Positive number ‘, set te i. of © to N on D inthe righthand ‘lot, read on L beneath the slot index the requlred mantis Bxample L. Using the slide rae, find log’, Solution. ‘To 85 an D set the Li. of Cat the slot index, read the required mantissa, namely 54.” By the rule of characteris ‘of logarithms (which i stated below in this section), the chars ‘acteristics of log35 is 1. ‘Therefore, lod — 1548 ‘rar ore The characteristic ofthe logarithm of a number which has an {negrot part in? less than the number of digits in the éategral part, ‘Thos the characteristics of the logarithms of 4, 40, 400 are 0,12, respectively. The characteristic ofthe logarithm of « proper desimal is nepa- tive and 1 greatér except for sign than the aunber of sero Detiecen the decimal point and the frat noncero digit, Th the ‘characteristics ofthe logarithms of, 04,004 are 1, —2, —3, respectively ‘Second method. With L outward, set the zero of to Non D. Set the indicator to the Li. of D; under the indleator, reed the ‘mantiaca of the logarithm of N of TE we are given the value f logN sind desire to find N, we may do ao by reversing the procedure of either of the methods just described ‘Bxample 2. Given logN — 1.482: find ¥. Since the characteristic of logis 1, there are two dts tothe left of the decimal point iN We complete th solution e follows, using the second mathod. Set the Indiestor tothe i of Ds fet, 133 on to the indicator: Under the ero of Freud the answer, 7.0, on D. EXERCISE FOR THE READER 16 “ta Instruction Manual for BRUNING SLIDE RULE NO. 2401 (6 en nour AW-CLOD-K-SL AND T SCALES @& CHARLES BRUNING COMPANY, INCBN cathe ARO o Instruction Manual for BRUNING SLIDE RULE NO. 2401 USES OF THE RULE This rule afords one of the quickest and easiest ways of earrying cut multiplications, divisions and certain other types of computations (Gehich are mentioned inthe second paragraph below) when the rests te be obtained are nat required to be more than 98.5 pereent accurate ‘This means thatthe slid rule should usually be reliable to thre digits Multpications divisions, ete, not easly performed mentally oF by brie pene eomputation ean be quickly completed on the slide rule THE THREE PARTS OF THE RULE ‘This rule consist of throe parts (Fg. 1), namely (1) a main body or ‘rame which bears sales, D, K: (2) aside, which moves in grooves E CSG nay boetoeen the outside strips of the main body and bears sales, C, Cl, and (3) a runner that Is made of glass and which bears a hairiine. Al of part (2) fs frequently referred to in slide-rule Iterature as the Indicator. Realising that it it the hairline which indiater postion, ‘we call this harline itself the indientor, ‘Therefore, we consider the slide rule as consisting of a main body, «aide, ad an fndlentor (hai- Tine) —the several scales on the main body snd on the slide belng divided, sub-divided, and sub-sub-ivided by rulings of logarithmle scales; by this statement, we meen that each seale of the rule hears . sats of marks which divide the sale into three kinds of divisions, Called primary, secondary, and tertiary divisions, We explain such Aisisions in Section 1 below SUGGESTED METHOD OF LEARNING TO USE THE SLIDE RULE [Learn the following things (which we refer toa steps) in order 1. How to read the C and D scales, 2. How to multiply, divide and solve proportions. ‘8 How to find the aquareo the square roa of «number: 44 How to ind the cube or the evbe rot of «number 5 How to find the recipreal of a number. 6, How to multiply or divide by use ofthe CI ad seals. 7. How to find the product of three factors at one setting of the slide hy use of the C, CI and scales How to divide and multiply successively. How to find sines of angles by use of the S, A, and B scales; and how to find associated cosecants, cosines, and secant, 10, How to find tangents of angles. 11, How to salve certain triangle problems with one setting of the side. 12, How to nd logarithms of given numbers, and numbers which have given logarithms. ‘We discos Steps 1 to 12 in 12 cetions which follow. Phrourhout this Aiseussion, th reader should understand the terms signifeont figures. For the purposes of slide rule calculations, in any number the ag nlléant figures start with the Rest figure to the left that Is not zero tnd end with the last frure to the right that is not zero. But since ‘the 5” slide rule eannot be read closer than to three figures we will beconcerned only with the Get three significant Sgures of any number in reading and setlng the rte 1, How to Read the € and D Seales ‘The Cand D scales are identical (ee Figs 2, $, below) : Cis on the slide and D is on the main body. Fig. 2 shows the primary marks on C and D. These are 1 [whichis wt the extreme left and is alld the left index (L.)1, 2 3, et to 9, followed by another 1 [which sealed the right fndex (#1) ]. The iread as follows: 10 when the iis read 1; 100 when the Le read 10; 1000 when ‘the Lis fa read 100; 1 when the Li is read 1 when the Lie read 1; te "The fst sgntfcant digit of a number is represented by one ofthe primary marks (Pig. 2). Fo example th itn 82 would berepreserte by the mak the leds nF 8 Fig. 3 shows the primary and secondary marks on € and D. The second significant digit of « number le represented hy either a secondary or by a primary mark. For an example of the former ‘ype, consider 11. To represent 11, we would let the Lon D represent 10. Then the Best 1 Lo the right of the L1,(betneen 1 and 2) would represent 10 4-1— 11, In Fig. one arrow is drawn through TT and another through 62. For an example in ‘which the second significant digit of « number is represented by 4 primary mark, see Example | below. PPSLEAER tonite data Fig d shows the complate Cad Dacles ofthis slide rule. From the Ti, to the ri Ht contains 10 secondary divisions to each primary division and tertiary dvisons as follower: from the li 102, 5 tertiary divisions to each secondary division; from 2 to 2 tertiary divisions to each secondary division’ and from 5 tothe +, no tertiary division. We next present several examples which indeate how to leate on D numbers that have three significant dligit. Bxample 1, Locate 102 on D. Solution. Let the Li on D represent 100, Then the fist tertiary mark tothe right (Fig. 5) represents 100-4 4 200-100) = 100 +2 — 102 since there are 60 tertiary divisions between 1 and 2 (here 100 ‘and 200) Note, If we should let the 11 on D represent 10,1, or 1, then the position just determined in Bxarnple 1 to represent 102 would represent 10:2, 1.02, oF 102, respectively. Example 2, Locate 250,251, 252, 258, 25, 255 on D. Solution. Let the Lion D represent’ 100, so that the primary 4 os marks 2 and (Fig. 6) represent 200 and 200, respectively. Then the fh secondary mark to the right of 2, through which the Sippbeepstthatlotte arrow tothe fa dra, psn 250, The next mak he Panwa tray es hi epee 250 + (300-200) — 250.4 5 ~ 265 ine there are 20 tertiary divisions between 2 and 8 (here 200 ‘and 300). The arrow to the right passes through this tertiary mark, To represent 251, 252, 263, 54, one estimates potions i234 which are, respectively, 2 2,3, 4 ene way from the former mark ee eas (left arrow) to the latter (eight arrow) Note. If we should let the Lion D represent 10, then the positions located in Example 2 would represent 25.0, 25.1, 25:2, 253, 254, 255, Bxample 3. Locate 640, 645, 60 on D. Solution. Let the Lion D represent 100, so that the primary marks 6 and 7 (Fg. 7) represent 600 and 700, especivels ‘Then ‘the fourth secondary mark to the right of 6, through which the row is drawn, represents 640. (There are no tertiary matks between 6 and 7). ‘The fifth secondary mark to the right of 6 the frst one to the right ofthe arrow, represents 650. To repre ent 645, one estimates a postion half way between the arrow fd the free mark tits right Note. If we should let the Li, on D represent 1, then the postions located in Example 3 would represent 640, 645, 8.50, EXERCISE FOR THE READER ‘erty oebaps By ald of he indent) tha teatro in Pi. 8 may be Pale ad eplada ete olen2 How to Maltiply, Divide, and Solve Proportions. Example 1. Multiply 2by 8. Over 2.00 D set the Lion © (Fig. 9) Under 3 on C, reall the answer, 6, on D. Example 2 Multiply 37 by 69, Set the ri. on Cover 69 on D, ‘under 17 on C, read the answer, 1170, on D. Since the last digits of 1 and 69 areT and 8, respectively, and 7X 9-68, the exact product would end in 8. Therefore, our sngwer isin error by 3 In the fourth place. Note. In Example 1, we used the Li of C and in Example 2, wo sad the Hivof C. If-on uaing one Index of C, the factor on the Slide falls beyond the Timite of D, then the other index of C is ‘the proper one to we ‘Role for multiplication. To multiply wo numbers together: Set the proper index of C tone number on D: ‘inde the ether number nC, read the produet on D. Example 8. Divide 9 by 3. ‘Over 9 on P set 3 on © (Pig. 10): ‘nderthe 11 of C, read the answer 8, on D. Brample 4, Divide 18.8 by 295. Set 29.5 on Cover 13.800 De Under the raf , read the anawer, 163, on D. Rule for division, Remembering. that neil = Quotient, we state: : set the divisor on C over the dividend on D: Linder the index of C, wea the quotient on D. PROPORTION. Example 5. If 5 yards of cloth east $230, how much would 30 ‘yards cost? We ish to find ¥ in the proportion 2.90 X =m Set 5 on Cover 2.80 on Di Under 80'onC, read X — 18.80 on D. ‘Therefore the cost of 80 yards would be 818.80. Note. In Example the denominators and 80 were bath on ‘andthe numerators 20 and X were both on D. Sine the C and D Scales are dential, ther roles eould be interehanged, thus putting Band 80 both on D, and 2-80 and X both on C. [Note 2, In Example , we read on D beneath 30 on € to find the eost of 30 yards of cloth, ‘We could have read on D beneath ny number Non C to have found the eost of N’yards of the same lath EXERCISE FOR THE READER (e217 on oer 18 on D; ender ro rad oD 5 18 (ow Prion 9) (6 fam iain trav, 2400 en rol take Ec ee ters fe Had ‘8, How to Find the Square or the Square Root of « Number. "The A and B scales are identical, and each one of these is 8 double scale: Bach ofthe two A scales la built according to prin- ‘lples of logarithms, as Is the seale, but each A sale i ust half ts long as the D. Due to this fact, any number Non Ais the Square of the corresponding number N’ on Dz a, N= (x) NB ‘We presently apply equations (1) in examples Example 1, Find the square of 205. Solution. Set the indicator to 20.5 on Dz under the indicator read the answer, 870 (rather than 87.0 or S700), on A. (See Fig. 11.) 1on N= (9 NON, ‘We present apply equations (1) in example. ‘Example 1. Find the cube of 62. Solution. Set the indicator to 52 on D: under the indicator, read the answer, 141 (rather than 1.1 or 1410), 0n K (See Fig. 12). Note. The result in Bxample I may be interpreted as implving ‘thatthe aquare of 2.95 is 870; that of 205 j0870; that of 0206 4s 000870; that of 295 is 87000, to thre significant digits, whieh are (8, 7,0), the zero here being the first one tothe right of 7 In 7000; ee Example 2. Find the length ofthe side of square whoee area is 4550. ft Solution. Since 45 has an even numberof dit to the left of Its decimal point (45.), we use the right hand A scale, Set the indieator to 45 on this sale: under the indicator, reed the answer, {67 (in feet), on D. (The three figure result would be 670 feet In thie ean). Example 2 ustrates how to fnd the aquare rot of any number 1 with an even number of digits tothe left of tle decimal point land this procedure holds also for numbers like 45, 0048, -00045, ‘hich ean be obtained by aifting the decimal point in Nan even umber of places tothe left. (See Problems 7,8 In the next st af exereaee for the reader). If the square rot of a number N with an odd member of digits to the left of ite deinal point ts desired, Ysste the number on the left hand A seale and ite equare root on Dy ad similar pro- cedure applies for numbers like 06, 0006 which ean be obtalned from one of these numbers NV by shifting Ite deelmal point an sven number of places to the left. (See Problem 9 in the next Tis of exerlss) EXERCISE FOR THE READER i nee Symes Snel ee How io Find the Cube or the Cube Root of Number, “There are three K eens, each of which le constricted according to principles of logarithms and is just one-third as long as the D scale. Due to this fact, any number Non Kris the eabe of the corresponding number Nan 8 Note. The result in Example T may be interpreted as implying thatthe cube of 52 is 141; that of 082 fe 000141; that of 82 is 141000, — each result being to three significant figures. Example 2. Find the length of the edge ofa cube whose volume ‘35 euble feet Solution. Since 85 has two figures tothe left of ite desimal point (88), We use the middle K seal. Set the indleator to 35.00 this scale! under the indicator, read the answer, 2:27 (in fet), on D. If we wish to find the eube root of any number X’ which has 2,5,8,...02-4 30 (w any positive Integer) digits tothe eft of ite decimal point, we locate N on the middle K-scale. Similarly, EN has 1 4 7.1 3 digit to the left of ite decimal point, wwe loate Won the left hand HK seale; and if has, 6 9, 3-4 dn digits to the let ofits decimal point, we locate N om the righthand X sale, Tn the last paragraph, n was restricted tobe a postive integer. However ifthe given number, N, be a deelmal fraction, each satement of that parasraph still applies. Shift the decimal point fo the right three places at's time until one or more sigmifeant figures are to the left of the transposed deeimal paint, then choose the correet KC scale as noted in the preceding paragraph. By Inspection and approximation determine the decimal pont in the result. For example to find the cube root of 000195, we shift ‘the decimal point 2(3) — 6 places tothe right, getting 125, whose cube root i'5 (as one dds by using the rhe hand K scale and 'D). Then it is easly seen that the cube root of -125 Is 5 and of 000125 in 05, EXERCISE FOR THE READER ye af th ide rue, writ he Zing rms, ech of which cm nce en of the guano E(B e296 (45)"= 01 (ode naar intern. °5. How to Find the Reciprocal of a Given Number. ‘The Cl scale Isa C sale inverted, asthe eters C and J suggest Consequently, the CY scale is read from right to left. For any position of the indicator on Ci, the number located is the Feelprveal of the corresponding namber on C, and vee versa, The Feelproeal of any timber is 1 divided by that number. ‘We will ilustrate the determination of the relprocal of «given number ‘with an example Example 1, Find the reciprocal of 4 First solution, St th indicator to Con © (Fig. 13) and under the Indiator read the snawer, 25, on CI ‘Second salution, Set the indfeatar to don CI, and read the answer, 25,08 C. "From Example 1 it follows thatthe reciprocal of is 25, of 40 1 025 of 400 is 0025, ete How to Mukpty or Divide by Use of the C1 and D Seales. “The next two examples are merely o prepare the reader for Section esti ese the reader ta earry out simple mdtipi- tations and diviione by the method of Section 2. Example I, BY use ofthe Cl and D scales, multiply 25 by 29. Solution. Set the indlator to 38 on D; bring 25 on Cl to the Indicator; and tinder the FJ. on C, read the answer, 828, on D (Fig. 1). We could have interchanged'the rola of 88 and 25 in solving Example 1. Generally, mltiplleation ‘with CY and D can be carried out as follows: to multiply two factors together, set the {ndieator to one factor on D; bring the other factor on CI to the indieator; and read the answer on D at that index of C which fon the sete, w ‘Example 2, By use ofthe CF and D seals, divide $45 by 18. Solution, Set the 14, of € 40 348 on D; move the indieator to 38 fon Cl and read the answer, 192, under the indieator on D. ‘Generally division with C1 an D can be carried out as follows: to divide 4 given number « by a another number by set the (appropriate) index of to 2 on Ds move the indicator to b on tr and read the answer under the indicator on D. How to Find the Product of Three Factors at One Setting of the ‘Slide hy Use of the €, C1, and D Seales We give one example which relates the desired procedure to that which was deed in slving Example 1 of Section 6. Example 1. By use of the CI, D, and C seales, compute the value of 23 88 x (645) Solution, Repetition of Example 1, Section 6, locates 25 x33 — B26, under the r4. of C on D. Our present problom i, therefore, to tnd the product of 825 (645). The ri, of C being on 825 fon D, we read under 645 on C, the answer, 582 on D (Fig. 15), the renlt being obviously greater than 58.2 and las than 5820, EXERCISE FOR THE READER By ae oe Be Gh, gn Cues, comte eh of the following pacts 3 ire ah (ou) 1. 48x (an gest i BERS aD, ee res How to Divide and Multiply Successive. Example 1. By use ofthe slide ral compute the value Solution, (1) Set 72 on C over 5 on Ds (2) move indicator o 48 on ©; » (2) tnder indicator, read the answer, 328 on D.55 ee 64, was under the ri. of Con D. Step (2) multiplied thi ‘quotient by 43, Tes interesting to noe that In solving Example TRinnot neventary to read the value ofthe quotient just mentioned Bxample 2. By use of the slide role, compute the value of 645 77 x Coa) a5 B85 (051) Solution. (1) Set 585 0n € over 615.00 Ds (2) move the indicator to 77 on C3 (8) bring 68 on C under the indiestors (1) move the indiestor t9 048 on Cs (5) bring 051 on C under the indiator; (6) under Li. of C, read the answer, 1.18 on D. Discussion. After Stop (1), the value of the quotient ©, nearly EXERCISE FOR THE READER ESI oy9, (See Example) ed = 176 (See Rramnle 2 nate ha the ld at How to Find Sines of Angles by Use ofthe S, 4, and I Scales: and How to Find Associated Conecants Cosines, ‘fan anglea is as large as "(34 minutes) and thore ave two main ways of nding ite (natural ate and illustrate present. First method of finding snes of anges. Place the Sand T scales ‘outward, with the of Aallgned with that ofS. Then, to find the Sine of any angle move the indeator to a.on S and under the Indlestor read sina on Second method of finding snes of angles. With S and 7 on the rovers side ofthe aide, set the upper index line Inthe eight hand | Hot on the revere slde ofthe rule to any angle on the S scale ‘then read the sine of thie angle under the r-of on Caution. Before exemplifying the last two paragraphs above, ‘we remark that all (natural) sines that are read on the left hand ‘Aor B acle have one 20 between the decimal point andthe rt Sgaiieant figure, while ines that are read on the right hand ‘Aor B scale have no zero between the decimal point and the frst amie fire 2 Example 1. Find sind0° by the fst method, and by the second rethod Solution. Proceeding exactly as directed by the fist method, we find sinS0° opposite 5 onthe second scale. Therefore, sind0° — 5. Then applying the second method, we find that 6 on the second B scale is under the ri. of A when the ange sat the upper Index mark inthe right slot on the reverse side of the rule (See Fig. 16) and so we conclude here also that sins? — 3, tat Note. In applying the second method, there Is no difelty in ‘nding cosecants of angles. ‘They are read over the Li of on or example, inthe setting lat used, we found sint0 — & under ther of A’on B. At the same time, over the Li. of B, we find Bon A; that i, e530" — 2 The second method is adeantageous in that it gives cooceanta and eines simultaneously. CCosines of angles can be found from snes by use of the known formula, @ sin(20°—2) — eos, ‘Thus, from the ease. — 60° of (1), we have sin(90° —60°) — ne"? @ sint0® — cos. Hence, from Example 1, we know that cos60° — 5, Further, seoonts can be found from cosines by the known equation (a) seer — + For example, with 2 — 60°, we know from (3) that sec60? is the reciprocal of; that is, a6e60° — 2 ‘Example 2. Find sind” 90” and cue? 80. Solution. With $ and T on the reverse se of the rule, we set 2° 300m tothe upper index mark Inthe right slots then under the r4of A we read on the frst B scale 0436:sin2™ BO’ — 0486, ‘With the sume setting, we read over the Li. of B on A the value of acl! 0" ea” 0° — 229, Sines of anges less than 3. The simplest method of ling snes of such angles sto reverse Fy10. the slid, turning S and 7 outward, and proceed as in the follow. Ing examples, Example 8, Find sint2' on the slide rule, Solution. Set the minute gauge mark on S to 12 0n A ‘over whichever index of Sis om the tule, ead ala" 0085 on Note, Since ifs known that sini? — 0008 nearly, in Example 3 ‘evo oros should precede the first significant figure ofthe answer. Example 4 Find sinh" onthe slide rule Solutio ‘Set the second gauge mark on 5 to 86 on A: ver the Lc af SFead sing" -—000175 on Note. Since it is known that aint” —,000005. nearly, in Example 4, three eros should precede the fist significant figure ofthe ansver. How to Find Tangents of Angles. ‘No angle less than 5° 4 ean be read on T. However, for slide vale purpose, the tangent of any angle Tess than 5° 43" may be {ken equal to the sine of the angle. Therefore, the tangent of ‘igh an angle can be found by methods previously given. "To read the natural tangent of any angle between 5° 43° and 45°, place the Sand 7 sealeson the reverse side of the rule, set the anale on T tothe lower Index mark In the right hand slot, land then read over ther of Don C the desired tangent. Further ‘second method isto pace the S and 7 seals outward align the Indices of T and D, and read diretly on D the tangents of opposite “angles on, as ilitrated in Example 1 below. Tangents readin ‘ither ofthese ways have no sero between the delmal plat and ‘the fret signieant figure. Example 1 Find tando" first solution, Place the S and T scales on the reverse side ofthe ules get 40° on tothe lower index mark inthe ight hand slot ‘over the #, of D read on C the answer, tand0® — £99. ‘Second solution, ‘Pace the $ and 7 scales outward, with indices of D and 7 aligned; tet the Indicator to 40° on 1 under the Indleator, radon D the answer, tant0® — 839. ‘Remark. It is known that tans and cote are reciprocals of each other, when they sre numbers diffrent from zero. Consequently, In the setting used in the frst solution of Example 1, one ean teal wnder the Lic af Con D the cotangent of 50°: eot40” — 1.18 But cote — tan(90° — 2), and so tan(80" — 40°) — tanko® — 119, ‘The frst method of solution of Example 1 ean be used to find the tangent ad the tangent of any angle frm 6° 43" to 45° M From these cotangents (tangents), one obtains, by the forma a ‘tan(90" 2) — cate, the tangents (eotangents) of acute angles tha ‘Example 2. Find tan” 207 and eot7” 20: Solution. Place the S and T sealer onthe reverse side of Uhe rule; set 7°20" on T to the lowor index mark in the right hand slot lover the ri of D, wad on C the rest tan? 20° 128: under the Li of G read on D the result eat” 20" — 1.7. Note. Applying equation (1) in connection with the nevus of smple 2, we tnd tan82" 40° 7.7, eot82" 40r— 128 11, How to Solve Certain Tolangle Problems with One Setting of the Side. 1 the anges of any triangle are A, B, C andthe corresponding opposite ides area, respectively, then the fllowing equations sre known to held sind __ sin _ sine a eas epee o a be 1 Ia eustomary to all relations (1) the aw of ses. In par. tlealar, if C= 20", s0 that sinc — 1, then (1) redes 0 io ind sini a be 1m the following example, we use the slide rule In connection with (2) to salve a right triangle with one setting of the alle Example 1. Given A— 42", 097.5; solve the right trlanele ‘ABC {in which C— 50°). Solution, We are to find B,D, ¢. B= 90° — A — 48°, The prow Partlon tobe solved is (See (3)) sings? a ‘We complete the slation a follows Set 42° on S under $7.5 on A (Gator second A seal) Over 48° on § read b= 410m A Der 30° on 5! rede — 589 on With Cod" a‘tngle setting of the slide slo sues when A and ¢, Band eo B and b are ven Remark. Inthe solution of trlanles, various proportions are employed; and if slide rote accuracy is aufletent, the slide rile Solution should Ye used because of the sped with which ft can te obtained 12, How to Find Logarithms of Have Given Logarithms. First method. To find the mantissa ofthe logarithm of « given 6 larger than 45°. iven Numbers and Numbers Which