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VALIDATION AND VERIFICATION

Tai lieu xac nhan va kiem tra

(Phan 05)
Phien ban 7.

MUC LUC
1

Li gii thieu.....................................................................

Van e an hoi vi thuyet hoa tan .......................

2.1 Mong bang bang phang tren mat at an hoi . . .
2.2 Dai tai tren mo hnh at an hoi Gibson ................
2.3 S uon cong cua dam ..................................................
2.4 S uon cua ban (tam) .................................................
2.5 S the hien cua phan t vo ....................................
2.6 Phan tch cap nhat mat li cua mot cau truc ...

Van e deo vi thuyet tai pha hoai .....................

3.1 Kha nang chu tai cua mong tron ...........................
3.2 Kha nang chu tai cua mong bang ..........................
3.3 Khoi trt cho s kiem tra be mat tiep xuc.............
3.4 S m rong cua lo rong hnh truc ............................

S
4.1
4.2
4.3

Tai lieu tham khao............................................................

co ket va dong chay ngam trong at .............

S co ket mot chieu ....................................................
Dong chay khong b gii han xuyen qua lp cat ..
Dong chay b gii han quanh tng khong tham ...

1 LI GII THIEU
S thc hien va o chnh xac cua P LAXIS c kiem tra can than bi viec
thc hien s phan tch nhng van e vi nhng giai phap phan tan. Mot
s la chon nhng iem phan tch chuan c mo ta t chng 2 en 4. Mat
ma PLAXIS cung c s dung e thc hien nhng d bao va phan tch sau
s tnh toan the hien ung kch thc nhng cau truc nh bo sung them
vao s thc hien va o chnh xac.
Nhng van e chuan anh gia an hoi : Mot so ln cua van e
an hoi vi c biet chnh xac nhng giai phap san sang cho viec s
dung nh nhng van e iem chuan. Mot s la chon tnh toan an hoi c
mo ta trong chng 2; nhng s phan tch ac biet nay a c la chon bi
chung giong vi s tnh toan ma PLAXIS co the c s dung trong thc hanh.
Nhng van e chuan anh gia deo: Mot loat nhng s tnh toan chuan
ve hoat ong cua chat deo c mo ta trong chng 3. Loat nay bao gom s
tnh toan s sup o cua tai va s phan tch trt tai mot be mat. Nh ch
nhng van e iem an hoi vi nhng giai phap biet chnh xac c xem
xet.
Dong chay ngam va s co ket: Mot loat s tnh toan anh gia luong
nc ngam a c xac nhan trong kieu tnh toan nay; nhng anh gia
chuan nay c mo ta trong chng 4. Chng nay ch cha mot vai v du
kiem tra cua s phan tch cung co.

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VALIDATION AND VERIFICATION

Trng hp hoc: PLAXIS a s dung rong rai cho s d bao va s phan tch
sau cua nhng d an ung kch thc. Kieu tnh toan nay co the c s
dung nh mot s kiem tra xa hn tren s thc hien cua P LAXIS mien la chat
lng d lieu at tot va s o at cua nhng cau truc thc hien co san.
Vai d an nh vay c xuat hien trong thong tin P LAXIS va tran a ch
internet: http://www.plaxis.nl. Nhng v du va nhng s so sanh khac vi d
lieu chnh xac, ac biet ve nhng ng dung tien tien cua mo hnh at, co
the c tm thay trong chng 7 cua tai lieu mo hnh vat chat.
2 VAN E AN HOI VI THUYET HOA TAN
Mot loat s tnh toan nhng iem an hoi chuan c mo ta trong chng
nay. Trong moi trng hp, nhng giai phap phan tch co the c tm thay
trong nhieu sach khac nhau ve nhng giai phap an hoi, v du nh Giroud
(1972) va Poulos & Davis (1974).
2.1 MONG BANG PHANG TREN NEN AN HOI
au vao: Van e mot mong bang phang can bang tren lp at an hoi
vi chieu sau H c cho thay trong hnh. 2.1. Hnh nay cung cho thay rang d
lieu at co lien quan va mat li PTHH c s dung trong tnh toan. Mot s
chuyen v thang ng 10 mm c ch nh ti sc can bang va cho lom
cua lc tac dung F, c tnh toan t ket qua cua s tnh toan PTHH. Mot khi
van e oi xng truc, that co the e mo hnh mot na trang thai nh c
cho thay trong hnh. 2.1.

Hnh 2.1 Van e hnh hoc

au ra: anh vay s bien dang cua mat li PTHH vao luc cuoi s phan
tch an hoi c cho thay trong hnh. 2.2. Ket qua can bang lc t mot cho
cng thut vao 10 mm c tnh toan e F=15.26 kN. (Chu y rang khi ch mot
na cua khong gian an hoi c mo hnh lc tnh toan bi P LAXIS se chnh
xac mot na cua gia tr nay).
S lun xuong (Settlement) =

F
2 (1 + ) G

vi = 0.88 cho

H
= 4
B

1
2

S kiem tra: Giroud (1972) cho giai phap phan tch van e nay trong cong
thc tren, trong o H la chieu sau cua lp at, B la toan bo chieu rong
cua mong va chieu day khong oi. Cho nhng kch thc va thuoc tnh
vat chat c s dung trong s phan tch PTHH, giai phap nay cho mot s
can bang lc 15.15 kN. Loi trong giai phap so c cho khoang 0.7%.
Hnh. 2.3 cho ca hai s phan tch va ket qua so cho s phan phoi ap lc di
mong. Hnh nay cho thay ket qua so phu hp vi giai phap phan tch.

Hnh 2.2 Bien dang mat li

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Hnh 2.3 Phan phoi ap lc tai mong

2.2 DAI TAI TREN MO HNH NEN AN HOI GIBSON
au vao: Hnh. 2.4 cho thay mat li va d lieu at cho mot s tnh toan
bien dang phang cua s giai quyet dai tai tren nen an hoi Gibson. (nen
Gibson la lp at an hoi ma trong o mo un cat tang tuyen tnh theo
chieu sau). Dung z e the hien chieu sau, mo un cat G dung trong tnh
toan c cho bi : G = .z = 100.z. Vi mot he so Poisson 0.495, mo un an
hoi thay oi bi: E = 299 z. e ch nh s bien oi cua mo un an hoi
trong ca so thuoc tnh vat chat, tham khao gia tr mo un an hoi Eref c
gi rat nho va Advanced (tien tien) c chon t bang Parameters (thong
so). S tang cua mo un an hoi Eincrement tap hp ti 299 va mc tham khao
yref c a vao 4.0 m, la nh hnh hoc.

Hnh 2.4 Van e hnh hoc

au ra: Mot giai phap chnh xac ti van e nay ch san sang cho trng
hp cua he so Poisson la 0.5; trong s tnh toan PLAXIS mot gia tr 0.495 c
s dung cho he so Poissoner e gan ung cho ieu kien khong nen c.
Ket qua so cho thay mot s giai quyet gan nh ong dang cua be mat
at ben di dai tai co the c nhn thay t vung ng vien toc lc
trong hnh. 2.5. May tnh giai quyet c 0.047 m tai trung tam dai tai.

Hnh 2.5 Dien bien cua chuyen v thuan tuy

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Hnh 2.6 Toan bo ng suat trong at

S kiem tra: Giai phap phan tch chnh xac ch cho mot na khong gian vo
han, trong khi ma giai phap PLAXIS thu c cho mot lp cua chieu sau hu
han. Tuy nhien, hieu ng cua mot mo un cat ma tang tuyen tnh theo chieu
sau c khoanh vung chuyen v gan be mat; bi vay no c ch i
rang be day hu han cua lp se ch co mot hieu ng nho tren nhng
ket qua. Giai phap chnh xac cho van e ac biet nay, nhu cho bi Gibson
(1967), cho s giai quyet di o ln cua tai:
S lun xuong (Settlement) =

p
2

Trong trng hp nay giai phap chnh xac cho s giai quyet
phap so la 6% thap hn giai phap chnh xac.

0.05 m. Giai

2.3 S UON CUA DAM

au vao: Cho s kiem tra dam , hai van e c xem xet. Nhng van e
nay bao gom mot tai tap trung va mot tai phan bo ong dang rieng biet
tren dam, nh cho biet trong hnh. 2.7. Cho nhng van e nay cau thanh cua
mot HEB 200 dam thep c chap nhan. Trong mo hnh bien dang phang,
dam tren thc te la mot tam day 1 m nam ngoai phng phang. Nhng
thuoc tnh, nhng kch thc va tai cua dam la:
EA = 1.64 10 6 kN
l=2m

EI = 1200 kNm2
F = 100 kN

= 0.0
q = 100 kN/m

Nhng dam khong c s dung rieng le. Mot khoi n co the s dung e
tao ra hnh hoc. Hai dam c them ti ng ay vi vi mot khoang cach
gia. S dung nhng iem co nh tren iem cuoi cua dam. Mot mat
li rat tho th u e mo hnh trang thai. Trong mo hnh Initial conditions
nhng lp at khong c kch hoat e ch con lai dam.

Hnh 2.7 S sap xep tai cho s kiem tra dam

au ra: Ket qua cua hai s tnh toan c cho thay trong vung 2.8, 2.9 va
2.10. Nhng mo men va chuyen v cuoi cung chung ta tm thay:
Tai tap trung:

Mmax = 50.0 kNm

umax = 14.0 mm

Tai phan bo:

Mmax = 50.0 kNm

umax = 17.4 mm

Hnh 2.8 S tnh toan phan phoi mo men

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Hnh 2.9 Lc cat

Hnh 12.10 Chuyen v tnh toan

S kiem tra: Nh mot s kiem tra au tien, no c quan sat t hnh 2.8a
va 2.8b ma PLAXIS phan phoi s uon cong chnh xac cua momen. Xa hn na
s kiem tra ma chung ta xem xet theo nhng cong thc noi tieng c liet
ke ben di. Nhng cong thc nay cho gia tr xap x nhng gia tr thu
c t s phan tch PLAXIS.

Lc tap trung:

Tai phan bo:

1
4

Mmax = Fl = 50 kNm

Mmax

umax =

1 2
= ql = 50 kNm
8

1 F l3
= 13.9 mm
48 E I
umax

4
5
q
l
=
= 17.36 mm
384 E I

2.4 S UON CONG CUA BAN (TAM)

au vao: Trong s phan tch oi xng truc, dam c s dung nh ban
tron. Va roi haiv du kiem tra keo theo tai phan bo p ten ban tron. Trong
mot v du, ban co the quay t do tai bien va trong mot v du khac ban
c kep chat, nh c ch trong hnh. 2.11.

Hnh 2.11 S o tai cho s kiem tra ban oi xng truc

Giai phap: Cho tnh trang cua mot ban tron vi tai phan bo co the chi
tiet hoa va giai quyet bi phng trnh vi phan. Nhng giai phap phan tch
cho phng trnh nay phu thuoc vao nhng ieu kien bien. Cho ban vi bien
quay t do tm thay mot ket qua:
S giai quyet:
w

p R4
64 D

5 +
6 + 2 r 2
r4

+
1 +
1 + R 2
R4

D =

EI plaxis
1 - 2

Momen:

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VALIDATION AND VERIFICATION

p R2
16

2
(3 + ) - (3 + ) r
R2

mtt =

p R2
16

2
(3 + ) - (1 + 3 ) r
R2

S dung R = 1 m, d = 0.1 m, p = 1 kN/m2, = 0 va EI = 1 kNm2/m, this gives:

Trong trung tam:
w = 0.078125m
Bang so:
w = 0.07862 m
(r = 0)
mrr = 0.18750 kNm/mBang so: mrr = 0.18797 kNm/m
At r = R/2:
w = 0.055664 m
Bang so: w = 0.056039 m
mrr = 0.140625 kNm/m Bang so: mrr = 0.140601 kNm/m
Cho ban vi bien kep chat cho mot ket qua:
S giai quyet:
p R4
w=
64 D

2
1 - r
R2

Momen:
mrr =

p R2
16

2
(1 + ) - (3 + ) r
R2

mtt =

p R2
16

2
(1 + ) - (1 + 3 ) r
R2

S dung R = 1 m, d = 0.1 m, p = 1 kN/m2, = 0 va EI = 1 kNm2/m, this gives:

Trong trung tam:
w = 0.01563 m
Bang so: w = 0.01613 m
(r = 0)
mrr = 0.06250 kNm/mBang so: mrr = 0.06274 kNm/m
At r = R/2:
At r = R:

w = 0.008789 m
Bang so: w = 0.009164 m
mrr = 0.015625 kNm/m Bang so: mrr = 0.015622 kNm/m
mrr = -0.125 kNm/m Bang so: mrr = -0.125 kNm/m

Hnh 2.12 S tnh toan phan phoi momen

Hnh 2.13 S tnh toan chuyen v

S kiem tra: S giai quyet khac nhau chu yeu v s bien dang cat, ma bao
gom trong giai phap so nhng khong phai trong giai phap phan tch. Ngoai
ieu nay, ket qua so th rat gan giai phap phan tch.
2.5 S THE HIEN CUA PHAN T VO
Mot dam trong PLAXIS co the c ap dung nh lp lot ng ham. Bang
cach s dung phan t nay, 3 kieu bien dang c tnh en: bien dang cat,
s nen bnh thng va s uon cong ro rang.
au vao: Mot vong vi ban knh R=5 m c xem xet. Mo un an hoi va
he so Poisson cua vat chat c gi tng ng E=106 kPa va =0. Cho chieu
day cua mat cat ngang vong, H, vai gia tr khac nhau c gi lay e

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chung ta co s rung ong t chieu day rat mong en rat day. e mo hnh
mot vong nh vay, iem ay cua vong th co nh oi vi s chuyen v va
iem nh cho phep di chuyen ch trong phng thang ng. Vi tai trong
F=0.2 kN/m ch ap dung tai iem nh. Hnh hoc khong tuyen tnh th cha c
tnh en.
au ra: S tnh toan nhng bien dang thang ng tai iem nh c gii
thieu trong hnh. 2.14. Hnh dang bien dang cua cai vong cung c cho thay
trong hnh. 2.14. S tnh toan lc bnh thng tai bung cua cai vong la 0.50 cho
tat ca cac gia tr khac nhau cua be day vong. S tnh toan mo men uon
tai bung thay oi t 0.182 en 0.189 nh nh s thay oi cua cai vong t
mong en day. o th tieu bieu cua mo men uon va lc bnh thng c
cho thay trong hnh. 2.15a va 2.15b.

Hnh 2.14 S tnh toan bien dang vi nhng giai phap phan tch

Hnh 2.15a Lc doc truc

Hnh 2.15b Mo men uon

S kiem tra: Giai phap phan tch bien dang cua cai vong c cho bi
Blake (1959), va giai phaap phan tch mo men va lc thong thng co the
tm thay t Roark (1965). S chuyen v thang ng tai nh cua cai vong
c cho bi cong thc sau:
=

F
1.788 2 + 3.091
E

0.637
1 + 12 2

vi

R
H

ng cong cua vat ran trong hnh. 2.14 c minh hoa theo cong thc nay.
No co the c thay rang nhng tnh toan chuyen v bi P LAXIS phu hp vi

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nhng giai phap rat tot. Ch cho mot cai vong rat day vai loi c quan
sat, ma khoang 7% cho H/R=0.5. Nhng cho mot cai vong mong th loi gan
nh bang zero. Giai phap phan tch cho mo men uon va lc tai bung tng ng
la 0.182 va 0.5. Tham ch cho mot cai vong rat day th loi ri vao mo men
uon la 4%, va loi ri vao lc ch co 0.2%.

2.6 PHAN TCH CAP NHAT MAT LI CUA MOT CAU TRUC (dam
mut tha)
Pham vi cua nhng van e vi nhng giai phap c biet keo theo nhng
hieu ng chuyen v ln ma co the s dung e kiem tra nhng tuy chon
trong PLAXIS th rat han che. Nhng chuyen v uon an hoi ln cua mot dam
mut tha, tuy nhien, mot van e ma c thoa man nh van e chuan
anh gia s chuyen v ln t mot giai phap phan tch ton tai, Mattiasson
(1981).
Hnh hoc khong tuyen tnh th quan trong trong van e nhng cau truc nh
dam, ban va vo. That vay, hien tng uon cong va phong len khong the
c mo ta ma khong cho rang hnh hoc thay oi. Tuy nhien, ban than at,
trong th manh khanh va v vay th a so s trnh bay PTHH ngam bo qua s
thay oi trong hnh hoc. Cai nay cung ap dung ti s tnh toan truyen thong
trong PLAXIS. Ngi s dung can kiem tra nhng ket qua nh vay bi viec cho
rang bien dang mat li trung khp nhau. Trong hau het cac trng hp
thc hanh nay se ch ra rat t s thay oi hnh hoc. Tuy nhien, trong vai
trng hp ac biet, no co the co y ngha (quan trong).
Cho nhng van e ac biet cua s bien dang ln, mot Updated mesh analysis
(s cap nhat phan tch mat li) th can thiet. Vi ly do nay, PLAXIS keo theo
mot mo un ac biet. Chi tiet ve s thc hien, ngi oc can tham khao
luan an PhD thc hien bi Van Langen (1991). Mo un nay c chng trnh
hoa s dung Updated Lagrangian formulation (cap nhat s trnh bay ro rang
cua Lagrangian) nh c mo ta bi McMeeking va Rice (1975).
S phan tch: S phan tch lien he ti s tnh toan chuyen v thang ng
va nam ngang cho dam mut tha cho thay trong hnh 2.16. Mat li c s
dung trong s phan tch PLAXIS cho thay trong hnh. 2.17. (Chu y rang no th can
thiet e s dung mot chieu sau hu han cua dam trong tnh toan so hoa
trai ngc vi giai phap phan tch ma da vao be day hnh hoc cua dam
bang zero).

Hnh 2.16 S bien dang that cua dam mut tha

Ket qua: Tnh toan ng cong tai chuyen v cho thay trong hnh. 2.18. Ket
qua so ro rang thoa thuan trong giai phap phan tch.

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Hnh 2.17 S quan trong cua hnh hoc khong tuyen tnh

Hnh 2.18 Ket qua so phu hp vi ly thuyet

3 VAN E DEO VI THUYET TAI PHA HOAI
Hai van e sup o cua nen bao gom hoat ong cua chat deo c mo ta
trong chng nay. Trc het gom s can bang mong tron nhan tren nen ma
sat va th hai la s can bang cua mong bang tren nen co ket vi cng
o tang tuyen tnh theo chieu sau. Ngoai ra, van e mot be mat deo c
mo ta va mot van e phc tap hn ve s m rong cua mot lo hnh tru.
3.1 KHA NANG CHU TAI CUA MONG TRON
au vao: Hnh. 3.1 cho thay mat li va d lieu vat chat cho s can bang
cua mot mong tron cng-nhan (R=1m) tren nen ma sat. Chieu day cua
lp at la 4 m va hoat ong vat chat c ai dien bi mo hnh an hoideo Mohr-Coulomb. S phan tch c thc hien s dung mo hnh oi xng
truc. Cai nay la tnh trang tieu bieu phan t 15-nut c a chuong, mot
khi nhng phan t thap hn se ap at tai pha hoai. ng suat ban au
c phat sinh bi K0-thu tuc va K0-gia tr la 0.5. Trong thi gian s tnh toan
deo mc cuoi, Prescribed displacements (ch nh s chuyen v) c tang
en khi pha hoai. Chu y rang mot s tnh toan oi xng truc trong P LAXIS,
mat li tng ng ti nem cua goc mot radian; tnh toan phan lc phai
nhan 2 e thu c tai tng ng vi s can bang cua mong tron.

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Hnh 3.1 Van e hnh hoc

au vao: ng cong tai-chuyen v cho s can bang c cho thay trong
hnh. 3.2. Tai pha hoai tnh toan la 110 kN/rad, ma tng ng ng suat pha
hoai thang ng, pmax :

p max =

110 x 2
R2

= 220 kPa

Hnh 3.2 ng cong tai-chuyen v

Hnh 3.3 Nhng ng vien chuyen v tai s pha hoai

S kiem tra: Giai phap chnh xac cho van e tai pha hoai xuat phat t
Cox (1962). Cho .R/c=10 va =30. Loi tng oi cua ket qua tnh toan vi
PLAXIS con lai trong khoang 2.5%. Cox gii thieu giai phap chnh xac:
pmax = 141 c = 141 1.6 = 225.6 kPa
3.2 KHA NANG CHU TAI CUA MONG BANG

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Van e: Trong thc hanh thng thay kieu nen at set ma cng o
tang theo chieu sau. S bien oi cng o kieu nay ac biet quan trong cho
nhng nen vi kch thc vat ly ln. Mot chuoi s pha hoai deo cho s
can bang ng suat phang tren nen co cng o tang tuyen tnh theo
chieu sau xuat phat bi Davis va Booker (1973); nhng giai phap nay co
the s dung e xac minh s thc hien cua P LAXIS nhng van e cua lp
nay.
au ra: Nhng kch thc va thuoc tnh vat chat s dung trong s tnh toan
kiem tra c cho thay trong hnh. 3.4. That ra, ch mot na van e oi xng
c mo hnh hoa. o dnh ket tai be mat nen, cref, la 1 kN/m2 va gia tr goc
doc dnh ket c thiet lap, cincrement, la 2 kN/m2/m, s dung mc tham khao, yref
= 2 m (= nh cua lp). o cng tai nh cho bi Eref = 299 kN/m2 va s tang
cua o cng theo chieu sau c nh ngha bi Eincrement = 498 kN/m2/m. Nhng
s tnh toan c thc hien cho trng hp mot s can bang tren nen tho
va mot tren nen nhan.

Hnh 3.4 Van e hnh hoc

au ra: Tnh toan rang ng suat trung bnh thang ng cc ai di nen
nhan la 8.0 kN/m2, cho mot kha nang chu tai 16.0 kN/m. Cho s can bang
keo dai la 9.55 kN/m2, cho mot kha nang chu tai 19.1 kN/m. Tnh toan nhng
ng cong tai-chuyen v . 3.6.
S kiem tra: Giai phap phan tch xuat phat bi Davis & Booker (1973) cho
ng suat trung bnh thang ng di mong , pmax :

B x c depth

F
= (2 + ) clayer +

B
4

trong o B la chieu rong mong va la he so ma phu thuoc vao s tho

cua mong va nhp o tang cng o at set theo chieu sau. Nhng gia
tr thch hp cua trong trng hp nay la 1.27 cho mong nhan va 1.48 cho
mong tho. Giai phap phan tch a cho trong ng suat trung bnh thang ng
tai luc pha hoai la 7.8 kN/m 2 cho mong nnhan va 9.1 kN/m2 cho mong tho.
Nhng ket qua nay ch nhng loi trong giai phap P LAXIS tng ng la 2.6%
va 4.9%.
p max =

Hnh 3.5 Bien dang mat li (nhan)

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Hnh 3.6 ng cong tai-chuyen v

3.3 KHOI TRT CHO S KIEM TRA BE MAT TIEP XUC
au vao: Mot ac tnh ac biet cua PLAXIS la s dung nhng be mat cho
mo hnh s tng tac gia nen va cau truc. Trong lnh vc nay s thc hien
cua nhng phan t nay c xac minh bi nhng phng tien khoi trt nh
hnh. 3.7. Nhng thuoc tnh cua khoi trt cu the nay c liet ke ben di.
Mat li c cho thay trong hnh. 3.8; Mot s lam mn a phng c s
dung tai iem hnh hoc ben phai pha di, mot khi nhng s tap trung ng
suat se c ch i ay. Mot be mat c them vao mo hnh trt tai
c s cua khoi. Nhng thuoc tnh cua be mat c lu trong tap hp d lieu
rieng biet. S gan chat vao th nho e s trt c tnh bi ma sat.

Hnh 3.7 Khoi trt

canh trai ch nh nhng chuyen v thang ng 0.1 m c ap dung, nhng
nhng nut canh nay t do e di chuyen thang ng. Nhng nut ay th
co nh. Tat ca cac nut khac th hoan toan t do. Trong lng ban than lam
tang them ng suat (=25 kN/m3) c chuyen s dung K0=0.
Khoi:
an hoi tuyen tnh:

E=30 GN/m2

=0.0

Be mat:
Mohr-Coulomb E=3.0 GN/m2

=0.45 w=26.6

cw=2.5 kN/m2

au ra: Viec ay khoi ve pha phai, no kho bien dang. P LAXIS a cho mot
s phan phoi ng suat ben trong nh cho thay trong hnh. 3.9. Be mat ma
nhng phan t cho thay rang ng suat th ln canh phai. Cai nay co
ve hp ly nh s gii thieu mot mo men quay.

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VALIDATION AND VERIFICATION

Khong ke o th, au ra P LAXIS cho nhng gia tr lc nam ngang. Lc pha hoai
la 60.1 kN/m.

Hnh 3.8 Mat li cho khoi trt

Hnh 3.9 S phan phoi ng suat

Hnh 3.10 ng suat ben di khoi trt

S kiem tra: Khong co giai phap ly thuyet nao ton tai e xac minh phan
phoi ng suat hoac phan phoi ng suat nhan manh. Tuy nnhien, lc gay
trt cuoi cung th de dang c xac minh bi them vao s dnh ket va ma
sat. Cai nay cho mot gia tr 60 kN/m, co the xem t cong thc ben di.
Loi trong giai phap so th rat nho
Lc pha hoai (Failure force) = width cw + weight tan w = 4 2.5 + 100 0.5 = 60
kN/m
3.4 S M RONG CUA LO RONG HNH TRU
Cho s m rong cua mot lo rong hnh ong trong mot nen co ket hoan
toan, nhng giai phap ton tai cho phan tch chuyen v ca ln lan nho cua
Sagaseta (1984). Mot lo rong hnh ong co ban knh ban au ao c m rong
ti ban knh a bi ap dung mot ap lc ben trong p. Ban knh cua bien an
hoi-deo ai dien bi r. Nen th khong ep c vi mot goc ma sat bang
zero va he so dnh ket c.
Giai phap chuyen v nho:

p =

2G (a - ao )
for r < ao
ao

Phan 05

G
ao (a - ao )
c

r2 = 2

p = c - 2c ln ao for r > ao
r

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VALIDATION AND VERIFICATION

Giai phap chuyen v ln :

p = GF ( ) for r < a

r2 =

2r

( a 2 - ao2 )

p = G F ( r ) + 2c ln

for r > a

trong o:

2 = a

2-

ao2

a2

-c
2r = 1 - exp
G

F( ) = 2 +

4
4

6
9

+ ...

au vao: Mat li oi xng truc c x dung trong s tnh toan c cho

that trong hnh. 3.12.

Hnh 3.11 S m rong cua lo rong hnh tru

Trong s tnh toan nay t le G/c c gi la 100 va he so Poisson la 0.495.
Mot khi ma nhng giai phap ly thyet da tren c s vo han ma vat chat
cua lp chnh xac c them ti chu vi cua mat li; Lp hieu chnh nay
co he so Poisson la 0.25 va mot mo un an hoi 5E/12 vi E la mo un
an hoi cua nen. Ap suat cat ben ngoai phai la khong hoat ong e co
c ket qua chnh xac. S tnh toan chnh xac thuoc tnh cua lp c mo
ta bi Burd & Houlsby (1990).
Ket qua: Tnh toan moi quan he gia ap lc lo rong va chuyen v c
cho thay trong hnh. 3.13; ket qua tnh toan rat phu hp vi giai phap phan
tch. e thu c ap lc lo rong t ket qua P LAXIS that can thiet phan chia
tnh toan lc bi n v radian e hoat ong theo mat ngoai lo rong bi
chieu day cua lat at va ban knh lo rong. Giai phap chuyen v ln thu
c vi s phan tch cap nhat mat li.

Hnh 3.12 Mat li cho s m rong lo hong

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VALIDATION AND VERIFICATION

Hnh 3.13 Quan he gia ban knh chuyen v va ap lc lo hong

4 S CO KET VA DONG CHAY NGAM TRONG AT
Trong chng nay vai van e keo theo ap lc lo rong c mo ta. Cho s
xac minh nhng van e ac biet nay, nhng ket qua so c so sanh vi
nhng giai phap phan tch chnh xac. V du au tien la van e co ien cua
s cung co mot chieu. Nhng van e khac la van e dong ngam, ma tnh
toan s dung mo un dong ngam.
4.1 S CO KET MOT CHIEU
au vao: Hnh 4.1 cho thay mat li PTHH cho van e co ket mot chieu.
Be day cua lp la 1.0 m. Ch co canh tren la tieu nc; nhng canh khac
ieu kien bien co ket ong c ng dung. Khong can thiet e phat sinh
ap lc lo rong ban au hoac ng suat co hieu qua. Mot ap suat lo rong
gii han p0, c phat sinh bi viec s dung hoat ong vat khong thoat
nc va ap dung mot tai ben ngoai p0 trong giai oan tnh toan (deo) au
tien. Ngoai ra, 10 s phan tch co ket c thc hien ti luc cuoi cung tng
ng 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 5.0, 10, 20, 50 va 100 ngay.

E = 1000 kN/m2
= 0.0
k = 0.001 m/day
w = 10 kN/m3
H = 1.0 m

Hnh 4.1 Van e hnh hoc va mat li PTHH

au ra: Cho tat ca cac th tren thi gian cung co mat cat ngang cua
nhng ap lc lo rong c phat hoa tng oi va bao gom trong mot o th,
nh c gii thieu bi nhng ng trong hnh. 4.2. Ngoai ra, s phat trien
cua ap suat lo rong tai ay (ong) cua mau c gii thieu trong hnh. 4.3.

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VALIDATION AND VERIFICATION

T=

cv t
H2

cv =

k E oed
w

Eoed =

(1 - ) E
(1 + ) (1 - 2 )

Hnh 4.2 S phat trien cua ap suat lo rong tang them nh ham cua chieu
cao

Hnh 4.3 S phat trien cua ap suat lo rong tai ay cua mau nh ham cua
thi gian
S kiem tra: Van e co ket mot chieu co the c mo ta bi nhng
cong thc khac nhau cho aap lc lo rong p:

p
= cv
t
vi:

cv =

k E oed
w

2 p
z2

(4.1)

Eoed =

(1 - ) E
(1 + ) (1 - 2 )

z = H - y(4.2)

Giai phap phan tch cua cong thc nay, ap lc lo rong tang them tng
oi p / p0 nh mot ham cua thi gian va luan chng bi Verruijt (1983):

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p
(z,t)
p0

VALIDATION AND VERIFICATION

4 (-1 ) j -1
y

2 cv t

cos (2 j - 1)
exp - (2 j - 1 )

j=1 2 j - 1
2 H
4 H 2

(4.3)

Giai phap nay c gii thieu bi nhng ng cham cham trong hnh. 4.2.
No co the kiem tra rang giai phap so th gan giai phap phan tch.
4.2 DONG CHAY KHONG B GII HAN XUYEN QUA LP CAT
au vao: Hnh. 4.4 cho thay hnh hoc va mat li PTHH cho van e dong
chay khong b han che. Chieu day cua lp la 3.0 m va chieu dai cua vung
tnh en la 10 m. Tai canh ben phai phan phoi phan t a phng c lam
mn ti mot phan mi cua phan t toan cau. ay cua lp th khong
tham nc. Pha tren ben phai au nc ngam c ch nh tai v tr 2.0 m
va tai canh phai 1.0 m. He so tham k la 1.0 m/day. Cho s tnh toan au
nc ngam bo qua loi ti 2% s dung tai lieu thiet lap.

Hnh 4.4 Van e hnh hoc va mat li PTHH

au ra: Giai phap trang thai on nh cho tren nhng tnh trang c gii
thieu trong hnh. 4.5 va 4.6. Hnh. 4.5 cho thay dong ngam. Toan bo s chay ra
c tnh toan tai 0.152 m3/day (ong ho o trong ngoai phng phang).

Hnh 4.5 Dong ngam va toan bo dong chay Q = 0.152 m3/day

Hnh . 4.6 cho thay s phan phoi au nc ngam, i t 2.0 m tai bien trai ti
1.0 m tai bien phai. Trong trng hp nay ng ong mc gan nh thang
ng, ma cho phep s kiem tra vi mot giai phap n gian mot khi phan
phoi ap lc lo rong trong moi ng thang ng tai mat cat ngang la
nhieu hn hoac t hn ap lc thuy tnh.
Neu s giam au nc phai nho hn chieu dai, th phan phoi ap lc lo
rong khong la ap lc thuy tnh, ac biet gan nh bien phai.

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VALIDATION AND VERIFICATION

Hnh 4.6 ng ong mc cua au nc ngam

S kiem tra: Di s gia nh phan phoi ap lc lo rong thuy tnh cho cho
moi mat cat ngang thang ng ma toan bo dong tham xuyen qua lp nay
la Q, co the xap x cong thc Dupuis cho dong chay khong han che:
Q = k

12 - 22
2L

(n v chieu rong) (4.4)

Vi k la he so tham, L la chieu dai cua lp va 1 va 2 la au nc lan

lt tai bien trai va bien phai. Cho tnh trang hien tai nay, ket qua trong
mot giai phap ly thuyet cua 0.150 m3/day/m. Loi trong giai phap so la 1.3%.
4.3 DONG CHAY B GII HAN QUANH TNG KHONG THAM
au vao: Hnh . 4.7 cho thay hnh hoc va mat li PTHH cho van e dong
chay quanh tng khong tham. Chieu day cua lp 10.0 m. ay cua lp
khong tham. Moi 5.0 m doc tng c mot khoang di gia moi 10.0 m
rong ap. Tai mot canh cua ap mc nc la 5.0 m va tai canh khac mc
nc la 3.0 m. Tng ong vai tro bi dam vi be mat khong tham nc.
Mot dam khong the s dung ay mot khi kieu phan t nay hoan toan
tham nc. Mat li phan t a phng c lam mn xung quanh tng,
trong iem ac biet tai nh cua tng. He so tham la 1.0 m/day.

Hnh 4.7 Hnh hoc va mat li PTHH dong tham qua tng
au ra: Giai phap trang thai on nh cho tren trang thai c gii thieu
trong hnh. 4.8 va 4.9. Giai phap thu c trong s lap i lap lai n mot khi
dong tham b han che. Hnh. 4.8 cho thay ng ong mc au nc, pham
vi t 5.0 m tai canh trai ti 3.0 m tai canh phai ti. Hnh. 4.6 cho thay mot chi
tiet cua dong tham xung quanh tng. Toan bo dong chay la 0.818 m 3/day
(ong ho o trong ngoai phng phang).

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VALIDATION AND VERIFICATION

Hnh 4.8 ng ong mc cua au nc ngam

Hnh 4.9 Chi tiet dong tham xung quanh tng

S kiem tra: Harr (1962) a cho mot giai phap mau cho van e dong chay
xung quanh tng cho t le thuoc tnh hnh hoc khac nhau. Giai phap c gii
thieu trong hnh. 4.10. Trong tnh trang c mo ta ay (s/T=0.5; b/T=0.5) giai
phap la:
Q / k /h = 0.4
Ma a cho toan bo dong chay 0.8 m3/day/m. Loi trong giai phap so la 2.3%.
Giai phap co the c cai thien bi s lam mn mat li xung quanh nh
tng.

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VALIDATION AND VERIFICATION

Hnh 4.10 (sau Harr, 1962)

5 TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
[1]

Blake, A., (1959), Deflection of a Thick Ring in Diametral Compression, Am. Soc.
Mech. Eng., J. Appl. Mech., Vol. 26, No. 2.

[2]

Burd, H.J. and Houlsby, G.T., (1990), Analysis cylindrical expansion problems. Int. J.
Num. Analys. Mech. Geomech. Vol 14, 351-366.

[3]

Cox, A.D. (1962), Axially-symmetric plastic deformations

ponderable soils. Int. Journal Mech. Science, Vol. 4, 341-380.

[4]

Davis, E.H. and Booker J.R., (1973), The effect of increasing strength with depth on
the bearing capacity of clays. Geotechnique, Vol. 23, No. 4, 551-563.

[5]

Gibson, R.E., (1967), Some results concerning displacements and stresses in a

non-homogeneous elastic half-space, Geotechnique, Vol. 17, 58-64.

[6]

Giroud, J.P., (1972), Tables pour le calcul des foundations. Vol.1, Dunod, Paris.

[7]

Harr, M.E., (1962), Groundwater and seepage. McGraw-Hill. NY

[8]

Mattiasson, K., (1981), Numerical results from large deflection beam and frame
problems analyzed by means of elliptic integrals. Int. J. Numer. Methods Eng., 17,
145-153.

[9]

McMeeking, R.M., and Rice, J.R. (1975). Finite-element formulations for problems of
large elastic-plastic deformation. Int. J. Solids Struct., 11, 606-616.

[10]

Poulos, H.G. and Davis, E.H., (1974), Elastic solutions for soil and rock mechanics.
John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York.

[11]

Roark, R. J., (1965), Formulas for Stress and Strain, McGraw-Hill Book Company.

[12]

Sagaseta, C., (1984), Personal communication.

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VALIDATION AND VERIFICATION

[13]

Van Langen, H, (1991). Numerical Analysis of Soil-Structure Interaction. PhD thesis

Delft University of Technology. Plaxis users can request copies.

[14]

Verruijt, A., (1983), Grondmechanica (Geomechanics syllabus). Delft University of

Technology.

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