1.1: Using existing links “The starting pont for a permeable scheme is the existing sptem of links into and through the sito from the surrounding area Besin by analysing these links. and decising how best toe ‘Permeability is important at two sakes links which connect the sitet the city a8 whole inks hich connec he site tots nsmadiat local surroundings ‘Connections to the city as a whole ‘Toachicve high permeability to and through the site from thecity asa ‘whole, ne mus connec it via the larges. posible umber of direct Tinks to the sjstem of main streets thove carrying through trafic linking the various pare ofthe city. So begin by finding the nearest, _main str beyond the bouncarics of your ste, marking them on a ‘etaied pan (oa scale of not Bess than 110,000 Connections to the main street system [Newt fad ll theinks within this area which connect the site tothe system of main sets. Compare them, to see which connect the site ‘most drety to temain tees This can beastessed by comparing the ‘umber of changes of vew'ng point necessary on journeys along each Tink fom the mai street system to the site Inthe sketch below. ink A requires only onechange of viewing point and is therefore more deci than ink B, which require three Donn tn, Aan in aed Connections to immediate local surroundings ‘Next, within the same are defined by the main sre, consider al the links vo the st; incloding those which Jo ot reach as Far asthe rain “rete themselves Count the number of connections along each one a tum, as showa below. The highest numbers will show which streets link the Ste most strongly to its immediate surroundings. \. ‘\ Le ts . JL Tt ie as Jr Ns \ i woo cn Ie, De | ry t PEEEIEEEEEEAT 4 efeletelst Cs [efele] ae Saretee eee Bh bes eee = re i \Wenow know the relative ability ofall the existing ink fo cones the site both to the city as a whole and to the immediate loca surroundings. Thisinformation can now be used to decide the relat. Importance of extending cach ink into and dough thot, to achiev ‘anappropriae balance between permeabilily athe dij-wide and loca Scales For instance, in Diagram 2, an east-west route would increas city-wide permeability, whistin Digram 3anorth-south street woul hhate more effect on permeability atthe local scale. ‘Once you have desided which links tie mort important to extene into and through the scheme, you can bepn to align the system stretsand blocks within the site sella iseusedin Design Shest 21.2: Designing the street/block system ive users a choice foutes through the ste, by kesping perimeter blocks as small as possible Check the block sizes you have creat, Make them as smal as practicable, depending on the uses they wll house. Ifyou already know these uses, check block ses ith Design Shest 1a. I'you don't, 80-90 metre Hocks wildo for most purposes (3). They should only need minor adjusiment late, when uses are Sally Blocks can be made: mee SE) ‘the most important links tothe ste Starting with thes, join the ascess points i account of any existing routes through it Ecining pubic routs] (old tes pattern) Rear seas servicing V ‘Next, incease the sze of any blocks which are too sal and subdivide any which are large than they need be (to mate the final lzyout ax permeable ex posible. Check with Design Shet 1.3 to see that all the junction designs are feasible If thee are any essing buildings to be Kept, nots the positions oftheir fronts and backs. Make sure that public routes run at thei front (2,2b).1.3: Street types and junction design “This Design Sheet shows how to extimate the approximate tac éapactis and carragenay widths ofthe rads inthe cherie, tether ‘vith hee fonction designs, prior to detaled consultation with trae ngincers and highway authoriics, Street classification ‘Both the spacing and the detailed design of junctions depends on the street types they connect. Urban strets are dlssied by tame fegincers secording to ther tlic vole: the amount and type of ‘chicular trac they cary (I). To easily the teats in your scheme, ‘therefore, iis necetary to asses the Vehicle flows which each will cary A. Urban streot types. Design for tesoing Paral anaeld Akpupwe ras Pinay aietwr = Tong dance tout E] won 2 ort dectuor o Threw oe tnkng Ses oo Local dstrbutor TT toca etree tine ati wie ea |) aecoeor eas aca teen ao; Provides dice acces to| [EJ | ~ Major access ‘buildings and land within Collector ‘eaviroamental arear 0 Minor acess 1 sae srs De Access ways Dl Mewscouns + iets Q S_ testa Design for trafic subor- dinate to. envionment actors ‘and Pedesttans eds Estimating vehicle flows In the case of major roads inking into the main city network, its ecesary either to ery out trac survey, orto cbt Ue relevant flo data from the eal highway authority. On streets which carry only local Wafic, approximate figures ean be calculated from a Knowledge ofthe uss inthe buildings and land to which the streets ive aces 2 Building we Vehicles WE) Dwelings wth 2°more baérooms 1 per dwelling Delis with on> bedroom 0.75 per dmeting erly person dvellings 0.25 per dweling Schools pupils up to 12 yeas 1 per 4 pupis| pupils aged 12 or more 1 per 6 pupils Places for Further education | per 2 pupil spaces oftces per 1a pert (ero) oF Minor or existing warehouse or 1 perSsqum. (gros) or part industial unit, ‘Shopping pe imam. om) or ‘Commuter car parks 1 per space Shore-say ear punks 2 per space (Chrehes 1 per 5 seats Public houses 1 per 2.55q.m, pubic area (Cite, bals and exmmenity centres 1 per $53.m. (708) (Gource: Surrey CC) To cate te the approximate flow from table 2, add togeer the figures or vehicles per hour forall theusesconcered (Ihe exact ures ‘used may vary slightly (Tom one highway authority to another). Figure Sillsstrates « procticl aplication ofthis technique. | ect once desyes isso peo Pe ‘Vehicles per hour Office block 19805q:: (gross) 8 Public house n 15 No, shops 150, 23 No, bedroom houses B 32 No, L-bedeoom Bats ™ ‘Total vph 467 ‘naiimum trac flow of 467 vp allows a 67m road width wit prating permitted, and direct acces allowed. (See table 4)Carviageway widths ‘Once the strets have been clasitied estimate the earrageway widths rauird: as shown in table 4 —————— [fa Allpurpose roads Road «pe Road width Clave, 2 way) 6m | 6m Primary, District and Local dis-| 1200 | 1350 | 1500 Aibutors, with no. Frontage cue, no wating, and negiibe | exam tafe low Junctions ‘Next chock the spacings beineen junctions from figure S. This shows that 90 metre Blocks between junctions wil be large enough for most "sation: we sugest you usetis dimension forthe block Layout even for primary and district distributor, In thee eases, trae wll not be permitted to use the intermediate interssctions, But the layout wil i bepenmeable for pedestrians; and may eventually be opened up intoa, more permeable vehicle system, should trafic engineering rules oF stretfoles change in the future acces allowed, [Ap Residential roads Road ore ‘Maximum flow (pa) | _ width (@) Local Distributor “00 (in) 7 Major acces road 00 33 Collector road 10 ss Acces roed 6 3s ‘Access wy 20 45 Mews Court, Is 48 Honing square Is 48 ross tral, ‘eis per hou (ph) Dintct and Local Diswibuiors| 800 | 1000 | 120 | [ia Tale Tin. Spacing Geren {nd oot Roads. with igh — = ‘apacty junctions, but estrited A s ‘waiting and acs Primary Gnbaior ms - = District distributor 200 : Tocal Distributors and Asses | 300500 450-600 |500750 cal distributor %0 . Roads with wating and direct pees *o i 4 No standards exist for this ete gory Note: crossroads are allowed in the following circumstances: where important roads cross, these generally have to. t| Controlled by tafe signals, roundabouts or erate soparstion Shore there are clear peioiis, andthe minor ‘cross roads ae ‘controled by “eve Way” oF ‘stop” Signs. junctions wit very minor roads, sagered junctions are advised th spacing Sat minimum of 40 mre, Residential roads Min. spacing (metres) A Ss a a Major sesess road 0 0 Collector road ” 2s ‘Acosss road 0 Is Access ay 2 0 Mews court, » 20 Housing square 0 1s ‘In practice, n consultation with trafic engineers, it may be possible to reduce dimension $10 Zr0, at junctions between minor residential roads [Note that you can only have blocks belo” 90 metres in stress which only give acest to hosing if you have not decided the schome's uses yet, you will have to re-eheck the junetion spacings after working {through Design Shoct 21 TheelassiGeation ofstrect types slo alles the detailed design of junctions, as shown in figure 6, Use this {formation to sketch in maximum Building ines a the corners of the blocks Area must be kept clear of ob- structions to. visit. between ‘ertical dimensions of 600mm and 2000mm. (Occasional tee trunks permitted). ‘All-perpese roads "Road A Road B —_Xtm)_Yim) Rm) | Primary distibuter” Diswis Giswibator 9150. 4150mph 120 adOmph Disiit distributor Local distributor. «9 = «9010S Local distributor Acesssroud 9 0 0s ‘czas road ‘Access road 4s @ 6 Residential roads Rood A. Road B Xi) Ym) Rim) Disice or local Local ditibuor = 9 DS aistibator Local distributor Major access road 457810 Major acces road Collector road = 43.4 Collector road Access road > © 6 Acoess road Acces way 24 6 Acres way Acces way Mews court 24 was Housing square 01.4: Checking block sizes “The purpose of this Design Shet sto provide quick way of checking which Ses could be aocommodated within the tentative street/block Structure already developed, This is an essenlal preliminary 10 investenting the demand for different uses, o becovered in Chapter? "The minimum size of a perimeter block depends on two main factors: oe private aves obs housed in Ue outdoor space within the block: uevally private gardens, sevice access and parking oF varaging. the for ofthe buildings around the block perimeter ecowse these factors vary with diferent building use, this Design Sheet divided ito tree sections, covering the following uses “non-residential uses fats houses with gardens Each section contains aseres of handy reference graphs displaying the relationship between thre factors: the overall sie ofthe bloce private outdoor space and parking or gaaging provision within, the block ‘harastersice of the buildings around it ‘The graph are based on rectangular blocks of the form sketched ‘below The average block dimension’ referred to is the mean of t¥0 agjacent sides: (A + B) = 2 in the sketeh. Perimeter blocks with non-residential buildings ‘Worked examples ‘The graphs are based on continuous perimeter builings No allowances made for space between fron of buldings and backs of pavements, nor between backs of bullings and parking areas. fou trant to inca citer ofthese, the average block dimension must be Increased a8 shou Below —==7 I | Allow for both these | spucesin the average block dimension L_Batiins dep Example 1 (ce pp. 21-23) Given bck size and required parking standard, which building height ‘sll enable the masimum ara of Buiding 1 be accommodated in the block Stat by locating the relevant block size (1) raw a line from it acros the graph) locate the relevant parking standard G3) draw a line upwards from it) the nearest graph line below the intersection of (2) and (4) indicates which building height will achieve the maximum Aoorspace ‘Average Hock dimension: mecres Example 2 (6 pp. 21-23) ‘Ata given building height, whats the minimum block size to achieve sdven parking standard? wT Stat by locating the desired parking standard (1) = daw a tine upwards from it to intersect the relevant bulling bight hie at) Ara line actos from (2) to read of the minimum praticab block dimension (3). Average block dinwoson: metres 4 Parking standard: (Cars per gross sqm, bull space Example 3 (2 pp. 21-23) Given Hock sie and bung eight, what parking standard can b achieved? +» Start by locating the relevant block sie (!) “draw ine across to itercetthe relevant building height line @ = Srawaline down from (2)tofind the parking standard whiehca be achieved @) Average block dimension: metres Tn pration the dimensions A and B will usally have w beadjusted by «Tew mates to achieve an eflcient parking or garaging layout. At this arly stage in desig, however, the graphs give an adequate method of ‘hecking which uses eould be housed inthe Blocks you are proposing Parking standar (Cars per ross sq.m. ult space Parking standard: (Cars per grout sqm. built space8 et 8 a a i ig i i i : Ze 3 f 5 5 3 g ‘6 Storeys Tier Tone e 3 Storeys & 50 lock sizes: non-residential buildings joo 350 200 250 Parking standard: eas per gross square metre built space 300 350 00 212 Perimeter blocks with flats Worked examples The graphs make no allowance for gardens or parking spaces atthe Front, of for private outdoor spaces within the block Ifyou want to include thes, the average block dimension must be increased as shows ‘low ey ee oa sr et a cw oweners9 1] | = Average block dimension is (A+B) =? Example 4 (e925 Given oe se, pd ace and equi parking sama, wich Sn Soe wil ce etn mone of ancl te be tonmolat nthe Host” oe yet te eleva Hoc be (1) ‘draw a line from it across the graph (2) inet pang ened) ioe nc upon ot) the saat gr a telon the ntereston of @) ad () incinsahth Bars ote osc te ima nator Soncties I 4 i Lt (4. Average block dimension; metres yi TIT ce tnt ‘dwellings Example 5 (See p23) Given the urea ofthe desired flat type, whats the minimum Block size to achive a given parking sandare? = Start by locating the desired perking standard (1) + drawa lie upwards from it toinerset the relevant fat area ine at = draw a line across from (2) 10 read off the minimum practicable block dimension (3) 1s ‘Average block dimension: metres m~ Example 6 (See p23) Given block sie and desired average fat area, what parking standard locating the relevant bloc siz (I) fnersect the relevent at area line at (2) ‘raw aline down from (2) to ind the parking standard which can Soave 0) ——— 4 : / a ral i WY : { spt"8P goa ae] T 8 ioc aims 8 [Bik aaax T T Pee fas Soe ae Sood ae iy WA ‘aa | rT T T F kal 4 - | [fe I ye 3 L 2 af + Ce | 7 Ay |. Ato | ; , i. i, i. ff 3 g z | i +— fh : Si e t iy i Ae a | _ 1 a3 ae 2 2 se | 8 : a 7 er j g g } | g zat Ze / 2a | pe aeey 3 1 mal e 1 see €| } | | L | | [| | | A nieces "2 40 0 © 0 "> “0 it 180 % in 0 eee eo 40 80 0 120 te Md iho ashing standard: tings Pathng ana: 7% ings Pathng standard: 7% ings Block size: fats