:

--

)Na (aq) + OH (aq

--

--

)(aq) + OH (aq

--

.
.

H2O

)Ba(OH)2(aq

OH-

: ( )

)1 .

)2 .
)3 .

:
( ) H+ .
H2O

H (aq) + A

)HA(aq

:HNO3 , H2SO4 , HBr , HCl , HClO4

:
.

:HCN , HF . HCOOH, H2CO3

:

: ( )

--

)(aq

)(aq

H (aq) + Cl

--

H (aq) +Br
+

--

)H (aq) +NO3 (aq

+

--

)H (aq) +ClO4 (aq

H2O

H2O

H2O

H2O

)HBr(aq
)HNO3(aq
)HClO4(aq

( ) OH- .

M (aq) + OH (aq) :+

H2O

)HCl(aq

:
--

H2O

)KOH(aq

H+
.

Ba

H2O

)LiOH(aq

- (aq) :

2+

)(aq) + 2OH (aq

--

Li

)K (aq) + OH (aq

H2O

)NaOH(aq

)MOH((aq

KOH , :NaOH , LiOH

:

Ba(OH)2

(. ) NH3

H3O+

- ( ) H

2--

:

+

--

--

2--

2--

CO2 , NO3 , SO4 :

HCl + H2O

H2O + NH3

--

HCN + F

: :

2-

)1 .

)2

--

NH4+ , N2H5+ :

2-

HF + CN

H :

--

HNO2 + HS

NH4+ + OH--

--

N2H4 + HS

- :

( ) H+ .

--

--

--

H2PO4 +H2O

NO2 + H2S

NH4 + H2O

N2H5 +S

( ) H+ .

H3O + Cl

2--

CO3 + HCOOH

NH3 + H3O

HSO4 + H2O

HPO4 + H3O

HCO3 + HCOO

H2O + H

--

H3O + SO4

.
H3O

H HS- , HCO3- :
, HSO4- , H2PO4-

:
:

H3O + Br )1
--

)2

--

H2O + HBr

NH4 + OH

H2O + NH3

:
( )1 .

- ( )2

 : NaOH

H2O + OH--

H2O

NaOH

OH-- + H2O

--

--

HCOO + HCN

HCOOH + CN

: :

- .

HCOO -- + HCN

HCOOH + CN --

- .

:
H+ .

:
H+ .

= H+ +

NH3
CH3NH2
N2H4
ClO4NO3SO42HCO3OH-

NH4+
CH3NH3+
N2H5+
HClO4
HNO3
HSO4H2CO3
H2O

= H+ -

: .
- :

Na+ + OH--

HClO4
HNO3
NH4+
N2H5+
HSO4H3O+
HF
H2PO4-

ClO4NO3NH3
N2H4
SO42H2O
FHPO42-

:
HCOO- / HCOOH
HCN /CN-

--

H2CO3 + F

H2CO3 + F-

OH-- + C6H5NH3+

OH-- + C6H5NH3+
.

-3

HF + HCO
HF + HCO3-

C6H5NH2 + H2O

C6H5NH2 + H2O

:
N2H5+ + OH-SO32-- + H3O+
HS-- + HCN
HCO3-- + NH4+
CH3NH2 + NH4+

N2H4 + H2O
HSO3-- + H2O
H2S + CN-H2CO3 + NH3
CH3NH3+ + NH3

: .

)5
)6

)7 ( NO3- ) F-

:
HClO4 )1
HClO4 )4
F- )7

.
.

)1
)2

:
:

HCOOH + F --

HF + HCOO --

> HF
HF + HCOO --

H2CO3 )2
HCO3- )5

HClO4
HCl
H2SO4
HNO3
HF
HCOOH
H2CO3

)3

)4

H2CO3 )3
ClO4- )6

HCOOH

HCOOH + F -

)1 :

HNO3 + Cl --

: HCl
--

HNO3 + Cl

)2 /

>

HCl + NO3--

HNO3
-3

HCl + NO

)1 :

)2 /

C2H5NH2
CH3NH2
NH3
N2H4
C5H5H
C6H5NH2

)1
)2

)5

NH + N H +
3
2 5
C H NH + C H NH
CH NH + + NH

C6H5NH3+ + C5H5N

CH3NH2 + NH4+

: .

, Ag+ :
Co2+ , Fe3+ , Zn2+
:
2+

:
BF3

H3N

() Be

B(OH)3 , BCl3 :
,BF3 , BH3

:
BeCl2 , BeH2 :
Be(OH)2 ,BeF2
() B

NH3

: .

)4

B
F

- BF3

)3

NH4+ + N2H4

F
B F
F

H
H N
H

NH3+ BF3

- :

, Cu

:
H2O , OF2, Cl2O
:
NF3 , NCl3 , NH3
:
PF3 , PCl3 , PH3
:
O2- , Br- , I- ,S2 :

[Cu(H2O)6]2+
[Fe(CN)6]3Ag(NH3)+
BF4-

Cu2+
Fe3+
Ag+
BF3

H2O
CNNH3
F-

(: )2222 ( :.
) 9=F 8=O 7=N 5 =B 4=Be 1 =H

(: )1997

) Cl-
) OH-
) B(OH)3
)
NH3
( : )1999

:
)

)
)
)

)
)

HCOONH4+
H2 O
HCO3-

.
.
.
.

(/2224) :
:

) NH3
) NH4+
) H2 O
)
HCO3( : )2221 :

)
Cl
) OH-
) NH3
) Ag+
(/2224) :
-

( :. )9 =F 8=O 5=B1 =H :

) H2 O
) BF3
) OH-
)
NH3
(/2222 ) :

) Ag+
) H2 O
) B(OH)3
)
SnCl4
(/2224) :
:

- :

) CO32-
) H2 S
) H2SO3
)
HCO3( : )2222

) B(OH)3
) BF3
) BeF2
)
NF3
(/2223 ) :

) NH4+
) HCOO-
) HCrO4-
) CH3NH3+
(/2225) : :
)

)
)

NH3
HCl
BF3
Cd2+

(/2225) :

) HNO3
) H2 O
) HCOOH
) Mn2+
(/2226) :

:
)

)
)
)

:
)

) B(OH)3
) NF3
) PH3
)
CH3NH2
(/2228) :

) CH3NH3+
) HCOO-
) HCO3-
) SO32-
(/2229) :
:
)

)
)

H2 O
B(OH)3
NH3
OH-

(/2212) :
:

) Cd2+
) Ag+
) NH4+
(/2228) : :

)
HCOO
+
)
H3 O
) O2-
)
HSO4(/2212) : H+
-

) HCO3-
) NH4+
) H3 O+
) CO32-
(/2226) :

(/2229) :

) NH4+
) HCl
) BF3
)
HCOOH
(/2211) : :

) B(OH)3
) NCl3
) NH4+
) Fe3+
(/2211) :
:

) HCl
) CN-
) HCOOH
) Cu2+
(/2211) : :
)

)
)

H2CO3
H2SO4
HCN
HF

(/2212) : :

) B(OH)3
) NCl3
) NH4+
) Fe3+
(/2212) :

) Cu2+
) CN-
) NH4+
)
HCl
(/2212) :
:
)

)
)
)

)
)
)

.
.


.
.

.
.

HF
NaF
NaOH
HCOOH

......... + .........

HBrO3 + H2O

......... + .........

H PO -- + H O
2
4
2
OH-- +H O+

......... + .........

OH-- +CH NH +
3
4

......... + .........

.
HB

HD

HC

:
)1
)2

)3 HA

--

........ + .........
-

HD + B

)5 A- : C-

)6 :
--

--

HC + A
HA + C

:
.. HNO2
HCOOH
C6H5COOH
HSO4

)4 :

......... + .........

) Zn2+
) HF
) NH3
) Na+
(/2213 )

HCOOH + NO -2
CH COO-- + HF

........ +...........

HA

(/2213 )

(/2213) :
)

..
..
..

..........................

..........................

..........................

..........................

..........................

..........................

 - ][H3O+

:--

)+ OH (aq

)(aq

)H2O(l) + H2O(l

H3O

- :

H3O+ OH-
.

.
OH H3O
KC
2
H 2O

] [OH-
.

: ] [OH-

5-122/ . ] [H3O+
:

] 5-122 = [OH-/
OH H3O K W

KW
H3O

OH

14

101

102
10 105 /
5

OH H3O H2O K C

OH H3O K W

KW : .

14
12 1 = KW 25
14
101 OH H3O K W

:
:
)1 .

)2 ( )

OH H3O

OH H3O K W

OH H3O

101

14

7 101 /

)3

:
)1 [OH-] = [H3O+] :
= 7-111/
)2 [OH-] > [H3O+] :
] 7-111 > [H3O+/
)3 [OH-]< [H3O+] :
] 7-111< [H3O+/

- :

( ) HA
--

H3O + A

HA + H2O

[A ] = [HA] = [H3O ] :
-

:
HCl , HBr , HClO4 , HNO3
:
--

H3O + Cl

HCl + H2O

][HCl] = [H3O+

 ( ) H2A
H2 A + H2O
2H3O A2-

[A2-] = [H2A] 2= [H3O+] : :

H2SO4
( ) H3A

: ] [OH-

H2SO4 ( )2022/ .
:
2H3O+ + SO42--

H 2SO4 2 H3O+

H3A + H2O
3H3O A3-

002
, 2
,
004

- [A3-] = [H3A] 3= [H3O+] :

KW
OH
+
H 3O

)4 .

)5 ( )

14

101

12 2025 = 2
104

)6
.
: : ( ) MOH
M+ + OH --

H2O

MOH

][MOH] = [OH-
NaOH , KOH , LiOH :

( ) M(OH(2

M(OH) 2 M2+ 2OH

][M(OH)2] 2 = [OH-
Ba(OH)2 :

:
: ( )

: ( )

. :

H2SO4 + H2O

12-

] [OH ] [H3O
+

HNO3 ( ) 20221/ .
:

-3

H3O + NO

HNO3 + H2O

HNO3 H3O

101 /
KW
OH
+
H 3O
3

14

101

3
101

11 101/
( ) 422 (1012
) KOH ] [H3O
+

56 = KOH/ .

K+ + OH-- :

112
,

56
.

H2O

KOH

002
,

11


002
,

040
,

pH

0005/
,

0005/
,
KOH OH
KW
H 3O +

OH
14

101

3
10 5

: .

- . pH

pH : ( ) (. ) 14

12 102 /
1

14

] [OH- ][H3O+
:
Ba(OH)2 ( ) 2022/ .

( )522 5
HBr

pH

pH

: 12
.

H2SO4 ( )4-125/

- = pH

NaOH ( ) 2024/ .
] [OH-

H2X 8-121/
H2X .
( ) NaOH
( )2
( ) 12-121/ .
42 = NaOH / .

H3O

-:

-1 ( ) = +
-2
-3

=
=

-4 = = 12

-5 = 1 1 = 12

pH HCl
( ) 4-121/ .

H3O+ + Cl -- :

HCl + H2O

4 101 HCl H3O /

- = pH

H3O

11

 HBr
5 pH
H3O + Br :
+

HBr + H2O

. /

--

5 = pH

10 = pH- 10 H3O

/ 5 101 HBr H3O

HNO3

) 207 = 5 (403 pH
H3O+ + NO3-- :

HNO3 + H2O

4 101

4
4
NaOH pH

) 207 = 5 ( . / ) 5-122(
NaOH

10

pH-

14

101

5
10 2

10 H3O

/ 9 105

07
, 07
, 4,3

10
5
,
, 5
10 07
10 07
10
5
/ 105

H3O
9 10 5

HNO3 H3O

/ 5 105

pH Ba(OH)2

) 203 = 2 (1207

Ba(OH)2

Ba2+ + 2OH-- :

H2O

403 = pH

12,7

10

pH-

10 H3O

8,3
HNO3 pH
) 206 = 4 ( . / ) 20224(
HNO3 + H2O

2-

/ 12205 =

12

H3O+ + OH--:

104 HNO3 H3O

H3O
3 104

H3O

105
Ba(OH)2
2

- = pH

- = pH
3
06
, 3
24
,

OH

- = pH

07
, 9

10
13
,
, 13
10 03
10 03
10
13
/ 102

H 3O +
14
101

13
10 2
/ 2 10 5
Ba(OH)2 2 OH

- = pH
9

03
, 03
, 12,7

KW

Na+ + OH-- :

H2O

/ 5 102 NaOH OH
KW
H 3O +

OH

403 = pH

4,3

- = pH

pH-

- = pH

10 H3O


: . pH
HClO4 ( )20222
/

KOH ( ) 2025/

( )522 5
HBr

:
NaOH 11 = pH
H2SO4 404 = pH
( ) 206 = 4

KOH pH

= 1202

( ) 208= 6

(
)

Mg(OH)2 ( ) 2021/

HCl 107 = pH
( ) 203 = 2

pH = 9062

HA

] [H3O+ ( ) 2038 = 204

( )1 pH 2
HA 36 / .

] [H3O+

HA .
H3O+ + A --

HA + H2O

A H 3O

K
C
H 2O HA

.

A H 3O

H O K
2 C
HA
H2O K C
. K a

A H 3O

K
a
HA
K a .

K a .

K a

: :

][H3O+

pH

K a

13

 / ) 2021( HX
. K a 4 pH
:

H3O+ + X --

HX + H2O
4

10 pH- 10 H3O

101

101 2
101

101

,
001

405 pH ) 1 (
= HA HA
) 205 = 3 ( 8-121 = HA K a ) 62(

H3O + A :
+

HA + H2O

--

45
, pH
45
,
10 pH- 10 H3O
05
, 05
, 45
,

10
5
10 05, 10 05, 5 10
/

10 3

10 3

10 3

10

101

109

8
101

2 109 1 2 109

=
54
, 60 2 109

.
/ 2 109

14

H3O

pH
. / 3-121 HNO2

124 = HNO2 K a
HNO2 + H2O
H3O+ + NO2-- :

NO 2 H3O

K
a
HNO2

NO2 H3O

H3O

HNO2 K a
3

101 5 104 H3O

/ 4 102
H 3O

4= 4 102

03
, 4
3,7

A H3O

K
a
HA
5

HA K a

5-

A H3O

4 pH

X H 3O

K
X H3O
a

HX
6

A H 3O

K
a
HA

pH

pH

pH
= HF K a . / 202 HF
4-

HF + H2O

HF K a

125

H3O+ + F -- :

H3O

02
, 4 105
/ 2 101
H 3O

2 101

pH

 Ka
( 1/)

)1

)2

Ka
12 102

HB

12 702

HC

12 402

HD

12 604

HA

83
123

)3
)4

)5 pH
)6 ] [H3O+

)7 pH HC
)8 HB

)9

A -- + HD

HA + D --

)12
B -- + HC

HB+ C --

:
..........................................................
..........................................................
..........................................................
..........................................................

..........................................................
..........................................................
..........................................................
..........................................................
..........................................................

: .

(
)
] [OH- .

B .
BH+ + OH --

B + H2O

BH OH

K
C
H 2O B

.

BH OH

H O K
2 C
B
H2O K C
. K b

BH OH

K
b
B
K b .
K b .

K b

: :

][OH-

pH

K b

..........................................................

........................................................

15

10 pH
/ 10 10 pH- 10 H3O
KW

101=

OH

H 3O +
14
101

10
101
/ 4 101
N 2 H5 OH

K
b
N 2 H 4
4

101

101

101

BH OH

K
b
B

BH OH

K b / 2022 RNH2
6122 = RNH2

) 205 = 3 ( 121 = X K b

13

0.02 6 102

KW

105

OH

105

101

, 2025
, / 205 =
05

16

,
. 26 5205

H 3O +

OH
14
101

4
10 2
/ 11 10 5

, 03
, 12,7
102 03
10

H3O+
14
101
2

/ 105 13
102
XH OH

K
b
X

OH

/ 4 102

127
, pH
12,7
10 pH- 10 H3O
KW

OH

RNH 2 K b

XH+ + OH --

X + H2O

RNH + OH

--

RNH3 OH

K
b
RNH 2

1207 pH ) 2 (
2-

+
3

RNH2 + H2O

) 52( = X X

OH

B K b

H 3O

11
105

pH
pH

11

103
, 07
, 11
K b
. /) 201( N2H4
. 12 pH
N2H4 + H2O

+
5

--

N2H + OH

 pH C5H5N

( )2021/ K b . 12106 = C5H5N

9-

( ) 206 = 4

pH HCOOH
( ) 2021 / K a . HCOOH

806 :

( )201/

= ( . 4- 12 108 )2013 = 1034

pH ( )9

2087 :

. Kb

pH RCOOH
( ) 2021 / K a . HCOOH

= (. 5- 12 108 ) 205 = 3

2015 :

pH
C6H5COOH ( ) 2021 / .
K a . 5-12604 = C6H5COOH

( )209 = 8

3012 :

( )6 HX ( )5

121 :

9-

NH3
( )422

(. )12

( 17 = NH3/ = K b .

) 5-12108

42 :

() pH
X ( )1103
124 = K b

4-

25
pH ( )301

( 203 = 2) 207 = 5

( 122 = HX/ ) 209=8

HA

K a

12604 :

5-

pH

( )522 .
3-125 :

( )522 ()203
. K a pH

NH3 ( )202/

= (. )3

( 203 =2 ) 207 = 5

( )6 B

K b . 5-122 = NH3

122017 :

5-

1103 :

( )822 K b 4-124 = B

K b B

. 12 = pH

, 12 = pH ()3.0

32 : /

. K b .

123 :

8-

17


( ) Kb

( ) Ka
:

-1

Ka
412702

HCN

12402

RCOOH

12 108

HF

-2

125-

-4 RCOOH

HCN + F--

HF + CN--

-3

-1

-2 Ka = HF
4- 12702 7- 12 403 =H2CO3

Ka
-1

-2 :

HB

Ka
1212502

HX

12202

HZ

12 402

5-

7-

NaZ NaB NaX

-3 ] [H3O+ HZ (12 102

/

N2H4

121

NH2OH

12
6

-3

-4 : pH CH3NH2

) 14- 12 1 = Kw( :

N2H5+ + OH--

N2H4 +H2O

Ka

Ka

HA

12 302

-1

HB

12 705

( ) pH ( )

HC

12 402

-2

HD

12 603

83
125

HD

HF + HCO

-2

C6H5NH2

124

-5 :

CH3NH2

124

-5 pH N2H4 ( 2021/ )

-3

H2CO3 + F--

-1

NH2OH

121

( C6H5NH2 )

Kb
8

3-

-3
( ) pH
-4 :

)HA(aq) +D --(aq
)HD(aq) + A --(aq
-5 pH HC ( 2025
/ )

( 201/ ) .

HA

] 127=[A

HB

4 = pH

-1 Ka

HC

12 405= Ka

HB,HA :

6-

12 604= Ka

HD

-2 C D
-

18

45-

 -3 ) HC(aq )NH3(aq

-3 pH

-4 :

-4 pH ) HB(aq

+
)(aq
4

C6H5NH3(aq) +NH

............+ .............

( 2025 / ) ( . )

-5 ] [OH- HB

( 1/ )

-6 pH NaA

( . HA )

( ) Kb :
:

-1
( ) pH

A
B

-2

12307

12102

4
8

-4 B : C

C
-5

Ka
.
5

-1
X- (: ) Z-

HY

12 502

-2

HZ

12 306

BH

12 506

7
6-

12

)HX(aq) +B(aq
)BH+(aq) + X(aq
(Kb
) :
:

Kb
9
12105
-1
C5H5N
5
12108
NH3
-2
12
( ) C5H5N 12102 C6H5NH2
412 307 CH3NH2

121= Kb

/
12-

7-

7-

3 = pH HD

-5
--

HA + D
..........+ ............
-6 NaX HX
pH

Ka

HX

-4 ( ) pH ( 2021/ )

12 104

]12205 =[H3O

HA

-3 Kb

-3 ( ) A

-2

3-

]128= [A-

125= Ka HX

Kb
12105

HY + X-

HX + Y-

HY + Z

HZ + Y

HD + X-

HX + D-

-1 : Ka
-2 Y : D
-

-3 ] [H3O+
-4 ] [OH
-

-5 pH 403 = HX
= ( 201/ ) Ka ( ) 207 =5
:



.

19

H3O+

OH
-

(
)

)NaCl(aq) + H2O(l

)NH4Cl(aq) + H2O(l

)HCl(aq) + NH3(aq

- .

: .
: .

)1 +
)2 +
)3 +

(
)

)HCOOH(aq) + NaOH(aq

)HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq

)HCOONa(aq) + H2O(l

Na , Li , K :
+

NH4+ ,N2H5+ , CH3NH3+ :

: .

(
)
Cl , Br , NO3 , ClO4 :
-

(
)
CN- , F- , NO2- , CO32-:
:
.
:

H3O+

. OH-

21

- OH-

NH4Cl
NH4+ + Cl --

H2O

NH4Cl

Cl-

- pH

Cl-
.

NH4+:

--

H3O+ + NH3

H3O+ - pH

Na+

Cl- HCl
Cl-

H2O

HCOONa

HCOO Na+ Na+ NaOH

Na+
.

NaOH
Na+ .
NaCl /
:
.
NaF
+
-NaF
Na + F :
Na+ .H2O

F- HF :
--

HCOO-
HCOOH
HCOO-
.
--

pH

HCOOH + OH

NH4+ + H2O

HCOONa
--

Na + Cl

Na+:

:
HCOO + Na

H2O

NaCl

Cl-

NH3
NH4+ :

NaCl

NH4+

Cl- HCl

--

HCOO + H2O

--

F + H2O
HF + OH
OH- N2H5NO3

N2H5NO3
N2H5 +NO3 :
NO3- HNO3 .
--

H2O

21

 N2H5+ N2H4 :
+

N2H4 + H3O

N2H5 + H2O

- H3O+ .

MgSO4

H2O

MgSO4
Mg + SO4 :
Mg2+ Mg(OH)2 .
SO42- H2SO4 .
MgSO4
2--

2+

: (

) ( pH

)1 :

HX ,HY ,HZ

CH3NH3Br

pH

NaX

1202

NaY

)2

904

NaZ

1207

)3 NaY HZ

: .
pH .
NaY
Na+

pH

KClO3

NaCN

)1 :

NaNO2

X , Y , Z

pH

XHCl

MgCO3

)2

403

YHCl

608

ZHCl

C6H5NH3Cl
Li2SO4
CH3COOK
KCl
NaHCO3
NH4Br
LiF
NH4ClO4
C5H5NHI

)3

XHCl Z

: .
pH .
XHCl

Cl-

BaCl2

22

)
( )

HCN NaCN
+

--

HCN + H2O

H3O + CN
--

H2O

Na + CN

NaCN

- CN- :

NH3 NH4Cl
+

--

NH4 + OH
--

NH3+ H2O

NH4 +Cl

H2O

NH4Cl

- NH4+ :

HCOOH/ HCOONa
N2H4 / N2H5Br
C6H5NH2 / C6H5NH3Br
HNO2 / KNO2
H2CO3 / NaHCO3
H2S / LiHS

:
:

HA . NaA
:
--

H3O + A

HA + H2O

A H 3O

K
a
HA
A H3O

HA K a H3O
:
--

H3O +A

HA + H2O

H 2O
NaA

Na + A

. A-

A
A- H3O+

H3O+
pH

- ] ] = [A- [

A H 3O

K
a
HA

HBrO3 / NaBrO3

23

 3.5 = 5 3.5 = pH

HCOOH ( )205
/ HCOOK ( ) 202/
K a : 6-12 2 = HCOOH pH

B . BHCl

( )207 = 5

--

BH + OH

--

HCOOH + H2O

HCOO + H3O

HCOO H3O

K
a
HCOOH
H3O

HA K a

:--

HCOO + H3O
+

HCOOH + H2O

--

HCOO + K

H2O

HCOOK

, 6
05
102 H3O
,
02
105

pH

pH

--

H 3O

3 3 101

pH

BH OH

B K b OH
:
--

3 101/

BH + OH

05
, 6 102 H3O

pH

B + H2O

BH OH

K
b
B

:+

H2O

B + H2O

BHCl
BH + Cl

. BH+
BH+
BH+ OH-
.
OH-
pH
] ] = [ BH+ [ BH OH

K
b
B

H 3O

6
105

= 6 503 = 207 6 = 5

pH 3 . 503

24

 :
NH3 ( )205/
NH4Cl ( )202/ .
K b 122 = NH3

8-

pH

( 207 = 5 ) 203 =2

:
+

NH4 + OH

NH3 + H2O

NH 4 OH

K
b
NH3
101 OH

pH
--

--

K a 124 = HNO2

)2 pH

:
-2

H3O + NO

H2O

, 8
05
102 OH
,
02
8

4-

( )206 = 4

)1

NH3 + H2O

NH4 + Cl

105 OH

HNO2

NaNO2 ( )202/ .

:+

403 = 507 12 = pH
________________________________

NH4 + OH

OH
14
101

4
101
10 101 /
H 3O

10
10
101

pH

= 507 = 203 6

KW

H 3O +

pH 12 . 507

, 8 102
05

OH

H 3O
OH
14
101

8
10 5
6 10 2 /
H 3O
pH

6 6 102
pH
+

:--

KW

NH4Cl

HNO2 + H2O
-2

NO + Na

H2O

NaNO2

NO2- )1
)2

, 4
02
104 H3O
,
02

pH
pH

= 4- 124/

H 3O

4 4 104

= 306

25

( )1

RNH2 ( )204/ . RNH3Cl

H2CO3

NaHCO3

( ) pH

] [H3O+ = 7- 124/ .

9 K b 122 = RNH2

)1

5-

)2 K a

)1

)3 :

)2 RNH3Cl

704

:
--

RNH3 + OH
--

+ Cl

RNH2 + H2O

RNH3

H2O

--

HCO3 + H3O
--

H2CO3 + H2O
H2O

Na + HCO3

NaHCO3

HCO3- )1

9 pH )2

)2

10 H3O

OH

( )206 = 4

RNH3Cl

RNH3+ )1

pH

pH-

9 10/

KW

H 3O

14
101

9
101
5 101 OH /

124 = K a H3O
74
, pH )3

7-

10 pH- 10 H3O
10 H3O

7,4

06
, 06
, 7,4

104

104 H3O

7
Ka
104
8

04, 5 102 5 101

, RNH3
08/

= 208/
.

10

( )2

HCOOH ( )202/
HCOONa pH = 5

K a 122 = HCOOH

5-

)1
)2

26

 :
--

HCOO + H3O
+

HCOOH + H2O

--

HCOO + Na

H2O

HCOONa

( )2029 KZ
( )252 201( HZ/)

K a 12306 = HZ

6-

-1 pH

HCOO- )1

-2

5 pH
5 10 pH- 10 H3O /

-1

)2

:
--

H3O + Z
--

02
, 5
102 5 101

= 204/

08
, 204
,

] [H3O+

1 ( B/ ) 205 ( BHCl/)
K b . 6-121 = B

:
+

--

BH + OH
--

BH + Cl

B + H2O
H2 O

BHCl

HZ + H2O
H2O

K +Z

KZ

009
,
,
KZ
036/
250

01
, 6
10 3,6 H3O
,
036
101

H 3O

6 6 101

pH

pH

-2

: pH

pH
pH

1 6 101 OH

,
05

6 102 OH /

. pH

14

Kw
101

H3O
6

102 OH
9 105 /

. pH

27

pH

--

HCl + H2O
H3O + Cl
] [H3O+ .

] [H3O+
] [H3O+ . A-
.
] ( [A )
-

]( [HA )
--

- :

H3O + A

-:HCOOH/ HCOO-
NH3/NH4+
H2CO3/HCO3-
N2H4/N2H5+
CH3COOH / CH3COO-
- :

:
.
.

- HA NaA

--

HA + H2O
+

Na + A

H2 O

H3O :

. NaOH
+

Na + OH

] [OH .
] [OH ] [H3O
+

] [H3O+
] [HA .

.
] ( [A )
-

--

NaA

H2O

NaOH

:
--

--

HA + H2O

H3O + A

H3O + A

HA + H2O

H3O :

HCl

28

( )1
( )206/

HCOOH

HCOONa ( )206/
K a 122 = HCOOH
( 203 =2 )206 =4

4-

02
, 06
, 4
102 H3O
02
, 06
,
08
,
4 104 4 102 /
04
,
H 3O
pH

4 4 104
pH

( )1 pH

( )2 pH ( )202
HCl ( )
( )3 pH ( )202

NaOH ( )

34
, 06
, 4
pH ( . )203

Na + OH -3

02
,
, NaOH
02/
1
--

H2O

NaOH

-1
+

--

HCOO + H3O
+

HCOOH + H2O
H2O

--

HCOO + Na

HCOONa

06
, 4
102 H3O
06
,
4 102 /

pH
pH

H 3O

4 4 102

3,7 03
, 4
+
-H3O + Cl -2

02
,
HCl
1

HCl + H2O

,
02/

02
, 06
, 4
102 H3O
02
, 06
,
04
,
4 101 4 102 /
08
,
H 3O
pH

4 4 101
pH

pH ( . )203

:
B BHCl--

+ OH
--

BH
+

BH + Cl

B + H2O
H2 O

BHCl

29


HCl
--

( )1 RNH2

HCl + H2O
H3O + Cl
] [H3O+ .
] [H3O+ ][OH-

] [OH-
] [B .

][B
][BH+ =
+

--

+ OH

[HCl] -

] [BH [HCl] +

BH

B + H2O

+
-BH + Cl

H2 O

/
K b 121 = RNH2
) 203 = 2 )207 = 5

6-

( )2 pH ( )201

] ( [BH+ )
] [B
+

( )203/ RNH3Br ()203

( )1 pH

BHCl

HCl ( )
( )3 pH ( )201

NaOH ( )

+
-RBH3 + OH -1
--

RNH2 + H2O

RNH3 + Br

H2O

RNH3Br

. NaOH
+

--

Na + OH

H2O

NaOH

] [OH- .
][OH-
] [OH- . BH+

pH

pH

] ( [BH+ )
]( [B )

--

= ] [B +

][B
][BH+ = ] [BH+ -
+
2

+ OH

BH

+
-BH + Cl

][NaOH

H 3O

8 8 101

01
,
HCl -2
1

,
01/

][NaOH

B+HO

H2 O

03
, 6
101 OH
03
,
14
Kw
101
8
H 3O
121 6

101 OH
101

BHCl

, 6
01, 03
101 OH
,
01, 03
, 6
02
101
04,

31

 105 OH

/
14

Kw
101

H3O
7

105 OH
H 3O
pH

8 8 102
pH

102

( )4 H2CO3
( )202/ NaHCO3

()203

/ pH 8 :
K a 124 = H2CO3

03
, 8
7,7

8-

204 :

- pH

( . )203

pH
CH3NH2

( )205/

CH3NH3Cl ( )204/ .

+
-Na + OH -3
01
,
, NaOH
01/
1
H2O

NaOH

NaOH

K b 124 = CH3NH2

4-

( 207 = 5 )203 = 2

- pH ( )202

HCl ( )1
( )

, 6
01, 03
101 OH
,
01, 03
04, 6 101
,
02

1203 1207 :

NaOH

( )2 NH3 ()202

/ NH4Br ( )204/

] [H3O+ = 12- 12205/

6 102 OH /
14

Kw
101
H 3O

102 OH
H 3O
pH

9 9 105
pH

105

07
, 9
8,3

pH ( . )203

K b 5- 122 = NH3
42 = NaOH/ .

2 :

( )1
RNH2 ( )204/ . RNH3Cl

( ) pH
9 K b 122 = RNH2

5-

)1 RNH3Cl

)2 ] [OH- ()202
HCl ( )

31

( )2221 B ()2021
/ 12106 = K b

HA ( )201/ . K a
=
)

)
)
)

121
121
121

8-

)
NaNO3
)
KCN
)
Na2CO3
)
NH4Cl
( )2221 N2H4 ( )2021/
)

)
)
)

6-

( )1998 : pH

121 = K b

5-

7-

6-

)
)

12205
12205

912-

( )2222
)
KNO2
)
NH4Cl
)
NaCl
)
KCN
( )2223
: pH
)
KCl
)
NH4NO3
)
NaF
)
NH4Cl
( )2223 NH4NO3 :

pH :
)

8
12

KNO3
KCN
NH4NO3
KCl

124

6-

,NaHCO3 , NaNO3

( )2221
: pH
)
KCl
)
NaCN
)
NaNO3
)
NH4Cl
( )2221 :
)

pH :

12

124

5-

( )1998 pH ( )3

121

] [H3O

(/ ) :
)

9-

NH4NO3> NaHCO3 > NaNO3

NaNO3> NaHCO3 > NH4NO3

NH4NO3 > NaNO3> NaHCO3

NaHCO3 >NaNO3 > NH4NO3

(/2224) ( 1
/ ) : pH

)
Na2CO3
)
NaHSO4
)
NaHS
)
NaHCO3
:
)

)
)

NH4NO3
NaNO3
Na2CO3
KCl

32

(/2224) ( )122

2- 122 = [H3O+]/ ( )122

4- 122 = [H3O+] /

pH :
)

)
)
)

2
4
107

307

(/2224) :
Y-<A-<X- HZ HX

( ) K a :
)
HA
)
HX
)
HY
)
HZ
(/2225)
: pH

)
NaCN
)
NH4Cl
)
CH3COONa
)
NaCl
(/2226)

)
NH4Cl
)
NaCl
)
CH3COONa
)
KCl
(/2227) :
)

)
)

H2SO4/HSO4H2CO3/HCO3H3PO4/HPO42NH3/NH2-

)
HNO3
)
H2SO4
)
HCOOH
)
NaCl
(/2228) :

)
HCOONa
)
KBr
)
CH3NH3Cl
)
NaNO3
(/2228) RCOONa

RCOOH :
)

pH
pH

K a

] [H3O
+

(/2229) :
--

NH4 + OH

NH3 + H2O

NH4NO3 :
)

)
)

HCOOH HCOONa :

)
COONa)
HCOO+
)
HCO
)
COOH3+
(/2226) :

(/2227) pH

][OH-
NH3

pH

(/2212) pH
( )

)
BaCl2
)
KCN
)
Na2CO3
)
NH4Cl
(/2211) :
)

)
)

HCN / NO2HNO3 /NO3H2CO3 /HCO3HClO4 /ClO4-

33

(/2212) :

)
HCOONa
)
NaCl
)
NH4Cl
)
NaNO3
(/2212)

)
)

HNO3 / NaNO2
HNO2/ NaNO3
H2SO4 /NaHSO4
H2SO3/NaHSO3

)
HCl
)
NaCl
)
NaF
)
NH4Cl
:
)

)
)
)

)
)

)
)
)

pH .
pH .

( )1 HCl
:
)

pH .
pH .

102/

NaF
HCOONa
NH4Cl
Ca(ClO4)2

= 503

HA ( ) 20221/ .

Ka (: )207 =5
)
)
)
)

)
)
)

125
125

69-

12205
12205

89-

:
)

CH3COOH
.

208/

pH

CH3COONa
)

204/

)
][H3O+]<[HBr
)
][H3O+]>[HBr
+
)
][H3O ]=[HBr
+
)
] [H3O ]<[Br
:
)

H3O+

202/

)201( HBr/

.
.

Ba(OH)2 pH
)

()201
/ : pH

H3O+

)204 ( NaOH/ :

: pH

)
NH4Cl
)
NaCl
)
HCOONa
)
KF
(/2213) :

pH .

pH
pH
pH
7 = pH

()2021 NaOH
] [H3O :
+

)
)
)

201/
202/

13- 121/
125

14-

34

 pH

pH CH3COOH
( )205/

- pH

CH3COONa ( )202/

5- 12 202= K a 207 =5

= 407 4

_______________________________

pH

H2NCO2 NaHNO2 ( )202

/ Ka 124 = H2NCO2

4-

304:

________________________________

pH
2
HClO NaClO
1
K a 8- 123 = HClO
702 :

________________________________

pH ( )2
HF ( )204/ ( )204
KF K a 12 7 = HF
( 209 = 7 ) 2015 = 104

4-

1085 :

________________________________

: HCOONa
( )422 HCOOH
()202/

pH

K a 304

0 4- 122 = HCOOH. = 68/ .

( )206 = 4

( ) 202/

CH3NH3Br ( )204/ .
K b 124 = CH3NH2

4-

( )207 = 5

1203 :

________________________________
NH4Cl

( )2 202 ( NH3/ )
pH 9

K b : 122 = NH3

5-

208:

________________________________

( 203 =2 ) 206 = 4

( 205 = 3 ) 208 = 6

CH3NH2

2072:

()5
N2H4( 202/ )

( 2206) N2H5Br
6-

121 = K b :
113 = N2H5Br / ( )203 =2

807 :
________________________________

C2H5NH2
C2H5NH3Cl

pH ( ) 1203
( 126 = K b :

4-

) 207 = 5

1
:
3
________________________________

pH

( )122 HF ( ) 204/
( ) 422 NaF ()203
/ K a : 125 = HF

()203 = 2

4-

407 :

35

 pH X

N2H4

( 201/ ) 1103 408

( )202/ N2H5Cl ()201

pH ( )103 .

)1 .

XHCl ( )2
62 :/

/ . K b 121 = N2H4

6-

)2 pH

_______________________________

)3 pH ( )201

pH HF

HCl ( )1

( ) 201/ NaF

( 207 = 5 )203 = 2

] 201 = [F-/ K a

7.7 3.0 N2H5+ :

101 :

( )1

= 12604

4-

( 209 = 8 ) .2 = 604

________________________________

( )422 () 202

C2H5N

( ) 42

C2H5NHBr ( ) 162 /
pH

K b : 12 2 = C2H5N

9-

( 204 = 205 ) 207 = 5

506 :

________________________________

NH4Br ()105

( ) NH3 (202

/) ()2
K b 122 = NH3

5-

98 = NH4Br/ .
2904

________________________________

HF ( )201/
]128 = [H3O+

3-

________________________________

B BHCl
( ) 9
)1
pH 8

)2 pH ( )1

1
:
10
________________________________

HX

( )206/

NaX ()204

/ K a . 124= HX

5-

( 206 =4) 208 = 6

-1 .

-2 pH
-3 ( )201 NaOH ( )1
pH

304 402 X- :

( )1 ( ) 2064
NaF pH .
( )

4:

36

 (4 ) NaOH( )1

( )2027 HCN

207( HZ/ )

( )1 0 pH

205( KZ/ ) pH

( )507 124 = K a

K b 121 = HZ

)1 HCN

4-

42 = NaOH/ .

12-

)2 ] [H3O+ ( )409

( )
4:

________________________________

NaCN. )49( = NaCN /

27: /

_______________________________

NaX ( )122

/ ( )201/

pH ( )2

201( HX/)

( )204/ BHCl ()206

121 = K a

KOH . 8 = pH

-1
-2 B

121 BH+ :

5-

2021:

6-

________________________________

________________________________

HX ()201
/ pH ( )4

()1

BaX2 ( )201

HCOOH ()206/ HCOOK

pH ( ) 2

( )201 NaOH

pH ( )5

20225 :

5-

________________________________

204 :/

X ( )201/

K a 121 = HCOOH
- HCOOK

________________________________

XHBr ()2

( )12 (: )8

)204( HX/

-1

. KX ()2025

-2

. )4( = pH

( )

/ Ba(OH)2
K a 4- 121 = HX

-3 ( )1 pH
2022 X - :

202 :/

37

BHCl ( )203/

pH (: )11

-2 ] [H3O+

pH = 5

-2 ( ) K b
-3 pH ( )202
NaOH ( ) 1
:

_____________________________

( )X (203
/ ) ( ) XHBr

Kb 122 = X

-1

-3 ( ) NaOH

-1

4-

: 42 = NaOH/

________________________________

H2CO3
NaHCO3 . ] [H3O
+

= 124

7-

)(aq

+ H3O

-)(aq
3

)H2CO3(aq) + H2O(l

HCO

-1

-1 pH

-2 pH ( ) 201
HCl ( ) 1

-2 Ka H2CO3
:

________________________________

CH3COOH

:
________________________________

( )1 B
( ) 201/ BHCl () 202
/ Kb 121 = B

6-

-1 B
-2

-3 pH ( ) 2 NaOH
(. )

42 = NaOH/ .

( 202/ ) CH3COONa

pH = 9 Ka
122 =CH3COOH
:

5-

-1

-2 CH3COONa
-3 ] [H3O
+

( ) 201 HCl

________________________________

CH3COOH
(122 = ) Ka

5-

( 204/ )

CH3COONa () 205/ .

38

-4 pH ) HB(aq

( 201/ )

( 2025 / ) ( . )

Ka
12 302 HClO

:
-1

8-

-6 pH NaA

7-

( . HA )

12 102 H2S
512 108 CH3COOH

pH
-2

12 409 HCN

OH-

------------------------------------

12-

-3 CH3COO HS :

-2 ] [OH ( )1

-4 :

......... + ...........

( )2 1 :
-1 ( )2

-5 ] [OH HB
-

-3 X Y
-

--

CH3COOH + ClO

-4 Ka () 2

-
-
-5 H2S
-6 pH HCN ( ) 2085 =7

(/)

HX

201

HY

= 12 1074

Ka

] 12 308 = [H3O
+

5-

2-

-5 NaX NaY

-7 KClO ( 203/ )

13
, 174
,

HClO :
- pH ( )
- pH ( ) 205 = 3

-----------------------------

- KClO

= 12 409

-8 CH3COONa NaHS :

HCN

pH

HNO3

------------------------------------

N2H5

Kb

NH3

] 12 109 = [NH4

N2H5Br

] 12 102 = [H3O

( 201/ ) .

HA

HB

4 = pH

-1 Ka

HC

12 405= Ka

HB,HA :

HD

12 604= Ka

] 12 102 = [NO2

2-

= 12 102

+
+

6-

32-

203
203
202
202
205

-1 pH HCN

]127=[A-

Ka

12-

-2 Kb NH3

6-

-3
4-

-4

5-

-5 Ka

-2 C- D-
-3 ) HC(aq )NH3(aq
-

39

/2212

/2213 :

/2229

/2211

/2212

41