STYLE SHEET ARTS & CULTURE

2010-11

CONTENTS
Basic rules
Basic rules layout
Front page
Example frontpage
In-text references
APA reference list
Books
Books with one author
Books with two or more authors
Books with one or two editors

Books with corporation as author

New edition of a book
Translated book
Modern-classical works
Pre-modern works
Article or chapter in an edited book
Journals and newspapers
Article in a journal
Magazine article
Newspaper article
Book review
Electronic sources
Electronic article based on a paper edition
Electronic article without a paper edition
Internet documents
Referring to internet documents in de text
Visual and Audio sources, information carriers, works of art
Visual sources
Musical recordings
Audio recordings
Information carriers
Examples of reviews of these sources
Works of art
APPENDIX: Plagiarism

Basic rules
Basic rules layout
The basic rules for the layout of every paper, which should never be handwritten but typed, are very simple:
-

Use white paper

Paper Size: A4
Line spacing: 1,5 throughout
Lettering: 12-point
Margins: leave 1 inch on the top and the bottom and on both sides
Justification: do not justify the lines at the right margin
Use Page numbers
Avoid (sub)sectioning in shorter essays
Longer essays should consist of a front page (see below), the
contents, a list of illustrations, main text (introduction, body,
conclusion), list of references in APA-Style
Chapters and sections in longer essays have numbers + headings
Use italics for titles of books, journals, plays, films, long poems
(T.S. Eliots The waste land), works of art, newspapers, pamphlets,
magazines, musical compositions
Use single () quotation marks for titles of articles, stories, poems
(John Keats Ode on a Grecian Urn), chapters
Use double quotation marks () marks for quotations in the text
Indention: indent the first line of each paragraph one-half inch
form the left margin, except the first paragraph of you paper or
after a blank line
Consult for questions on grammar, style, and punctuation Jacksons
Good Grammar for Students (on the study landscape of the Inner
City University Library)

Front page
Every essay, no matter how short, should always have a front page containing the
following information (see the example below):
Title (+ subtitle) (You may use bold typeface, but no underlining or italics)
Name
ID-number
Pigeon hole number
Date
Name of assignment
Number of words used
Supervisors name
.

Example front page

In text references
Traditionally, academic writers mainly relied on a set of footnotes or endnotes for
acknowledging their sources. Today, most disciplines rely on the so-called author-year (or
author-date) system. This system consists of a bibliography, a list comprising all sources that
are used in a particular paper, and parenthetical in-text references to this particular list.
In-text references generally consist of three elements at most: last name(s) of the author(s),
year of publication, and page number(s). Moreover, a comma follows each of the elements.
This information allows readers to identify the correct source(s) in the list of references at the
end of the text. The complete bibliographic information of a source is only provided once: in
the list of references, not in footnotes or endnotes. Footnotes or endnotes are only used for
some extra information you want to add but which doesnt properly fit in the text itself.
A characteristic in-text reference directly following the quotation of a source is structured as
follows:
The author thus argues that citizenship . . . is one of the defining characteristics of
a state (Shore, 2000, p. 83).
Alternatively, the quotation and reference can be formatted as follows:
As Shore (2000) argues in his recent work on cultural politics in the European
Union, citizenship . . . is one of the defining characteristics of a state (p. 83).

Quote long passages as follows:

The molecular explanation of consciousness is succinctly exemplified in
Churchlands Matter and Consciousness. Whatever Churchland says of the selfreplicating beginnings of life at the end of his book is predictably cued in
advance by what he has stated at the beginning of his book about human life:
The important point about the standard evolutionary story is that the
human species and all of its features are the wholly physical outcome of a
purely physical process. We are notable only in that our nervous system is
more complex and powerful than those of our fellow creatures. We are
creatures of matter. And we should learn to live with that fact
(Churchland, 1984, p. 21).
The problem comes not in living with that fact but in living hermetically with
that fact. Living hermetically with that fact comes at the expense of a viable
natural history, for the fact passes over fundamental understandings of animate
corporeal life. These omissions in understanding emerge in a striking way in the
metaphysical relationship Churchland proposes between the organic and
inorganic (though again, not specifically using these broadly cosmic terms).

N.B.
- A single in-text reference may contain references to multiple sources: (Delors, 1988, p. 16;
Delors, 1990, p. 67; Dehaene, 1994, pp. 104-06).
- A reference to a source with no author mentioned (retrieved from the internet or drawn from
a newspaper) takes the form of a short title instead of the author, e.g. (Study finds, 1982)
would be the appropriate form to refer to an anonymous article titled: Study finds free care
used more. (1982, April). APA Monitor, p. 14.
- when you summarize or paraphrase someones overall argument, it is perfectly acceptable to
refer to that source in general, without specifying a particular page (Comsky, 1988).

Recent research has shown (Willemsen, 2002)

Recently Willemsen (2002) has shown
Recent research (Willemsen, 2002, 2003) has shown
N.B. Two publications of Willemsen
Recent research (De Jong, 2002; Willemsen 2002, 2003;
Zeegers, 2000) has shown
A useful overview is given by Zeegers (2000, Ch. 3)
A lot has been written on the playing man (see for instance
Huizinga, 1938)
Recent research (J. de Vries 1998; W. de Vries 1996) has
shown
N.B. Use initials if two authors have the same surname.
Recent research (De Jong 2003a, 2003b, 2003c; Willemsen
1998) has shown
N.B. use these additional a, b, c, etc. in case you are
referring to several publications from the same year

various consecutive citations from the same source have to be acknowledged only once,
after the final citation from that source.
if the next in-text reference refers to another page of the same source, only the page
number needs to be given. When, for example, the in-text reference to (Comsky, 1988, p.
14) is followed by the in-text reference to (p. 78), the reader knows that you refer to the
same source. If the next reference is to (1982, p. 25), this means that the reference is to
another source from the same author.

one author
two authors
three authors
four authors
five authors
six authors or more
corporation

(Abeling, 2002)
(Neijt & Reinsma, 1997)
(Sanders, Metselaat, & Schrama, 2000)*
(Payne, Bergin, Bielema, & Jenkins, 1991)*
(Willemsen, Os, Klein, Tromp, & Karels, 2001)*
(Hertmans et al., 1999)*
(American Psychological Asociation [APA], 1987)**

*The first time you refer to sources with 3-6 authors, all names
must be mentioned, while consecutive references to the same
source will only mention the first name and then add: et al.
(Willemsen et al., 1987). Sources of more than 6 authors are always
refered to by the first authors name plus et al.
** In case of a corporation as author, the full name of the
corporation and the abbreviation between brackets need to be
spelled out in the first reference (American Psychological
Asociation [APA], 1987); in consecutive references only the
abbrevation is used (APA, 1987).

APA reference list

Always apply the APA rules as strictly as possible!

Books
Books with one author
Mooij, J.J.A. (1987). De wereld der waarden. Essays over cultuur en samenleving.
Amsterdam: Meulenhoff.
Swaan, A. de (2002). Woorden van de wereld. Het mondiale talenstelsel. Amsterdam: Bert
Bakker.
Eagleton, T. (1983). Literary theory. An introduction. Oxford: Blackwell.
Books with two or more authors
Ruiter, F., & Smulders, W. (1996). Literatuur en moderniteit in Nederland. 1840-1990.
Amsterdam: De Arbeiderspers.
Boersma, H.J., Debrock, G., Hoeven, J. van der, Leene, H., Michon, J.A., Swigchem, C.A.
van, et al. (1991). Aspecten van tijd. Kampen: J.H. Kok.
Books with one or two editors
Guignon, Ch. (Ed.). (1993). The Cambridge companion to Heidegger. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.
Phipps, W.J., Cassmeyer, V.C., Sands, J.K., & Lehman, M.K. (Eds.). (1995). Medical surgical
nursing (5th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby.
Heusden, B. van, Steffelaar, W., & Zeeman, P. (red.). (2001). Tekstboek literaire cultuur.
Heerlen: Open Universiteit Nederland/Nijmegen: SUN.

Book with corporation as author

Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek (1979). 1899-1979. Tachtig jaar statistiek in tijdreeksen.
s-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij.
American Psychological Association (2001). Publication Manual of the American
Psychological Association. (5th, rev. ed.). Washington DC: American Psychological
Association.
N.B. The first time you refer to this kind of publication: American Psychological
Association [APA] (2001). The second, third, etc. time: APA (2001).
New edition of a book
Vries, G. de (1985). De ontwikkeling van wetenschap. Een inleiding in de wetenschapsfilosofie (2e dr.). Groningen: Wolters-Noordhoff.
Eagleton, T. (1996). Literary theory. An introduction (2nd ed.). Oxford: Blackwell.
Translated book
Paz, O. (1976). De kinderen van het slijk. Van de romantiek tot de avant-garde (J. QuispelNaber, vert.). Amsterdam: Meulenhoff. (Oorspronkelijke uitgave 1974)
Luria, A.R. (1969). The mind of a mnemonist (L. Solotaroff, Trans.). New York: Avon Books.
(Original work published 1965)
Modern-classical works
Freud, S. (1913/1996). Totem und Tabu. Einige bereinstimmungen im Seelenleben der
Wilden und der Neurotiker. Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Taschenbuch Vervlag.
Multatuli (1860/1979). Max Havelaar, of de koffijveilingen der Nederlandsche HandelMaatschappij. (A.L. Stemann, red.). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Woolf, V. (1931/1992). The waves. (G. Beer, Ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
N.B. To these later editions of these works (roughly the eighteenth, nineteenth, and the
most of the twentieth century) you refer as follows: Freud (1913/1996), Multatuli
(1860/1979) en Woolf (1931/1992).

Pre-modern works
Aristotle, Politics (H. Rackham, Transl.). Cambridge (Mass.): Harvard University Press.
(1977).
Plato, Sokrates verdediging. (G. Koolschijn, vert.). Amsterdam: Athenaeum-Polak & Van
Gennep. (1991).
Ovidius, Metamorphosen. (M. dHane-Scheltema, vert.). Amsterdam: Athenaeum-Polak &
Van Gennep. (1994).
Jan van Ruusbroec, Vanden XII beghinen. (M.M. Kors, red.). Turnhout: Brepols. (2000).
N.B. You can refer to these works in your text in two ways:
a) In the case of Aristotle you list two variants in you reference list:
Aristotle, Politics (H. Rackham, Transl.). Cambridge (Mass.): Harvard
University Press. (1977).
Rackham, H. (1977). Aristotle, Politics. (H. Rackham, Transl.).
Cambridge (Mass.): Harvard University Press..
In the text you use (Rackham, 1977, p.)
b) In all editions of most premodern works the line numbering is the same:
I
Refering to Ovids Metamorphoses you do as follows: (Metamorphoses,
XV, 479-484). In this case you dont list the title under the tanslators
name.
II
In case there is no line numbering, you may refer as follows: (Sokrates
verdediging, p. 9).

Article or chapter in an edited book

Wesseling, L. (1991). Genre. In W. van Peer & K. Dijkstra (red.), Sleutelwoorden.
Kernbegrippen uit de hedendaagse literatuurwetenschap (pp. 58-66). Leuven: Garant.
Shea, J. D. (1992). Religion and sexual adjustment. In J. F. Schumaker (Ed.), Religion and
mental health (pp. 70-84). New York: Oxford University Press.
N.B. An encyclopedia article goes as follows:
Bergmann, P.G. (1993). Relativity. In The new Encyclopedia Britannica (Vol. 26, pp.
501-508). Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica.

Journals and newspapers

Article in a journal
Kusters, W. (1990). Cantat ergo est. De Gids, 153, 1022-1025.
Meeuse, P. (1989). De ziekte van de aanblik. Over de pozie van Kees Ouwens. De Revisor,
16(5), 61-73.
Lengacher, C., Bennett, M., Gonzales, L., Cox, C., Shons, A., Reington, D., et al. (1998).
Psychoneuroimmunology and immune system link for stress, depression, health
behaviors, and breast cancer. Alternative Health Care Practitioner, 4(2), 1-14.
The following article is from a special issue:
Kennedy, S., Kiecolt-Glaser, J., & Glaser, R. (1988). Immunological consequences of acute
and chronic stressors. Mediating role of interpersonal relationships. Special Issue:
Stress and health. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 61(1), 77-85.
N.B. In these examples the numbers 153, 16 and 4 (like the journals titles in italics)
refer to the volume (number of years since the journals first year of publication).
Since most journals make use of continuous pagination (starting with page 1 at the
beginning of the year and numbering through), there is no need to indicate the number
of the specific issue an article comes from. If a journal does start numbering pages
every new issue again (some journals occuring every week, two weeks, once a month,
or quarterly), the issue number must be added (between parentheses) directly
following the volume number.

Magazine article
Kundera, M. (1984, April). The tragedy of central Europe. New York
Review of Books, pp. 69-75.
Newspaper article
Hofland, H.J.A. (1997, 24 september). Som der subculturen. NRC Handelsblad, p. 7.
Doorman, M. (2002, 17 mei). Springplank voor vernieuwing. NRC Handelsblad, p. 23.
Calmthout, M. van (2003, 20 december). Als bestaande theorie onderuit gaat, begint smaak
mee te spelen. de Volkskrant, p. 1W.
Hiu, P.-U. (2003, 20 december). Lekker stuk. de Volkskrant, p. 5W.
Newspaper article with no (known) author:
Study finds free care used more. (1982, 24 April). APA Monitor, p. 14.
N.B. The first significant word in the title should be used to alphabetize the work.
Book review
Jensen, L. (2004). [Bespreking van J. Blaak, Geletterde levens. Dagelijks lezen en schrijven
in de vroegmoderne tijd in Nederland 1624-1770. Hilversum: Verloren (2004)].
Nederlandse letterkunde, 9, 408-411.
Arnovick, L.K. (2003). [Review of A.H. Jucker, G. Fritz, and F. Lebsanft (Eds.). Historical
dialogue analysis. Amsterdam John Benjamins (1999)]. Journal of Historical
Pragmatics, 4, 327-339.

Electronic source
Electronisch article based on a paper edition
Hirstein, W., & Ramachandran, V.S. (1999). The Science of art. A neurological theory of
aesthetic experience. Special issue: Art and the brain (Electronic version). Journal of
Consciousness Studies, 6(6/7), 15-51.
Naveson, J. (2005). Is world poverty a moral problem for the wealthy? (Electronic version).
The Journal of Ethics, 8, 397-408.
N.B. The example below is a newspaper article based on paper edition, but since the
page numbering is dropped, you have to list it as follows:
Hulsman, B. (2000, 11 augustus). Nergens is het leven beter. NRC
Handelsblad. Retrieved December 18, 2005, from
http://www.nrc.nl/W2/Nieuws/2000/08/11/Vp/bk1.html
N.B. There are enormous databases of articles. Refer to articles obtained from these
databases as follows:
Hassin, R., & Trope, Y. (2000). Facing Faces: Studies on the cognitive aspects
of physiognomy. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78,
837-852. Retrieved December 18, 2005, from PsycARTICLES
database.
Elektronic article without a paper edition
Gemert, L. van (2001). De voorwaarden van een goed gesprek. De wetenschap en het publiek.
Neerlandistiek.nl, Artikel 01.03. Retrieved December 18, 2005, from
http://www.neerlandistiek.nl
Baudrillard, J. (2003). The violence of the global. CTheory.net, Article a129. Retrieved
December 18, 2005, from http://www.ctheory.net/home.aspx

Internet documents
Dealing with documents not referring to journals, this is the general make-up of the reference:
Author, A. (year). Title of the document. Retrieved month day, year, from source.
Examples:
Degelman, D., & Harris, M. L. (2000). APA style essentials. Retrieved December 18,
2005, from http://www.vanguard.edu/faculty/ddegelman/index.cfm?
doc_id=796
Arnold, M. (1880). The study of poetry. Retrieved December 18, 2005, from
http://www.bartleby.com/28/5.html
In many cases there is no author or year to be found:
Nielsen, M.E. (n.d.). Notable people in the psychology of religion. Retrieved
December 18, 2005, from http://www.psywww.com/psyrelig/psyrelpr.htm
Pamuk, O. (n.d.). In Kars and Frankfurt. Retrieved December 18, 2005, from
http://www.nrc.nl/redactie/Doc/pamuk.doc
Gender and society (n.d.). Retrieved December 18, 2005, from
http://www.trinity.edu/~mkearl/gender.html
Refering to internet documents in the text
Try to be as precise as possible when you cite a passage. Since there are no page numbers, try
to find other ways to lead the reader to the cited passage, for instance by mentioning a
paragraph title:
In het voortgezet onderwijs maakt men zich al jaren zorgen over de effectiviteit van
het lesprogramma, onder andere op het terrein van de literatuurgeschiedenis. De
inzichten uit het universitaire literatuuronderzoek hebben voor die situatie nog maar
ten dele oplossingen geboden (Van Gemert, 2001, De wetenschap en het brede
publiek).

Refer to internet documents with no author and/or year, as follows:

Our ideas about God are important indicators of how we view the world. According
to Adler these ideas have changed over time, as our vision of the world and our place
in it has changed (Nielsen, n.d., Alfred Adler).
My father had a large library and when I was a child, my father would discuss the
great novelists I mentioned earlier Mann, Kafka, Dostoyevski, and Tolstoy the way
other fathers discussed famous generals and saints. From an early age, all these
novelists these great novelists were linked in my mind with the idea of Europe
(Pamuk, n.d.).
You've probably read the studies showing how as the proportion of women in an
occupational/professional category increases average earnings go down (Gender and
society, n.d., Institutional analysis: education).

Visual and Audio sources, information carriers and works of art

Visual sources
Green, A. B. (Producer), & Brown, C. D. (Director). (1991). The joys of inconsistency
[Videotape]. Tiburon, CA: Vader.
Wood, M. (Writer), Dobbs, R. (Producer), & Wallace, D. (Director). (2003). In search of
Shakespeare [DVD]. London: BBC Worldwide.
Gardner, H. (Writer), & DiNozzi, R. (Producer/Director). (1996). MI: Intelligence,
understanding and the mind [Motion picture]. Los Angeles, CA: The Classroom
Media.
Musical recordings
Simon, P. (2000). Youre the one [cd]. Burbank, CA: Warner Bros.
Hooker, J.L. (1991). This is hip. On Mr. Lucky [cd]. New York: Silverstone Records.
Dylan, B. (1964). Mr. Tambourine man [Recorded by The Byrds]. On The very best of The
Byrds [cd]. London: Sony Music Entertainment. (1997).

N.B. In the third example the artist is not writer of the music.
Audio recordings
Mann, Th. (Sprecher). (1997). Tonio Krger [cd]. Frankfurt am Main: Der Hrverlag.
Lucebert (Spreker). (2003). Herfst der muziek [cd]. Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij Audioboek.
Information Carriers
Encarta 99 Encyclopedie. Winkler Prins Editie [CD-ROM]. (1998). Amsterdam: Reed
Elsevier.
Examples of reviews of these sources
Schouten, K. (2003, 4 december). Materiaal voor freaks [Bespreking van de cd-box Miles
Davis: The complete Jack Johnson sessions [cd]. New York: Legacy (2003)]. de
Volkskrant, p. 19K.
Ekker, J.P. (2004, 8 januari). Cruise leert samoerai kennen en zij hem [Bespreking van de
film: Engelman, T. et al. (Producer), & Zwick, E. (Director), The last Samurai [motion
picture]. Burbank, CA: Warner Brothers. (2003)]. de Volkskrant, p. 30K.
Works of art
Bernini G. (1623). David [Sculptuur]. Rome: Galleria Borghese.
Meegeren, H. van (1941). De voetwassing [Schilderij]. Amsterdam: Rijksmuseum.
Steichen, E. (1928). Greta Garbo [Photograph]. New York: The Museum of Modern Art.

APPENDIX: plagiarism
By Ruud Hendriks

plagiarism: 1. an act or instance of plagiarizing 2. something plagiarized.

plagiarize: 1. to steal and pass off (the ideas or words of another) as ones own:
use (a created production) without crediting the source 2. to commit literary theft:
present as new and original an idea or product derived from an existing source.
Websters Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary
The word plagiarism is derived from the Latin word plagiarius, which literally means
plunderer. Just as plundering or looting the possessions of someone else is unlawful,
plundering someone elses words or ideas is illegal. Put simply, plagiarism is stealing the
intellectual labor performed by others. In the academic community plagiarism is not only
considered a vulgar form of theft, but also seen as an attack on fundamental academic values. By
robbing others of their ideas and subsequently behaving as if one has generated them on ones
own, the confidence of fellow students, staff members, professors, and the academic system at
large is seriously undermined. As a matter of principle, members of the academic community
subscribe to a basic code of conduct when it comes to quoting the work of other scholars or
referring to scholarly and other sources.
In order to avoid unintentional plagiarism it is important to know exactly what plagiarism
is. After all, it entails more than just copying some other authors work (or parts thereof) and
putting your own name under it. Plagiarism is every form of use of ideas that are derived from an
external source and that are not generally considered as common knowledge, without
acknowledging their origin. When borrowing ideas, it makes no difference whether you literally
copy someone elses words or whether you put them into your own words. Paraphrasing,
rearranging words or sentences, using the same sequence of ideas or line of reasoning,
summarizing paragraphs, repeating specific formulations these are all strategies for deriving
ideas from others and incorporating them into your own text or argument.
Of course, we produce academic writing precisely because we want to share our views and
findings with other individuals, who may very well be interested in actively using our knowledge
in their own writing. It is even expected that we as academic writers make generous use of the
work of others, for in many cases it will serve as excellent support for our own findings,
especially if the sources we rely on are widely seen as authoritative. But this basic academic
principle of striving to integrate our knowledge with that of others as a crucial element of our
common effort to contribute to a better and more advanced intellectual knowledge community

can only be effective if we always account for the source of specific information with as much
care and detail as possible. After all, only then will we enable others to check information, to see
whether sources are quoted correctly, or to find out if certain interpretations are justified or, in
effect, contribute to a new understanding.
In order to avoid unintentional plagiarism, it is useful to keep in mind the following rule of
thumb: If you have specific knowledge or opinions about a topic prior to reading a particular
source on that topic and writing about it, you do not have to account for this source. When in
doubt, always refer to your source.
The following example should clarify the difference between proper and improper use of ideas
and phrases from other authors. Assume that you have read the following brief passage in a 1991
study by the Dutch author Andre van Es, entitled Schengen, of de nieuwe deling van Europa
(Schengen, or the new division of Europe; Amsterdam: Van Gennep).
Schengen is enlightened self-interest. It is an attempt to protect Europe against chaos and
poverty. But the price is high. Schengen shifts the balance of power between government
and citizens in favor of government. Those who believe that these regulations can stop
migratory movements will have a rude awakening. After all, the basic challenge will be
how to enforce these regulations. (Van Es, 1991, p. 57).
This information might be used in various ways in an essay about the argument presented by Van
Es. One possible version reads as follows:
In the wake of debates about the control of migratory movements and the ensuing
sharpening of regulations, as formulated, for instance, in the Schengen agreement, the
power balance between citizens and government has shifted too much in favor of the
latter. People accepted this out of a sense of enlightened self-interest. But recent debates
about asylum policies support our thesis that those who believe that Europe can be
protected against the chaos and poverty that is found elsewhere in the world will have a
rude awakening. A further shifting of the balance of power will be seen as inevitable to
enforce the regulations.
This is an unambiguous case of plagiarism. Not only did the author borrow specific ideas from
Van Es, but also did he use some of the exact same formulations without reference to the source.
Moreover, the author does as if these ideas are the authors own views (support our thesis ).
A second version reads as follows:
In the wake of debates about the control of migratory movements and the ensuing
sharpening of regulations, as formulated, for instance, in the Schengen agreement, the
power balance between citizens and government has shifted too much in favor of the
latter. People accepted this out of a sense of enlightened self-interest. But recent debates
about asylum policies demonstrate that those who believe that Europe can be protected
against the chaos and poverty that is found elsewhere in the world will have a rude
awakening. A further shifting of the balance of power will be seen as inevitable to
enforce the regulations.

This is plagiarism as well. The author uses a number of ideas and some literal phrases without
making any reference to Andre van Es or the book from which these ideas and phrases are
borrowed. Thus the author pretends as if these ideas are more less facts that are unchallenged by
anyone and that thus count as general knowledge, while in reality, they are the individual views
of Van Es. A more acceptable way of using this particular source is the following:
In the fall of 1998, the parliamentary commission in charge fiercely debated the issue of
additional regulations to dam, as it is called, the growing influx of asylum seekers.
These debates confirmed the views of Andre van Es, who, in response to the decision
process about Schengen, already warned for citizens blind trust in the potential of new
regulations and strong government to curb the migratory influx. Schengen is about
enlightened self-interest, she writes. It is an attempt to protect Europe against chaos
and poverty. But the price is high. (Van Es, 1991, p. 57) After all, as van Es argues, in
order to enforce the new regulations a constant shifting of the balance of power between
government and citizens in favor of the former will turn out to be inevitable.
In this last version the author accounts for the ideas and formulations presented through a direct
reference to their source. In order to support his own view, the author relies on Van Es as an
authority and by making a very specific source reference he allows the reader to trace whether
this interpretation of van Ess views is correct and whether her words are quoted correctly.