Han Taiwanese

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Han Taiwanese[1][2][3][4][5][6] or Taiwanese Hans[7][8][9][10][11] (Mandarin: [12][13]) are Taiwanese people of

Han (Mandarin: ) descent, the largest ethnic group in the world.[14] Hans comprise the majority of
the Taiwanese population, which also includes Austronesians and other non-Han people.[15] Major
waves of Han immigration occurred in the 17th to 19th centuries and between 1945 and 1949. [15] Han
Taiwanese mainly speak three languages: Mandarin, Minnan and Hakka.[16]
Contents
[hide]

1Definition

2Immigration history and demographics

3Conflicts between Han immigrants

o

3.1Under Ching Empire

3.2Under Republic of China

4Interactions with non-Han inhabitants

5Present distribution

6Biological traits and relationships with other Taiwanese/Asian people

o

6.1Genetic relationships

6.2Alcohol metabolism

7Languages
o

7.1Linguistic Diversity

7.2Influence of Non-Han Languages

8Culture
o

8.1Cuisine

8.2Religions

8.3Surnames

8.3.1Han surnames in Taiwan

8.3.2Han surnames used by Austronesian Taiwanese

8.4Villages

8.5Arts and Music

8.6Written Records/Literature

8.7Folk literature: Tales and Legends

9See also

10Notes

11References

12External links

Definition[edit]
There is no simple uniform definition of Han Taiwanese. To determine if a Taiwanese is Han,
common criteria include immigration background (from continental East Asia), using a Han
language as the mother tongue, and observance of traditional Han festivals. Sometimes a negative
definition is employed. Thus a Han Taiwanese could be defined as a Taiwanese who does not speak
any language of Austronesians or other non-Han people (e.g., Manchus, Mongols) and does not
observe the feasts of those people.
Taiwanese Hans can be classified according to the times of migration or places of origin. They
include the Taiwanese Minnan and Hakka people that arrived in Taiwan before theWorld War II and
the post-WWII Han immigrants. From the view that Taiwan is one of the "provinces" of Republic of
China, the former immigrants, along with theAustronesians,[17] are sometimes
called benshengren (Mandarin: , literally "people of this province"), while the latter[nb 1], along
with the contemporaneous non-Han immigrants, are called waishengren (Mandarin: , literally
"people from other provinces"); these two terms and distinctions are now less important due to
intermarriages between different sub-populations of Taiwan and the rise of the Taiwanese identity.
[17]
In addition, there are Han Taiwanese that do not fall into the above categories, including
the Puxian-speaking Hans in Wuqiu Island, Kinmen County, the Mindong-speaking in Matzu, and
various recent Han immigrants from China (forming part of the so-called "New Immigrants"
(Mandarin: )).

Immigration history and demographics[edit]

Taipei North Gate, a Minnan citadel gate built in 1884 during the Ching rule, now a national heritage of Taiwan.

There were two major waves of Han immigration: from the Ching Empire in the 18th and 19th
centuries and from the then Republic of China's continental territory, which is now ruled by China,
after World War II (1945-1949).

Demographics of Taiwan in 17th-20th centuries[19][20][21][22][23]

Year

Population

1684

120,000[19]

1764

666,210[19]

1782

912,920[19]

1811

1,944,737[19]

1840

2,500,000[19]

1902

2,686,356[20]

1926

4,168,000[21][nb 2]

1944

6,269,949[22]

1956

9,367,661[23]

The 1926 census counted 3,116,400 and 586,300 Hans originating from the Hok-kien and Kwangtung provinces of Ching Empire or Ming Empire (roughly now Fujian andGuangdong of China,
respectively).
Regions of origin of Taiwanese Hans based on the 1926 census by the Japanese government [21]

Provin
ce

Count
y (/
)

Hok-kien

Chin-chew

Changchow

Tingchou

Lung-yan

Othe
rs

Kwang-tung

Fuchou

Hing
hwa

Yun
gchun

Teochew

Chia
ying

Hui
cho

Distric
t

An
hsi

Tu
ngan

Sa
nyi

Langu
age
(dialec
t)

Minnan (Chinchew)

Minnan
(Changchow)/
Hakka
(Zhaoan
)

Inhabi
tants
(thous
ands)

44
1.6

1,319.5

553
.1

68
6.7

Hakka
(Yong
ding)

Minnan
(Longyan)
/Hakka
(Yongding
)

Mindo
ng
(Fooc
how)

42.5

16

27.2

Hing
hwa

Min
nan
(Chi
nche
w)

Minnan
(Teochew)/
Hakka
(Raopin
g,
Dapu)

Hak
ka
(Sixi
an,
Wuh
ua)

Hak
ka
(Hai
lu)

vario
us
langu
ages

9.3

20.5

134.8

296.
9

154.
6

48.9

Conflicts between Han immigrants[edit]

Under Ching Empire[edit]

Long-sek Ten (), a Minnan Taiwanese and author ofOn Reconciliation(Source of Photo: by Kanori Ino).

There were violent ethnic conflicts (termed "" in government documents of the Ching
Empire), which played a major role in determining the distribution of different groups of Han peoples
in Taiwan. Most conflicts were between people of Chang-chow and Chin-chew origins ("",
Chang-Chin conflicts) [24] and between people of Hok-kien and Kwangtung (mostly Hakka) origins ("
" [Min-Yue conflicts] or "" [Min-Hakka conflicts]).
Trying to be a mediator, Long-sek Ten (, 10 June 1788 21 March 1858), the first Taiwanese
to achieve the highest degree, Doctor (Mandarin: ), in the imperial examination of the Ching
Empire, wrote an article On Reconciliation ().[25]
In some regions. where the majority of the population speak another language, the minority group
sometimes adopted the more dominant language and lost their original language. They are called
"minnanized" Hakka people () or "hakkanized" Minnan people ().[26]

Under Republic of China[edit]

Unlike pre-WWII Han immigrants, mostly of Hok-kien and Kwangtung origins, post-WWII Hans came
from all over the region now ruled by China. Their different languages, habits, ideologies and
relationships with the Republic of China government sometimes led to conflicts between these two
groups.

Interactions with non-Han inhabitants[edit]

In Taiwan, the Hans came into contact with the Austronesians, Dutch, Spanish and Japanese.
The Amis term for Hans is payrag.

Present distribution[edit]
This section is empty. You can
help by adding to it. (November 2015)

Biological traits and relationships with other Taiwanese/Asian

people[edit]
Genetic relationships[edit]
Part of the maximum-likelihood tree of 75 Asian populations: [27]
Japanese/Ryukyuan
Korean
Han Chinese (Beijing)
Han Chinese (Shanghai)
Minnan Han Taiwanese
Hakka Han Taiwanese
Han Singaporean (Minnan speaker)
Han Chinese (Guangdong)
Hmong/Yao

Alcohol metabolism[edit]
In Taiwan, the prevalence of alcohol dependence among Hans is 10 times lower than that of
Austronesians, which is related to genetic, physical, psychological, social, environmental, and
cultural factors.[28]

Languages[edit]
See also: Taiwanese languages, Taiwanese Mandarin, Taiwanese Minnan, and Taiwanese Hakka
The languages used by Han Taiwanese include Mandarin (entire country), Minnan (Taiwan proper
and Kinmen), Hakka (Taiwan proper), Mindong (Matzu), Puxian (Wuqiu Island, Kinmen), and other
Han languages spoken by some post-WWII immigrants or immigrants from China since the 1990s.

The writing systems used include Han characters, Han phonetic notations such as Mandarin
Phonetic Symbols for Mandarin and Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols for Minnan and Hakka, and
the Latin alphabet for various romanization systems, including Tongyong Pinyin, Wade
Giles, Gwoyeu Romatzyh and Mandarin Phonetic Symbols II for Mandarin, POJ and Taiwanese
Minnan Romanization System for Minnan, and Hakka Romanization System for Hakka.

Linguistic Diversity[edit]
Uijin Ang divided Taiwan (excluding Kinmen and Matsu) into 7 linguistic regions, including one
Austronesian, five Han and one mixed.[29]
Han linguistic regions of Taiwan according to Ang (2013)[29]

Region

Languages included

Administrative regions included

Hakka

major: Hakka (Sixian, Hailu, Dapu);

minor: Minnan (Chang-chow)

Taoyuan, Hsinchu County, Miaoli County, Taichung, Nantou

County

North
Min

Minnan (Chin-chew, Chang-chow)

New Taipei, Taipei, Ilan County, Keelung, Taoyuan

Middle
Min

major: Minnan (Chin-chew (coastal),

Chang-chow(inland); minor: Hakka
(Zhaoan, Hailu), Tsou

Hsinchu County (coastal), Miaoli County (coastal),

Taichung, Changhua County, Yunlin County,Chiayi
County and Chiayi City, Nantou

South
Min

major: Minnan (mixed, Chin-chew);

minor: Hakka (Sixian, Hailu)

Tainan, Kaohsiung, Pingtung County

Penghu

Minnan (Chin-chew, Chang-chow,

mixed)

Penghu

Influence of Non-Han Languages[edit]

Ever since the arrival of Han immigrants in Taiwan, their languages have undergone changes
through interactions with other Han or non-Han languages. For example, one unit of land area used
in Taiwanese Minnan is Kah (; 0.9699 acre), which comes from the Dutch word for
"field", akker (akker > > ).
Loanwords in Taiwanese Hakka[30]

Source languages

Han characters

Romanization

Meaning

Austronesian languages

ma pu lao

drunk

Dutch

sak vun

soap

Minnan

bi hun tsha

fried rice vermicelli

Japanese

phong phu

pump

Mandarin

tsai kian

goodbye

Yehliu (, I-Li in Minnan), a scenic area in northern Taiwan. Its name came from the Castilian name given by the
Spaniards, Punto Diablos, which means 'Cape Devils'.

Loanwords for place names in Taiwanese Han languages

Source
languages

Place

Han
characters

Dutch

Fort
Zeelandia

Dutch

Cape Hoek

Dutch: hoek ('cape')

Castilian

Cape San
Diego

Castilian: Santiago; Dutch: St. Jago

Castilian

Yehliu

[Punto] Diablos (Castilian) > (Minnan)

Atayal

Wulai

Notes

Basay

Jinshan

Kimpauri/Kimauri > (Minnan) > (Japanese)

Japanese

Kaohsiung

Takau (Makatto) > (Minnan) > //Taka-O (Japanese)

Japanese

Songshan

//Matsu-Yama (Japanese)

Japanese

Guansi

(Ham-Coi) (Hakka) > //Kan-Sai (Japanese) >

//Kan-Sai (Japanese)

Culture[edit]
Cuisine[edit]

Minced pork rice, a rice dish of Han Taiwanese.

Some typical foods of Han Taiwanese

Subgroup

Food

Minnan

(minced pork rice), (Gua-bao), (oyster omelet), (rice blood cake)

Hakka

(fried pork, dried tofu and squid), (Large intestine with ginger slices),
(flat rice noodles)

post-WWII
immigrants

(Beef noodle soup), (clay oven rolls), (deep fried stick), (stinky tofu)

Religions[edit]

Manka Longshan Temple, a Taoist-Buddhist temple in Taipei.

The most popular religions of Han Taiwanese are Taoism and Buddhism. With 11,796 temples
(78.4% Taoist; 19.6% Buddhist), Taiwan is the country with the highest density of temples in the
world.[31]

Surnames[edit]
Han surnames in Taiwan[edit]
The ten most common Han surnames in Taiwan in 2014[32][nb 3]

Han Surname

WadeGiles

Population

Percentage

Chen

2,605,191

11.14%

Lin

1,942,787

8.31%

Huang

1,413,270

6.04%

Chang

1,234,180

5.28%

Li

1,200,862

5.13%

Wang

961,744

4.11%

Wu

944,949

4.04%

Liu

738,976

3.16%

Tsai

681,012

2.91%

Yang

621,832

2.66%

In traditional Han society, children inherit the surname of the father. Population analyses of Han
Taiwanese based on the short tandem repeat sequences on the Y chromosome, which is specific to
males, shows high haplotype diversity in most surname groups. Except for rare ones, the origins of
Han surnames in Taiwan are pretty heterogeneous.[13]
Han surnames used by Austronesian Taiwanese[edit]

See also: Naming customs of Taiwanese aborigines

The naming customs of the Austronesian people in Taiwan have been greatly endangered by the
dominant Han culture under the rule of Ching and Republic of China or Japanese culture during
the Japanization period. Austronesians were often forced to have surnames in Han characters that,
depending on the policies then, may or may not be related to their original surnames.

Villages[edit]

Taipei Confucius Temple

Confucian temples formed an important part of the life of early Han immigrants. Famous temples
include Taiwan Confucian Temple and Taipei Confucius Temple.

Arts and Music[edit]

Su Huan-jen (), the protagonist in Pili (TV series)

Performing arts of Han Taiwanese

Subgroup

Category

Notable examples

Notable artists/groups

 (glove
puppetry)

Pili (TV series), Legend of the Sacred Stone

(koa-h)

(Toshio Huang)

(Yang Li-hua),
(Ming Hwa Yuan)

Minnan
(Tn-thu)

Electric-Techno Neon Gods

Music

Lm-im, (Pak-kan)

Hakka

(Hakka
opera)

(three-character tea-picking
drama)

post-WWII
immigrants

(Crosstalk)

(The Night We Became

Hsiang-Sheng Comedians)

Chio-Tian Folk Drums & Arts

Troupe

(Zhao-Nan Wu)

Written Records/Literature[edit]
One of the earliest written records of Taiwanese Hakka is A Tragic Ballad about Hakka Sailing to
Taiwan (), a work written in the Raoping dialect about the life and struggle of Hakka
immigrants to Taiwan under the Ching rule.[33]

Folk literature: Tales and Legends[edit]

See also[edit]

History of Taiwan

Dutch Formosa

Spanish Formosa

Kingdom of Tungning

Taiwan under Ching rule

Taiwan under Japanese rule

Cultural history of Taiwan

Taiwanese people

Minnan people

Hakka people

Hakka Affairs Council

Hakka TV

Austronesian Taiwanese

Vietnamese people in Taiwan

Taiwanese cuisine

Religion in Taiwan

Notes[edit]
1.

Jump up^ They also include some Minnan and Hakka people. [18]

2.

Jump up^ This number was inferred from the Han population size of 3,751,600 and their proportion of
~90% in the total population.[21]

3.

Jump up^ Numbers including all nationals who have a Han name, including many Austronesians, who
were until 1990s forbidden to possess their traditional names. See Taiwanese aborigines.

References[edit]
1.

Jump up^ Lane et al. (2008). "Sarcosine (N-Methylglycine) Treatment for Acute Schizophrenia: A
Randomized, Double-Blind Study" Biological Psychiatry, 63: 9-12.

2.

Jump up^ Hou et al. (2007). "Usefulness of human leucocyte antigen-B27 subtypes in predicting
ankylosing spondylitis: Taiwan experience" Internal Medicine Journal, 37(11): 749752.

3.

Jump up^ Ahern, Emily M.; Gates, Hill (1981). The Anthropology of Taiwanese Society. Stanford
University Press. ISBN 0804710430.

4.

Jump up^ Eiko Tai (1999). "Kokugo and colonial education in Taiwan" positions, 7(2): 503-540.

5.

Jump up^ Jing-Shoung Hou, Chung-Hsien Lin, and Duarte B. Morais (2005). "Antecedents of
Attachment to a Cultural Tourism Destination: The Case of Hakka and Non-Hakka Taiwanese Visitors to Pei-Pu,
Taiwan" Journal of Travel Research, 44: 221-233.

6.

Jump up^ Comas et al. (2004). "Admixture, migrations, and dispersals in Central Asia: evidence from
maternal DNA lineages" European Journal of Human Genetics, 12: 495504.

7.

Jump up^ Wu et al. (2009). "Distribution of killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptor genes in Eastern
mainland Chinese Han and Taiwanese Han populations" Tissue Antigens, 74(6): 499-507.

8.

Jump up^ Chen et al. (1996). "Alcohol-metabolising genes and alcoholism among Taiwanese Han men:
independent effect of ADH2, ADH3 and ALDH2" British Journal of Psychiatry, 168(6): 762-7.

9.

Jump up^ Hsu et al. (2006). "Association of NRAMP 1 gene polymorphism with susceptibility to
tuberculosis in Taiwanese aboriginals" Journal of the Formosan Medical Association, 105(5): 363-9.

10.

Jump up^ Stoddard, Philip; Cuthell, David C.; Sullivan, Margaret W. (1981). Change and the Muslim
world. Syracuse University Press. ISBN 0815622511.

11.

Jump up^ Teves, Stephanie Nohelani; Smith, Andrea; Raheja, Michelle (2015). Native Studies
Keywords. University of Arizona Press. ISBN 0816531501.

12.

Jump up^ "" [Database for the Society, Culture and Customs of Han
Villages] (in Mandarin). Retrieved 30 May 2015.

13.

^ Jump up to:a b Lin, Bao-Shun (2012). Y STR [Analysis of

the association between surnames and Y-chromosomal STR haplotypes in the Taiwanese Han population]
(Master). National Taiwan University.

14.

Jump up^ Wen et al. (2004). "Genetic evidence supports demic diffusion of Han culture" Nature, 431:
302-305.

15.

^ Jump up to:a b Executive Yuan, R.O.C. (2014). The Republic of China Yearbook
2014 (PDF). ISBN 9789860423020. Retrieved 2016-06-11.

16.

Jump up^ Klter, Henning (2004). "Language Policy in the KMT and DPP eras". China
Perspectives. 56. ISSN 1996-4617. Retrieved 30 May 2015.

17.

^ Jump up to:a b Fu-chang Wang (2002). "

" , 4: 11-74.

18.

Jump up^ , (2008). [Identity and Culture of

Hakka Mainlanders:A case study on the Immigrants of Wu Hua County, Guandong Province](Master). National
Kaohsiung Normal University.

19.

^ Jump up to:a b c d e f Chen, Kongli (1990). [Studies on the Immigrant Society of

Taiwan under the Ching Dynasty]. Xiamen: Xiamen University Press.

20.

^ Jump up to:a b Hsu, Shih-Rong (2013). "The first features of Taiwanese ancestral places and ethnic
distributions in the beginning of the 20th century: Graphical presentation of the statistic data from Relative
Investigations of Formosa Development and History by the Taiwan Sotokufu in 1901" Journal of Geographical
Research, 59: 91-126.

21.

^ Jump up to:a b c d Taiwan Sotoku Kanbo Chosaka (1928). [Investigation of

the regions of origin of Han people in Taiwan]. Taihoku-shi (Taipei): Taiwan Sotoku Kanbo Chosaka.

22.

^ Jump up to:a b (1953). [The seventh population census of

Taiwan]. .

23.

^ Jump up to:a b (1959). [The seventh population census of

Taiwan]. .

24.

Jump up^ Taiwan Bar Studio (Oct 10, 2015). - [Story of Taipei
(Episode 2): Shilin DOA] (Motion picture). Taipei.

25.

Jump up^ "On Reconciliation (original text with Mandarin translation)". Retrieved 6 November 2015.

26.

Jump up^ "". Hakka Affairs Council, Taiwan. 25 Jan 2006. Retrieved 14 November 2015.

27.

Jump up^ The HUGO Pan-Asian SNP Consortium (2009). "Mapping human genetic diversity in
Asia" Science, 326: 1541-5.

28.

Jump up^ Huang and Chen (2012). "Alcohol Dependence in Taiwan: From Epidemiology to
Biomedicine" Journal of Experimental & Clinical Medicine, 4: 108-12.

29.

^ Jump up to:a b Uijin Ang (2013). "The distribution and regionalization of varieties in Taiwan" Language
and Linguistics, 14(2): 315-369.

30.

Jump up^ Raung-Fu Chung (2014). "An investigation of Hakka nativization in Taiwan" Journal of
Taiwanese Languages and Literature, 9(1): 29-54.

31.

Jump up^ " ". Central News Agency (Taiwan). 7 July 2010. Retrieved 6
November 2015.

32.

Jump up^ " 1,510 ". Executive Yuan, Taiwan.

29 October 2014. Retrieved 6 November 2015.

33.

Jump up^ A Tragic Ballad about Hakka Sailing to Taiwan text