chapter 2 RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES igelines in Citing Related Literature and Studies Gul . A Characteristics of the Materials Cited The following are the characteristics of related Titerature and gudies that should be cited: (Repeated for emphasis) N 1. The materials must be as recent as Possible. This is important because of the rapid social, political, Scientific, and technologi- cal changes. Discoveries in historical and archaeological research have also changed some historical facts. Researchers in education and psychology are also making great strides. So, findings fifteen years ago may have little value today unless the study is a comparative inquiry about the past and the present. Mathematical and statistical Procedures, however, are a little more stable. . Materials must be as objective and unbiased as possible. Some materials are extremely one sided, either politically or reli- giously biased. These should be avoided. . Materials must be relevant to the Study. Only materials that have some similarity to or bearing on the problem researched on, should be cited. - Materials must not be too few but not too many. They must be sufficient enough to give the researcher insight into his prob- Jem or to indicate the nature of the present investigation. The number may also depend upon the availability of related materials, This is especially a problem with pioneering studies Naturally, there are few related materials or even none ae Ordinarily, from fifteen to twenty-five may do pra en thesis and from twenty and above for a doctoral dis: 1.i their availability ang depending upon depth discussions. The numbers, however, are ONLY supe wgth not imperative. These are only the usual Aumbe, BBestive Ot theses and dissertations surveyed, Foran Undergeae ree about ten may do. Nate thee Ways of Citing Related Literature and Studies The following are the ways of citing related literature 1, By author or writer, In this method the ideas Studigg, principles, although they have the same Meanie, Facts, 9, plained or discussed separately and cited in the foon APE gy. their respective authors or writers, tote With Examples: According to Enriquez, praise helps much: learning, etc., etc. ' Nuch in Maglaque found out that praise is an important face learning, etc., etc.? \Ctor in Footnotes: ‘Pedro Enriquez. The Dynamics of Teaching and Learn. ing. Manila: Canlaon Publishing Company, Inc., 1981, p. 102 ? Juan Maglaque, “Factors Affecting Children’s Leaming in Pag-asa District,” (Unpublished Master’s Thesis, San Gregorio College, San Gregorio City, 1984.) 2. By topic. In this case, if different authors or writers have the same opinion about the same topic, the topic is discussed and cited under the names of the authors or writers. ‘This isa summary of their opinions. This is to avoid separate and long discussions of the same topic. Example: It has been found out that praise is an imporatt aid in the leaming of children.! Footnote: . “gr ' Pedro Enriquez, The Dynamics of Teaching oT : 10 ing, Manila: Canlaon Publishing Company, Inc.. ene and Juan Maglaque. “Bactore Affecting Children’s” (Unpublished) Master's Thesi San San Gregorio City, 1984), (Note: These are sand : a yore Colley fictitiows names) spronological, Related materials may also be cited chrono- cl “that is, according 40 the year they were written, wees which were written catlicr should be cited first sein those which were written later, This can be done especially when citation is by author or writer, If citation is by topic. chronological citation can be done in the footnote, What two Cite It should be emphasized that only the major findings, ideas, ralizations, principles, or conclusions in related materials relevant en problem under investigation should be discussed in this chapter. Goenlly, such findings, ideas, gencralizations, principles, or conclu- gons are summarized, paraphrased, or synthesized. D. Quoting a Material Amaterial may be quoted if the idea conveyed is so perfectly stated oritis controversial and it is not too long. Itis written single spaced with wider margins at the left and right sides of the Paper but without any quotation marks. : Example: Suppose the following is a quotation: Said Enriquez, Praise is an important factor in children’s Icaming. Itencourages them to study theirlessons harder. Praise, however, should be given very appropriately.? Footnote: Ibid. Justification of the Study Itshould be made clear that there is no duplication of other studies. The present inquiry may only be a replication of another study. It should be stressed also that inspite of similar studies, the present study is still Necessary to find out if: the findings of studies in other places are also true inthe locale of the present study. There may also be a need to one With the present investigation to affirm or negate the findings of other inquiries about the same research problem or topic so that gener: