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UoISpap iwansBuo> so/pure “uoTEO> SYOM LV ALIYOTIN] :SONHL LNWTOVNVIN FF@eeeeege0eea0e0eg00ee8e000000008 | | | ss2xfo1d ex0u Uo nou ay, eso _ypip uf uonnjosoxpuesisfeue aenbapeur eva (9) pue SuiBoqu pu 2uet30} aod poy Ajasiaape satzuaredusoo sonne pue jepadeuewn aretp jo waudojes MYON LY ALINDSINI ‘SOILS INANZOWNV 99 TER RRR EREREBREREEE14 Chapter 3 Theories of Consequence Ethics: Traditional Tools for Making Decisions in Business when the Ends Justify the Means Chapter Overview Chapter 3 "theories of Consequence Ethics: Traditional Tools for Making Decisions in Business when the Ends Justify the Means" eaamines some theories guiding. ethical decisions in business. It considers ethics that focuses on the consequences of what is done instead of prohibiting or allowing specific acts, SSSSSESSCSCeC Ce VESESSHSSSCH HL OT SESeSEELELAOCEOCE OHO4 Chapter 3 Theories of Consequence Ethics: Traditional Tools for Making Decisions ity Business when the Eads Justily the Means 3.1 What Is Consequent LEARNING OBJECTIVE 1, Define consequentialism in ethics. Consequentialism Defined What's more important in ethies—what you do or what happens afterward beesnse of what you did? People who believe ethics should be about what happens ofterward are labeled consequentialists'. They don't care so much about your act; they want to know about the consequences. Ifsomeone asks, “Should | lie?,” ane answer is, "No, lying’s wrong. We all have a duty not to lie and therefore you shouldn't do it, no matter what.” That's not the consequentialist answer, though. Consequentalists will wart to know about the effects. if the lie i about Bernie Mado assuring everyone that he's investing, clients’ moutey in stocks when really he plans to steal it, that’s wrong, But if fraucled, livid, and pistol-waving client tracks Madoff down on a crowded street and demands to know whether he's Rernie Mado, the ethically recommendable response might be, “People say {Took like him, but really Pm Bill Martin.” rhe question, finally, for a consequentialist isn’t whether or not {should Hie, i's what happens iff done if don't? Since consequentialists are mure worried about the outcome that the action, the central ethical concern is what kind of outcome shouid { want? Traditionally, there are three kinds of answers: the utilitarian, the altruist, and the egoist, Each one be considered in this chapter. pea en yest Sirf + Consequentialist ethicists focus om the results of whut you do, not what you do, 1. An ethics Focused on the results of actions, no: the actions themselves 103 SHSPHSSHSSHSSSHSERSSSESOHSSSKREHKE OFC HSCSSHLECEHTOESEEEESESESCOSSSSRHCOHSSOSSHCCCOBESEOCHCHSHOSCHHBAECEOOSHEEECE 4g 3 Theories of Consequerice Fthics: Traditional Tools for Ma Paap amt Ed 1. Under what scenario could a consequentialist defend the act of steating? 2, Coulda consequentialist recommen that a toy company lie about the ‘ge level toy is designed for? What would be an example? chap rng Decisions in Business when the Ends justify the Means 53.1 What Is Consequentialism? 104Ceoeoeeeeeeeseeoeeseeeseeeeeeeeeeseseseseseeeeee su Chapter 3 Theories of Consequence Ethics: traditional Tools for Making Decisions in fusiness when the Frids justify the Means 3.2 Utilitarianism: The Greater Good LEARNING OBJECTIVES Define utilitarian ethics, Show how utilitarianism works in business. Distinguish forms of utilitarianism Consider advantages and drawbacks of utilitarianism, The College Board and Karen Dillard “itave you seen,” the blog post reads, “their parking lot on a Saturday? "CB-Karen Dillard Case Settled-No Cancelled Scores,” College Confidential, aveessed May 15, 2011, http /talkcollegeconfidential.com/parents-forum/01843:cb-karen-dillard. xelledescores.himl. it's packed, The lot belongs to Karen Dillard lege Prep {KDCP), a test-preparation company in Dallas. Like Review, they offer high schoolers courses designed to boost performance on the Princeton SAT, Very little real learning goes on in these classrooms; they're more about techniques and tricks for maximizing scores. Test takers should kntow. for example, whether a test penalizes incorrest answers, it doesn’t, you should take a few minutes at each section’s end to go theough and just fillin a random bubble for all couldn't reach 50 you'll get some cheap points. Ithere isa the questions yo penalty, though, then you should use your time to patiently work forward as far us {you can go, Knowing the right strategy here can significantly boost your score. tts a waste of brain space, though, for anything else in your Iie Some participants in KDCP-who patel a much as $2,300 for the lessons—detinitely got some score boosting for their money. It was unfair boasting, however: at least that's the charge of the College Board, the company that produces and administers the SAT. Here's what happened. A KDCP employee's brother was a high school principal, and he was there when the SATs were administered! At the end of those tests, everyone knows what test takers are instructed to do: stack the bubble sheets in one pile and the test booklets in the other und leave. The administrators then wrap everything up and send both the answer sheets and the bookiets back to the College Board for scoring. The principal, though, was pulling a few test booklets out of the stack and sending them over to his brother's company, KDCP. AS ihurns out, some of these pilfered tests were “live” —thet is, sections of them were going to be used again in 105©0000 8OHCOHHOHOHEHHHHHHHHHHHOHHHEEHHHHHHHSEESES chapter § Theories af Consequence Ethies: Traditional Tools for the Means aking Decisions in Business when the Ends Justify future tests, Now, sou cam see how getting 2 look at those Booklets sould be helpful for someone taking Hose future tes Other stolen bookle:s bad been “retired,” meaning the specific questions inside were on their final application the day the principal grabbed them. So at least in these cases, students taking rhe test-prep course couldn't count on seeing the very samme questions come exam day. Even so, the College Board didn’t like this theft mach better because they sell those retired tests to prep companies for good When the College Board discovered the light-fingered principal and the KDCP. advantage, they launched a lawsuit for infringement of copyright. Probably figuring they had nothing to lese, KDCP sued back Paulina Mis, "College Board Sues Test Prep Company, Countersuit Filed.” Scholarships.com, February 26, 2008, accessed May 15, 2011, hitp://www.scholarships.com/blog/high-school/college-board-sues: test-prep-company-countersuit-filed/161 College Board also threatened-~sandl this is what produced headlines in the local nnewspaper-to cancel the scores of the students who they determined had received an unfair advantage From the KDCP course. As Denton Record Chronicle reported {and as you can imagine), the students and their families freaked out.Staci Hupp, "SAT Scores for Stuslents Who Used Test Prep Firm May Be Throws Out,” Denton Rerond Caronicle, February 22, 2008, accessed May 15,2011, The scores and full application packages had already boon delivered to colleges acruss the country, and score cancellation would have amounted to ap} cancellation. And since many of the students applied only to schools requiring the SAT, the threat amounted to at least temporary college cancellation. "! hope the College Board thinks this through,” said David Miller Pl attorney whose son was apparently on the bbiacklist, “if they have » problem with Karen Dillard, that’s one thing. But {hope they don't punish kids who wanted to work hard Predictably, the episode crescendoed with everyone lawyered up and suits threatened in all directions. tn the end, the scores weren't canceled. KDCP aceepred cient calling for them to pay Séi0,000 directly to the College Board and provide $400,000 in free classes for high schoolers who'd otherwise be unable to afford the service. As for the principal who'd been lifting the test booklets, he got to keep his job, which pays about $87,000 a year, the CEO of College Board, by the way _gets around $830,000," AETR Report Card.” Americans for Educational Testing Reform, accessed May 15, 2011, http://www.setr.org/ollege-board,php. KDCP is private company, so we don't know how much Karen Dillard or her employees make, We do know they could absorb a million-dollar lawsuit without goir asctt into 3.2 Utilitarianism: The Greater Good 106oe Chapter 3 Theories of Consequence Fthies: Traditional Tools for Making Decisions in Business when the #nds Justify the Means 2c the ethical belief thatan acts | rucomoendable it brings the greatest good to the geeatest fhumber, iF increases net Thappiness—or decreases net Lnhappiness—when everyone istahun into account 2 general term for usefulness anal benefit that serves asthe font for the theory named utitarianism swell to do suburb north of plano school district in Tex. bankruptcy. Finally, th Dallas—continues ta produce some of the nation’s highs One Thief, Three Verdicts Utilitarianism’ is a consequentialist ethics -the outcome mutters, not the act Among those who focus eu outcomes, the utilitarians’ distinguishing belief is that we should pursue the greatest good for the greatest number, So we can act in whatever way we choose—we can be generous oF miserly, hovest or clishonest—but whatever wwe do, to get the utilitarian’s approval, the result should be more people happier. 1 that is the result, then the utilitarian needs to know nothing more to label the act ethically recommendable, (Note: Utility’ isa general term for usefulness and benefit, thus the theory's name. In everyday language, however. we don't talk about creating a greater utility but instead a greater good or happiness.) In radimentary terms, utilitarianism is a happiness calculation. When you're considering, doing something, you take each person who'll be affected zm ask whether they'll etd up happier, sadder, or it won't make any difference. Now, those who won't chang ask, how much happier? Put that amount on one side. For each who's sadder, ask don't need to be counted. Next, for each person who's happier how much saclder? That amount goes on the other side, Finally, add up each colume and the greater sum indicates the ethically recommendable decision, Utilitarian ethics function especial well in cases like this: You're on the way to take the SAT, which will determine how the college application process goes lund, it feels like, more ar less your entire life). Your car breaks down and you get there very late and the monitor is closing the door and you remember that..you forgot ‘your required number 2 pencils. On a desk in the hall you notice a pencil t's {gnawed and abandoned but not yours. De you steal it? Someone who believes it's an ethical duty to not steal will hesitate. But ifyou're a utilitarian you'll ask: Does taking it serve the greater good? It definitoly helps you a lot, so there's positive happiness accumulated om that side. What about the victim? Probably whoever owns it doesn’t care too much, Might nat even notice i's gone. Regardless, if you put your inereased happiness on one side and weigh ic against the victim’s hurt on the other, the end result is almost certainly a net happiness gain. So with a clear conscience you grab it and dash into the testing room. According to utilitarian reasoning, you've done the right thing ethically (assunting the pencil’s true owner isn’t coming up behind you in the same predicament) Pushing this theory ito the KDCP case, one tense ethical location is the principal lifting test booklets and sending them over to his brother at the test-prep center. Fverything begins with a theft, The booklets do in fact belong to the College Board: 3.2 Utilitarianism: The Greater Good 107COSCHSOHSSOHOHSOSHSSCHSOCOCHSECHCHHBHEEHO88H8EHEHHEHSCHEEEOS SG bS Chapter 3 Theories of Consequence Ethics: Traditional lols for Making Decisions in business when the Ends Justify the Means, ey're sent around for schanls to use during testing and are meat ward, So here there's already the possibility of stopping and conchudiag that we returned rincipal’s act is weorig simply because stealing is wrong, Uttitavians, however don't want to move so quickly. They want ethical judgment, On that front, there live tests, and the ather the retired ones 10 see the ontcomne before nraking an 1e two distinct outcomes: one covering the Live tests were those with sections that may appear again, When stucents at KDCP they were essentially receiving cheat sheets, Now for a received them for practic btilitarian, the question is, does the situation serve the general good? When the testing's done, the scores are reported, and the college admissions decisions made, will there be more overall happiness then there would’ve been had the tests not been stolen? It seems like the answer has to be no. Obviously those with great scores will be smiling, but many, marty others will see their scores drop (since SATs ided on a curve, or as a percentile). So there’s some major happiness for a few on one side balanced by unhappiness for many on the other, Ther things get worse. When the cheating gets revealed, the vast majority of test takers who didn't get the edge ure going to be irritated, mad, or furious. Their parents too. Remember, i's not only admission that’s at stake here but also financial aid, so the students who did't get the KDCP edge worry not only that make they should've gotten into a botter school but also that they end up paying more too. Finally, the colleges will register a net loss: all their work in trying to admit students on the basis of fair equal evaluations gets thrown into question: Conclusion, The theft of live tests fails the utiitorian test. While a few students may come out better off and happier, the vast majority more than balances the effect ‘with disappointment andi anger. The greater good isn't served. Inthe case of the theft of “retired tests where the principal forwarded to KDCP test questions that won't reappear on future exarns, it remains true that the tests were liked from the College Board and it remains true that students who took the KDCP pr ill receive an advantage because they're practicing the SAT. But the advantage doesn't seem any greater than the one enjoyed by students all around the nation who purchased prep materials directly fcom the College Board and practiced far the exam ky taking old tests. More—and this was a point KDCP made Fn their countersuit against the College Board—stealing the exams was the ethically right thing to do because it assured that students taking the KDCP prep course got the same level of practice and expertise as those using official College Board iaterials Ifthe tests hadn't been stolen, then wouldn't KDCP kids be at an unfair disadvantage when compared with others because thete test practices hadn't been as close ta the real thing as others got? In the end, the argument goes, sealing the tests assured that as many people as possible who took prep courses got to practice oon real exaras. 4.2 Utilitarianism: The Greater Good losChapter 3 Theories of Consequence Ethics: Traditional Tools for Maki 4 Decisions in Business when the Ends Justify Conchision. Phe theft of the exanrs by the high school principal may conceivall congratulated by a utilitarian because it increases happiness, The stud who practiced on old exams purchased from the College Boa: cant complais as for those students at KDCP, their happiness increases since they ean be confi that they've prepared as well as possible for the SAT nd font ‘The fact that a utilitarian argument can be used to justify the theft of test booklets, at least retired ones, duesn’t end the debate, however. Since the focus is on ‘outcomes, all of them have to be considered. And one outcome that might occur if the theft is allowed is, obviously, that maybe other people will start thinking decides to start stealing ex stealing—it’s sooks isn't such a bad idea. if they do—if everyor ri to see how anything could follow but chavs, anger, and definitely not happiness. This diseuss could continue as more people and consequences are factored in tour what won't change isthe busic utilitarian rule. What ought to be done is determined by looking atthe big picture and deciding whieh acts increase total happiness at the end of the day when everyone is taken tnte account. Should the Scores Be Canceled? After it was discovered that KDCP students got to practice for the SATS with live cams, the hardest question facing the College Board was, should their scores be canceled? The utilitarian argument for not canceling is straightforward, Those with fering, and if your se happiness, then counting the exams is one step in that direction, I's not the last step, though, because utilitarians at the College Board need to ask no scores may not go to college at all next year. This is vea about everyone else's happiness too: what’s the situation for all the others who took the exam but have never heard of KDCP? Unfortunately, letting the scores be counted is going to subtract from their happiness because the SAT is graded comparatively: one person doitig well means everyone getting fewer correct answers sees their score drop, along with college choices and financial aid possibilities. Certainly it's true that each of these decreases witl be small since there were only a handful of suspect tests. Still, a desce descent, and all the litte bits add up, {n19 matter how tiny, is What's most notable, finally, about this decision fs the imbalance. Including the scores of KDCP students will weigh a tremendous ineroase in happiness for a very few against a slight decrease for very many. Conversely, afew will be left very sad, and many slightly happier. So for a utilitarian, which is it? I's hard to say. Wis clear, however, that this uncertainty represents a serious practical problem with the ethical theory. In some situations you cam imagine yourself in the shoes of the 3.2 Utilitarianism: The Greater Good, 109