I' f.

The silicon controlled rectifier (SLR) as a tour- layer (iNlN) semiconductor devic
e; I it uses three electrodes for normal operation. See Figure 7-1 The three ele
ctrodes are the anode, cathode. and gate. The anode and cathode of the SCR arets
imilar to the anode and cathode of an ordinary semiconductor diode. The gate se
rves as
34
- the control point for the SCR. w The SCR differs from the ordinary semiconduct
or diode In that it will not pass
significant current, even when forward biased, unless the anode voltage equals o
r exceeds the forward bred/(over voltage. However, when forward breakovet voltag
e is reached the SC R switches ON and becomes highly conductive. The SCR :8 uniq
ue because the gate current is used to reduce the level of breakovcr yoltage nec
essary
for the SCR to conduct or fire, . . There are many case styles for the SCR See F
igure 7-2 Low-current SCRs can
operate with an anode current of less than one amp; Higlt~current SCRs can handl
e load currents in the hundreds oi antpcres. T he size oi an SCR increases with
an increase in its current rating. ============= page 1 atas
sen CHARACTIErtts rtC "cont/r:
Figure 7-3 shows the voltage-current characteristic curve nl an SCR when the ga
te is not connected. In reverse bias. tlte SCR Operates like a regular semicondu
ctor diode. With reverse bias, there is a small current until avalanche is reach
ed Atter- avalanche is reached the current increases . dramatically. I his curre
nt can cause damage if thermal
runaway begins. When the SC R is forward biased there is also a
sin .tli lot wattl leakage current called the fur mm! blocking current. This cur
rent stays relatively constant until the for ward hreakovcr voltage is reached.
At that point. the current increases rapidly and is utter: called the forward a
valanche region. in the forward ava- lanche region, the resistance or the SC R t
s very small The SCR acts much like a closed switch and the current is limited o
nly by the external load resistance. A short in the load circuitof an SCR can de
stroy the SCR if overload protection is not adequate.
" 1 1
==============page1 bawah
Figure 7- 3. The voltage-current characteristic ourve of an SCH shovvs that the
SCFl operates much lllre a regular diode in reverse bias In lorward bias, a cert
ain value ol lorward breakover voltage must be reached before the $08 wrll condu
ct
Page 2 bawah
Operating States of an SCR -, 1.. lhe SCR operates muc either ON or OFF. When th
e the forward breakover voltage WW). the SCR tires, or is ON. The SCR will remai
n ()N as long as-the current stays abOve a certain alue current. When voltage a
cross the SCR. drops to a
value too low to maintain the holding current. it will return to its OFF-state.

I
applied voltage is above
- \ .\ I I Gate Control of Forward Breakover Voltage
When the gate is. forward biased and. current begins to flow in the gate-cathode
junction,-the value of
forward breakover voltage can be reduced. lncreasing values of forward bias can be used to reduce tltc amount of forward breakover vo
ltage (yum) neces- sary to get the SCR to conduct. Sec l igure 7-4.
Once the SCR has been turned ON by the gate current. the gate current loses cont
rol -ot the St lt forward current. Even if the gate current is completely remove
d, the SCR will remain ON, until the anode voltage has been removed. The SCR Wil
l also remain ON until the anode voltage has beensignifieantly reduced to a leve
l- where the current isnot large enough to maintain the proper level ofvholding c
urrent.
It likea mechanical-Witch. It is .- 1
alled the holding .
. I r l \
. " -. e ," " . ._ 15 no currentflow: Reverse bras calms "when the posn we
lead of thevoltage source is. attaehed to the cathode; . and thetnegative lead is
attached. to theanode. The
positive terminal of the voltage source at the cathode attracts electrons away f
rom the PN junction nearest to the cathode. This creates a wide depletion region
at that junction. The negative terminal of the voltage source at the anodcfattr
acts holes away l ront thc PN junction nearest to the anode. Another wide depleti
on
~..regiou is created at this junction. No appreciable ambunt of Current f low ta
kes place in the reverse-bias
condition. _ . . When l orwardibias is applied to the junctions. no apprecia
ble amount of current will flow either. See ligurc 7-6. In this case, the negativ
e terminal (cathode) repels electrons through the N-typematerial toward the _lN.j
unction closest to the cathode. This in turn attracts holes from the l-type ntatc
tial toward (lei: lN junction closest to the eathodcand away from the center lN jun
ction. The positive terminal repels holes throughthe P-type material toward the P
N junction nearest tothe anodeand away from the PN junction in the center. The ne
t result is the creation of a larger
Page 3 atas
SCR CONSTRUCTION 7 ._ ,
The internal structure of an SCR consiSts of we PN v junctions joined together t
o form a PNPN layer.- See Figure 7 5. When revexse- -bias voltage ts applied;
then:
Page 3 tengah

F; U r , I ~- " -- ,1 l .
Figure 7-5. {The internal structure of an SCRconsls
t g. 8 24.. When the gate ls forward bla sedo and " of two PN Junctions joined tog
ethertoformaPNPrj curren egms to flow in the gate-cathode Junctlom layer.Withrev
ers_e biasvoltageappliedtothislayered
the value Of the forward. breakover voltage can be structure, there is no notic
eable current flow due to reduced. the formation of qeprerron regions.
I

. - ) .

I : ...

Page 3 nawah
r I . 1 . v used to prorect the primary of the transformer.
When the resistance of R. equals the resistance setting on R., the bridge 15 bala
nced. None of the AC voltage introduced into the bridge by winding W2 1s applied
to the gate of the SCR.lie11ce, the relay coil Kl remains de- -encrgizetl and i
ts normally closed contacts apply poster to the heating elements.
If the temperature increases above a preset level, the resistance of thermistor
Rt decreases. The bridge becomes unbalanced such that a current f lows. to the
gate of the SCR. while the anode of the SCR is still
positive. See Figure 7-22. This turns ON the SCR and .
I
.. ._.: "-3-. ,. 1 - . energizes the relay coil K 1 thereby switching power fr
om. the load through the relay contact. If the temperature falls below the prese
t temperature setting, R. will unbalance the bridge in the opposite direction.
Therefore, a negative signal is applied to the gate of
the SCR when the anode of the SCR is positive. The negative signal steps the SCR
from conducting and allows current to continue to flow to the heating elements.
. NO, I L. Locating the. thermiStor in the vat where the temperature must _ be-cont
rolled. will provide the . necessary feedback information. .
I"
Page 10 atas
* u - . . . I
Figure 7-19. On the positive haii cycle of the AC input, the SCR is i
flow through diode D. and variable resistor Ft; causindthe SCR to cgrrit iliaig.
tgialts:: Snagsdggttlggitecifnignnwgi HC time constant. the position of R determines t
he discharge time pi _C._it C is discharged rapidly due to position A, then D, w
iii conduct earlier, The entire positive halt cycle will then be delivered to th
e load. As resistance is added in positions B, C, _and D, the time required for
D. to conductisincr easethe result is decreased current
deiiveredtotheload.1" -_ . - :;,- -. . ,) 3; ~ ,.:\- .. 1 f_ . ,
...
Page 10 bawah

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