percentage of the volume of the log below the surface. «cy Solution Let Y be the point of intersection of AB and OX. OY=40-8=32cm x cos 0 First quadrant, x > 0, y>0 sind> 0 sing > 0 cosa<0 cos€>0 tane0 ONLY SINE IS POSITIVE ALL ARE POSITIVE Third quadrant, x < 0, y<0 Fourth quadrant. x> 0, y<0 sina>0 sine0 tané> 0 tane<0 ONLY TANGENT IS POSITIVE ONLY COSINE IS POSITIVE Example 1 Find ail the angles between 0° and 360° which satisfy the equation sinx = - sin60°, «) Solution — Since sinx < 0, x lies In the third or fourth quadrant. x= 180°+ 60° or =x = 360° - 60° = 240° = 300° Example 2 Given that sinx = b and 0° < x < 90° find an expression in terms of b for @ tanx, (i) cos(-x). Solution (i) ~~ Given that xis in the first quadrant, let sinx =—pposite _ and the reference triangle be as hypotenuse 7 shown. ee? (a > 0, since X Is in first quadrant) Referring to the reference triangle, tanx = Sepsis, =? adjacent a =P vi-b? (-X) is measured from the x-axis in the clockwise direction as shown in the figure. a ¥ cost-x) = <= (ib? P(a-b) Trigonomeftrical Ratios of Special angles: 30°, 45° and 60° In a tight-angled triangle OPQ. ¥ £8OT = ZOST = 45° singor = | 2 a cos30° = “3 2 tan30° = 4 v sin6é0° = 13 2 cosé0® = i 2 tanéd° = V3 sinage = 1 cosd5° = — v2 tan46° = 1 Note: You are expected to recall the trigonometrical ratios of special angles. The figures will help you remember the ratios.5. Graphs of sing, cosé and tané y =180" Comparing the three graphs: graph of sing graph of cose graph of tane -lssinés1 siné = 0 when @= .. 180°, O°, 180°, 360°... 360°, Period is 360° Period is 180° -lscoses 1 w= S$ fané s 0 Max. = 1, min. = -1 No max. er min. Amplitude = 1 cos# =O when @=. ~90°, 90°, 270°... 270°. tang=0 when @= ...-360°. ~180°, 0°, 180°, 360°... The sine graph Is symmetrical about the origin, Le., sin(-) = sine The cosine graph & symmetrical about the vertical axis, ie., cos(-@) = cosé The tangent graph is symmetrical about the origin, i.e, tan{-@ = -taneThe vertical lines through @= ... -270°, -90°, 90°, 270°... where fand is undefined are asymptotes of fhe graph Note: The graph of siné is simply the graph of cos@ shifted 90° to the right. Example 3 Find all the angles between 0° and 360° which satisfy the equation, tan2y = -1. (Cc) Solution 0° < ys 360° => 0° < 2y< 720° and since tan2y < 0, 2y lies in the second and fourth quadrants, fan2y = -tan4s° 2y = 180° ~ 45°, 360° - 45°, 360° + 180° - 45°, 360° + 360° - 45°, = 135°, 315°, 495°, 675° oY = 67.5°, 167.5%, 247.5°, 337.5° Sketch Trigonometrical Graphs Points to consider when sketching graphs: @ shapes of curves for general trigonometrical functions, (js Important points such as maximum and minimum points (which help in determining the amplitude) and points where the curve cuts the axes, (il) the period of the function, (iv) the asymptotes in the case of graphs involving the tangent function, The general shapes of the following functions are shown below. wi y = asinbx, (i) y= a cosbx, qa) y= a tanbx. @ y = a sinbx where a and b are constants.di) y = acosbx (i) y= atanby Example 4 Sketch the graph of y = 3 - sin2x for 0° < xs 180°. (Cc) o Solution — sin2x has a period of 3 =180° and maximum and minimum values 2 of 1 and =-1 (i.e. amplitude = 1). y Recall y= a sinbx, here a= 1 and b= 2. Hence the curve cuts the xaxis at ner: S80"The graph of y=-sin2xIs obtained by reflecting the graph of y= sin2x about the x-axis. Finally, shift the graph of y = -sin2x upward by 3 units to get the graph of y= 3 = sin2x, Alternatively, one can get the graph of y = 3 - sin2x by plotting the graph at x = 0°, 45°, 90°, 135°, 180° directly. Example 5 Sketch on the same diagram the graphs of y = | cos2x| and 4y = x for the domain Osxsx. ) 360° 2r Solution — y = |¢os2x| graph has a period 7S =m and an amplitude of 1. The straight line graph of yet has a gradient of >To get the graph of y=|cos 2x|, ist sketch the graph y os 2x and then reflect the part of the graph below the x-axis about the x-axis. Note: There are four points of intersection of the two graphs, hence there are four solutions to the equation 4|cos 2x| = x. 7. Trigonometrical Ratios of Cotangent, Secant and Cosecant sind cos tanA = 1 cosA secantA or secA = cotangentA or cota = 1__ cos tanA sind cosecantA or cosecA = a sind Note: signs of cotangent, secant and cosecant in the four quadrants follow those of thelr reciprocals, |.e. tangent, cosine and sine respectively. Second quadrant First quadrant Only sine and cosecant positive All positive Third quadrant Fourth quadrant ‘Only tangent and cotangent positive Only cosine and secant positive Fundamental Identities Consider the right-angied triangle In the figure. By Pythagoras’ theorem, b? = a? + C1) a? b Q) +e 1-4 a b? b? 1 = sin?e + costa a 2 2 Med ee . a a? cosec?@ = 1 + cot®e Ba? )+ & aa sects = tan?a + 1 In summary, sin?@ + cos’@ = 1 1+ cot@ = cosec*a tan?@ + 1 = seca as given in the formula list.Example 6 Find all the angles between 0° and 360° which satisfy each of the equations. @ 10 sinx cosx = cosx, Gd) § tan’y = 5 tany + 3 secty, di) sec ( +10?) =2 © Solution () 10 sinx cosx = cosx cosx (10 sinx- 1) =0 1 cosx = 0 or sinx = — 10 x= 90°, 270° or x= 57°, 180° - 5.7° = 5.7%, 174,3° o X= 5,7", 90°, 174.3° of 270° (i) 5 tan¢y = § tany + 3 sec?y § tan¢y = § tany + 3 (tary + 1) since tan?@ + 1 = sec?@ 2 tan’y - 5 tany- 3 =0 (2 tany + IXtany - 3) = 0 « tany = _l or tany =3 tany = - tan26.6° or tany = tan71.6° y= 180° - 26.6%, 360° - 26.6° or y = 71.6, 180° + 71.6° o ¥ = 71.6%, 153.4°, 251.6°, 333.4° 2 1 co 32 +107") 2 1=-2 cos (21107) 1 1 08 (gz+107")=-5 0s (32+107°) =~ cos 6° (ii) = sec Ge 107°) =-2 =-2 (z+107"} 180° — 60°, 180° + 60°, 540° - 60° = 120°, 240°, 480 z= 2 (120° - 107°). 2 (240° -107°), 2(480° - 107°) = 26°, 266°, 746° 46° is outside the required range, eZ = 26%, 266° —SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSeeAlternatively, consider the range of (gen or) before giving the values of (f2+107°) Osze 3 ors tes ie 2 os dz 4107" < 287° cos (p2+197°)= — cos 60° . e+ 107° = 120°, 240° z= 2 (120° - 107°), 2 (240° - 107°) 2 = 26°, 266° Example 7 Show that (cosecx - 1)(cosecx + 1Msecx- 1)(eex+ 1) =1 (c) Solution LHS = (cosecx — 1)(cosecx + 1)(secx — 1)(secx + 1) = (Cosec*x -1)(sec?x — 1) = cosec*x sec*x - sec?x — cosec*x + 1 ~ sin?x cos?x cos*x —sinéx 1 sin?x cos?x sin?x cos*x sin?x cos*x _ sin?x cos*x = LeGsinix + cost) since sintx + cosx = 1 sin?x cos®x 1-1 = > t= I= RHS. sin?x cos?x Altematively, LHS = (cosecx - 1)(cosecx + I)secx — I)(secx + 1) = (cosec*x -1)(sec*x = 1) cot’x tantx 1 recall: tan’@+ 1 =sec?a =RHS. 1+cot@= cosec’é Example 8 Prove the identity cosecA-—M4 cota, = 1+cosAsinA 1+casA __1 sina sinA 1+cosA _ 1+cosA-sin?A ~“sinA(l+-cos A) _ |+c084-(1-cos? A) sinA(l+cosA) _ cosA+cos? A © sin (+08 A) _ cosA(1+co0s A} sin AQ|+ cos A) _ cosA “sin =cotA = RHS Solution LHS = cosecA- Example 9 Prove the identity (cotA - tanA)sinA = 2 cosA - secA «) Solution — LHS = (cotA - fanA)sinA. cosA sind = - sinA sinA cosA _sintA cosA J-cos2A cosA cosA i = cosa-( = cosA— +cosA cosA = 2 cosA - secA = RHS Revision Exercises 1. Given that cos150° = -p, express the following in terms of p. (a) cos30°, (b) sin150°, (c) tan(-30°), (a) cosé0°,2. Find the maximum and minimum values of (a) -4 cose, (b) 5 cost@ ~ 30°), (c) B sind. (d) 8 -7sin 28. (e) 6-2\sIn 6| 3. The function f(x) = asinx+ b, where a> 0, has a maximum value of 7 anda minimum value of -3, Find the value of a and of b. (c) 4. Sketch the following graphs: (a) y=3-2sinx for O's xs 360° (b) y= 3 cosx| for Os x5 360" (ce) y =3-|fanx| for Osxsoe (dd) y= 2 sin2x-] forOsxsa (@) y= itan2 | + 2 for O° < ¥< 720° 5. Sketch on the same diagram, the graphs of y = 2 cosx and y = 1 - | sin2x| for Osxs2za. Hence, state the number of solutions In the interval of the equation 2 cosx + |sin2x| = 1. 6. — Solve the following equations for O° < x< 360°. (a) sin2x = 0.98 (b) cos2x + sin50° = 0 (c) tan2x = - cosé7° (d) sinex - 309 =0.5 (e) &(tanx - 2) = 3(2 tanx + 3) 7. Solve the following equations for 0° < x< 360°. (a) cosec?x = 3 sinx (6) 5 cot?x- 23 cotx-10=0 (c) 2secdx+5=0 (d) 2sec*x- 5 tanx = § 2 (@) 2sinx+cos x =————__ sinx + 2c08x 8. Given that sinA = ; and cosB = > and that A and 8 are acute, find, without using tables or calculators, the value of (a) sin(A + B). (b) cos(A + 8). tc) tantA - &. cc9. Solve the following equations for 0° s x< 360°. (a) b) (ce) cd 6 sin(2x - 35°) = 1 2 sin2x + cosx = 0 2 cos2x-5 sinx+ 1=0 2 tanx = tan(30° - x) 10. Prove the following Identities: (a) = 32 - 80p + 80p? - 4063 + 10p4 - p? 5 To find the expansion of (2-2x-%) . substitute p = ax-* 5 2 3 (2-20+%) = 32~to{2x-%)-b0{ 2x) -4(2x-2) 2 2 2 2 xy xy v{2x-) -(2-2) 2 2 x? = 22-160+ ox Bo ax? 29? 2 = = 92-120x +180x?... ‘There [sno need to consider the other ‘Yerms since the question asked tor terms .as far as the term in x, Example 3 Find. in its simplest form, the coefficient of x4 in the expansion of @ +3xF 3 5 a (« +3) . «Cc x Solution =) ~~ For (1 +3x3°. the term with x! is the fifth term when r= 4, ie. C4430" = *Cy1 x4, Coefficient of x* is °C,(61) = 1215 5 di) Both terms in (# +3) are expressions in x. x 5 The general term in the expansion of ( +3) is x 5 sr] — |] = 5 10-27 — 5 MSF C02) (2) = BC xO mC BIOS, When 10-3r=4 r=2 The coefficient of x is §C_(3*) = 90. SSSRevision Exercises 1, ol a Expand (a) (1+ 2x98 (b) (242) (c) (2-4) x Find, in descending powers of x, the expansion of @ @-%§ 1 4 b) | 2x-- @ (x3) 4 tc) (E+) 2 Find, in ascending powers of x, the expansion of (@) (b+ 2x) 5 Find the first 4 terms in the expansion of [2- ) in descending powers of x. Hence, 5 or otherwise, find the coefficient of x° in the expansion av2n(2-%) . Find, In ascending powers of x. the first 3 terms in the expansion of (x?- 3x + 2)4, Write down and simplify. in ascending powers of x, the first three terms of the expansions xy (a) (3+%] 2 tb) C1 - 2094, 1 4 Hence, or otherwise. find the coefficient of x? in the expansion of (yx x) . n If the first 3 terms (in ascending powers of x) in the expansion of (2-2) is 16-484 54, find the values of x and n, (a) Evaluate the coefficient of x? in the expansion of (1 + 2x3 +29", 7 2 (b) Evaluate the coefficient of x* in the expansion of [x -2) : x WoL10. (c) The first three terms in the binomial expansion of (a+ 6)". in ascending powers of b, are denoted by p. q and r respectively. Show that @ an pron-l Given that p = 4, gq = 32 and r= 96, evaluate n. (Cc) The coefficient of x In the expansion of (2 + ax)(1 - 3x) Is 405. Find the value of a. 5 (@ Find the coefficient of x in the expansion of (# -5) . x (b) Obtain the first 4 terms in the expansion of (1+ p)’ in ascending powers of p. Hence find the coefficient of x’ in the expansion of (1+ x+ 2x)’. (C)Curriculum Objectives: Use vectors in any form, 6.9. (3) AB, p, ai+bi Know and use position vectors and unit vectors Find the magnitude of a vector. Add and subtract vectors and multiply vectors by scalars Compose and resolve velocities Use relative velocity Including solving problems on interception (but not closest approach). Scalar Quantity: A quantity which has magnitude but no direction for example. distance, speed. time and mass. Vector Quantity: A quantity which has both magnitude and direction for example. displacement, velocity. acceleration and forces. Notation of Vector There are a few ways of representing a vector PQ (or vector a): @ PQ or PQ where the length of the line, ie. |P@| or |PS| or PA gives the magnitude and the direction of the vector |s from P to @. qi) aor gwhere the magnitude of the vector |s |al or |g}. Gi) column matrix (?) where u > 0 is the movement horizontally to the right and v> Ois the vertical movement to the top. For example,Magnitude of (?) =Vursy? = 3242? In this chapter, we will denote vectors by bold alphabets (P@ or a) or as column matrix (") or with arows over the alphabets (Pa). Equal Vector When two vectors a and B have the same magnitude and direction, they are equal, ie.a=b Zero Vector A vector with zero magnitude and no direction is called a zero or null vector, i.2. Ooo. Negative Vector P P When a vector @P has the same length but is opposite in direction to PQ, we say that @P is the negative vector of Pa, i.e. QP = -PQ=-a Addition of Vectors PQ + QR = PR o a+b=bta=¢6. 9. ipa] Subtraction of Vectors PQ - QR = PQ + (-QR) 6 a = PR R or a-b=a+-b) fa Multiplication of a Vector by a Scalar When a vector a is multiplied by a scalar k, we get ka. If k > 0, then ka is in the some direction as a. If k < 0, then ka is in the opposite direction. If k= 0, then ka is a zero vector. If k #0, but a= 0, i.e. ais a zero vector. then ka = 0, i.e. kais also a zero vector. We express multiplication of column vector as: When a-("). v Ww) _fku ka=k = “(e)-(e) Properties of Scalar Multiplication 1. (mnja = mina) 2 (mena= mat na Parallel Vectors Two vectors a and } are parallel if they are in the same (k>0) or opposite (k < 0) direction. a//b = a= kb where kis a scolar, az 0,b40andk20 Unit Vector Avector whose magnitude is 1 is called a unit vector. For example, ahas magnitude lal. unit vector, a = aie has the same direction as a, Using colurnn vectors. we can write the unit vector as 4-—! (’) vut+v? \yComparing the coefficients of b. P=U1-Q) ones 2) Substitute (1) into (2), p=1-3p 5 2 2p=l 3 pst 2P P § Substitute prt into (1). a-3(2)-2 als) 5 11. Two Dimensional Vectors in Cartesian Forms Let unit vectors in the x-axis and y-axis be / and j respectively. A point P has Cartesian coordinates (x, y). Position vector OP = p-(f) (0 colin ( x If =xyf = a=xi+y] (*) |OP|=|° Jl=[d +yi]= x? +y? X2 b=x3/ = Xgityoh (2) O4+b=(44+ x+y t¥o) (per Example 3 (a) The position vectors of A, Band C relative to an origin © are -I+ pf, Si + 9 and 6/+ 8] respectively. Determine the value of p for which A, 8 and C are collinear. Given that D is a point on OC such that OD is a unit vector, find the position vector of D relative to O(b) Pp Qo T 2 Point Pand @ have position vectors pand qrespectively, relative to the point O. The point Ron OF is such that OR = 2oR, The point Son RG Is such that R= 1RS. @ — Express O8 and PS in terms of p and q. Gl) PS produced meets OG at I, where OF = 100, Express PT in terms of 4, pand q, and evaluate a. «c) Solution (a) Let OA= -i+ pj OB= b=5i+ 9 OC =c=bi+ Bf A, 8 and C are collinear = AB = k BC AB=b- a= (Si+ 9) -Ci+ pp) = 61+ GO - pj BC =c-b=(6-5)i+ 6-9fsi-j AB=k BC 61+ - P= Ki- D Comparing coefficients of i, KEG sees wow TW) Comparing coefficients of J. 9 = Ps Kvsssseen (2) Substitute & = 6 into (2), 9-p=-6 6 pals loc|=J6? +8? =10 0D=- $5.35 23144; =—0C= 10 io 10 5 5 ) @ Given OP = p, 08 = 4, OR= Zp and RS= RG OS = OR+ RS RQ = RO+ 08 =-OR+ 0a = ~2 pq 3 2 RS 3{-3era]Example 4 A car A Is moving with an actual velocity of 70 km h', What is its velocity as observed by: @ = B,a man sifting at o bus-stop. di) C, aman sitting on a bus moving at a velocity of 40 km h! toward the car, A di) D,amansitting on a motorcycle moving at a velocity of 50 km h-! away from: the car A? Solution — (\) A B - ° B, the man sitting at the bus-stop is not moving relative to Earth, he observes the actual velocity of the car, A. Velocity of A relative to B, Vag = Va- Vp = 70-0 =70km hr! cc) A c oF iad AsC is moving towards the car A, the latter's velocity is perceived to be faster than lis actual velocity by observer C. Velocity of A relative to C. Vac = Va - Ve = 70 - (40) = 110 kmh" Note: Velocity of A is assigned the positive sign. Since velocity of Cis in the opposite direction, it Is assigned the negative ci A D o oo Velocity of the car A Is observed to be slower that its actual velocity as the observer D is moving away from A. Velocity of A relative to D, Vap = Va - Vp = 70 - (50) = 20 km hr! In general, velocity of P observed by @, Veg = Vp - Va where Vp is the velocity of P and Vg Is the velocity of &, the observer. Example 5 A train P is moving at a speed of 100 km h”! due east. Another train Q is moving at a speed of 80 km h”! due north. Find (the velocity of P relative to Q, (i) the velocity of @ relative to P.to the water. But alas! He found himself at point C. 8 Cc 2ms! 40m A (a) @ ‘What was the resultant velocity of the kayak? Gi) What was the distance between point B and point C? (b) = The man decided to try again. Given that that speed of the flow of the river and the speed of the kayak relative to the water remained the same. @ At what bearing should he steer the kayak In order to reach point B? cil) How long did he take to reach point B? Solution (a) (i) Resultant speed of the kayak 2mst ls §37+22 = Jigms' =36ms" 2 == ams? tané 3 6 = 337° Resultant velocity of kayak is 3.6 ms! [> at a bearing of 033.7°. Note: Since relative velocity is a vector, it is necessary to give its magnitude and direction (bearing). Gi) ~~ Let x be the distance between point B and point C. 8 x tan@ = G ¢ x = 40 tan 33.7° = 26.7" 40m Dlstance between paint B and point C is 26.7 m. P (b) @ sing= z ams? ¢= 418° He should steer the kayak at a bearing of 360° - 41,8° = 318,2° amst (ii) His resultant speed is ¥3*-2? = J5 =22ms! Time taken for him to reach point B is 2 2179sExample 7 A robber and his accomplice have just robbed a bank ond are getting away in their car, A. A police patrol car, B, gives chose. At an instant, car A is moving at speed of 100 km h7! due east, Patrol car B Is 200 m due south of A and Is moving at 140 km ho!, Assuming that the speeds of both cars remain constant and that there are no obstacles along their paths. @ find the bearing that the patrol car B has to be steered in order to intercept car A: (i) find the time taken for the interception. (Give your answer In seconds.) 5 100 Solution 0} sing = 140 @ = 45.6° The bearing of patrol car B has to be 045.6°. di)“ The velocity of B relative to A is Vea. Van = Va - Va 10Okrn het = 1402-100? = 98.0 km hr! _ 98,0x 1000 3600 =27.2ms! 4 The time taken for the M40kmh . 200 interception is 55 = 7.35 s Vea, P Note: Be careful when you deal with questions that use different units. In this case, km and m; h and s, Remember to convert to the same units, Since 1 km = 1000 m and 1 h = 3600s, Tkm _ 1000 ame mst Th 3600 ™*-Revision Exercises oD Cc ABCD is a square where AB = a, BC = B. Find, in terms of a and b, the following vectors: (a) AC (b) AD (c) AB+AD (d) BD (e) AB+ BC+ CD+ DA 3 4 and Given that ©, P and @ are three points such that op-(*} pa-( O@= (2). Find the value of p and of gand hence |O@|. Show that ZOP@is a right- angled triangle and that triangle OP@ is isosceles. Simplify: (a) Sa- b) + S(2a+ by (b) 5 + 3b) -2(b — a) © G3) (d) 3(a-- b) + S@2a + b), given that a= (2) and b= (3) (e) m(a- b) - n(2a+ ), given that a= (.,)- b= (3). m=-2andn=1. The vector OA has a magnitude of 30 units and has the same direction as the vector (3): Express OA as a calumn vector. The vector OB has a magnitude of 20 units and has the same direction as the vector (2): Find the vector OA + OB. The position vectors of A and B, relative to O, are 4a + band 2a- 9b. Find, in terms of a ond b, di) the position vector of C, the mid point of AB, (i) ~~ the unit vector of OC,£ D c ABCD fs a parallelogram. The point E lles on CD produced such that CE = 2CD. F is the point of Intersection of AD and BE. (a) Given that AB = pand BC = q find in terms of p and q, the vectors () AD, qi) CE, di) «BE, (iv) AE (®) Given that EF = AFB, find 4. Evaluate the ratio AD:FD. (c) If Gls a point on AE where AG:AE Is 1:3, find FG and hence show that C, F and G are collinear. The position vectors of three points A, Band C, relative to an origin O, are a, band 2a respectively. The point P lies on AB and is such that AP = 2P8. The point @ Iles on BC such that C@ = 4 @8. Find, in terms of a.and b, the position vectors of Pand @ond hence show that OP@ is a straight line. Given that the position vector of a 5 point Ris 3o Show that PR is parallel to BC. The position vectors of A, B and C relative to an origin O are 31+ 6), pi+ 4f and i+ 5jrespectively. Given that A, Band C are collinear, find the value of p and the ratio AB:AC. Find the position vector of D if CD is 5i- 12), The three points O, Pand Qare such that OP = (3) and OG -(2} GWven that PG} is a unit vector, calculate the possible values of q. () In the figure DC =kp where k is a scalar.@ — Express p in terms of k, q and r. di) By expressing FE in terms of k and Pp. show that FE is parallel to DC. (ii) if FE = 4 AB, find the value of k. (Gv) FA. and EB are produced to meet at X. Using your value of k, express XA in terms of q. «cy At ainstant, two ferries A and Bare 3 km apart and are moving wilh constant speed of 5 ms! and in directions as shown. (a) Find the velocity of A relative to B. (ob) Calculate the time taken for B to be due north of A, to the nearest second. Escalator A is moving downwords and escalator B is moving upwards as shown below. They cross at point C and subtend an angle of 30° with the ground, They both move at a speed of 0.5 ms. Alicia and Ben step onto escalator A and escalator B respectively, at the same time. (a) when Alicia and Ben are both stationary relative to the respective escalators they are on. @ ~~ What is Alicia's velocity relative to Ben? (i) ~~ How long will they take to cross each other, i.e. to move from points A and B to point C? (b) If Alicia climbs down the escalator at a speed of 0.3 ms" relative fo escalator A, what Is Alicia’s velocity relative to Ben? Alicia g 05ms!13. (a) Aplane, with a speed of 320 km h” in still alr, flies directly from London to Brussels for a distance of 320 km. The bearing of Brussels from London Is 110* and there is a wind of 120 km bh! blowing from the west. Find @ ~~ the course set by the pilot. Gi) the time. in minutes, for the flight. (b) At 0800 hours, a coastguard station receives a distress signal from a tanker. which is at a distance of 16 km on a bearing of 090°. The tanker is travelling at 12 km ho on a bearing of 315°. A lifeboat is immediately launched from the coastguard station to intercept the tanker. This lifeboat travels at constant speed in a straight line and intercepts the tanker at 0820 hours. Calculate the speed of the lifeboat. (c) es (7)Curriculum Objectives: Display information in the form of a matrix of any order and interpret the data Ina given matrix Solve problems involving the calculation of the sum and product (where appropriate) of two matrices and interpret the results Calculate the product of a scalar quantity and a matrix Use the algebra of 2 by 2 matrices (including the zero and identity matrix) Calculate the determinant and inverse of a non-singular matrix and solve simultaneous linear equations. Matrix and Order Data can be arranged as a rectangular aay of numbers and represented as a matrix, Each number in the matrix is called an element. 20 Ina matrix (; By the elements are 2, 0, 1 and 5. When a matrix has m rows and nm columns, its order is mx n. Number of columns, n 2 32 8 if eS TT — st | oh aoNumber of ‘Order of columns, n matrix, mx n 3x2 4x1 Table 14.1 Example 1 In paper A of a Mathematics test. Mariam gets 10 correct answers, Kumar gets 9 correct answers and Cailing gets 8 correct answers. This data can be represented In a table or as a matrix. Number of correct answers 10 9 8 Example 2 A greengrocer has on his fruit stand: 20 large and 15 small Red and Delicious apples; 25 large and 28 small Granny Smith apples. This information can also be represented in a table or as a matrix. Red and Delicious or 20 15 25 28 Granny Smith 2. Addition and Subtraction of Matrices Matrices can be added or subtracted only when they have the same order. The resulting matrix will also have the same order. When matrices are added or subtracted, the corresponding elements are added or subtracted. jasExample 3 The number of correct answers each student gets for papers A and B of a Mathematics test is shown in the following tables. Paper A Number of Number of comect answers correct answers Mariarn Kumar Marian Kumar Cailing Calling The tables can be represented as two 3 x 1 matrices: 10 12 A=|% and B=/15 8 13 When the teacher needs to find the total number of correct answers each student gets for the test, she simply adds the 2 matrices, le. A + B. WO) (IZ) flO+12) f22 A+B=/ 9 [4/15 ]=| 9415 |=| 24 8 13 8413 2) The total number of correct answers for Mariam Is 22, for Kumar, It Is 24 and for Calling, it is 21, Note: Matrix addition is commutative, i.e. A+B=B+ A. Example 4 The greengrocer in Example 2 finds that 5 large and 3 small Red and Delicious apples, and 1 large and 2 small Granny Smith apples are badly bruised. This information can be represented as: Bruised Apples Red and Delicious Granny SmithIf he discards the bruised apples, then the remaining apples will be: Red and Delicious | 20-5= 15 Granny Smith 25 8 Alternatively, the matrices can be subtracted: Total apples, 20 15 ce. (38 2s) Brulsed apples, 53 D=l7 2 Remaining apples E=C-D _ (20 15)\_(6 3 = a5 28)"\7 2 20-5 18-3 = |25-7 28-2 (3 2 = (18 26 3. Multiplication of a Matrix by a Scalar Quantity To multiply a matrix by a scalar quantity, i.e. a number, each element of the matrix is multiplied by the number. Example 5 The Mathematics teacher in Example 1 needs to calculate the marks each student scores for paper A. Each question Is allocated 3 marks. 8 10x3 Ax3e| %*3 For Paper A, Mariam gets 30 marks: Kumar gets 27 marks and Cailing gets 24 marks, 10 Solution A=|? 30 =| 27 8x3} (24 a |)Try Yourself: If each question in Paper B carries 5 marks, calculate the scores for each student for Paper B. Refer to the table in Example 3 for Paper B. 4. Product of two Matrices The product of two matrices can be found if the matrices are compatible, i.e. the number of columns in the first matrix is equal fo the number of rows in the second matrix. No. of columns in Ist matrix No. of rows in 2nd matrix Compatibility Table 14.2 12 From table 14,2, the 2nd pair of matrices, (3 4) and (5 6), are not compatible 12 and cannot be multiplied. The 3rd pair of matrices, (6 6) and G 4) are compa- tible and their product can be found. This shows that the position of matrices is important and that matrix multiplication is non-commutative, Le. ( “6 aS {5 i): 34 22] 34When two matrices A and B are compatible, they can be multiplied as follows: A B AB ab w aw +by wee (7) CO) ) ab x Ox + bz 2nd step z w sasee (eg) [Y ) (weer | 3) ( Ath step ed z ox+dz, a | w 2 aw + by ote) y z) lew+dy cx+az Example 6 Find the products of: ) ABand 7 _{l 2 _(5 6 (>) BA, when a-() J and e-(5 3) 1 2\(5 6 3 4)\7 8 Ix54+2x7 1x64+2x8 3x5+4x7 3x64+4x8 19 2) 43 60 / 5 6\(1 2 ® Ba- (5 (3 4) Bxl+x3 5x2+6x4 = (7x148x3 7x2+8x4 (a is) “lal 46 Solufion (i) AB Note: Example 6 shows once again that matrix multiplication is non- commutative, i.e. AB + BAExample 7 To compute the total scores of each student In the Mathematics test of Example 3, the teacher may use matrix multiplication. 10 12 The teacher can combine the tables In Example 3 as a matrix: : | and represent a mark allocation of 3 marks per question in Paper A and 5 marks 3 per question in Paper B as another matrix: (5) 10 12 4 10x3412x5 90 9 15 (3)- 9x3+15«5 |=| 102 8 13 8x3413x5 89 Hence the total scores of Mariam, Kumar and Cailing are 90 marks. 102 marks and 89 marks respectively, Example 8 The greengrocer in Example 4 sells all his large apples at 30¢ each and his small apples at 20¢ each. If he sells all the remaining apples as shown in the second table, how much will he get for each type of apples? Solution —_ Using matrix multiplication: 1S 12 Remaining apples. E = [13 94 Price of each apple, F = (0) 15 12) (30 (3 26) (20) 15x 30+12x 20 = (18x 304 26x20 (roe = (1060, The greengrocer will get 690¢ or $6.90 for his Red and Delicious apples and 1060¢ or $10.40 for his Granny Smith apples. 5. The Zero Matrix and the Identity Matrix A zero matrix is denoted by O and allits elements are zeros, e.g. a2 x 2 zero matrix et oo is written as (3 a): Peab fA= ce da} b),(0 0)_fa b aso-(2 ble 0)-(2 g}-A b d 0 0) fa b a ora=(5 o)(2 alle lie A+OSO0+A=A _ {a byfO 0) _/0 0)_ ao=(2 allo o)-(o o)® 0 Oa b)_fo oO oa = (5 alle al(o 0-9 ie. AO = OA= 0. An identity matrix is denoted by I. The elements in the leading diagonal are ones and the other elements are zeros. a A2 x 2 identity matrix is (0 ‘). ab fA= (2 5). a byl O\_f{a a= (2 allo (2 1 Offa b)_fa w=(j Me a-( le. Al= IA =A. In general, AB # BA with the exception of the zero and identity matrices. ao =“ an —S 6. Determinant and Inverse of a Matrix ab The determinant of a matrix A is denoted by |A|, det A or A. If a-(2 3 \Al is defined as ad- be. When the determinant of a matrix is 0, the matrix is a singular matrix. The inverse of a matrix A Is denoted by A”. The product of the matrix and its inverse results in the Identity matrix, Le. AAT = 1 4. fda -b wiaa(S oe] 1 ( 2) °" (ad—be)\-c a Note: The inverse of a matrix exists only when its determinant is not zero, The Inverse of a singular matrix does not exist. eesExample 9 3-5 Find the inverse of the matrix A = (; 0 } a. fo 8) souien k= SE TEG Lay 3) ecg ob =e ~ =3(5 3) A ~aaeal% 3) (43) =/_1 3 BS. Note: To do a quick check, multiply A by A‘! and see if you get the identity matrix I-(4 ‘} a=(} 0) 4) _ (; *74)-(, °) “\o 1 ol 7. Simultaneous Linear Equations. To solve linear equations, ax+by=c, and ax + bay = co, first write them in the form of matrices: (2 ely(e) Next, premultiply both sides by the inverse of matrix (3 (@ aye al)-@ a) ()-(@ 2) (2) Hence values of x and y are obtained. P)Example 10 Solve the simultaneous equations: Sx + dy = 2 2yax+8 Solution 5x4 4y=2 -x+2y=e8 (*, 2)(r)- G) (5 4) wale 3) vali 3] wa\1 5 " tc eS Re. Revision Exercises 1, Evaluate the following: 5 2),(6 8 3.1 6) (3 -2 7 @ |o 7)*la -3 © lao alo 4 2 9 0 1 6) (3 2 40 ai 5 @ 45 allo « 1-15), 3 21 6 ~6 11 2. Given that (3 ah-2 #)-94-(%9 a} find the matrix A. i SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSsSF28x ra) yo Xn 2K-3 x2 2 3 =|-4£-> ¥ x x? y=1-2x71- 3x72 BY ayear) + (e3reH dx = 2x? + 6x4 2 6 a4 xe x? Chain Differentiation or Differentiation of function of a function To differentlate a complicated expression, we can do a chain differentiation. When yls a complicated function of x, we introduce a third variable u, such that y is a function of u and uy, in tur, is a function of x. oy dy du dx du dx Chain rule Example 2 Differentiate the following functions with respect fo x. @ y=V3x842x-4 (i) y= x3 + Ox? + 3)8 ] Solution (@ y=(3x? +2x-4)! Let ube 3x?42x-4. | yew dy _ dy du Since — dx du dx oo OY Max? 2x4) 2 v2x-a) dx 3 dx -2 (3x? 42-4) 2298074 )02x") win 1 = = 303x? +2x- 495 203x+) as BY Gx? +2x- 4? (6x +2)Slats 4. Quotient Rule To differentiate the quotient of 2 functions of x, y== where u and v are functions of x, v ‘we may use the quotient rule: dus dv v—-u— = (4). —ox__dx dx\v ve Altematively (if you find It hard to remember this formula). we can use product and chain rules to derive the formula: “1 wh = (2 2} acy dx dx dx Example 4 v2x?-1 1-5x2 Differentiate y = with respect to x. Solution Quotient method: u= J2x?-1 vs1-5x? whee = = (2X5) a: es =) 2(4x) =-lox = 2x(2x7 1? = (2x2-9! dx5. dy asx) 2x79} - (22 -y'-100) dx -5x")? 1 1 (15x?) 2x(2x? -v?}s 1Ox(2x* -1)? a-5x*)? — 2x(1-5x?)+10x(2x? -1) ~ (x? = DF 5x2? _ 2x—10x3 + 20x4 -10x © x? Wd BxP 10x3 -8x © @x? THQ 5x27 Ditferentiation of Trigonometrical, Logarithmic and Exponential Functions =ab sinbx absec?bx acotbx ~ab cosec*bx asecbx ab secbx tanbx acosecbx ~ab cosecbx cotbx xin rad: a and bare constants asin(bx + ¢) ab cos(bx +c) xin tad; a, band care constants acosx(bx + c) -ab sin(bx + c) aton(bx +c) ab sec*{bx + c) sintx nsin™|x cosx cos"x =ncos™!xsinx tonx ntan™xsectxlogex (for a> 0) a>0,x>0 x Igx (for x > 0) lige x20 x 1 Inx (for x>Q) = x into) re {09 >0 Exponential function y Example 5 Differentiate with respect to x o (i) tan? (6x + 3) © sinx x ou ‘ Solution a Let y be —=—, where u= % v= sinx. sinx v du dv dfu) “ay “a Using the quotient tule, <(*)- —dx__dx. dx\v va dy _ sinx()- x(cosx) dx ain? x = sinx —xcosx sin? x di) ~~ Let y be tan? (5x + 3) = u®. Using the chain rule, gy _ dy du dx du dx dy = 2ux dtan(5x +3) ax =2ux 5 sec? (5x +3) =2 tan(Sx + 3)5 sec*(5x+ 3) = 10 tan(Sx+ 3)sec%(5x + 3) es:Example 6 Differentiate with respect to x. @ x2 in(@x4 1) @ 22 © tanx Solution () Let y be x? In(2x+ 1) =uv, where u = 2 and v = In(2x + 1) gy Using the product rule, — du 2 oy 2 XD are PO dx dx ax = x? +2xIn(2x +1) 2x41 2 = 28 yoxinax +? x+1 (i) Let ybe 2X14 where u = 3x- 1, v= tana, tanx v yoe_ a Using the quotient rule. a(t). —dx__dx dx vy v? tanx 28*-) -@x-yatanx gy dx dx dx tan? x = Sanx-@x—Dsec? x tan? x Example 7 Differentiate, 6 tan x with respect to x. (c) Solution Let y be e* tan.x = uv, where u = e* and v= tan x. YM yt dx dx BY _ zx dtanx de d. dx Using the product rule. = e* sec? x+tanx2e" e** (sec? x+2tanx) 6. Equations of Tangent and Normal to a Curve Tangent: The gradient of tangent to a curve at any point is the gradient of fhe curve at that point. eLoy Consider a point Pox, y,). the gradient of tangent at P is The equation of the tangent |s given by y— y, = my (x— x1). Normal: The gradient of normal at P is m2 where mm, = -1. 1 ams -— m™ The equation of normal is y—y¥, = m2(x -x,) = Lem), Mm Example & Find the equation of the tangent and that of the normal to the curve y=x3+6x?4 5x+11 at the point (1, 2). Solution y= x3 +6x?+5x+11 OY @3y2s12K45 dx Gradient of tangent at (1, 2) is 3¢1) + 1201) + 5 = 20 <. Equation of the tangent is Y=? _og x=1 y-2=20x-20 y=20x-18 7. Smail Increments and Approximation lim, oy where dy and &x are small increments In y and x. dx 4-90 Sy If ax is very smail, 2Y =F dx &x dy 2 ébys—x dx dx When x changes from x, to x, + 6x, then y changes from y, to y, + ay. «. the approximate value of y after a small Increment in x of dx is yr dy ayy +X xox ax Example 9 Given that y= (3x + 1)". find the value of “ when x=3. Hence find an expression, x In tarms of p, for the approximate change in y as x increases from 3 to 3+ p, where PIs small, «) SSS?Solution = y= (3x4 1y" oY _Cayaxs 1) = -—2 dx x+D2 When x = 3, dy | 3.3 dx = (3x3+1)? 100 Glven that 6x = p is small. 8. Connected Rates of Change Generally, differentiation is used to calculate the rate of change. for example + is the rate of change of y with respect to x. The chain tule Is often used to deduce the rate of change of one variable as cornpared to another. Example 10 When the height of liquid in a tub is x metres, the volume of liquid Is V m3, where V = 0.05((3x+ 2)? - 8). @ Find an expression for av. dx Gd The liquid enters the tub at a constant rate of 0.081 ms". Find the rate at which the height of liquid is increasing when V= 0.95. (C) Soiution a V=0.05((3x + 2)? -8) = = 0.05 x 3(3x + 29208) = 0.45(3x +232 a av = 0.081 ms"! dt Using chain rule, oa, OY ae dt dx df av ox. dt at av dxWhen V = 0.95, 0.05((3x + 2)? - 8) = 0.95 @Gx+ 2% = 0.95 = 27 0.05 @Gx+2) =3 0.081 — 0.081 _ mest 9, Stationary points: Points A, 8.C.D and E are stationary points where * = 0 Ge. tangents at these x points are parallel to the x-axis). Points B, Cand Dare tuming points. At these points the curve turns and the gradient changes sign (i.e. change from negative to positive or vice versa). Points B and D are local minimum points, being minimum in comparison with their neighbouring points. Note that for a minimum point, a # changes from negative before the point to positive after the point. x 0) oy >0, the rate of change of “ with respect to x is positive. ix? IxWhen x= 2, gy 8 6 4 Sy dx? (ayy (28 = 2,484 * “32°16 6 _ 8+30-16 6 3.4 ~ 3200~C*«‘SCT «. the larger value of x corresponds to a minimum value of y. Example 12 A rectangular block has a base which measures 2x cm by 3x cm. Given that its volume Is 1800 cm®, prove that the total surface area, A cm?, is given by Ast2x? 4300, x Calculate the value of x for which A has a stationary value. Find this value of A and determine whether it Is a maximum or a minimum «) Solution Let h be the height of the block. Volume of block is 2xx 3xx h = 6x2h = 1800 =h=—=—_ 6x? x? Total surface area, A = 2(2x x 3x) + 2(2« x h) + 203% A) = 12x? + 4xh+ 6xh = 12x? + 10xh Substitute h=—— into A, x? 300 x2 3000 x A=12x2 +10 nr2x2 A has a stationary value when “Ano. x GA 12¢2)x +3000(—1)x-? = 24y - 5000 dx x? when 24.9, 24x - 5000. g dx x’ 24x* — 3000 = 0 x3 = 125 x=h When x= 5, A= 12x2 4 2000 x =900 cm* dA 3000 6000 eae MCD et = 145)% + $000When A is statlonary, seo. * 16 cos2@ - 16 sing =0 “. ©os2@ = sine 1 = 2 sin?@ = sing (since cos2é@ = 1 - 2 sin?6) 2 sin’@ + sind- 1=0 @ siné - 1)Gine + 1) =0 1 sing = 7 sin@ = -1 (rejected as @ is an acute triangle) Os 30 Revision Exercises 1 Differentiate with respect to x: () x3 -5x?43x-7 § 3 qd 5x ze (i) Sx+2Vx Differentiate with respect to x: () -¥3x2 42x41 di) @-3x5 Gil) (x? - 1) (7x3 + Sx?) 1-2x ~ 34x? Differentiate with respect to x: (i) cos*3x (= ¥2cos?x+3 (il) 3xsin2x x? (iv) Stanx Differentiate with respect to x: @ = (x4 14 Inx (inv +siny (lil) @Rosex (wv) In(x +2) x2 Given that the curve y= x? + ax? + bx-3 has a gradient of - at the point (2, -11), find the value of a and of b, ee6. Find the value of a and of b for which o( | = oebsinx dx\3+sinx/ (+sinx)? 7. Find the equation of normal to the curve y= 2x3-2x? +5 at the point (2, 9). 8. The equation of a curve is y= In(x? + 2x) where x > 0. Find the x-coordinates of the point on the curve at which the tangent fo the curve is parallel to the line 5y= 12x. «© 9 The volume. V, ofa container of height. h, is given by V = 3h. Find the approximate Increase in volume when the height Increases from 3 cm to 3,05 cm. 1 10. Given that y =x. use calculus to find an approximate value for ¥O.99 11, Given that y=5-4 and that the value of y increases from 4 by a small amount 2. use calculus to determine, in terms of p, @ ~~ the approximate change in x. Gd) the conesponding percentage change in x. (C) 12, Find the rate of Increase of volume of a cube when the length of one side is § cm and the area of a face is increasing at the rate of 0.1 cm? =. 13, When a cylindrical vase of radius 4 cm contains water to a depth of x cm, the volume of the water In the vase is V. cm? where V= 16ax. Water is poured into the vase at the rate of 10 em? s"!, Find the rate at which the water level is rising. 14, Air is pUMped into a spherical balloon such that the latter is inflated at a steady rate of 10 cm's"!. Find the rate of increase of its surface area when its radiusis 5 cm, 15, Given that y= e*cos x. find the value of x between O.and x for which yis stationary. 16, Acurehas the equation y = 4—- x? — 16. Find the coordinates of the stationary point and determine its nature. * 17. Determine the coordinates of the stationary point of the curve y= x?Inx. 18. Aman wants to construct an open cylindrical fish tank for 50 fish. Given that the minimum territorial space required by per fish Is 1000 cm®, find the value of the radius, rand the height, hof this tank so that the total surface area of glass required ls a minimum. Give your answer correct to 3 significant figures. VaA piece of cardboard is cut into the shape shown above, The cardboard is then folded along the dotted lines to form a prism of depth hand its cross-section is an isosceles triangle. Given that the volume of the prism is 1200 cm, @ ~~ show that p= 10, x2 di) =~ obtain an expression for $, the total surface area, in terms of x, di) Find the value of x for which $has a stationary value. Find this value of Sand determine whether it is a maximum or minimum,Curiculum Objectives: Understand integration as the reverse process of differentiation Integrate sums of terms in powers of x excluding 1/x Integrate functions of the form (ax + 6)" (excluding n=-1), e+, sin(ax + b), cos(ax + by Evaluate definite integrals and apply Integration to the evaluation of plane areas. Integration is the reverse process of differentiation. 1. Indefinite Integrals When we integrate f@) with respect to x, Le. frooax. Jicodx=Fon+e is called an indefinite integral, Note: ¢ is o constant. OX+c fox+by" (n+ 1a) Cax+ by n#-l, a#0; a and b are constants acosbx Ssinbe +s xin radians; a, b and c are constants asin bx ~Zeosbx +e asec? bx Sranbr+e 2 a acosec? bx nootbkre: a asec bxtan bx ieealiha acoseebxcot bx ~Scosecbx +0| | acos(6x+ c) Sister tere xin radians; a, 6, ¢ and ¢’ are constants asin(bx+¢’) ~Foowlbe +e" asecbx+ c+) Flonbxset+e i 7 — | = Inx+e For x>O x roo Infoo +e For {() >0 {Oo cd e+e | | em emo 8 | ave doamb ye | e a | rae eMic | Note: Compare this table with the differentiation table. Sum of integrals: Jrcodx facodx = facoseondy Example 1 integrate the following with respect to x» @ 4 qi 3x? (i) 2x¢x- 1)? al (ivy xx Ww vx 4 (wi) (x4 5)§ x Ve 4 quill) ( $ } 2x-1 Solution (i) fadx=axre 3 Wh faxedx = re axe ip f2xcx—vPax = 2x0? ~2x-+ ax = f02x3 4x? +2x0dx a 71chy J 22S gy = Sf Ast 2tan2x+4 44 2tan2x+4 Sintatanax+4)+c Example 4 Integrate with respect fo x @ 6e% P 1 @ 3a Solution) feettdx = Get +c = So +e aw Japa jnemve 2. Definite Integrals 0 When we Integrate fo with respect to x from x= ato x=b, i.e. f,feoax. we get a definite integral: fiend F(b) - Fea). la Example 5 Evaluate o [ox w [i (ox+ sna fo 1 Xx ai fy tone dx Ww) lew [isetax 0 x vx 2 4 = [Fesxt+ coax? ] 3 lb [Fe vod Peat reat -0 4 4 Solution (i) Sx+3 4, - i (sv +f Jax 0 a 80 +12=383 OL5 a G(x +n ax = (3 x2 2eos5 0 2 3fn\ T = 3() ~2c0s7 --2c080) =3,701-1.414+2 =4,29 diy g tan? pee = jr (290? =" Nox [2tan%— y 2n aon 2tan® 27 (a4 2-2) jan 3 (2ten4 2 201,732)-2- 28 4 = 3.2 =0.941 tox lp! _-2x i ——— a i so 240 3x * ~pnN - x? = ~pin2+ Zina =0.203 1 w) fiaetax= [-Ze>"| 10 ~3@-2-[-3¢0 3° ( 2°") 3.3 3g) 30 3. Area under a Curve While a derivative of a function Is the gradient of the function, an Integral of a function Is the area bounded by the curve. A. Area between Curve and the x-axis 2 When we integrate f() with respect to x from x= a to x= b, the integral Jtonex is the area bounded by the curve y= f(x), the lines x= a and x= band the x-axis. |)Inthe case where the curve intersects the x-axis at a point m within the boundaries of x= qand x=b, i.e. a s=[vat dv a=Sf = v=faat Alternatively, displacement is given by area under the velocity—time (y— f) graph and velocity is given by area under the acceleration-time (a — f) graph: velocity. v acceleration, a area Is displacement fore peried of Velocity at time. 1. is given by this area time, t 4. Distance and Displacement vThe total distance travelled by a particle from f=0 to t=? is + [ivat [vet \ e The total displacement travelled by a particle from t=0 to t=? is i vdt. ty The displacement of a particle in the n™ second is i} vor. In Equations of Motion with Constant Acceleration a= gradient of graph velocity change In velocity change in time vou t => veus at. 0) $= area under v - f graph =i $= gure seasnsarreansiennas C2) substitute (1) into (2). 1 $s splut(urabyt +B) = 1 2 s=ute 3at see Te eliminate t, make ¢ the subject of (1). _¥-u = + (A) Substitute (4) into (2). al v-u $= puew(S# } Qas= V-F v=o? + 2a... ++ (5)In summary, the following equations apply when a = constant. Equations Variables veu+at uv, a, t $= dus wt suv, t s=ut+ por? su, a,t Vv? = u? + 2as Suv. @ Tip: Sometimes It may be confusing to know which equation to apply. By looking at the variables involved in the equation, you would be able to guess which equation to use. Often, there is mere than one method of solving kinematics problems. Example 1 A pariicle starts frorn point O and moves in a straight line so that its displacement, scm, from O, fseconds after leaving O, is given by s= Kt- 6)", Obtain an expression for the velocity of the particle in terms of f. Hence determine the value of t when the particle first comes to instantaneous rest and find the acceleration at this instant. The particle is next at O when f= T. Find @ = the value of T, qi) the distance travelled from f= 0 to f=T. («c) Solution 5 = Kt- 6)? = tP - 121+ 36) = 8-128 + 36t At instantaneous rest, v = 0, 3P - 24t+ 36=0 3c? - f+ 12) =0 a(t- 2) @- 6) =0 = t=2 or t=6 a 9|e = Gq Gl? - 2aF + 36) = 6f-24 a WahWhen the particle first comes to instantaneous rest. t= 2. a= &(2) - 24 =-l2ms? @ > ~~ Given that the particle is next at O when t= T, da) s=0 $= Kt-6?=0 teOorts6é T=65 (Note when f = 0, the particle starts from point ©.) To find the distance travelled from t = 0 to f = 6, consider t= 2s. At this point, v = 0 and a = -12 m s# <0, This implies that the porticle’s displacement from point © is maximum when te2s. $= itt- 6" 2(2 - 6 = 32m Distance travelled from f=0 to t= 2 (when the panicle first comes fo a rest) is 32 m. It follows that the distance travelled (from t=2to t= T= 6) when the particle returns to paint O is also 32m, é 32m 5 t#0 126 v=o Total distance travelled from t= 0 to t= T= 6 is 32x2 = 64m. A particle moves in a straight line so that. at tirne t seconds after leaving a fixed point O, its velocity. v ms”, is given by v=ISsinot. the time at which the particle first has a speed of 10ms*, the acceleration of the particle when f=0, ‘an expression for the displacement of the particle from O In terms of f. (c)(a) the time duting which the train is accelerating. (b) the speed of the train 180 seconds after the start of this stage, (c) the speed of the train 660 seconds after the start of this stage.(C) Solution velocity 8 th fy ts time (a) Total distance travelled = 12 000 m Total time = 720 s Let t. , and f, be the duration of the 3 parts of the journey as shown in the graph. t + fp + tp = 7205 Let a, be the deceleration and a, be the acceleration. Given that |@)| = |2a,| = t= 2h 2 Qh) + fy + % = 720 = f + 3, = 720 Total distance travelled = area under v - t graph 308 + 25)h + 15) + das + 25)f; " = Peart + Sty + Fao’, = 20(2t) + 15t) + 20ty 15h + 60%, 18720 - 34) + 60f, 10 800 - 45f, + 60ty 10 800 + 15t, 12 000 12.000-10 800 16 one o 2 = 80s Time during which train ls accelerating is 80 s. TGVelocities of @: at A. Voa =u at B, Vag = 22 ms! Given that car @ overtakes car P at B. i.e. car P and @ reaches point B at the same time, 7. 20F Htu+ 2204 us 40-22 =18ms' (a) Consider the time taken by each car to travel from point B to point D: time taken by car P is = =37.5s Car @ takes 15 s to travel from point B to point C. Let # be the time taken for it to travel from point C to point D. Given that car @ decelerates uniformly from 22 ms“! at point © to 13 ms! at point D. average speed between point C and 22413 7 22413 K >) point D is 750 = 22015)+( v=2ds Time taken for car @ to travel from point B to point D is 18 + 24= 39s, :. Car P reaches D before car Q. (Bb) velocity/ms! i 15 —,— limeys(c) Let E be the point (between B and D) that car @ reaches, 37,5 seconds after passing B. See = Sac t Sce Sec = 22(15) 1 Using s = u't + pat? 1(13-22 Sop = 22(37.5 - 15) + af A Jers - 15)? = 400.1 m Sag = 2215) + 400.1 = 70.1 m Distance of car @ from D at the instant when car P reaches D = 750 - (730.1) = 20 m (to nearest metre) Alternatively, let v be the speed of car @ at the instant when car P reaches D. Using v= u’ + aft, 13-22 vs 22+ ( 24 Jars - 15) = 13.56 ms 1 Using s = u"f" + yo? distance car @ is from D = (13.56) (39 — 37.5) + OF Jos - 37.5) = 20 m Go nearest metre) Revision Exercises 1 Aparticle travels in a straight line in such a way that tseconds after passing through a fixed point ©, Its displacement from O is s metres. Given that s -5-5.. fine @ ~~ expressions. in terms of f. for the velocity and acceleration of the particle, Gd) the value of t when the velocity of the particle Is 1.25 m st di) the acceleration of the particle when it is 3 m from O. A particle moves in a straight line so that. at time f seconds after leaving a fed point O, its displacement, s m. is given by 1 =§-Se?t__— s=5-5e iot Calculate (@) the initial velocity of the particle, di) the value of f when the particle Is instantaneously at rest, di) the acceleration of the particle at this instant. (Cc) POL8. A motorcyclist travelling along a straight road passes a fixed point O with a speed of 20 ms! and continues at this speed for f, seconds. Over the next , seconds he accelerates at a constant rate to a speed of 30 ms", He then brings the motorcycle to rest in a further t, seconds by retarding at a constant rate. His acceleration and retardation cre of equal magnitude. (a) Sketch a velocity-time graph to illustrate the motion of the motorcyclist after passing O. (6) Obtain an equation connecting f, and fy. (c) Given that the total distance and the total time represented by the graph are 748 m and 40 s respectively, calculate f,. f; and t,. «@)The topics from which the questions are set are included in brackets { }. Paper 1 (80 marks) (Time: 2 hours) Answer all the questions. {Té: Simultaneous Equations} 1. Solve the simultaneous equations: y=x?+oxed Sy-x=2 4) {T8: Straight Line Graphs} 2. The paints A, Band C have coordinates (-4, 2), (2, 8) and (5,-1) respectively. The line from C, which is perpendicular to AB, meets AB at a point D. () Find the equation of AB and of CD. (i) Calculate the coordinates of D. (6) {13: Quadratic Functions} 3 If the equation x? +(1 -k)x+3=0 has no real roots, find the range of the values of k. (4) {T15: Differentiation} 4, Variables x and y are connected by the equation y =o 5 Calculate the value ot when x= 2, Hence find an expression for the new value of y when xincreases from 2 to 2+ p where p is small. (6) {T2: Binomial Expansions} 5. Find 10 (@) the coefficient of x? in the expansion of (x-) x 10 (i) the coefficient of x3 in the expansion of (+ 2n{x-2) (6) x{117: Kinematics} 6. A particle moves in a stralght line through a fixed point O, Its acceleration, ams, is given by a= (2t+5)m s®, where tis the time in seconds after passing through O. Given that a particle reaches a point X when ft=1 with a velocity 10ms", find oO the velocity of the particle when f= 2, qi) the distance OX. (7) {T10: Trigonometry} 7. Given that tanx= p, where x is acute, find in terms of p, @ — tantr-» qi) secx qi) sinx (5) {19: Circular measure} A 8. The diagram shows a circle. centre O, tadius 2.cm, and fwo tangents TA and TB. TA= 1B=5 cm. ce T Calculate i the length of the major arc ACB, 7 (i) ‘the area of the shaded region. 5 (7) (Tl: Sets} gy, Given that n¢e) = 60, n(A) = x, n(B) = 35 and n(A Nn B) = 8, express in terms of x. ACA NB) and nA’ NB). Hence find the greatest and smallest possible values of x. (8) {T13: Vectors in Two Dimensions} 10. A B In the figure shown the position vectors of A and B with respect to O are a. and brespectively. The points Pand @ are such that OP = 34 OA and 2PQ = PB. Express AP and O@ in tetms of a and b. Given that OR= 40@ and BR= AB, express BR in terms of wo 40,6 @ wab Hence evaluate 4 and p. fal){T2: Functions) 2 11. The function f is defined by feo for Osx<6, Sketch the graphs of f and f’ on the same diagram. State the domain of rl. ts)} 12. Answer only one of the following two alternatives. Either: {T16: Integration} The diagram shows part of the curve y= 2x?+ 1 and the lines x+ y=4 and x=4, Find @ the coordinates of the points A, 8, C and D, i) the area of each of the shaded regions. 2) Or D0, -d) {T8: Straight Line Graphs} The diagram shows a trapezium ASCD in which BC Is paraliel to AD. The points A oSand 8 lle on the y-axis and point C lies In the x-axis. Angles BCD and CDA are 90°. Given that the equation of BC is 2y+ x= 12 and point D is (10, -4), @ find the coordinates of B and of C, di) find the equation of AD and of CD. qi) the coordinates of A. (iv) the area of trapezium (12) Paper 2 (80 marks) (lime: 2 hours) Answer all the questions. (15: Factors of Polynomials} 1, Find in terms of p, the remainder when 6x3 + 5x? + px—6 Is divided by x+ 2. Hence wtite down the value of p for which the expression is exactly divisible by x +2. (6) {T8: Straight Line Graphs} 2 The table shows experimental values of two variables x and y. 41 It is known that x and y are related by the equation y= 2 where agand bare constants. a+b a Plot y against xy and obtain a straight line graph. “i Use your graph fo estimate the value of a and of b. Gi) Obtain the value of the gradient of the straight line obtained when i is ¥ plotted against x. (10) {T8: Trigonometry) 3. Find all the angles between 0° and 360° which satisfy the equation () 3sinxcosx+ 150 (i) = tan2y=écoty (8) {T7: Logarithmie and Exponential Functions} 4. Given that y= 1200.98)", find () the value of y when x= 20, (the value of x when y= 100, (4) {T2: Functions} 2x 5. (a) The function g is defined by g: x > ——, x#-3. Find and simplify an expression for +3 Oo a) gt il(b) ~The function A is defined by h: x 4 ax- 1. Given that hg2(2) = <. calculate the value of a. (7) {T11: Permutations and Combinations} 6. Abaskethas 5 red apples and 4 green apples. Find the number of ways of cheasing 4 apples when @ — there are no restrictions; di) there must be 1 red apple only: did there must be 2 green apples. (8) {114: Matrices} 2 7 3-1 10 7. Given that a-(4 i} -( 7 1 } and ABC -(, ‘} (a) Find the matrix AB (6) Find the matrix C. (6) {T16: Integration} 8. Evaluate o I (2c082x-3sinx)dx (i) [fcosxe*ax (8) {T17: Kinematics) 9. A particle moves in a straight line so that at time ft after leaving a fixed point O, its velocity, vm s"!, Is given by v= 2-26}, (> ~~ Find the acceleration of the particle when t=2 s, (i) ~~ Sketch the velocity-time curve, (il) Find the displacement of the particle from O when t=2 s, (8) {T13: Vectors in Two Dimensions} 10. Given that the vector OA has a magnitude of 20 and has the same direction as 3 ( 4 } and that OB is a vector of magnitude 10 and in the direction of the vector 4 (4) find the vector AB. @) 1}. Answer only one of the following two alternatives. Either {T15: Differentiation} (a) Find the value of x between 0 and p for which the curve y = e* cos 2x has a stationary point. SSSPaper 1 (80 marks) (Time: 2 hours) Answer all the questions. {T8: Straight Line Graphs} t Given points A (-1. -9), B (6. 12) and C (3. -2). find the equation of the line joining A to B, Another line passes through C and meets AB at right angle at D. Find the equation of CD and calculate the coordinates of D. @ {T2: Functions} 2: Express 8 - 4x- x? in the form a—(x+ bY and hence, or otherwise, find the range: of the function f: x > 8-4x- x? for real x. (4) {T12: Binomial Expansions) 3. Write down the binomial expansions of (2 + x)4 and (2- x)4, In ascending powers of x. Use your results to calculate the exact value of (2,1)*-<1,9)4, (7) {T13: Vectors in Two Dimensions} 8 O\/4 3 4. The position vectors of three points. O.A and Bare (3) (2) and (3) respectively. Given that OD = $ OA and AE = 3 AB, write down the position vectors of D and E. Given also that OB and DE intersect at X and that OX = pOB and XD = QDE, find the position vector of Xin terms of @ p a) oq Hence calculate p and q. (8)