1

AI HOC QUOC GIA THANH PHO HO CH MINH

TRNG AI HOC BACH KHOA

Hoang Viet

KY THUAT IEN CAO AP

Tap 2

QUA IEN AP
TRONG
HE THONG IEN
(Tai ban lan th hai co bo sung, chnh l)

NHA XUAT BAN AI HOC QUOC GIA

THANH PHO HO CH MINH - 2007

MUC LUC
Li noi au 5 ......................................................................................................... 5
Chng 1. SET - NGUON GOC CUA QUA IEN AP KH QUYEN ............. 7
1.1 Cac giai oan phat trien cua phong ien set ....................................... 7
1.2 Cac tham so chu yeu cua set - cng o hoat ong cua set .............. 14
Chng 2. QUA TRNH SONG TREN NG DAY TAI IEN .................28
2.1 S truyen song ien t tren ng day khong ton hao ....................... 28
2.2 Hien tng phan xa va khuc xa cua song: qui tac Petersen ............... 32
2.3 S phan s nhieu lan cua song .......................................................... 43
2.4 Vai phng phap tnh toan qua trnh truyen song bang o th ........... 51
2.5 Qui tac ve song ang tr ..................................................................... 59
2.6 Qua trnh truyen song trong he thong nhieu day dan ........................ 63
2.7 S bien dang cua song ..................................................................... 669
Chng 3. BAO VE CHONG SET ANH TRC TIEP CHO HE THONG
IEN .................................................................................................75
3.1 Khai niem chung ................................................................................ 77
3.2 Xac nh pham vi bao ve cua cot thu set - mo hnh
A. Kopian .......................................................................................... 77
3.3 Pham vi bao ve cua day chong set .................................................... 84
3.4 Cac yeu cau ky thuat kinh te khi dung he thong cot thu set e
bao ve set anh thang cho tram bien ap va nha may ien ................ 87
3.5. Ly thuyet mo hnh ien hnh hoc ...................................................... 92
Chng 4. NOI AT TRONG HE THONG IEN .........................................112
4.1 Cac khai niem chung ....................................................................... 112
4.2 ien tr tan noi at tan so cong nghiep R~................................... 116
4.3 ien tr tan cua noi at chong set ................................................... 122
4.4 Anh hng cua chat at va thi tiet en ien tr noi at ................ 131
4.5 Cac yeu cau ve kinh te ky thuat khi thiet ke he thong noi at cho
tram va ng day tai ien .............................................................. 133
4.6 Phng phap dien tch e tnh ien tr tan cua li noi at ................. 136
Chng 5. BAO VE CHONG SET CHO NG DAY TAI IEN ............141
5.1 ng loi tong quat e tnh toan ch tieu chong set cua ng day tai
ien................................................................................................. 135

5.2 Qua ien ap cam ng ....................................................................... 146

5.3 Set anh trc tiep vao ng day khong co day chong set ............. 150
5.4 Set anh tren ng day co day chong set ...................................... 157
Chng 6. THIET B CHONG SET .................................................................170
6.1 Khai niem chung .............................................................................. 170
6.2 Khe h bao ve ................................................................................. 171
6.3 Thiet b chong set kieu ong ............................................................. 172
6.4 Thiet b chong set van (CSV) .......................................................... 169
6.5 Thiet b han che QA hay CSV khong co khe h ........................... 187
Chng 7. BAO VE CHONG SET TRUYEN VAO TRAM PHAN PHOI
IEN..................................................................................................189
7.1 Khai niem chung .............................................................................. 182
7.2 Bien phap va yeu cau oi vi viec bao ve chong set truyen vao tram .... 182
7.3 S o nguyen ly bao ve tram ........................................................... 188
7.4 Tham so tnh toan cua song set truyen vao tram va cach tnh ch
tieu chu set cua tram ....................................................................... 190
7.5 ien ap tren cach ien cua tram ..................................................... 192
Chng 8. BAO VE CHONG SET CHO MAY IEN QUAY .......................208
8.1 Bao ve cach ien may ien quay chong song set truyen vao theo
ng day tren khong ...................................................................... 201
8.2 Bao ve chong set cho may ien quay au vao ng day tren
khong qua may bien ap ................................................................... 204
Chng 9. QUA IEN AP NOI BO - NHNG TNH CHAT CHUNG
CUA QUA IEN AP NOI BO TRONG HE THONG IEN .......218
9.1 Phan loai Qua ien ap noi bo .......................................................... 209
9.2 Van e noi at iem trung tnh cua he thong ien .......................... 211
Chng 10. QUA IEN AP KHI CHAM AT MOT PHA BANG HO
QUANG TRONG LI CO TRUNG TNH CACH IEN .......224
10.1 Cham at mot pha on nh ............................................................. 215
10.2 Dien bien cua qua trnh cham at mot pha .................................... 226
10.3 Noi at iem trung tnh qua cuon dap ho quang ............................ 234
Chng 11. QUA IEN AP CONG HNG ..................................................243
11.1 Khai niem chung ............................................................................ 243
11.2 Cong hng ieu hoa ..................................................................... 235

Cac cau hoi on tap mon hoc Qua ien ap ..................................................260

Tai lieu tham khao ..............................................................................................272

Li noi au
Cach ien cua trang thiet b ien ap cao khong ch chu tac
dung thng xuyen, lau dai cua ien ap lam viec ma con phai chu
tac dung trong mot thi gian ngan hoac rat ngan cua nhng ien
ap tang cao ot ngot vt xa kha nang chu ng cua cach ien.
o la hien tng qua ien ap trong he thong ien.
QUA IEN AP TRONG HE THONG IEN trnh bay nguon
goc, dien bien va thong so cua cac dang qua ien ap cung nh cac
bien phap nham ngan nga, han che chung e bao ve cho cach
ien cua cac trang thiet b ien.
QUA IEN AP TRONG HE THONG IEN c bien soan
tren c s cua cuon sach Qua ien ap trong he thong ien dung
giang day cho sinh vien nhieu khoa cua nganh He thong ien va
c chnh sa, bo sung cap nhat thng xuyen.
Tuy nhien hien tng qua ien ap, ac biet la qua ien ap noi
bo rat a dang va phc tap, ma thi lng cho phep oi vi mon
hoc co gii han, nen tap sach nay cha the e cap ay u moi
dang qua ien ap ma ch neu mot vai dang tieu bieu ien hnh.
Tac gia hoan nghenh va xin chan thanh cam n moi gop y quy
bau cua oc gia.
Moi gop y xin gi ve: Bo mon He thong ien Khoa ien ien t, Trng ai hoc Bach khoa - ai hoc Quoc gia TPHCM.
ien thoai: 8 651 821.
TS. Hoang Viet

Chng

SET - NGUON GOC CUA

QUA IEN AP KH QUYEN
1.1 CAC GIAI OAN PHAT TRIEN CUA PHONG IEN SET
Set thc chat la mot dang phong ien tia la trong khong kh vi khoang
cach rat ln. Chieu dai trung bnh cua khe set khoang 35 km, phan ln chieu
dai o phat trien trong cac am may dong. Qua trnh phong ien cua set tng
t nh qua trnh phong ien tia la trong ien trng rat khong ong nhat vi
khoang cach phong ien ln. Chnh s tng t o a cho phep mo phong set
trong phong th nghiem e nghien cu nhng qui luat cua no va nghien cu
nhng bien phap bao ve chong set.
Hien nhien, set khac vi phong ien trong khong kh tien hanh trong
phong th nghiem khong ch qui mo ma con ac iem rieng biet cua
nguon ien ap cua no tc la nhng am may dong tch ien.
Thc te, s hnh thanh cac cn dong luon luon gan lien vi s xuat hien
cua nhng luong khong kh nong am khong lo t mat at boc len. Cac luong
khong kh nay c tao thanh hoac do s ot nong mat at bi anh nang mat
tri, ac biet cac vung cao (dong nhiet) hoac do s gap nhau cua nhng luong
khong kh nong am vi khong kh lanh nang (dong front), luong khong kh nong
am b ay len tren. cac vung oi nui cao, cac luong khong kh nong am trn
theo sn nui len cao o la dong a hnh. Sau khi a at c mot o cao nhat
nh (khoang vai km tr len), luong khong kh nong am nay i vao vung nhiet
o am, b lanh i, hi nc ngng tu lai thanh nhng giot nc li ti hoac thanh
cac tinh the bang. Chung tao thanh cac am may dong (H.1.1), con c goi la
may tch vu (Cumuloninbus).

Hnh 1.1 S phan bo ien tch trong mot am may dong

T lau, ngi ta a khang nh ve

nguon tao ra ien trng khong lo gia
cac may dong va mat at chnh la nhng
ien tch tch tu tren cac hat nc li ti va
cac tinh the bang cua cac am may dong
o. Nhng do au co s nhiem ien cua
cac hat nc va tinh the bang cung nh
s phan li cac ien tch th co nhieu gia
thuyet khac nhau va cha c hoan
toan nhat tr (trong pham vi cuon sach
nay se khong i sau vao cac gia thuyet o). V du, co gia thuyet cho rang,
di tac dung cua ien trng cua qua at (qua at mang mot ien tch am
khoang 5,410+5C), cac hat nc b phan cc, au di nhan ien tch
dng va au tren nhan ien tch am (H.1.2).
Cac giot nc ln, do trong lng cua no ri xuong gap cac ion t do
(gan mat at co khoang 600 oi ion trong mot cm3 khong kh, cang len cao mat
o ion cang cao) bay cham hn trong khong kh, hap thu cac ion am bang au
dng cua no pha trc va ay cac ion dng t do ra xa. Ket qua la giot
nc mang ien tch am tha.
Cac giot nc be a phan cc, th b cac luong khong kh ay len pha
tren hap thu cac ion dng bang au am cua mnh, ay ion am t do ra xa va
do o mang ien tch dng tha. Nh vay theo gia thuyet nay, phan di cua
cac am may dong mang ien tch am, phu hp vi thc te la phan ln cac
phong ien set xuong at (8090%) co cc tnh am. Nhng gia thuyet nay van

cha giai thch c mot thc te, la hn mot na the tch cua am may khong
phai c tao thanh t cac giot nc ma t cac tinh the bang va bong tuyet
ma hnh dang va cau tao cua chung lam cho chung kho co the b phan cc bi
ien trng cua qua at.
Tom lai, cac gia thuyet cho en nay eu cha giai thch c mot cach
triet e ve nguon ien tch cua cac am may dong va s phan li chung, khien
ngi ta ngh rang trong thc te co the co nhieu nguyen nhan ong thi tac
ong va rat phc tap.
Nhng co ieu chac chan la trong suot cn dong, cac ien tch dng va
ien tch am b cac luong khong kh manh liet tach ri nhau, gan lien vi s
phan bo cac tinh the bang tuyet tren tang nh va cac giot nc ma tang
ay cua am may dong. S tach ri ien tch nay tuy thuoc vao o cao cua
am may, nam trong khoang t 20010.000m, vi tam cua chung cach nhau
c khoang t 3005000m. Lng ien tch trong cac am may tham gia vao
cn set vao khoang t 1100C va co the cao hn. ien the cua cac am may
dong vao khoang 107108V. Nang lng toa ra bi mot cn set khoang
250kWh.
Ket qua quan trac cho thay phan di cua cac am may dong chu yeu
cha ien tch am, do o cam ng tren mat at nhng ien tch dng tng
ng va tao nen mot tu ien khong kh khong lo. Cng o ien trng trung
bnh ni ong nhat thng t khi qua 1kV/cm, nhng ca biet ni mat o ien
tch cao, hoac ni co vat dan ien tot nho len cao tren mat at ien trng cuc
bo co the cao hn nhieu va co the at en ngng ion hoa khong kh ( mat
at tr so nay 2530kV/cm va cang len cao cang giam, o cao mot vai km
giam con khoang 10kV/cm) se gay ion hoa khong kh tao thanh dong plasma,
m au cho qua trnh phong ien set phat trien gia may dong va mat at.
Qua trnh phong ien set nay gom co ba giai oan chu yeu:
1- Thoat tien xuat phat t may dong mot dai sang m keo dai tng t
gian oan ve pha mat at vi toc o trung bnh khoang 105106 m/s. ay la
giai oan phong ien tien ao tng t c goi la tien ao bac (stepped
leader). Kenh tien ao la mot dong plasma mat o ien tch khong cao lam,
khoang 10131014 ion/m3. Mot phan ien tch am cua may dong tran vao kenh
va phan bo tng oi eu doc theo chieu dai cua no (H.1.3a).

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Hnh 1.3 Cac giai oan phong ien set va bien thien cua dong ien set theo thi gian
a) Giai oan phong ien tien ao (1)
b) Tia tien ao en gan mat at, hnh thanh khu vc ion hoa manh liet (2)
c) Giai oan phong ien ngc hay phong ien chu yeu (3)
d) Phong ien chu yeu ket thuc, dong set at gia tr cc ai (4)

Thi gian phat trien cua tia tien ao moi t keo dai trung bnh khoang
1s, tng ng tia tien ao dai them trung bnh c khoang vai chuc met en
bon nam chuc met. Thi gian tam ngng phat trien gia hai t lien tiep
khoang 3090s.
ien tch am t may tran vao kenh tien ao bang Q = l vi l la chieu
dai kenh. ien tch nay thng chiem khoang 10% lng ien tch chay vao
at trong mot lan phong ien set. Di tac dung cua ien trng tao nen bi
ien tch am cua may dong va ien tch am trong kenh tien ao, se co s tap
trung ien tch cam ng trai dau (ien tch dng) tren vung mat at pha di
am may dong. Neu vung at pha di co ien dan ong nhat th ni ien
tch tap trung se nam trc tiep di kenh tien ao. Neu vung at pha di co
ien dan khac nhau th ien tch cam ng se tap trung chu yeu vung ke can,
ni co ien dan cao nh vung quang kim loai, vung at am, ao ho, song ngoi,
vung nc ngam, ket cau kim loai cac nha cao tang, cot ien, cay cao b t
trong ma... va ni o thng la ni o bo cua set.
Cng o ien trng au kenh tien ao trong phan ln giai oan phat
trien cua no (trong may dong), c xac nh bi ien tch ban than cua kenh

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va cua ien tch tch tu am may. ng i cua kenh trong giai oan nay
khong phu thuoc vao tnh trang cua mat at va cac vat the mat at, phng
co cng o ien trng cao nhat phu thuoc vao nhieu nhan to ngau nhien
phc tap. Ch khi kenh tien ao con cach mat at mot o cao nao o (o cao
nh hng), th mi thay ro dan anh hng cua s tap trung ien tch mat
at va cac vat dan nho khoi mat at oi vi hng phat trien tiep tuc cua
kenh. Kenh se phat trien theo hng co cng o ien trng ln nhat. Nh
vay, v tr o bo cua set mang tnh chon loc. Trong ky thuat, ngi ta a li
dung tnh chon loc o e bao ve chong set anh thang cho cac cong trnh,
bang cach dung cac thanh hoac day thu set bang kim loai c noi at tot, at
cao hn cong trnh can bao ve e hng set phong vao o, han che kha nang
set anh vao cong trnh.
nhng vat dan co o cao ln nh cac nha choc tri, cot ien ng day
cao ap, cot anten cac ai thu phat thanh, truyen hnh, bu ien... th t nh
cua no, ni ien tch trai dau tap trung nhieu lam cho cng o trng cuc bo
tang cao cung se ong thi xuat hien ion hoa khong kh, tao nen dong tien ao
phat trien hng len am may dong. Chieu dai cua kenh tien ao t di len
nay tang theo o cao cua vat dan, co the at en o cao mot vai tram met va
tao ieu kien de dang cho s nh hng cua set vao vat dan o. Qua trnh
nay thng c goi la qua trnh phong ien on set. Nhng au thu set the
he mi xuat hien vao nhng na m cu a tha p ky 80 va 90 the ky chnh la a
n g du n g hie u n g na y e ta ng kha nan g o n bat kenh tien ao t tren
may dong xuong, han che xac suat set anh vao cong trnh c bao ve.
2- Giai oan phong ien chnh (hay phong ien ngc). Khi kenh tien ao
xuat phat t may dong tiep can mat at (thi gian vao khoang 20ms) hoac tiep
can kenh tien ao ngc chieu, th bat au giai oan phong ien ngc hay
phong ien chnh, tng t nh cac qua trnh phong ien ngc trong chat kh
ien trng khong ong nhat (H.1.3.b). Trong khoang cach kh con lai gia au
kenh tien ao va mat at (hoac gia hai au kenh tien ao ngc chieu) cng
o ien trng tang cao gay nen ion hoa manh liet khong kh, dan en s hnh
thanh mot dong plasma mi, co mat o ien tch cao hn nhieu so vi mat o
ien tch cua kenh tien ao (1016 1019 ion/m3 ) , ien dan cua no tang len
hang tram, hang ngan lan, ien tch cam ng t mat at tran vao dong ngc
nay trung hoa ien tch am cua kenh tien ao trc ay va thc te au dong
mang ien the cua at, lam cho cng o ien trng khu vc tiep giap cua
hai dong plasma ngc chieu nhau tang len gay ion hoa manh liet khong kh

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khu vc nay va nh vay au dong plasma ien dan cao tiep tuc phat trien ngc
len tren theo ng a c don san bi kenh tien ao. Toc o cua kenh phong
ien ngc vao khoang 1, 5 107 1, 5 198 m/s (bang 0,05 0,5 toc o anh
sang) tc la nhanh gap tren tram lan toc o phat trien cua dong tien ao
(H.1.3c). V mat o ien tch cao ot nong manh liet nen kenh phong ien chnh
sang choi chang (o chnh la tia chp). Nhiet o trong kenh phong ien co the
en vai ba chuc ngan oC, (gap vai ba lan nhiet o tren be mat mat tri). Va s
dan n ot ngot cua khong kh bao quanh kenh phong ien chnh tao nen nhng
t song am manh liet, gay nen nhng tieng no chat chua (o la tieng sam) va
tieng ren am keo dai. ac iem quan trong nhat cua phong ien chnh la
cng o dong ln. Neu v la toc o cua phong ien chu yeu va la mat o
ng cua ien tch th dong ien set se at gia tr cao nhat khi kenh phong
ien chnh len en am may dong va bang Is = .v (H.1.3d). o chnh la dong
ngan mach khoang cach kh gia may-at, co tr so t vai kA en tren vai tram
kA.
3- Giai oan ket thuc c anh dau khi kenh phong ien
chnh len
ti am may, ien tch cam ng t mat at theo len, tran vao va trung hoa vi
ien tch am cua am may, mot phan nho cua so ien tch con lai cua may se
theo kenh phong ien chay xuong at va cung tao nen cho set anh mot dong
ien co tr so giam dan tng ng phan uoi song cua xung dong set. S toa
sang m dan. Trong 50% cac trng hp, s thao ien tch xuong at nay tao
nen mot dong khong oi khoang 100A, keo dai co the en 0,1s. Do thi gian
keo dai nh vay nen hieu ng nhiet do no gay nen cung khong kem phan
nguy hiem cho cac cong trnh b set anh.
Ket qua quan trac set cho thay rang, mot cn set thng gom nhieu lan
phong ien ke tiep nhau, trung bnh la ba lan, nhieu nhat co the en vai ba
chuc lan. Thi gian gia cac lan phong ien ke tiep nhau trung bnh khoang
3050ms, nhng co the keo dai en 0,1s neu co dong khong oi trong giai
oan ket thuc. Cac lan phong ien sau co dong tien ao phat trien lien tuc
(khong phai tng t nh lan au), khong phan nhanh va theo ung qu ao
cua lan au nhng vi toc o cao hn ( 2.106 m/s) , thng goi la tien ao hnh
kim (needle leader) cung con co ten goi la tien ao hnh mui ten (dart leader).
Moi lan phong ien tao nen mot xung dong set. Cac xung set sau thng co
bien o be hn, nhng o doc au song cao hn nhieu so vi xung au tien.
Mot cn set co the keo dai en 1,33s.

13

1- Giai oan tien ao; 2- Giai oan phong ien chu yeu;
3- Giai oan sau phong ien - sang m; 4- Tia tien ao hnh mui ten hoac hnh kim;
5- Giai oan tien ao cua cac cu set ke tuc; 6- Dong ien tien ao;
7- Dong ien chu yeu; 8- Dong ien trong giai oan sang m

Hnh 1.4 Qua trnh phat trien cua phong ien set

S phong ien nhieu lan cua set c giai thch nh sau: am may dong
co the co nhieu trung tam ien tch khac nhau, hnh thanh do cac dong khong
kh xoay trong may. Lan phong ien au tien, d nhien se xay ra gia at va
trung tam ien tch co cng o ien trng cao nhat.
Trong giai oan phong ien tien ao th hieu the cua trung tam ien tch
nay vi cac trung tam ien tch khac ke can thc te khong thay oi ang ke
va t co anh hng qua lai gia chung. Nhng khi kenh phong ien chu yeu a
len en may th trung tam ien tch au tien cua am may thc te mang ien
the cua at lam cho hieu the gia trung tam ien tch a phong vi cac trung
tam ien tch lan can tang len va co the dan en phong ien gia chung vi
nhau. Qua trnh nay xay ra rat nhanh. Trong khi o th kenh phong ien cu
van con mot ien dan nhat nh do s kh ion cha hoan toan, nen phong ien
tien ao lan sau theo ung qu ao o, lien tuc va vi toc o cao hn lan au.
Phong ien set cung co the xay ra gia cac am may mang ien tch khac
nhau hoac gia cac trung tam ien tch cua mot am may lng cc, tuy nhien
qua ien ap trong he thong ien, hoa hoan hoac h hong cac cong trnh tren
mat at ch xay ra khi co phong ien set ve pha mat at. V vay, ay ch
xet en set gia may dong va mat at cung tac hai cua no oi vi he thong
ien. Set may - at cung co the xay ra vi tien ao mang ien tch dng xuat
phat t phan mang ien tch dng cua am may, nhng rat hiem thay. Loai
set dng nay ch co mot xung duy nhat, co bien o dong va tong ien tch rat
ln, thi gian song keo dai. Tac dung pha hoai cua no rat ln, ac biet la hieu

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ng nhiet cua no.

1.2 CAC THAM SO CHU YEU CUA SET - CNG O HOAT ONG
CUA SET
Dong ien set nh hnh 1.5, co
dang mot song xung. Trung bnh
trong khoang vai ba micro giay, dong
ien tang nhanh en tr so cc ai tao
nen phan au song va sau o giam
xuong cham cham trong khoang
20 100s , tao nen phan uoi
song.
S lan truyen song ien t tao
nen bi dong ien set gay nen qua
ien ap trong he thong ien, do o
can phai biet nhng tham so chu yeu cua no.
- Bien o dong ien set vi xac suat xuat hien cua no.
- o doc au song dong ien set hoac thi gian au song s vi xac suat
xuat hien cua no.
- o dai song dong ien set s (tc thi gian cho en khi dong set giam
con bang 1/2 bien o cua no).
- Cc tnh dong ien set.
Ngoai ra, phai biet cng o hoat ong trung bnh cua set tc la so ngay
co dong set trung bnh hoac tong so gi co dong set trung bnh trong mot nam
moi khu vc lanh tho va mat o trung bnh cua set trong khu vc o, tc la
so lan set anh vao mot n v dien tch mat at (1km2) trong mot ngay set.
nhieu nc phat trien a xay dng c ban o phan vung hoat ong cua set.
1.2.1 Bien o dong ien set va xac suat xuat hien cua no
Dong ien set co tr so ln nhat vao luc kenh phong ien chnh len en
trung tam ien tch cua am may dong. Neu ni (vat) b set anh co noi at
tot, ien tr noi at khong ang ke, th tr so ln nhat cua dong ien set, nh
a trnh bay tren, bang is = .v . Nhng neu ien tr noi at cua vat b set
anh co mot tr so R nao o th dong ien set qua vat o se giam theo quan
he:

15

is = .v

zo
zo + R

vi zo la tong tr song cua khe set, co tr so trong khoang 200 500 , trung
bnh 300 .
Nh vay, neu ien tr noi at R thay oi t 0 30 th dong ien qua
vat b set anh ch giam khoang 10%. ien tr noi at cua cot va day thu set
trong he thong ien thng t khi qua 20 30 , nen trong tnh toan co the
lay gan ung tr so cc ai cua dong ien set is = .v .

Hnh 1.6 Thiet b xac nh bien o dong ien set

e o bien o dong ien set t lau ngi ta dung rong rai trong he thong
ien thiet b ghi t. o la nhng thanh hnh tru bang bot sat t tron vi keo
cach ien ep lai. Thanh c gan vao cot thu set hay cot ien, song song vi
ng sc cua t trng dong ien set chay qua cot khi b set anh.
Nh lam bang vat lieu sat t nen thanh duy tr mot o t d ln. Cuoi
mua set ngi ta thao thiet b ghi t, o lng t d va xac nh c dong
ien set ln nhat a chay qua cot. o chnh xac cua thiet b t nay khong cao
nhng nhc iem nay c bu lai bi so lng rat ln thiet b at trong he
thong ien (en hang chuc ngan chiec).
Ket qua o ac trong nhieu nam nhieu ni cho thay bien o dong ien
set bien thien trong pham vi rat rong, t vai kA en tren vai tram kA, nhng
phan ln thng di 50kA va rat hiem khi vt qua 100kA.
Trong tnh toan chong set co the dung qui luat phan bo xac suat bien o
dong ien set gan ung sau, cho vung ong bang:

16

vis = e is/ 26 = 10is/ 60

is
i
hay lg vis = s
(1.1)
26
60
vi vis la xac suat xuat hien dong ien set co bien o bang hoac ln hn is.

tc:

ln vis =

V du: xac suat phong ien set co bien o dong ien set is 60 kA
bang:
lg vis =

60
= 1 ; vis = 0,1 = 10%
60

Co ngha la trong tong so lan set anh ch co 10% so lan set co bien o
dong ien set t 60 kA tr len. Dong ien set co bien o t 100 kA tr len
thng rat hiem xay ra, nen ch phai dung en khi thiet ke chong set cho
nhng tram phan phoi vo cung quan trong.

Hnh 1.7 Xac suat phan bo dong set co bien o bang va ln hn is

nhng vung oi nui, bien o dong ien set thng be hn so vi nhng

vung ong bang khoang vai lan, do khoang cach t at len cac am may dong
ngan hn nen phong ien set a co the xay ra, ngay khi mat o ien tch cua
cac am may con be hn. Noi mot cach khac, ay, xac suat xuat hien dong
ien set co bien o ln thap hn
vis =

i
s
30
10

hay lg vis =

is
30

(1.2)

17

1.2.2 o doc au song dong ien se t va xac sua t xua t hien cua no
Viec xac nh bang thc nghiem o doc au song hoac o dai au song
dong ien set kho khan hn nhieu, v vay lng so lieu thc nghiem ve nhng
thong so nay tng oi t.
e o o doc dong ien set, ngi ta thng dung mot khung bang day
dan treo canh cot thu set. Cac au day cua khung noi vao mot hoa ien ke e
o bien o cua ien ap (xem Ky thuat
ien cao ap, tap 1, chng 4 trang 133 134).
Khi set anh vao cot thu set vi o
di
doc dong ien set a = s th trong
dt
khung se cam ng nen mot sc ien
di
ong bang M s vi M la he so ho cam
dt
gia day dan dong ien set cua cot thu
set vi khung.
Hoa ien ke ghi c bien o ien
ap gia cac au ra cua khung:

u = M(

dis
)max
dt

Biet c u co the xac nh c o doc ln nhat cua song dong ien set
a chay qua cot:
amax = (

dis
)max ,
dt

kA/s

o doc au song dong ien set cung thay oi trong mot pham vi rong va
cung c cho di dang ng cong xac suat. Thng dung ng cong thc
nghiem sau.
Cho vung ong bang:
(1.3)

va = e a / 15,7 = 10 a / 36

hay

ln va =

a
;
15, 7

lg va =

a
36

trong o va la xac suat xuat hien dong ien set co o doc au song dong ien
bang va ln hn a.

18

nhng vung nui cao, xac suat xuat hien dong ien set co cung o doc
au song thng thap hn va co the xac nh theo:
va = 10 a / 18 = e a/7,82

(1.4)

Ket qua o ac cho thay phan ln song dong ien set co thi gian au
song t s = 1 10 s thng gap la t 1 4s va o dai song trong khoang
s = 20 100 s . Trong tnh toan thiet ke thng lay thi gian au song
s = 1, 2 s va o dai song trung bnh la 50 s tng ng vi dang song

chuan (song 1,2/50).

Hnh 1.9 ng cong xac suat o doc au song dong set

Ve quan he gia o doc au song va bien o dong ien set, cho en nay
vi nhng so lieu o c, ngi ta van cha tm thay co mot quan he toan
hoc ro rang, chat che. Co khuynh hng tuy khong ro rang, la o doc au
song tang khi bien o dong ien set tang. Trong tnh toan khi ong thi phai
xet anh hng cua ca o doc au song va bien o, ngi ta coi chung nh la
nhng ai lng ngau nhien oc lap va dung xac suat phoi hp:
- oi vi vung ong bang:

hay

lg v( is , a ) = (

is
a
+
)
60 36

ln v( is , a ) = (

is
a
+
)
26 15, 7

- oi vi vung oi nui cao:

(1.5)

19

lg v( is , a ) = (

is
a
+ )
30 18

(1.6)

g ien tch tan vao at trong thi gian phong ien set nhieu lan thay oi
trong pham vi t 0,1C100C va co the ln hn, tr so trung bnh vao khoang
20C. Chnh lng ien tch tan vao at trong thi gian phong ien set nay
ong mot vai tro ang ke trong s duy tr ien tch am cua qua at.
g Ve dang tnh toan dong ien set, tuy tng trng hp cu the co the
dung cac dang n gian hoa nh sau:

Hnh 1.10 Cac dang song tnh toan dong ien set

a) Dang song hnh thang is = at (H.1.10a) dung khi qua trnh can xet
chu anh hng chu yeu cua phan au song, con s giam dong ien sau tr so
cc ai theo qui luat nay hay qui luat kia khong co anh hng ang ke en
qua trnh. V du nh khi xet qua trnh song trong cuon day may bien ap.
b) Dang ham mu is = Ise t/T (H.1.10b) dung khi tnh toan cac qua trnh
phat trien cham, nh khi tnh hieu ng nhiet cua dong ien set, trong o s
tang dong ien au song theo qui luat nay hay qui luat kia thc te khong co
anh hng nhieu en ket qua.

T la hang so thi gian cua s giam dong ien:

T= s
0, 7
vi s la thi gian toan song (tc la thi gian tnh en khi dong ien giam con
bang mot na bien o).
1.2.3 Cng o hoat ong cua set - mat o set
Cng o hoat ong cua set c bieu th bang so ngay trung bnh co

20

dong set hang nam hoac bang tong so gi trung bnh co dong set hang nam.
Cng o hoat ong cua set rat khac nhau cac vung kh hau khac nhau.
Khuynh hng chung la cng o hoat ong cua set tang dan t cac mien a
cc en mien nhiet i xch ao, ni co o am khong kh va nhiet o cao hn,
tao ieu kien de dang cho s hnh thanh may dong.
Theo so lieu thong ke cua nhieu nc, so ngay set hang nam cac vung
nam, bac cc vao khoang 23, vung on i khoang 3050, vung nhiet i
khoang 75100 va vung xch ao khoang 100150.
Tuy nhien, khuynh hng tren cung khong phai la tuyet oi. Thc te
ngay trong cung mot mien kh hau, cng o hoat ong cua set cung co the
khac nhau nhieu, do cac ieu kien kh tng thuy van a chat cua tng khu
vc tieu kh hau thay oi phc tap.
Tren toan bo be mat qua at trong moi giay xay ra khoang 100 lan
phong ien set, tc moi ngay co khoang 89 trieu lan set anh xuong mat at.
- Mat o cua set la so lan set anh trung bnh tren mot n v dien tch
mat at (1 km2 ) trong mot ngay set hoac trong mot gi set. So lieu nay cung
thay oi theo vung lanh tho.
1.2.4 Cc tnh cua set
So lieu quan trac set nhieu nc trong nhieu nam cho thay, song dong
ien set mang cc tnh am xuat hien thng xuyen hn va chiem khoang
8090% toan bo so lan phong ien set.

1.3. TNH HNH DONG SET VIET NAM

Theo tai lieu tham khao [12] Viet Nam la mot nc thuoc vung kh hau
nhiet i nong am, ma nhieu, cng o hoat ong cua dong set rat manh.
Thc te set a gay nhieu tac hai en i song con ngi, gay h hong thiet b,
cong trnh. La mot trong nhng tac nhan gay s co trong van hanh he thong
ien va hoat ong cua nhieu nganh khac.
cac vung lanh tho vi ieu kien kh hau, thi tiet va a hnh khac
nhau th ac iem ve hoat ong dong set khac nhau, mat khac, ieu kien
trang b ky thuat khac nhau th mc o thiet hai do set gay ra cung khac nhau.
V vay, ngoai viec tiep nhan cac ket qua nghien cu cua the gii, moi nc
can phai t tien hanh ieu tra, nghien cu ve ac tnh hoat ong dong set va
cac thong so phong ien set tren lanh tho cua mnh e t o e ra nhng bien

21

phap phong, chong set thch hp, hieu qua.

Viet Nam van e nghien cu set a c at ra t lau nhng no ch
thc s c trien khai co hieu qua sau khi xay dng xong tram nghien cu
set (Gia Sang - Thai Nguyen (1987) vi nhieu trang thiet b kha ong bo e
tien hanh nghien cu tong hp ve set.
1.3.1. ac iem va phan bo dong tren lanh tho Viet Nam
1. Phan hoa mua cua dong

Dong co kha nang xuat hien hau nh quanh nam cac vung, song thi
ky tap trung nhat la vao mua ma. Cung co the goi o la mua dong. T ket
qua thong ke cua hn 100 tram nghien cu set, co the rut ra mot so nhan xet
sau:
- phan pha ong Hoang Lien Sn, dong phat trien manh t thang 4,
cc ai vao thang 7 hoac thang 8 vi so ngay dong trung bnh moi thang len
ti tren 10 ngay, sau o giam nhanh, ti thang 10, so ngay co dong ch con 2-3
ngay. Cac thang mua dong so ngay dong xuat hien khong ang ke.
- Tay Bac, mua dong en sm hn, cc ai hang nam cung xay ra sm
hn. Thang 3, dong a phat trien kha manh, trung bnh 4-6 ngay vi khoang
20-25 gi co dong. So ngay co dong cc ai vao thang 4 en thang V vi
khoang 11-15 ngay va 40-70 gi dong. Mua ong co the coi la bat au t
thang 3 en thang 9. Ba thang t dong nhat la 6, 7, 1.
- Ven bien Trung Bo, bien trnh nam cua dong co en 2 cc ai. Cc ai
chnh ri vao thang 7-9 va cc ai th 2 ri vao thang 5 nhng tr so chenh
nhau ch khoang 0,5-1 ngay. Cac thang 6, 7 so ngay dong giam ang ke ch
con khoang 2-3 ngay vi so gi dong 3-6 gi. Mua dong keo dai 7 thang t
thang 6 en thang 10), cac thang mua ong kha nang xuat hien dong rat nho.
Bang 1.1: So ngay co dong tai mot so tram tieu bieu (trung bnh thang va nam)
Thang

10

11

12

Nam

Tram
Sn La

0.6

1.9

4.2

11.2

11.3

11.2

10.0

9.6

6.3

2.2

0.5

0.1

69.2

H.Giang

0.1

0.8

3.1

7.5

9.4

11.7

14.5

12.7

6.3

1.9

0.6

0.0

68.6

T.Nguyen

0.2

1.0

2.3

6.0

9.2

10.8

11.3

11.5

6.3

2.6

0.3

0.1

61.6

Ha Noi

0.2

0.6

1.6

5.9

9.0

8.8

9.8

8.8

5.4

1.9

0.4

52.4

Vinh

0.1

0.7

2.5

5.0

6.5

3.8

3.3

6.1

5.9

3.4

0.4

0.1

37.8

0.2

0.7

3.1

3.8

3.1

3.5

2.6

3.9

3.0

0.5

21.4

a Nang

22
Quy Nhn

1.0

3.4

2.9

2.1

2.2

4.7

2.2

0.7

19.2

Nha Trang

0.5

2.1

1.9

1.1

1.5

3.1

1.7

1.1

13.0

T.S.Nhat

0.3

0.2

2.0

11.0

8.0

13.0

9.0

9.0

8.0

6.0

1.0

67.5

Can Th

0.1

0.2

0.8

4.2

9.2

5.6

5.8

5.2

8.5

7.8

3.5

0.2

51.1

Rach Gia

0.3

0.4

1.8

7.5

13.6

7.8

7.5

7.0

10

9.8

6.9

1.2

73.8

Trng Sa 0.2

0.2

0.2

1.2

2.8

2.1

2.1

2.5

2.5

1.8

1.7

1.2

18.5

0.1

0.3

0.5

0.8

0.3

1.1

1.0

0.2

0.1

4.4

Hoang Sa

Khu vc Tay Nguyen, cung vi bien trnh 2 nh nhng cc ai chnh

ri vao thi ky au, tap trung vao thang 5. Cc ai th 2 ri vao thang 9. Thi
ky gia 2 cc ai, thang 6-8, so ngay dong giam i tren 50% so vi thang 5 va
9.
Mua ong keo dai t thang 4 en thang 10, cac thang mua ong kha
nang xuat hien dong cung rat nho.
Vao Nam Bo, bien trnh nam cua dong co net tng t nh Tay
Nguyen. Cc ai chnh cung ri vao thang 5, cc ai th 2 ri vao thang 9,
nhng sau thang 9 dong van con phat trien manh, ti tan thang 9 so ngay co
dong van xap x thang 4. Ch mai ti thang 12 tr so nay mi giam han xuong,
khac vi Tay Nguyen. Mua ong keo dai t thang 4 en thang 10.
2. Tan suat xuat hien dong trong ngay

Da tren nguon so lieu khai thac chi tiet ve thi gian co dong tai tram
trong 10 nam (1981-1990) mot so iem tieu bieu (Bang 1.2) va bieu o bien
trnh ngay tan suat co dong (H.1.11) ta co the i en mot so nhan xet:
Bang 1.2 Thi gian co dong trung bnh (gi)
Thang

Mua ong

Mua he

Nam

Tram

12

77

Sn La

0.650

2.525

34.17

35.70

32.72

224.9

Ha Giang

4.525

0.425

43.80

60.23

43.35

262.0

Thai
Nguyen

1.675

0.175

26.13

38.00

31.70

187.9

Ha Noi

2.225

0.500

27.77

28.66

24.85

154.0

Vinh

1.250

0.050

4.43

5.45

7.88

57.1

a Nang

0.700

4.35

2.85

2.55

31.8

Nha Trang

1.250

2.93

0.38

1.13

15.3

B.M.Thuot

4.500

5.30

5.38

2.20

45.1

23

- tat ca cac vung, hang ngay dong phat trien chu yeu vao thi gian
buoi chieu va toi, sau 13 gi. Thi gian t co kha nang xuat hien dong nhat ri
vao buoi sang (5-10 gi).
- Bien trnh xuat hien dong hang ngay tren cac khu vc cung co nhng
net rieng. na phan pha Bac, sau 24 gi kha nang xuat hien dong con kha
ln, trong khi o cac khu vc pha Nam tr so nay nho hn ro ret.
- Thi gian co kha nang xuat hien dong ln nhat trong ngay thng ri
vao khoang 18-20 gi. Tuy nhien, cung co ni sm hn nh a Nang 15-16
gi...
- cac khu vc sau trong noi a, tan suat toi a trong moi khoang gi
ti 15-16% trong khi cac khu vc ven bien t dong ch khoang 3-5%.

Hnh 1.11 Bien trnh ngay tan suat co dong

Ngoai ra, so ngay co dong hang nam bien oi kha ln t nam nay qua
nam khac. Nam co so ngay dong cc ai gap 4-5 lan nam co so ngay dong
cc tieu.
1.3.2. Phan vung mat o set Viet Nam
T cac nguon so lieu khac nhau ve ngay dong, gi dong, so lan set anh
xuong cac khu vc, ngay gi xuat hien va ket thuc dong hang nam, qua x ly, tnh
toan a phan ra c 5 vung ac trng ve cng o hoat ong dong set tren toan

24

bo lanh tho Viet Nam, bao gom:

1. Khu vc ong bang ven bien mien Bac (khu vc A).
2. Khu vc mien nui trung du mien Bac (khu vc B).
3. Khu vc mien nui trung du mien Trung (khu vc C).
4. Khu vc ven bien mien Trung (khu vc D).
5. Khu vc ong bang mien Nam (khu vc E).
Bang 1.3 Cng o hoat ong dong set tai cac khu vc
Ngay dong TB
(ngay/nam)

Gi dong TB
(gi/nam)

Mat o set TB
(lan/km .nam)

Thang dong
cc ai

51.1

219.1

6.47

VIII

61.6

215.6

6.33

VII

Khu vc

47.6

95.2

3.31

V va VIII

44.0

89.32

3.55

V va VIII

60.1

126.21

5.37

V va IX

Xuat phat t cac so lieu ve ngay gi dong trong nam oi vi 5 khu vc

lanh tho Viet Nam, co the tnh toan a ra cac gia tr d kien ve mat o
phong ien xuong at cho cac khu vc nh sau:
Bang 1.4 Tr so d kien mat o set theo khu vc:
So ngay
dong

Khu vc A

Khu vc B

Khu vc C

Khu vc D

Khu vc E

20 40

2.43 4.86

2.1 4.2

1.2 2.4

1.22 2.44

1.26 2.52

40 60

4.86 7.29

4.2 6.3

2.4 3.6

2.44 3.65

2.52 3.78

60 80

7.29 9.72

6.3 8.4

3.6 4.8

3.65 4.87

3.78 5.04

80 100

9.72 12.16

8.4 10.5

4.8 6.0

4.87 6.09

5.04 6.3

100 120

12.15 14.58

10.5 12.6

6.0 7.2

6.09 7.31

6.3 7.56

Nhan xet:
- Khu vc ong bang ven bien mien Bac (khu vc A): cng o hoat ong
dong set manh nhat. Nhng thang co nhieu dong set t thang 5 en thang 9,
cc ai la thang 8. Trung bnh mot ngay set keo dai 4.05 gi.
- Khu vc mien nui trung du mien Bac (khu vc B): la khu vc co cng
o hoat ong dong set manh, nhng thang co nhieu dong set t thang 3 en
thang 9, manh nhat la cac thang 5, 6, 7, 8, cc ai la thang 7. Khu vc nay co

25

thi gian mua set dai nhat. Trung bnh mot ngay set dai 3,5 gi.
- Khu vc mien nui trung du mien Trung (khu vc C): la khu vc t set
hn, bien trnh hoat ong dong set that thng, mua set thng keo dai t
thang 2 en thang 9, manh nhat vao thang 5 sau o giam dan roi lai tang
manh dan vao thang 8, thang 9. Bien trnh dong co 2 nh vao thang 5 va
thang 8. Gi dong trung bnh trong ngay dong cua khu vc la 2 gi.
- Khu vc ven bien mien Trung (khu vc D): la khu vc co ac iem hoat
ong dong set gan giong khu vc cao nguyen mien Trung. Tuy nhien mc o
hoat ong dong set tang dan vao cuoi mua set. Khu vc nay ve bien trnh
dong co 2 cc ai so ngay dong vao cac thang V, thang VIII. Mua set keo dai
t thang II en thang XI. Gi dong trung bnh trong mot ngay dong la 2,03
gi.
- Khu vc ong bang mien Nam (khu vc E): la khu vc co so ngay dong
ln. Tuy nhien gi dong trong ngay dong thng ngan hn. Mua dong chu yeu
tap trung vao thi gian t thang V en thang X. Manh nhat vao thang V sau
o giam dan en thang VIII, thang IX lai tang cng tr lai. Thi gian gi
dong keo dai trung bnh la 2,1 gi.
1.3.3. Phan bo xac suat bien o va o doc dong set Viet Nam
T cac ket qua o lng cac thong so phong ien set xuong at bang to
hp dao ong ky t ong va bang cac bo ghi t tnh co the thay rang:
- Xac suat xuat hien cac cu set co cng o manh tai Viet Nam la tng
oi thap.
- Imax = 90, 97kA va Amax = 65, 8kA / s (theo dao ong ky t ong).
- ng cong phan bo xac suat bien o va o doc dong set khong co ot
bien va nam trong mien tap hp cac ng phan bo tai cac vung khac
nhau tren the gii.
Ket luan
Viet Nam la nc nam trong vung kh hau nhiet i am, kh hau nay rat
thuan li cho s phat sinh, phat trien cua dong set. Do anh hng cua che o
gio mua va a hnh oi nui va ong bang xen ke, nen phan bo dong tren cac
vung lanh tho khong eu, cac vung bien va ven bien t dong, ac biet la ven
bien Nam Trung Bo.
Cac vung sau trong at lien dong phat trien nhieu hn, mot so khu vc
hnh thanh cac trung tam dong, ac biet phan tay bac cua Nam Bo.

26

Hnh 1.12 ng phan bo xac suat bien o dong set.

27

Hnh 1.13 ng phan bo xac suat o doc dong set.

28

Chng

QUA TRNH SONG TREN NG

DAY TAI IEN
2.1 S TRUYEN SONG IEN T TREN NG DAY KHONG
TON HAO
Nguon gay nen qua ien ap kh quyen trong he thong ien la phong ien
set gia may dong va mat at.
Cung nh bat c mot kch ong ien t nao vao he thong ien (cac qua
trnh ong cat bnh thng, cac trng hp ngan mach, s co...) phong ien
set gay nen song ien t, toa ra xung quanh vi toc o rat ln, trong khong
kh toc o o tng ng vi toc o anh sang. Song ien t xuat phat t ni
set anh truyen doc theo ng day tai ien, gay nen qua ien ap tac dung
len cach ien ng day.
Trng hp set anh trc tiep vao day dan cua ng day, th tr so cua
qua ien ap tuy thuoc bien o dong set co the en hang trieu, tham ch hang
chuc trieu Volt, vt qua nhieu lan mc cach ien xung cua cach ien ng
day bat c cap ien ap nao.
Trng hp set anh gan ng day, gay nen qua ien ap cam ng, co
bien o tng oi be, cao nhat khoang vai tram ngan volt, nen thc te ch
nguy hiem oi vi cach ien ng day cua cac cap ien ap t 35kV tr
xuong.
Song qua ien ap xuat hien tren ng day truyen en tram bien ap se
tac dung len cach ien cua cac thiet b trong tram. e bao am s lam viec
lien tuc cua ng day va s an toan oi vi cac thiet b cua tram, do o can
phai co nhng bien phap chong set co hieu qua va thch hp cho ng day

29

tai ien va tram phan phoi.

Hien tng qua ien ap va cac bien phap ngan nga qua ien ap eu co c
s tren qua trnh truyen song tren ng day va phu thuoc vao cac s o au
day. V vay, trong chng nay trc het can nghien cu qua trnh truyen song
o.
Qua trnh truyen song ien t tren ng day ien ap cao bao gi cung
kem theo ton hao tren ien tr tac dung ( ro ) cua mach truyen song (day dan
va at), ton hao dong ien ro tren cach ien ng day va ton hao vang
quang ( go ) (H.2.0). Tuy nhien, e n gian qua trnh tnh toan trong thc te
thng bo qua nhng ton hao nay, chap nhan nhng li giai gan ung nghieng
ve pha an toan. Nh vay, qua trnh truyen song ch con chu s chi phoi cua
ien dung Co oi vi at va ien cam Lo (theo n v chieu dai) cua ng
day.

Hnh 2.0 S o thay the thong so rai mo ta qua trnh truyen song
tren ng day tai ien

He phng trnh vi phan bieu dien qua trnh truyen song tren ng day
khong ton hao co dang nh sau:
u
i
= Lo
x
t

i
u

= Co
x
t

(2.1)

2u

x2
t2

2i
2i
= LoCo 2
x2
t

(2.2)

2u

hay

= LoCo

Vi (2.2) moi phng trnh ch con cha mot bien so u hoac i.

30

Nghiem tong quat cua chung di dang song chay nh sau:

(2.3)

u = u+ + u = f + ( x vt ) + f ( x + vt )
1 +
1
[ f ( x vt ) f ( x + vt )] = ( u+ u )
Z
Z
vi: Z = Lo /Co - tong tr song cua ng day khong ton hao (

(2.4)

i = i+ + i =

v=

1
LoCo

- toc o truyen song (m/s)

c - toc o anh sang, bang 3 108 m/s hay 300m/s

, - he so ien moi va he so t tham cua moi trng quanh day dan.
oi vi ng day cap, loi cap c boc chu yeu bang giay tam dau co
c
= 1, 4 , do o v = 150 m/s .
2
oi vi ng day tren khong, moi trng quanh day dan la khong kh
co = 1; = 1 do o v = c = 300 m/s

Ap va dong gom hai thanh phan xep chong len nhau:

- Song u+ = f + ( x vt ) truyen theo chieu dng cua truc x c goi la
song thuan.
- Song u = f ( x + vt ) truyen theo chieu ngc lai nen c goi la song
ngc.
Bieu thc (2.3) va (2.4) cho biet ham toa o cua song ap va dong tai mot
x
thi iem t a cho ( t ) : dang song chay.
v
Cung co the mo ta cac song tren nh la nhng ham thi gian tai mot
iem x a cho cua ng day, tc la dang song ng. Song thuan trong trng
x
x
hp nay co dang f + ( t ) va song ngc f ( t + ) , trong o t la thi gian
v
v
tnh t luc bat au qua trnh qua o tai thi iem t = 0.
Gia song ap va dong, thuan cung nh ngc co quan he vi nhau theo:
i+ =

u+
u
va i =
Z
Z

Can lu y la song ap va song dong ngc luon luon trai dau vi nhau.
Trong qua trnh truyen song moi ng day khong ton hao co the ac
trng bi hai thong so:
- Hoac ien cam Lo va ien dung Co theo n v chieu dai ng day.

31

- Hoac tong tr song Z va toc o truyen song v.

oi vi ng day tren khong khong ton hao, moi pha co mot day dan
th:
Lo = 2 ln
Co =

T o

Z =

2hdd
107 ,
rdd

1
2

c Lo
Lo
Co

1
2hdd
2 9 10 ln
rdd

= 60 ln

(2.5)

H /m
,

F /m

(2.6)

2hdd
,
rdd

(2.7)

vi: hdd - o treo cao trung bnh cua day dan so vi mat at, m
rdd - ban knh day dan, m.
Tong tr song Z phu thuoc vao o treo cao va ban knh day dan cua
ng day, nhng mc phu thuoc khong nhieu v di dang ham logarit (can
lu y la Z khong phu thuoc vao chieu dai cua ng day), thay oi trong
khoang t 450550 oi vi ng day co pha khong phan chia, va t
250400 oi vi ng day co pha phan chia.
Tong tr song cua ng day cap, do Co ln va Lo be nen nam trong
khoang t 540 tuy theo tiet dien loi, ien ap nh mc va cau tao cua cap
(Ucao, cong suat ln Z be do Lo giam, Co tang).
oi vi ng day khong ton hao, toc o truyen song v hau nh khong
thay oi oi vi mot moi trng truyen song nhat nh, tc la bang toc o anh
sang oi vi ng day tren khong va bang na toc o anh sang oi vi
ng day cap.
Cac thong so ac trng cho ng day khong ton hao co quan he vi nhau
theo:
Z = Lo /Co
Lov = Z

1 hay
Cov = Z
v = L C
o o

(2.8)

V v a biet oi vi mot loai ng day nhat nh nen e xac nh Z ch

can mot phep o duy nhat, hoac ien dung Co hoac ien cam Lo cua ng day.
V vay thng dung hai thong so Z va v e ac trng cho ng day khong ton

32

hao.
Trng hp ng day dai vo tan se khong co song ngc, tc song t
cuoi ng day tr ve, nh vay ap va dong tai mot iem tren ng day c
xac nh duy nhat bi thanh phan song thuan, tc la theo qui luat cua song tac
dung t au ng day:
u( x, t ) = f + ( x vt )
i( x, t ) =

1 +
f ( x vt )
z

2.2 HIEN TNG PHAN XA VA KHUC XA CUA SONG: QUI TAC

PETERSEN
Gia thiet cac song thuan: u + , i+ truyen theo mot ng day co tong tr
song Z1 en iem A th chuyen sang mot moi trng khac co tong tr song Z2
(H.2.1).

Hnh 2.1 S o truyen song

Biet rang tong tr song bang ty so cua song ap va dong Z = u/i ma

Z2 Z1 nh vay song ap va dong truyen sang moi trng Z2 a thay oi, co
ngha la tai iem nut A co hien tng phan xa va khuc xa cua song.
S thay oi cua song ap va dong khi co s thay oi moi trng truyen
song phan anh s phan bo lai nang lng ien va t trng cua song trong cac
1
1
phan t ien cam va ien dung cua mach W = WE + WM = CoU 2 + Lo I 2 .
2
2
Neu do s chuyen oi moi trng truyen song, ap tang dong giam (trng hp
Z2 > Z1 ) th co ngha la mot phan nang lng t trng a chuyen thanh nang

33

lng ien trng.

Trong trng hp nay, oi vi iem nut A, song thuan c goi la song
ti, ky hieu la ut , it . Song ngc c goi la song phan xa, ky hieu u p , ip .
Con song truyen sang moi trng Z2 c goi la khuc xa, ky hieu uk , ik .
Vi cach ky hieu nay, co the viet lai nghiem cua phng trnh truyen song tren
ng day khong ton hao ((2.3) va (2.4)) di dang sau:
(2.9)

uk = ut + u p
ik =

hay

1
( ut u p ) = it + ip
z1

(2.10)

z1ik = ut u p

T (2.9) va (2.10) suy ra quan he gia song ap va dong khuc xa tai A vi

song ti nh sau:
(2.11)

uk + ik z1 = 2ut

Bieu thc nay tng ng vi s o

thay the gom nguon ien ap bang 2 lan song
ti 2ut cung cap cho hai tong tr song
z1 , z2 mac noi tiep nhau (H.2.2). o chnh

la s o thay the theo qui tac Petersen, dung

e xac nh song ap va dong khuc xa khi
moi trng truyen song thay oi.
Trong phng trnh (2.11) neu thay the
uk
th co the suy ra quan he gia song ap khuc xa va song ap ti nh
ik =
z2
sau:
uk (1 +

z1
) = 2ut
z2

hay

uk =

2 z2
2
ut =
ut
1 + z1 /z2
z2 + z1

Khi a tnh c song khuc xa th theo (2.9) suy ra c quan he gia

song ap phan xa va song ap ti theo:
2 z2
z z1
u p = uk ut = (
1)ut = 2
ut
z2 + z1
z2 + z1
uk
2 z2
Nh vay:
(2.12)
=
= u
ut
z2 + z1

34

up
ut

He so t le u =
u =

up
ut

z2 z1
= u
z2 + z1

(2.13)

uk
c goi la he so khuc xa cua song ap t Z1 sang Z2 ;
ut

c goi la he so phan xa cua song ap t iem nut A tr ve moi trng

z1.
Cung vi phng phap tng t, neu thay uk = ik z2 va ut = it z1 vao bieu
thc (2.11) se suy ra c quan he gia song dong ti va dong khuc xa nh
sau:
ik ( z2 + z1 ) = 2it z1 ik =

2 z1
it
z1 + z2

Biet c ik, theo bieu thc (2.10) suy ra quan he gia dong phan xa va
dong ti.
ip = ik it = (

2 z1
z z2
1)it = 1
it
z1 + z2
z1 + z2

Cac he so ty le:
i =

ik
2 z1
=
it z1 + z2

va

i =

ip
it

z1 z2
z1 + z2

(2.14)

c goi la he so khuc xa cua song dong t Z1 sang Z2 va he so phan xa cua

song dong t nut A tr ve Z1 . Co the nhan thay de dang quan he gia va
u = 1 + u
(2.15)

i = 1 + i
va trong moi trng hp luon dng, con co the dng hoac am tuy theo
tng quan gia z1 va z2 .

e biet pham vi bien thien cua va , xet cac trng hp gii han:
- Khi z2 = 0 , (tc ng day co tong tr song z1 b ngan mach cham at)
th u = 0; u = 1 tc la ap tai iem nut bang khong do song ap phan
xa am toan phan va i = 2, i = +1 tc la dong tai iem nut tang gap
oi do song dong phan xa dng toan phan.
- Khi z2 = tc ng day co tong tr song z1 b h mach th

35

u = 2, u = 1 tc la ap tai iem nut tang gap oi do song ap phan xa

dng toan phan, con i = 0, i = 1 tc la dong tai iem nut bang

khong do song dong phan xa am toan phan.
= 1;
- Khi z2 = z1 th: u
i = 1;

u = 0
i = 0

tc la song truyen qua iem nut lien tuc ma khong co phan xa.
Tom lai, cac he so khuc xa va phan xa bien thien trong pham vi nh sau:
0 2 ; 1 1
Trong trng hp tong quat, z2 co dang so phc, th co the viet qui tac
Petersen di dang toan t Laplace tng ng vi s o thay the (H.2.3).

Hnh 2.3 S o thay the theo quy tac Petersen di dang toan t Laplace
g

uk ( p) + ik ( p) z1 = 2 ut ( p)

(2.16)

T o, tnh c:
g

u k ( p) =
g

u p ( p) =

2 z2 ( p) g
g
u t ( p) = u ( p) u t ( p)
z2 ( p) + z1

(2.17)

z2 ( p) z1 g
g
u t ( p ) = u ( p ) u t ( p )
z2 ( p) + z1

(2.18)

T nghiem di dang toan t bien oi ve dang goc theo cac qui tac toan
hoc a biet u( p) u( t )
g

Mot vai v du ve ng dung qui tac Petersen.

2.2.1 Song truyen en tram noi vi nhieu ng day
Gia thiet co n ng day giong nhau au vao thanh gop cua tram va song
truyen vao tram theo mot trong cac ng day o (H.2.4a).

36

Hnh 2.4: Song truyen theo mot trong n ng day vao tram

T s o thay the (H.2.4b) co the suy ra mot cach de dang ien ap tren
thanh gop cua tram.
z
)
2
n

1
= ut
= ut
z
n
z+
n 1
2(

u A = uk

(2.19)

T o, co the rut ra vai nhan xet:

- Song en mot tram cut (n=1), qua ien ap tren thanh gop co bien o
gap oi song qua ien ap truyen tren ng day: uk = 2ut . o la ieu kien
nang ne nhat oi vi cach ien cua cac thiet b au vao thanh gop cua tram.
- Song en mot tram chuyen tiep (n=2), qua ien ap tren thanh gop co bien
o bang tren ng day uk = ut co ngha la song se i ngang qua tram khong
co thay oi g ve bien o. Cach ien cua thiet b cua tram chu mc qua ien ap
tng ng qua ien ap tren ng day.
- So ng day au vao thanh gop cua tram cang nhieu (n>2) th ien ap
tren thanh gop cua tram cang giam. ieu kien lam viec cua cach ien cua
tram cang nhe nhang hn.
o la nhng ieu can lu y trong viec bao ve chong set truyen vao tram.
2.2.2 Trng hp gia hai moi trng truyen song co mac song song mot
ien dung hoac noi tiep mot ien cam
o la nhng trng hp thng gap khi thanh gop cua tram co mac song
song mot ien dung C (H.2.5a) hoac ng day co song truyen c au vao
thanh gop cua tram qua mot cuon ien cam L (H.2.5b).

37

Hnh 2.5

Gia thiet song truyen theo ng day Z1 co dang vuong goc, o dai song
vo han: ut = uo = const
Can xac nh ien ap tac dung len thanh gop cua tram.
Tren cac s o thay the theo qui tac Petersen, ien ap tren thanh gop cua
tram chnh la ien ap tren tong tr song tng ng Z2 cua tong tr song cua
(n1) ng day con lai.
V C va L la nhng phan t phc nen ay co the dung phng phap
toan t Laplace e tnh ien ap khuc xa va phan xa.
1- ien ap khuc xa

- oi vi s o co ien dung song song (H.2.5a) phng trnh can bang

ien ap co dang:
2ut = ( C

duc uc
+ ) z1 + uc = 2uo
dt
z2

2ut = 2uo = Cz1

duc z1
+
uc + uc
dt
z2

Bien oi ra dang toan t Laplace:

2

uo
z g
g
g
= C. z1 . p. uc ( p) + 1 uc ( p) + uc ( p)
p
z2

38

Suy ra:

2 z2
g

uc ( p) = uo
z1 + z2

z1 + z2
C. z1 z2
z + z2
)
p( p + 1
C. z1 . z2

Bien ve dang goc:

a
B. 1 e at ] se
p( p + a )
tnh c ien ap tac dung tren ien dung C hay cung chnh la ien ap tren
thanh gop:

Biet qui tac bien oi ngc ve dang goc cua [

uk ( t ) = uc ( t ) = u o (1 e t/TC )

(2.20)

2z2

= z + z : he so khuc xa cua song ap trc tiep t z1 sang z2 (2.21)

1
2

trong o:
khi khong chu y en anh hng cua ien dung C

C.z1 .z2
Tc =
(2.22)
: hang so thi gian truyen song qua ien dung C
z1 + z2

- oi vi s o co ien cam noi tiep (H.2.5b) phng trnh can bang ien
ap co dang:
2ut = 2uo = iz1 + L

di
+ iz2
dt

Bien oi ra dang toan t Laplace:

Suy ra:

2uo g
= i( p)( z1 + pL + z2 )
p
g
u
1
i( p) = 2 o
p z1 + z2 + pL

ien ap tai iem A (tai thanh gop) bang:

2 z2
g
g
u A ( p) = uk ( p) = i( p).z2 =

z1 + z2
g

z1 + z2
L
uo
z1 + z2
p( p +
)
L

Bien oi ngc ve dang goc, se co ien ap tac dung tren thanh gop:
uk ( t ) = uo (1 e t/TL )

vi: =

(2.22)

2z2
- he so khuc xa cua song ap trc tiep t z1 sang z2
z1 + z2

39

khi khong chu y en anh hng cua ien cam L

TL - hang so thi gian truyen song qua ien cam L:
TL =

L
z1 + z2

(2.23)

T (2.20) va (2.22) thay rang trong ca hai trng hp, ien ap tren thanh
gop (khuc xa) eu co dang giong nhau, ch khac nhau hang so thi gian T.
Neu cha ke en anh hng cua ien dung C va ien cam L, ien ap khuc xa
qua thanh gop van gi dang song vuong goc va bien o bang:
2 z2
uk = uo
= uo
z1 + z2
ien dung C va ien cam L co tac dung
lam giam o doc au song khuc xa tng ng
vi cac hang so thi gian TC va TL (H.2.6),
nhng trng hp song ti dai vo han th
chung khong co anh hng en bien o cua
song khuc xa.
oi vi tram au vi ng day tren khong th nen dung tu ien au vao
thanh gop, con oi vi tram au vi ng day cap th nen dung cuon ien
cam v hieu qua giam o doc au song se tot hn.
V du: a) ien dung cua thanh gop va cua cac thiet b au vao thanh gop
cua tram thng co tr so trong khoang (15) 103 F . Khi o, oi vi mot tram
cut au vi ng day tren khong (z=500) th hang so thi gian:
TC = (1 5)103 500 = ( 0, 5 2, 5)s , con oi vi tram cut au vao ng day

cap, do ng cap co tong tr song be nen TC be hn hang chuc en hang tram

lan. Neu au vao thanh gop mot tu co C = 0,51 F th hang so thi gian TC
trng hp tram cut au vi ng day tren khong se tang len en
TC = 250 500 F con trng hp ng day cap TC ch tang en khoang
10 20 s .

b) ien cam cua cac cuon khang ien au gia ng day va thanh gop
tram co tr so thng vao khoang (25) mH. Nh vay oi vi mot tram chuyen
tiep (n=2) au vi cac ng day tren khong ( Z1 = Z2 = 500 ) th hang so thi
( 2 5) 500
= 2 5 s . Neu tram au vi cac ng day cap th TL
1000
co the tang len gap tram lan, TL = 100 500s

gian TL =

40

Con oi vi tram cut, tc Z2 = th TL = 0 , cuon ien cam khong co

tac dung giam o doc au song khuc xa na.

Hnh 2.7 Tac dung giam bien o song khuc xa

oi vi song co o dai song s ngan

ien dung va ien cam co tac dung giam ang ke bien o song khuc xa ch
khi o dai song ti s be hn nhieu so vi hang so thi gian T. Trong trng hp
nay song ti vi o dai song s co the coi nh xep chong cua hai song o dai vo
han cung bien o nhng khac dau va lech nhau mot thi gian s (H.2.7). Va nh
vay ien ap khuc xa la tong cua hai thanh phan uk' cua song dng va u''k cua
song am co o dai song vo han:
uk = uk' + uk''

Bien o cua uk xuat hien thi iem t = s bang:

ukmax = U o (1 es / T ) v s = T tc

nen co the tnh gan ung: es / T 1

s
= 1
T

s
T

s
(2.24)
T
Nh vay, trong thc te ien dung va ien cam au vao thanh gop cua
tram co the giam rat nhieu bien o va o doc cua cac song cat truyen vao
tram.

Do o:

uk max U o

2- ien ap phan xa

Tren ay a noi en tac dung giong nhau cua ien cam va ien dung oi
vi song khuc xa. Nhng trong hai trng hp, song phan xa khac nhau nhieu.
g Trng hp s o co ien dung song song:
u p = uk ut = U o (1 e t/Tc ) U o = U o ( 1 e t/Tc )

(2.25)

41

thi iem ban au t = 0 u p ( 0) = U o = ut song phan xa am toan

phan.
Nh vay la thi iem ban au, ien dung co tac dung tng ng ngan
mach ng day (H.2.8).

Hnh 2.8 Song phan xa tai thanh gop co au

vi ien dung song song

Khi t , up at en tr so on nh bang:
z z1
u p ( ) = U o ( 1) = U o = 2
Uo
z2 + z1
Tren ng day song ti ( z1 ) , khi a co song phan xa tr ve th ien ap
bang:
u1 ( t ) = ut ( t) + u p ( t) = U o + U o ( 1 e t/TC )
u1 ( t ) = U o (1 e t / TC )

(2.26)

co dang giong nh song khuc xa. Nh vay, ien dung co tac dung giam o doc
au song ca ve hai pha ca tram lan ng day (H.2.8).
g Trng hp s o co ien cam noi tiep, ien ap khuc xa iem B
(trc cuon cam) bang.
g
2( z2 + pL )
2 u( p)
( z2 + pL) =
u B ( p) =
Uo
z1 + z2 + pL
p( z1 + z2 + pL )
g

42

Hnh 2.9 Song phan xa t cuon cam L tr ve ng day z1

Bien oi ve dang goc:

uB ( t) = U o[ + ( 2 )e t/TL ]

(2.27)

Do o song phan xa bang:

u p ( t ) = uB ( t ) ut ( t ) = uo[ 1 + ( 2 )e t/TL ]

(2.28)

Khi t = 0 u p ( 0) = uo = ut tc la song ap phan xa dng toan phan t

cuon cam, tng ng nh t cuoi ng day b h mach.
Khi t ; u p ( ) = U o =

z2 z1
Uo
z2 + z1

Tren ng day z1 khi a co song phan xa tr ve th ien ap bang tong

cua song ti va song phan xa:
u1 ( t ) = ut ( t ) + u p ( t ) = U o + U o[ 1 + ( 2 )e t/TL ] = U o[ + (( 2 )e t/TL ]

(2.29)
Khi t = 0 u1 = 2U o = u1 max ; t u1 = U o
thi iem ban au, do song ap phan xa dng toan phan nen ien ap
tren ng day z1 tang len gap oi. Tnh chat nay cung c ng dung e lam
tang o nhay cua thiet b chong set (Chng 7).
2.2.3 Song tac dung len mach dao ong
Trng hp song ut tac dung len mot mach dao ong tao thanh bi ien
cam L va ien dung C (H.2.10a) th theo s o thay the (H.2.10b) phng trnh
can bang ien ap co dang
2ut = L

d2uc
di
+ uc = LC
+ uc = 2U o
dt
dt2

Vi song ti co dang ut = U o = const th phng trnh tren co the viet

di dang toan t Laplace
2U o
g
g
= LCp2 uc ( p) + uc ( p)
p

43

Suy ra:

uc ( p) = 2U o

1/LC
p( p2 + 1/LC )

= 2U o

2
p( p2 + 2 )

Hnh 2.10 Song ut = U o = const tac dung len mot mach dao ong

Bien oi ve dang goc:

uc ( t ) = 2U o (1 cos t ) , vi = 1/ LC

(2.30)

Nh vay, ien ap tren ien dung C gom hai thanh phan xep chong len
nhau:
Thanh phan khong chu ky 2Uo khong oi;
Thanh phan ( 2U o cos t ) bien thien theo chu ky:
T=

Khi t =

2
= 2 LC

T
th uc = uc max = 4U o
2

o doc cua song tac dung len ien dung at tr so cc ai tai t =

T
va
4

dU o
1
)max = 2U o
. Nh vay, o doc cua song tang khi giam tr so L
dt
LC
hoac (va) C cua mach dao ong.

bang (

2.3 S PHAN XA NHIEU LAN CUA SONG

Gia hai ng day tong tr song z1 va z2 co mac noi tiep mot oan

44

ng day ngan co chieu dai l va tong tr song zo. Song truyen qua cac moi
trng o se co s phan xa nhieu lan tai cac iem nut A va B. Can xac nh
ien ap hai iem nut o theo thi gian.
Gia thiet ng day z1 va z2 co chieu dai ban vo han, tc la khong co
song phan xa t au ng day z1 va t cuoi ng day z2 tr ve. Qua trnh
truyen song c minh hoa trong hnh 2.11. Trong o cac he so khuc xa va
phan xa c xac nh nh sau:
He so khuc xa

T z1 sang zo:

10 =

2 zo
z1 + zo

T zo sang z2:

02 =

2 z2
zo + z2

T zo sang z1:

01 =

2 z1
zo + z1

He so phan xa

T B ve zo:

20 =

z2 zo
= 02 1
z2 + zo

T A ve zo:

10 =

z1 zo
= 01 1
z1 + zo

45

Hnh 2.11 S phan xa nhieu lan cua song

Neu vo la toc o truyen song trong moi trng zo th thi gian e song i
t A en B bang = l/vo
Chon thi iem khi song ti iem A lan au tien lam goc thi gian. ien
ap iem A khi song co dang bat ky. Khi
0< t <2 u A = u A1 = 10u( t )
2 t < 4 u A = u A1 + u A2 = 10u( t ) + 1020 01u( t 2 )]
4 t <6
2
u A = u A1 + u A2 + u A3 vi u A3 = 10 01 20
10u( t 4 )

Co the nhan thay de dang la uA3 ch khac uA2 mot he so bang 1020 va
thi gian cham sau bang 2.
T o co the suy ra ien ap iem A mot cach tong quat

46
2 2
u A = 10[ u( t) + 20 01[ u( t 2 ) + 1020u( t 4 ) + 10
20u( t 6 )

(2.31)

3 3
k k
+ 10
20u( t 8 ) + K + 10
20u[ t 2( k + 1) + K ]}

va tng t ien ap tai iem B bang:

uB = 10 02[ u( t ) + 1020 [ u( t 3 ) + (1020 )2 u( t 5 ) + K
+ (1020 )k u( t ( 2k + 1) ) + K ]}

(2.32)

Trng hp song tac dung co dang au song vuong goc, o dai song vo
tan, tc u( t ) = U o = const th ien ap iem A va B se bang:
u A = U o10 [1 + 0120[1 + 1020 + (1020 )2 + K + (1020 )k + K ]}

(2.33)

uB = U o10 02[1 + 1020 + (1020 )2 + K + (1020 )k + K ]

(2.34)

Bieu thc trong dau ngoac vuong [ . . . ] la mot cap so nhan hoi tu v
cong boi 1020 < 1 . Neu so lan phan xa tang len vo cung th tong cua chung
at en tr so gii han bang:
n

= 1 + 1020 + (1020 )2 + K + (1020 )n = 1 1020

1

Ket qua la:

u A = 10U o[1 +

20 01
]
1 1020

uB = 10 02U o[

1
]
1 1020

nhng:
20 01
1 1020 + 20 01 1 + 20 ( 01 10 )
1 + 20
02
1+
=
=
=
=
1 1020
1 1020
1 1020
1 1020 1 1020
Do o, khi so lan phan xa tang len vo cung tc la khi t , th ien ap
iem A va B se tien en cung mot gii han va bang:
u A = uB =

ma:

10 02
Uo
1 1020

10 02
2 zo
2 z2
=

1 1020 z1 + z2 zo + z2

2 z2
1
=
= 12
z1 zo z2 zo
z1 + z2
1(
)(
)
z1 + zo z2 + zo

12 la he so khuc xa t z1 sang z2 khi khong co zo.

47

Cuoi cung ta co:

u A = uB = 12uo

(2.35)

Nh vay, khi qua trnh tien ti on nh ( t ) th anh hng cua phan t zo

se mat, ien ap hai iem nut A va B se tien en cung mot tr so gii han nh khi
song khuc xa trc tiep t z1 qua z2. Tuy nhien, qua trnh bien thien cua ien ap tai
A va B trong thi gian qua o, tuy tng quan gia tong tr song cua cac phan t,
co nhng ac iem rieng cua no. Ta se lan lt xet cac trng hp sau ay.
2.3.1 oan day gia co tong tr song zo nho hn tong tr song z1 va z2 (H.2.12)
Trong trng hp nay: zo < z1 ; zo < z2
2 zo
<1
z1 + zo
2 z1
01 =
>1
z1 + zo
2 z2
02 =
>1
zo + z2
z zo
10 = 1
>0
z1 + zo
z zo
20 = 2
>0
z2 + zo
10 =

do o:

10 20 > 0

va

01 20 > 0

Cac so hang trong chuoi so uA va uB eu dng. Nh vay, qua trnh tien

ti on nh cua chung la qua trnh tang dan ien ap theo tng cap, moi cap cach
nhau khoang thi gian 2 = 2l/vo (H.2.12).
Khi zo rat be so vi z1 va z2 th qua trnh truyen song tng t nh khi
gia z1 va z2 co mac mot ien dung song song, co the thay the oan zo bang
mot ien dung tng ng va ien ap uA va uB se bang ien ap khuc xa qua
ien dung tng ng Ct.
l

1
Ct = Co l =
=
( vi Co =
)
zo vo zo
zo vo
u A = uB = 12U o (1 e t/C )

48

vi:

c =

Ct z1 z2
z /z
= 2 o
z1 + z2
1 + z2 /z1

Trng hp nay co the gap trong thc te, khi song truyen t ng day
tren khong qua oan cap vao tram. oan cap co tac dung nh mot ien dung,
lam giam o doc au song, tang an toan cho cach ien doc cua may bien ap
va thiet b ien trong tram.
2.3.2 oan day gia co tong tr song zo ln hn tong tr song z1 va z2 cua
cac ng day hai ben (H.2.13)
Trong trng hp nay:
zo > z1 ;

zo > z2

10 > 1

10 < 0

01 < 1

20 < 0

02 < 1

10 .20 > 0

V 10 .20 > 0 nen uB cung co dang

tang tng cap giong nh trng hp tren
e cuoi cung tien en tr so gii han bang
12 .uo
Nhng bien thien cua uA co khac:
Ch co so han au tien U o10 dng, con tat ca cac so hang sau eu am (v
cac so hang trong chuoi so nhan vi 20 . 01 la mot so am). Khi song ti
(U o ) en iem A, ien ap tang vot len en 10U o sau o giam dan theo tng

cap cho en khi at en tr so gii han bang 12U o .

Dang ien ap nay tng t nh gia z1 va z2 co mac noi tiep mot ien
cam. Khi zo ? z1 va z2 th co the thay the oan zo bang mot ien cam tng
ng va ien ap tai cac nut bang:
uB = U o12 (1 e t/TL )
u A = U o12 (1 +

vi:

TL =

z1 t/TL
e
)
z2

Lt
Lo l
zo
z /z
=
=
= o 1
z1 + z2 z1 + z2 z1 + z2
1 + z2 /z1

2.3.3 Cac trng hp z1 < zo < z2 va z1 > zo > z2

49

Cac he so phan xa 10 va 20 khac dau nhau. Trong cong thc uA va uB

cac so hang cua chuoi so luon oi dau. Bien thien cua uA va uB theo thi gian
co dang nhng dao ong tat dan quanh tr so gii han 12U o , do o co the
xem nh song truyen trong mot mach dao ong. Hnh 2.14 di ay cho dang
ien ap tai iem B trong hai trng hp: Z2 > Z1 12 > 1 va
Z2 < Z1 12 < 1 .

Hnh 2.14

Chu y:

12

I
z2 > z1 12
>1
2 z2
=

II
z1 + z2
z2 < z1 12 < 1

Qua hnh 2.14a, s bo co the thay trng hp z1 < zo < z2 ien ap tai
iem B co the at en nhng tr so gap tren ba lan song ti. o la trng hp
can tranh (tr so ien ap en iem B lan au bang uB1 = uo10 02 ).
V 10 =

2 zo
2 z2
> 1 ; 02 =
> 1 uB max = uB1 > uo
z2 + zo
z2 + zo

Khi z1 > zo > z2 th oi vi moi trng z2 , zo co tac dung nh mot ien

cam, con oi vi z1 , zo co tac dung nh mot ien dung. Trng hp nay tng
ng vi s o thay the (H.2.14b).
Trng hp z1 < zo < z2 tng ng vi s o thay the hnh 2.14c.
Trong cac s o thay the nay:
Lt = Lo l ;

Ct =

Co l
2

50

zo =

Lo
;
Co

z
1
1
1
(
1 )2
Lt Ct 4 Ct z2 Lt

V du, ngi ta a tnh c ien ap tren ien dung Ct cua s o hnh

2.14c khi co song vuong goc dai vo tan tac dung bang:
uB = uCt = U o

2 z2
et
[1
cos( t )]
cos
z1 = z2

tc la gom mot dao ong tat dan xep chong len tr so on nh U o12 vi:
He so tat dan:

z
1
1
(
+ 1 )
2 Ct z2 Lt

2
2
1 vo
Tan so dao ong: =
=
=
T 4l / vo 2 l

Goc lech pha:

tg =

Tr so ien ap ln nhat tac ong len z2 xay ra sau mot na chu ky cua dao
ong, tc la khi t =
2 z2
Nh vay:
uC max = U o
(1 + e/ )
z1 + z2
hay

uC max
=
Uo

2
1+

z1
z2

(1 e )

2
1+

z1
z2

(1 + e

z1 /z2

vi z1 = z2 th ( uC max U o ) qua ien ap khong cao lam.

z1 > z2 th qua ien ap tham ch con nho hn na ( uC max < U o )

Nhng vi z1 < z2 tc khi song i t moi trng co tong tr song be sang

moi trng co tong tr song ln, th qua ien ap co tr so ang ke. V du, z1 =
50 la tong song cua ng day cap, con z2 = 5.000 la tong tr song cua
cuon day may bien ap th:
uC max
2
=
(1 + e 50/ 5000 ) = 3, 46 lan
50
Uo
1+
5000
Tom lai, neu cac tong tr song mac noi tiep nhau z1 , zo , z2 hoac ln dan
hoac be dan th co the gay nen dao ong rieng tat dan gom mot chuoi nhng
t song vuong goc truyen vao li. Nhng dao ong cao tan nay co the gay
cong hng trong mot mach cuc bo nao o neu nh tan so cua chung phu hp

51

vi tan so cua nguon. Qua ien ap cong hng co the lam h hong cach ien
cua cac cuon day MBA va may ien. Do o can phai tranh nhng dang s o
kieu o.

2.4 VAI PHNG PHAP TNH TOAN QUA TRNH TRUYEN

SONG BANG O TH
2.4.1 Phng phap cac ng ac tnh

Hnh 2.15

e giai bai toan truyen song qua nhieu moi trng vi cac dang song
n gian (song vuong goc, xien goc, song ham mu), con co the dung phng
phap o th - phng phap cac ng ac tnh sau ay.
Song truyen t ng day Z1 sang ng day Z2 qua mot oan ng day
tong tr song Zo, chieu dai l (H.2.15a). S o thay the theo qui tac Petersen
cho hnh 2.15b; cac tr so cua ap A (theo thi gian) phai nam tren ng
thang U A = 2U o Z1i (ng 1). Con tr so uB nam tren ng U B = Z2i
(ng 2, (H.2.15c).
Ngoai ra, ap va dong tai bat c iem nao tren oan Zo, ke ca tai hai iem
A va B, eu co the bieu dien di dang tong cua cac song thuan (xuat phat t
A) va song ngc (xuat phat t B):
u = u+ + u ; i =

Suy ra:

u+ u

hay Zoi = u+ u
Z o Zo

U B = 2u+ Zoi ( ng 3)
U A = 2u + Zoi ( ng 4 )

52

ng 3: xuat phat t A en B goi la ac tnh thuan

ng 4: xuat phat t B en A goi la ac tnh ngc
Tr so cua uA cho bi giao iem cua ng 1 va ng ac tnh ngc 4,
con uB la giao iem cua ng 2 va ng ac tnh thuan 3 nh trnh bay trong
hnh 2.15c.
Cach tien hanh

Hnh 2.16 Trng hp zo > z1 ; zo > z2

Ve hai he truc toa o u(i) va u(t) ben canh nhau. Tren he truc u(i) hnh
2.16a ve cac ng ac tnh uA va uB. Giao iem M cua chung cho tr so gii
han cua uA va uB khi so lan phan xa n tang vo cung (tc la khi t ):
uM = u A ( t ) = uB ( t ) =

2 z2
U o = 12U o
z1 + z2

Chon goc thi gian t = 0 khi song en iem A lan au tien. Trong khoang
thi gian 0 t 2 ( vi = l/vo ) cha co song phan xa t B ve, tc u = 0, nen
ac tnh ngc luc nay bang u A = zoi qua goc toa o.
Giao iem A1 cua no vi ng u A = 2U o z1i cho ien ap uA1 tai nut A
trong khoang thi gian nay.
That vay, t

u A1 = 2U o z1i
2 zo
U o = 10U o
suy ra u A1 =
u A1 = zoi
Zo + Z1

53

Song uA1 truyen en B theo ac tnh thuan

uB = 2u A1 zoi = 210U o zoi

Giao iem cua no vi ng uB = zoi tai iem B1 cho ien ap uB1 tai
iem B thi iem t = . Tr so cua no c xac nh bi:
uB1 = 210U o zoi
2 z2
10U o = 10 02U o
suy ra uB1 =
uB1 = z2i
z2 + zo

Song UB1 phan xa ve A theo ac tnh ngc, luc nay bang

u A = 2uB1 + zoi = 210 02U o + zoi

Giao iem A2 cua no vi ng u A = 2U o z1i cho tr so ien ap uA2 tai

A luc t = 2 c xac nh theo:
u A2 = 210 02U o zoi
suy ra u A2 = 10 0120U o
u A2 = 2U o z1i

Co the chng minh tiep tuc tng t.

Thc ra trong cach ve co the tien hanh n gian hn:
T iem B1 ve ng thang co o doc zo, no cat ng u A = 2U o z1i tai
A2. Bay gi qua iem A2 ve ac tnh thuan mi vi o doc zo), giao iem B2
cua no vi ng uB = z2i cho ien ap tai nut B tai thi iem t = 3. C tiep
tuc qua trnh ve cac ac tnh thuan va nghch tng t, cho en khi cac iem
An , Bn tiem can vi giao iem M, tr so cua no cho gia tr ti han cua uA va uB,
khi so lan phan xa tang len vo cung.
Hnh 2.16b cho quan he uA va uB theo thi gian. Bang phng phap nay
co the xac nh uA va uB theo t trong moi tng quan khac nhau gia
z1 , zo va z2 (H.2.17) tng t nh trong phng phap giai tch a xet muc
2.3.

54

Hnh 2.17-1

Hnh 2.17: Bien thien cua u A va uB theo thi gian

khi tng quan gia z1 , zo va z2 khac nhau
Neu z2 la mot ien tr khong ng thang (tc tr so R phu thuoc vao i) va a
biet ac tnh Volt-Ampe (tc u = f(i) cua no, th phng phap giai bang o th cung hoan
toan tng t (H.2.18).

55

Hnh 2.18 Bien thien cua u A va uB theo t khi z2 la mot phan t phi tuyen
1- Xac nh bang o th ham: y = e t / T

Phng phap o th da tren

c s la: hnh chieu tren truc t cua
ng tiep tuyen tai moi iem cua
ng cong y(t) co chieu dai bang
T. Chia truc t thanh nhng khoang
thi gian T (nen chon T la mot
c so cua T) T cang nho cang
chnh xac.
Trc tien t iem y = 1, ve
ng thang noi vi iem
t1 = T. Giao iem cua ng thang
o vi ng thang t = T cho iem y1, tung o cua no la y1 = y( T ) . Noi y1
vi iem t2 = t + T , cat ng t = 2T tai y2 co tung o y2 = y( 2T ) va c
tiep tuc nh the.
2- Xac nh ien ap tac dung len mot ien dung C cuoi ng day khi co
song u1 = U o = const tac dung

Nh a biet uc = 2U o (1 e t / T ) . Phng phap o th e xac nh uc

c tien hanh tng t nh tren.
Cach ve: Chon truc tung theo u/U o va truc hoanh theo t.

56

Tren ng thang song song vi

truc t qua iem co tung o bang 2
xac nh iem t1 = T
T goc toa o ve ng thang
noi lien vi iem t1, ng thang
nay
cat
ng
t = T

u1 ; u1 = uc ( T ) , t u1 ve ng
thang noi lien vi iem t2 = T + T
ng thang o se cat ng
t = 2T u2 , tung o cua
u2 = u( 2T ) va c tiep tuc nh vay.
3- Xac nh ien ap tac dung len mot ien tr khong ng thang cuoi
ng day khi song tac dung co dang bat ky (H.2.19)

Hnh 2.19

Gia thiet song ti ut ( t ) co dang bat ky truyen theo ng day co tong

tr song z tac dung len mot ien tr khong ng thang R co ng ac tnh
V-A: uR = f ( i) a biet. Theo qui tac Petersen co s o thay the nh hnh
2.19a va ien ap uR ( t ) c xac nh bi quan he:
2ut ( t ) = uR ( t ) + zi( t )

(2.32)

Bang phng phap o th co the xac nh uR ( t ) nh sau:

Tren goc th I ve he truc toa o u, i. Tren o ve ng ac tnh V-A cua
ien tr khong ng thang, uR = f ( i) va ng bieu dien ien ap giang tren
tong tr song z cua ng day zi. Cong tung o cua hai ng ac tnh o vi

57

nhau se co ng cong uR + zi bieu dien ve phai cua phng trnh (2.32).

Tren goc th II ve truc toa o u, t. Tren o ve dang song ti ut(t) va
2ut(t). Tai mot thi iem t nao o se xac nh c iem a tren ng 2ut ( t ) ,
t a ke ng thang song song truc hoanh se xac nh c iem b tren ng
cong uR + zi . T b ve ng thang song song vi truc u, no se cat ac tnh VA cua ien tr khong ng thang uR = f ( i) tai c. T c ve ng thang song
song vi truc hoanh va xac nh c iem d ng vi thi gian t.
Tung o cua iem d chnh la ien ap tren ien tr R tai thi iem t. Thay
oi thi iem t se lan lt xac nh c nhng iem d tng ng cua ng
cong uR ( t ) . Song phan xa t ien tr khong ng thang tr ve ng day
c xac nh theo quan he:
u p ( t ) = uR ( t ) ut ( t ) ;

( u p = uk ut )

2.4.2 Song dang bat ky tac dung len chong set van at cuoi ng day
(H.2.20)
Chong set van gom khe h phong ien K co ac tnh Volt-giay a biet
ucsv ( t ) noi tiep vi mot ien tr khong ng thang R co ac tnh Volt-Ampe
a cho: ucsv = f (icsv )

Hnh 2.20
Trc khi khe h K phong ien tc cuoi ng day h mach, do o: ix = icsv = 0
va ux = 2 ut = ucsv

Khi khe h K phong ien, thi iem phong ien tp c xac nh bi giao
iem cua ng cong ux = 2 ut vi ac tnh Volt-giay cua khe h K. Luc nay
ien tr khong ng thang R c ghep noi tiep vao mach; ien ap tac dung
len chong set van c xac nh theo qui tac Petersen 2ut = ucsv + zicsv
(H.2.21). ucsv bay gi thc chat la ien ap tac dung len ien tr khong ng
thang R cua chong set van, thng c goi la ud cua chong set van. Cach
xac nh ucsv ( t ) tng t nh trng hp a xet tren. Hnh 2.21 cung trnh bay
cach xac nh dong qua CSV theo t: icsv ( t ) .

58

Hnh 2.21 Cach xac nh bang o th ucsv ( t ) va icsv ( t )

2.4.3 Phng phap tiep tuyen

Thc chat cua phng phap nay la cach giai bang o th phng trnh vi
phan cua ham v(t) co dang
dy
+ ay = f ( t )
(2.33)
dt
V du: Gia thiet co mot song ien ap u(t) dang bat ky cho trc truyen
theo ng day co tong tr song z tac dung len mot ien dung C cuoi ng
day (H.2.22a). Can xac nh uc ( t ) .

Hnh 2.22 Song Ut dang bat ky tac dung len ien dung C
at cuoi ng day

V song co dang bat ky nen dung phng phap giai tch se rat phc tap,
con dung phng phap o th se n gian hn nhieu.
S o thay the theo qui tac Petersen cho hnh 2.22b. Theo o lap c
phng trnh can bang ien ap sau:
du
du
2u( t ) = Zi + uc = ZC c + uc vi i = C c
dt
dt
Thay CZ = T, hang so thi gian nap ien cho ien dung C va bien oi
phng trnh ve dang chuan se co:

59

duc
1
1
+
uc = 2u( t)
dt
T
T

(2.34)

Cach xac nh uc bang o th tien hanh nh sau (H.2.23)

g Tren he toa o vuong goc ( u, t ) goc O ve ng cong 2u(t) (a biet dang
u(t), tai moi thi iem t nhan tung o vi 2).
g Ve he toa o vuong goc ( uc , t) co goc 0 lui sau goc 0 cua he toa o (u,t)

mot thi oan T = Cz.

g Chia truc thi gian t va t thanh nhng khoang t bang nhau (t nen la c
so cua T, chia cang nho th hnh ve cang chnh xac), tren truc 0t ky hieu
bang t1 , t2 , t3 K tn . Con tren truc t ky hieu bang t1 , t2 , t3 K tn .

g Cac ng thang t1 , t2 ,K tn cat ng cong 2u(t) tai nhng iem 1,2... n.

g at tren truc uc mot tr so bang tr so ien ap ban au tren ien dung uc ( 0)

(trng hp tong quat).

g Noi iem uc ( 0) vi goc O cua he toa o (u,t) ni ng cong 2u(t) co tr so

ban au (t = 0). oan nay cat ng t1 iem 1.

g T iem 1 ke oan thang noi lien vi iem 1. oan 11 cat ng t2

iem 2.
g Noi 2 vi 2, oan 22 cat ng t3 tai 3.
g Qua trnh tiep theo c lap lai tng t nh vay. Cuoi cung co c ng
gay khuc qua cac iem uc ( 0) , 1,2... n, o chnh la ng cong uc ( t ) can

tm.
g e chng minh ieu o, ta xet tam giac vuong 333 : iem 3 co tung o bang
2u(t), iem 3 gia thiet la nghiem cua bai toan co tung o la uc ( t ) , chieu dai
33 2u( t ) uc ( t )
=
. Mat khac t phng
33
T
duc 2u( t ) uc ( t )
duc
trnh chuan (2.34) cung co
=
. Tom lai tg =
, ieu
dt
T
dt
nay chng to ng gay khuc 1, 2, 3, chnh la li giai cua bai toan.

canh 3 ' 3 '' =T. Nh vay tg =

60

Hnh 2.23 Xac nh ien ap tren ien dung C

bang phng phap tiep tuyen

61

2.5 QUI TAC VE SONG ANG TR

Hnh 2.24 Qui tac song ang tr

Trong thc te, thng gap nhieu trng hp song truyen ong thi tren
nhieu ng day en mot iem nut. Van e c at ra la can xac nh tr so
qua ien ap xuat hien tai iem nut. Hnh 2.24a trnh bay mot trng hp tong
quat:
g Co n ng day, tong tr song lan lt la z1 , z2 K zi , zn (gia cac

ng day khong co tong tr song tng ho, tc zik = 0 ) au vao

iem nut A.
g Tai A co noi vi tong tr tap trung z, co the la ng thang hoac khong
ng thang, co cac ac tnh Volt-giay hoac Volt-Ampe a biet.
g Song truyen theo ng day zi en nut A c ky hieu bang
uiA ( i = 1, 2,..., n) va song phan xa t A tr ve zi c ky hieu bang u Ai .
g Can xac nh ien ap tai iem nut u A ( t ) va cac song phan xa t A tr

ve lai cac ng day u Ai .

ieu kien b tai nut A cho cac quan he sau:
u A = u1 A + u A1 = u2 A + u A2 = K uiA + u Ai
i= n

iA =

(iiA + iAi )

(2.35)
(2.36)

i=1

Biet rang: iiA =

uiA
u
; iAi = Ai va t (2.35) suy ra: u Ai = u A uiA
z1
z1

Thay cac gia tr nay vao bieu thc (2.36):

62

iA =

n
n
uiA u A uiA
uiA
1

)=2
uA
zi
zi
z
z
i=1 i
i=1 i

Chia ca hai ve cua (2.37) cho

zi

(2.37)

va sap xep lai th t cac so hang ta co:

i=1

n
1 n 1 1
1 1
(
) = u A + iA (
)
zi i=1 zi
z
i=1 i

uiA

i=1
n

ma

zi )1 = z1 // z2 // K zn = zt
i=1

va at

uiA
i=1

1 n 1 1
(
) =
zi i=1 zi

uiA
i=1

zt
= u tA
zi

th bieu thc c viet lai di dang

u A + iA Zt = 2utA

(2.38)

vi: zt - tong tr song ang tr cua tat ca n ng day au song song

utA - song ang tr cua tat ca song ti u1 A , u2 A ,K unA en nut A theo
ng day co tong tr song ang tr zt .
Can lu y, khi tnh utA tai mot thi iem t nao o th ch ke en nhng
song uiA nao a en A tai thi iem o. Cac song khac cha en A eu coi
nh bang khong.
Bieu thc (2.38) c goi la qui tac song ang tr, tng ng vi s o
thay the hnh 2.24b.
Nh vay, qui tac song ang tr cho phep chuyen mot bai toan phc tap:
song truyen ong thi theo nhieu ng day khac nhau en iem A, thanh
mot bai toan n gian hn nhieu - mot song ang tr utA truyen theo ng
day ang tr co tong tr song zt en iem nut A.
Theo s o thay the (H.2.24b) co the tnh ien ap tai iem nut A theo.
2z
uA =
utA = tA .utA
zt + z
2z
goi la he so khuc xa ang tr tai nut A, va dong qua
zt + z
u
tong tr Z bang: iA = A
z

trong o tA =

63

Song phan xa t iem nut A ve ng day zi suy ra t ieu kien b

(2.35):
u Ai = u A uiA

2.6 QUA TRNH TRUYEN SONG TRONG HE THONG NHIEU

DAY DAN
2.6.1 Trng hp tong quat
Tren ay chung ta ch mi khao sat qui luat truyen song tren ng day
mot day dan, o song dong thuan truyen theo day dan, con song dong ngc
theo ng at. Trong thc te, ng day tai ien la mot he nhieu day dan
gom ca cac day pha va day chong set va qua trnh truyen song ien t trong
he nhieu day phc tap hn nhieu, do co quan he tng tac cua trng ien t
gia cac day song song vi nhau o.
Trong nhieu trng hp, co the thay the he nhieu day bi mot day ang
tr, nhng can phai tnh en cac ac iem cua s truyen song trong he nhieu
day.
e n gian hoa s nghien cu qua trnh truyen song trong he nhieu day
dan, trc tien cung bo qua ton hao nang lng trong day dan, trong at va
ton hao vang quang xung. Vi gia thiet nay, song tren tat ca cac day dan
truyen vi cung mot toc o (bang toc o anh sang oi vi ng day tren
khong), khong b bien dang va co dang song phang, co ngha la khong co
thanh phan vect ien trng E va t trng H theo chieu truc ng day. Do
o e phan tch qua trnh truyen song trong he nhieu (n) day dan, co the xuat
phat t he phng trnh Maxwell quen thuoc cho he day dan co ien tch tnh.
u1 = 11 q1 + 12 q2 + K + 1n qn

u2 = 21 q1 + 22 q2 + K + 2n qn

un = n1 q1 + n2 q2 + K + nn qn

(2.39)

trong o: u1 ,K , un - ien the oi vi at cua cac day dan

q1 ,K , qn - ien tch tren n v chieu dai cua cac day dan

ik - he so the, c xac nh theo cac kch thc hnh hoc

cua ng day (H.2.25).

64

1
2hk
ln
( m/ F )
2 o
rk

D
1
=
ln ki ( m/F )

2 o dki

kk =
ik

(2.40)

vi:
rk - ban knh day dan th k, m
hk - o treo cao trung bnh cua day dan k, m
dki - khoang cach gia cac day dan k va i, m
Dki - khoang cach gia day dan k va anh soi qua mat at cua day dan i,
m.
V dki = dik va Dki = Dik nen ki = ik

Hnh 2.25

ien trng tao nen bi ien tch tnh la ien trng tnh.
e chuyen ien trng tnh sang ien trng trang thai song phang,
tng tng gan cho no mot toc o chuyen dch v khong oi doc ng day.
Bang cach nhan va chia cac so hang cua ve phai cua he phng trnh
Maxwell (2.39) vi van toc chuyen dch v cua song, ong thi thay the
qk .v = ik la song dong truyen theo day dan k, va thay ki /v = zki v ty so nay
co th nguyen cua tong tr, ta nhan c he phng trnh truyen song cho he n day
dan.

65

u1 = z11i1 + z12i2 + K + z1nin

u2 = z21i1 + z12i2 + K + z2nin

un = zn1i1 + zn2i2 + K + znn in

(2.41)

vi zkk = kk /v - tong tr song ban than cua day dan k, no bieu hien quan he
gia song ap va dong trong day dan k
Zki = ki /v - tong tr song tng ho gia cac day dan k va i, no bieu

hien quan he gia dong trong day i vi song ap ma no cam ng tren day
dan k.
oi vi ng day tren khong v = c = 3 108 m/s th:
zkk = 60 ln
zki

2hk
rk

D
= zik = 60 ln ik
dik

2 hk

rk

D
= 138 lg ik
dik
= 138 lg

(2.42)

Co the nhan thay de dang la zkk > zki v rk = dik . oi vi ng day

tren khong tong tr song tng ho thng nam trong gii han t 100200.
He phng trnh (2.41) gom n phng trnh vi 2n an so, so phng trnh
con lai se c xac nh t cac ieu kien b trong cac trng hp cu the. Sau
ay la mot vai v du minh hoa.
2.6.2 Cac day dan cung c noi vao mot nguon phat song

Hnh 2.26 Ba day dan cung c noi vao nguon song

ay la mot v du thc te co the xay ra khi set anh gan ng day, gay
nen song cam ng tren tat ca day dan tren ng day.

66

Trong trng hp nay ien ap tren day dan co the coi mot cach gan ung
eu bang nhau va bang Uo. Gia th ng day co ba day dan co cung ban
knh va treo tren cung mot o cao (nh ng day co cot hnh ) th:
z11 = z22 = z33

z12 = z23 > z13

Trong trng hp nay ieu kien b la u1 = u2 = u3 = U o .

Do o, t he ba phng trnh truyen song:
u1 = U o = z11i1 + z12i2 + z13i3

u2 = U o = z21i1 + z22i2 + z23i3

u = U = z i + z i + z i
o
33 1
32 2
33 3
3

Suy ra: i1 = i3 = U o

z11 z12
2
z11

2
z11 z13 2 z12

; i2 = U o

z11 + z13 2 z12

2
2
z11 + z11 z13 2 z 12

< i1

Co the nhan thay la trang thai song, khi co nhieu day dan i song song
th dong ien trong moi day nho hn khi song truyen trong mot day dan duy
nhat, v du.
i1 = U o

z11 z12
2
z11

2
z11 z13 2 z12

<

Uo
z11

2.6.3 Mot day dan noi vi nguon song, mot day noi vi at
V du khi set anh vong qua day chong set 1 vao day dan 2.
ieu kien b trong trng hp nay la u1 = 0; u2 = U o .
He phng trnh truyen song trong trng hp nay co dang (H.2.27):
u1 = 0 = z11i1 + z12i2
u2 = U o = z12i1 + z22i2

t o suy ra:

i1 = i2

va:

i2 =

z12
z11
Uo

z22

2
z12

z11

>

Uo
z22

67

Nh vay, song dong ien chay trong day dan 2, khi co day chong set 1,
ln hn khi khong co DCS.
Co the giai thch ieu nay nh sau:
Khi co day 1 noi at, dong ien i1 ngc chieu vi i2 do o t trng cua
dong i1 trong day 1 lam giam t trng cua dong ien trong day 2, mat khac
day 1 noi at at gan day 2 co tac dung lam tang ien dung C2 cua day 2 oi
vi at, ket qua la tong tr song ang tr cua day 2 giam ( Z2 = L2 /C2 )
2.6.4 Mot day dan noi vi nguon song, mot day at cach ien vi at
V du set anh vao day chong set 1 dung bao ve cho day dan 2 (H.2.28).
ieu kien b trng hp nay la u1 = U o va i2 = 0 .

Hnh 2.28 Set anh vao DCS (1) va s ket noi vi DD pha (2)

V day 2 cach ien oi vi at nen i2 = 0 , do o he phng trnh truyen

song co dang:
u1 = U o = z11i1
u2 = z21i1

Suy ra u2 =

z21
u1 = k21u1
z11

He so k21 =

z21 u2
=
= k goi la he so ngau hp tnh hay he so ngau hp
z11 u1

hnh hoc (electrostatic or geometric coupling factor) gia day 2 oi vi day 1,

no bieu hien quan he gia song ien ap chay trong day 1 vi ien ap cam ng
tnh ien chay trong day 2.
k = k21 = ln

D21
2h1
/ ln
<1
d21
r1

(2.43)

68

oi vi ng day tren khong, he so ngau

hp tnh co tr so khoang k = 0,20,3.
Do tren day dan 2 co ien ap cam ng u2
ngc dau vi u1 nen ien ap tac dung len cach
ien cua no bang:
u12 = u1 u2 = u1 (1 k21 )

Bieu thc nay cho thay he so ngau hp ln

th ien ap tac dung len cach ien be, ieu kien
lam viec cua cach ien nhe nhang hn.
He so ngau hp gia hai day dan cang ln khi khoang cach d21 gia hai
day cang be va o treo cao cua day cang ln (ma h1 ln th D21 ln).
2.6.5 Song truyen theo hai day, day th ba at cach ien
V du: ng day co hai day chong set 1 va 2 e bao ve cho day 3. Set
anh vao nh cot.

Hnh 2.29 Set anh vao nh cot cua ng day co hai DCS (1) va (2)
va s ket noi vi DD pha (3)

Trong trng hp nay cac ieu kien b la:

u1 =

u2

i3 = 0,

= Uo

i1 = i2 ( do h1 = h2 , rr = r2 z11 = z22 )

Do o, he phng trnh truyen song co dang:

u1 = u2 = U o = i1 z11 + i2 z12 = i1 ( z11 + z12 )
u3 = i1 z31 + i2 z32 = i1 ( z31 + z32 )

T o suy ra:

69

u3 = U o

z31 + z32
= k31,2U o = kU o
z11 + z12

(2.44)

He so k ' = k31,2 goi la he so ngau hp tnh gia day 3 vi cac day 1 va

2. Co the nhan thay rang k31,2 > k12 (do z11 > z12 nen trong cong thc cua
k31,2 mau so tang cham hn t so). ieu o co ngha la song ien ap cam

ng trong day dan 3 gay nen bi song set tren hai day chong set ln hn
trng hp ch co mot day chong set. Nh vay cach ien (chuoi s) cua day 3
chu tac dung cua mot hieu the nho hn so vi trng hp ch co mot day
chong set. Noi mot cach khac, cach ien cua ng day co hai day chong set
chu tac dung cua qua ien ap be hn so vi trng hp ch co mot day chong
set uch s = u13 = u1 u3 = u1 (1 k ') .

2.7 S BIEN DANG CUA SONG

Song ien t truyen tren ng day tai ien thc te luon luon b bien
dang va giam bien o. Co hai nguyen nhan chu yeu:
g Do song dong ien gay nen ton hao nhiet tren ien tr tac dung R cua
mach truyen song.
g Do ton hao vang quang xung tren ng day.

2.7.1 S bien dang cua song do ton hao nhiet tren ien tr tac dung cua
mach truyen song
Song truyen tren day dan thng khep kn mach qua at. Nh vay R gom
ien tr tac dung cua day dan va cua ng at ma song truyen ve, tc bang
ien tr th t khong cua ng day. ien tr nay phu thuoc vao tiet dien cua
day dan va ien tr suat cua at, va oi vi ng day cao ap 110 kV tr len
co tr so khoang 0,1 0, 4/km .
Tuy nhien ton hao trong at la chu yeu, con ton hao tren ien tr tac
dung cua day dan rat be, co the bo qua. at la vat dan co tiet dien ln. Song
dong ien vi o doc ln lan truyen trong at se chu s chi phoi cua hieu ng
be mat nh khi truyen dong
ien cao tan, co ngha la se
truyen chu yeu tren be mat, ket
qua la ien tr cua at se tang
len nhieu.
Hnh 2.30: S bien dang cua song
do ton hao nhiet tren ien tr tac
dung cua mach truyen song

70

Gia thiet khi bat au truyen vao at, song co dang au song vuong goc
th sau khi truyen qua mot quang ng l, song b bien dang, au song se bt
doc i (H.2.30). Trong tnh toan co the thay the bi mot au song xien goc
tng ng, co thi gian au song c tnh theo cong thc gan ung sau:
t =

l2

260h2 z 2

(2.45)

vi: - ien tr suat cua at, m

l - quang ng song a truyen qua, m
h - o treo cao trung bnh cua day dan so vi mat at, m
Z = Lo /C o - tong tr song cua day dan,
Lo , Co - ien cam va ien dung oi vi at cua DD theo n v dai.

Co the thay la s bien dang cua song do ton hao nhiet trong at khong
phu thuoc vao bien o cua song qua ien ap.
Bang 2.1 cho ket qua tnh toan ve s bien dang cua au song (thong qua
t ) khi , l thay oi ng vi cac tr so Z = 500 va h = 10m.
Bang 2.1 t = f ( , l ) vi Z = 500; h = 10m
(m)

100

500

1000

l (km)

0,5

1,0

2,0

0,5

1,0

2,0

0,5

1,0

2,0

t (s)

0,004

0,015

0,06

0,02

0,08

0,3

0,04

0,15

0,6

T bang 2.1 thay rang, ch oi vi vung at dan ien xau va o dai truyen
song (l) ln th bien dang cua au song mi ang ke. Thc te thng gap cac
trng hp co o dai truyen song ngan hn (cac khoang vt ti tram khoang
vai ba tram met). Khi o co the bo qua s bien dang cua song do ton hao trong
at.
2.7.2 Bien dang va tat dan cua song do ton hao vang quang xung tren ng
day
Bien o cua song qua ien ap thng vt qua rat nhieu lan ien ap phat
sinh vang quang. V vay khi truyen tren ng day no gay ra phong ien vang
quang manh liet. Vang quang tieu hao mot phan nang lng cua song, do o
lam bien dang va giam bien o cua song. Vang quang do song qua ien ap
kh quyen tao nen la dang vang quang xung, no co mot so ac iem rieng,

71

khac vi vang quang on nh ien ap mot chieu va xoay chieu tan so cong
nghiep:
g Khu vc ion hoa cua vang quang xung cung lan truyen tren ng day
tai ien cung vi song qua ien ap, sau khi song a i qua th vang quang
xung giam, cac ien tch con sot lai se b trung hoa.
g Vang quang xung cung co cau tao dong, nhng mat o ien tch trong
cac dong plasma rat cao, do o ien dan cua no tang rat nhieu theo bien o cua
song ien ap va cao gap hang tram lan so vi ien ap tan so cong nghiep. Do
mot so lng tng oi ln ien tch di chuyen trong dong nen cac khe dan co
the b ot nong len ti 20003000oC. nhiet o nay, cng o trng ti han
e duy tr ion hoa va cham giam thap ch con khoang
293
Evq = 3 4 kV /cm( 30
3) . Tuy nhien nhan to ion hoa chu yeu ay
3000
van la ion hoa va cham, ch cha phai la ion hoa nhiet v nhiet o trong khe
cha at en 40005000oC.
g cung tr so ien ap th vang quang dng manh liet hn vang quang
am nhieu, dong plasma dai hn, tieu hao nhieu nang lng hn, nen song b
bien dang nhieu va bien o giam nhieu hn (H.2.31).

g Vang quang xung truyen doc theo chieu dai cua day dan gom cac dong
plasma ri rac khong lien nhau nen khong co s di chuyen ien tch men theo
quang sang doc theo chieu dai ng day (ma ch co dong ien chay trong
day dan). V vay vang quang xung hau nh khong anh hng ang ke en
ien cam cua ng day) trong khi o s di chuyen mot so ln ien tch cung
dau vi day dan theo cac dong plasma ra quang sang lam cho ien dung cua
ng day (oi vi at) tang len nhieu.

Cac dao ong o ghi dang song di tac dung cua vang quang xung cho thay:
- au song b bien dang nhieu.
- uoi song t b bien dang.

72

- Bien o song giam va dch ve pha uoi song.

- Khoang cach truyen song cang dai th s bien dang au song va giam
bien o cang ro ret.
Cac ket qua thc nghiem tren c giai thch tren c s ac tnh Volt Coulomb khong ng thang cua vang quang xung tren ng day tai ien
(H.2.32).

Hnh 2.32 ac tnh Volt - Coulomb cua vang quang xung

tren ng day tai ien cao ap

Trc khi xuat hien vang quang xung ( u < uvq ) , cha co ion hoa, tc
cha co ien tch khong gian, ien tch do nguon phat ra eu phan bo tren day
dan, do o gia ien tch q va ien ap u tren day dan, co quan he ng
thang:
qo = Cou

(2.46)

trong o Co la ien dung hnh hoc cua day dan oi vi at.

Khi u uvq khong kh quanh day dan b ion hoa, xuat hien ien tch
khong gian, ien tch tong do nguon phat ra, mot phan phan bo tren day dan,
mot phan trong khong gian quanh day dan, do o quan he gia ien tch tong
q va ien ap u phan au song co the bieu dien gan ung theo ham bac hai:
q = Cou(1 + Bu)

(2.47)

vi: qo, q - ien tch theo n v chieu dai cua day dan, C/m
B - he so xac nh bang thc nghiem, phu thuoc vao ng knh d va cc
tnh day dan, tnh theo (1/kV ) (H.2.34).
ien tch tong q phu thuoc vao tr so tc thi cua ien ap u, do o co the
a ra mot khai niem ve ien dung ong:

73

C ( u) =

dq
= Co (1 + 2 Bu)
du

(2.48)

No cho thay cung vi s xuat hien cua vang quang xung, ien dung cua
day dan se tang, va ien ap cang cao th ien dung cang ln.
Phng trnh vi phan mo ta qua trnh truyen song khi xuat hien vang
quang xung se co dang:
u
i
= Lo
x
t

i
u

= C
x
t

(2.49)

Nghiem tong quat cua chung cung co dang tng t nh trng hp

ng day khong ton hao va neu ch chu y en song ti se co:
u = f ( x vvq t )
trong o vvq la toc o truyen song tren ng day khi co vang quang xung, no
phu thuoc vao tr so ien ap u theo:
vo
1
vvq =
= 1/ LoCo (1 + 2 Bu) =
(2.50)
LoC
1 + 2 Bu
vo = 1/ LoCo la toc o truyen song khi cha co vang quang, bang toc o

anh sang oi vi ng day tren khong.

Tr so ien ap cang cao th toc o truyen song tren day dan co vang quang
xung cang giam, chnh v vay ma au song b keo dai ra, tc la o doc au song
giam.
T nhan xet nay, co the a ra mot phng phap gan ung xac nh s
bien dang cua song (au song, bien o) nh sau:
Gia thiet tai ni xuat phat (x=0) song co dang u(t) a biet (H.2.33a). phan
au song, bat au t tr so u = uvq , chia song thanh nhng bang hep u moi bang
tng ng vi tr so u, truyen i vi toc o vvq ( u) . Nh a biet, nhng bang song
tng ng vi tr so u cang cao th c truyen i vi toc o cang thap.

74

Hnh 2.33: S bien dang cua song do tac dung

cua vang quang xung tren ng day tai ien

Nh vay, sau khi song a truyen qua c mot quang ng

x = l th nhng bang song vi u > uvq se en cham tng ng so vi trng
hp khong co vang quang mot khoang thi gian t(u) xac nh nh sau:
t( u) =

l
l
l

= ( 1 + 2 Bu 1)
vvq ( u ) vo vo

V 2Bu = 1 (t q = qo (1+Bu) suy ra Bu =

q
1 = 1 ) co the tnh gan
qo

ung 1 + 2 Bu 1 + Bu (khai trien nh thc Newton), do o:

t( u)

l
Bu
vo

(2.51)

Bang cach xac nh thi gian cham tre cua tng bang song co the xac
nh gan ung s bien dang au song (H.2.33b).
V du: Tai ni xuat hien qua ien ap (x = 0) song co dang au song
khong vuong goc ( s = 0) bien o khong oi u = u0,5 th sau khi truyen qua
mot oan x = l th di tac dung cua vang quang xung au song b keo dai,
thi gian au song bang
s

l
B u0,5
c

(2.52)

75

do o o doc au song bang a =

u0,5
s

c
Bl

Khi ng cong bien dang au song cat phan uoi song, iem giao nhau
cho bien o cua song sau khi a truyen qua oan ng
x = l. Trng hp song co o dai song ngan nh trng hp song cat th bien
o cua song giam ro ret di tac dung cua vang quang xung.
phan uoi song, vang quang khong tiep tuc phat trien, cac dong
plasma giam dan o dan ien, vang quang se tan dan. Co the coi mot cach
gan ung nh la uoi song khong b bien dang.

Hnh 2.34 Quan he B = f(d) oi vi song am

Quan he B = f(d) oi vi song cc tnh am cho hnh 2.34, hay co the lay
theo cac tr so trung bnh:
B = 0, 5 103

1
vi d = 1215mm (tng ng vi D 110kV)
kV

B = 0, 3 103

1
vi d = 2530mm (tng ng vi D 220kV)
kV
1
vi d = 4060mm (tng ng vi D 330380kV)
kV

B = 0, 2 103

Trong tnh toan chong set, ngi ta con dung mot cong thc gan ung,
qui s bien dang cua au song di tac dung cua vang quang xung khi en
tram, thanh mot au song xien goc tng ng theo cong thc thc nghiem
sau:

(2.53)

76

t = o + ( 0, 5 + 0, 008

umax
hdd

)l,

(2.54)

vi: o - thi gian au song tai ni xuat phat, s

umax - bien o song, kV; htb - o treo cao trung bnh cua day dan, m
l - chieu dai cua oan ng day (ti tram) ma song truyen qua, km.
V du: tai ni xuat phat song co dang vuong goc o=0, bien o
Umax = 1000kV sau khi truyen qua oan ti tram co chieu dai
l=1km, day dan co o treo cao trung bnh htb = 10m th song b bien dang va
co au song tng ng bang:
tb = 0, 5 + 0, 8 = 1, 3s

Nh vay s bien dang cua song di tac dung cua vang quang xung ln
hn nhieu so vi s bien dang do ton hao bi ien tr tac dung cua at.
* Vang quang xung lam giam tong tr song cua day dan va lam tang he
so ngau hp.
Thanh phan dong ien vang quang tng ng vi mot bang song du co the
viet:
1
du

zvq

divq =

la tong tr song cua day dan co vang quang xung khi ien ap tac
vi zvq

dung co tr so bang u tng ng vi o cao cua bang song a chon:

Lo
Lo
zo
' =
zvq
=
=
C
Co (1 + 2 Bu)
1 + 2 Bu
Dong ien vang quang tong se bang
ivq

ivq =

divq
0

u
1
=
=
zvq zo

1 + 2 Bu du

u 1 + Bu
zo

vi zo la tong tr song cua day dan khi khong co vang quang.

zo
Nh vay:
zvq =
1 + Bu
Co ngha la khi co vang quang xung, tong tr song ban than cua day dan
b giam. Neu bien o song t 10001500 kV th tong tr song giam khoang
1020% va t vai nghn kV th tong tr song co the giam en 3040% va hn.

(2.5

77

He so ngau hp gia hai day dan 1 va 2 khi cha co vang quang c

xac nh theo.
k21 ( 0) =

z21
z11 ( 0)

z11 ( 0) tong tr song ban than cua day 1 khi cha co vang quang.

Khi tren day 1 xuat hien vang quang xung th tong tr song ban than cua
no giam trong khi tong tr song tng ho thc te khong thay oi, do o he so
ngau hp se tang theo:
k21( vq ) =

z21
z
= 21
1 + Bu
z11 ( vq) z11 ( 0)

k21( vq ) = k21( 0 ) 1 + Bu

(2.56)

k( vq) con goi la he so ngau hp ong (dynamic coupling factor) hay he so ngau

hp ien t (electromagnetic coupling factor).

Nh a biet, he so ngau hp tang se lam cho ien ap tac dung tren cach
ien ng day giam, tc ieu kien lam viec cua cach ien nhe nhang hn.
oi vi ng day cao ap, he so ngau hp ong kvq = (1,1 1,3)ko) thng
ln hn he so ngau hp hnh hoc ko khoang 1030%.
Tom lai, do cac tac dung keo dai au song, giam bien o va tang he so
ngau hp, vang quang xung la mot nhan to thuan li cho viec bao ve qua ien
ap cho cach ien cua ng day va tram. Cu the se trnh bay trong cac
chng bao ve chong set cho ng day va tram (chng 5 va chng 7).

78

Chng

BAO VE CHONG SET ANH TRC

TIEP CHO HE THONG IEN
3.1 KHAI NIEM CHUNG
Set anh trc tiep vao day dan cua ng day tai ien, vao cac thiet b
va bo phan mang ien cua tram phan phoi va nha may ien se gay nen qua
ien ap nguy hiem lam ngan mach, cham at cac pha, lam h hong cach ien
cua cac thiet b, gay gian oan s cung cap ien cho cac ho tieu thu, lam thiet
hai ln cho nen kinh te quoc dan. V vay, he thong ien phai c bao ve mot
cach co hieu qua chong set anh trc tiep.
Viec bao ve chong set anh trc tiep thng c thc hien bang cac cot
thu set hoac day thu set.
ay la nhng ket cau gom: bo
phan thu set, bo phan noi at va bo
phan dan dong ien set noi lien ve
ien hai bo phan tren vi nhau (H.3.1).
Bo phan thu set (1) cua cot thu set
lam bang thep ong hoac thep thanh (co
tiet dien khong nho hn 100mm2) at
thang ng, c goi la kim thu set
hoac bang day thep cang ngang gia
cac cot trong trng hp day chong
Hnh 3.1 Nguyen ly cau tao
set. Bo phan dan dong ien set (2)
cua cot thu set
c tao thanh bi ban than ket cau
thep cua cot thep hoac be tong cot
thep, hay bang day thep co tiet dien khong nho hn 50mm2 trong trng hp

79

kim thu set at tren ket cau cong trnh bang vat lieu khong dan ien nh ong
khoi, cot go, mai nha. Bo phan noi at (3) c tao thanh bi mot he thong
coc va thanh bang ong hoac thep noi lien nhau, chon trong at, co ien tr
tan be e dong ien set tan mot cach de dang trong at.
nh cua bo phan thu set vt cao tren tat ca cac thiet b va bo phan
mang ien can c bao ve.
Tac dung bao ve cua cot thu set (hoac day chong set) dien ra trong giai
oan phong ien tien ao cua set. Dong tien ao phat trien theo phng co
cng o ien trng ln nhat. Khi con tren cao, cach xa mat at th phng
nay ch do ban than ien trng cua au dong tien ao xac nh, phong ien
phat trien theo con ng thuan li nhat cho ieu kien ion hoa khong kh,
hoan toan ngau nhien. Nh vay, cac vat tren mat at thc te khong co anh
hng g en phan ln ng i cua khe tien ao (H.3.2a).

Hnh 3.2 Phng phat trien cua khe set khi con tren cao (a)
va t o cao nh hng (b)

Nhng bat au t mot o cao H nao o, goi la o cao nh hng cua khe
set, do co s tch tu ien tch cam ng trai dau vi mat o cao nhng ni co
o dan ien cao mat at, nh cac ket cau kim loai, cay cao b ma t...
trng cua dong tien ao b bien dang. Phng co cng o ien trng cao
luc nay se la gia au dong tien ao va nh cua cac vat dan nho cao tren
mat at (cot thu set, day chong set, cot ien, cot anten...) (H.3.2b).
Do o, dong tien ao se phat trien hng ve nh cac vat dan nay (cot,
DCS). Nh vay, kha nang set anh vao nh cot (hoac day chong set) se tang
va t co kha nang set anh vao cac vat thap xung quanh cot. Neu cot thu set
vt qua mot gii han nao o so vi o cao cua vat can c bao ve at gan
no, th hau nh toan bo cac lan set anh eu vao nh cot, cac vat se c bao
ve an toan. Khu vc an toan o c goi la pham vi bao ve cua cot thu set.

80

Pham vi bao ve nay phu thuoc vao nhieu yeu to: chieu cao, so lng, cach bo
tr cac cot thu set, chieu cao nh hng cua set va cac ieu kien a chat thuy
van cua ni at he thong thu set.

3.2 XAC NH PHAM VI BAO VE CUA COT THU SET - MO HNH A.

KOPIAN
Pham vi bao ve cua cot thu set c
xac nh bang thc nghiem tren mo hnh
va x ly so lieu theo nguyen ly thong ke.
Phong ien set c mo phong bang
phong ien tia la xung trong khoang cach
khong kh ln gia mot ien cc thanh (1),
ac trng cho au dong tien ao va mot
ien cc thanh (2), ac trng cho cot thu
set at tren mot tam kim loai noi at tot,
ac trng cho mat at (3) theo s o hnh
3.3.
Cot thu set (2) at tren tam kim loai
(3) co o cao h. ien cc thanh (1) c
at o cao nh hng H (theo ty le a
chon cua mo hnh) so vi mat at.
Gia o cao nh hng H va o cao cua bo phan thu set h co quan he
k = H /h . Ty le nay cung c xac nh bang thc nghiem k = 20 oi vi cot
thu set h 30m, khi h > 30m th o cao nh hng hau nh khong phu thuoc
vao h, bang khoang H = 600m.
k = 10 oi vi day chong set, khi o treo cao day chong set hCS 30 m ,
khi hcs > 30 m th o cao nh hng cua set khong thay oi va bang khoang H
= 300 m.
Tren ien cc thanh (1) cho tac dung mot ien ap xung chuan dng co
bien o bang ien ap phong ien xung be nhat U50% cua khoang cach kh gia
au cc thanh (1) va tam kim loai (3). Phai dung song cc tnh dng (mac du
phan ln set anh xuong mat at co cc tnh am) e cho phong ien tien ao
xuat phat t ien cc thanh (1) ch khong phai t cot thu set. Nh vay, kch
thc mo hnh be hn, ngoai ra se co mot o d tr nhat nh trong viec xac
nh pham vi bao ve cua cot (hoac day) thu set (trong ien trng rat khong

81

ong nhat phong ien xuat phat t ien cc thanh dng va ien ap phong
ien xuyen thung khoang cach kh be hn hai lan so vi khi cc thanh am).
Cot thu set (2) gi co nh, thay oi v tr cua ien cc (1) tren mat phang
ngang tng ng vi o cao nh hng H va xac nh xac suat set anh vao
cot thu set phu thuoc vao v tr ien cc ( moi v tr cua ien cc, cho phong
ien nhieu lan, v mc o tan man cua phong ien trong khoang cach ln rat
cao).
Ket qua thc nghiem cho thay khi R 3,5h (H.3.4) th toan bo so lan phong
ien eu tap trung vao nh cot thu set, khu vc nay c goi la khu vc co xac
suat 100% set anh vao cot. Khi R > 3,5h th co mot so lan phong ien xuong
at.

Hnh 3.4 Khu vc co xac suat 100%

set anh vao cot thu set

Hnh 3.5 Xac nh xac suat set anh

vao cot thu set

Khi R tang th so lan phong ien xuong at cang nhieu. Do cot thu set
lam bien dang trng cua dong tien ao nen ni o bo cua set mat at b
lech ve pha chan cot mot khoang cach be nhat ro 1,6 h. Nh vay khoang
cach be nhat ro la ban knh cua pham vi bao ve ngay tren mat at (H.3.5).
e xac nh pham vi bao ve cho mot vat co o cao hx, ngi ta dung mot
thanh kim loai co o cao hx (theo ty le a chon cua mo hnh) at cach cot thu
set khoang cach rx (H.3.6). ien cc (1), cot thu set (2) va vat c bao ve (4)
cung nam trong mot mat phang vuong goc vi mat at (3).
moi v tr cua ien cc (1) xe dch vat c bao ve (4) ra xa dan cot
thu set (2) tc tang dan rx cho en khi xay ra phong ien vao vat c bao ve.
Va moi v tr tng ho o cua chung tien hanh phong ien nhieu lan. T o,

82

xac nh c khoang cach gii han rx ma vat co o cao hx khong b phong

ien. rx chnh la ban knh cua pham vi bao ve cua cot thu set o cao hx.
So lan phong ien moi v tr cua ien cc cang ln th o tin cay cua
pham vi bao ve cang cao.
Cach xac nh pham vi bao ve cua mot he thong cot thu set va cua day
chong set cung c tien hanh tng t.
T phng phap thc nghiem tren mo hnh o, a xac nh c pham vi
bao ve rx theo hx nh sau:
3.2.1 Pham vi bao ve cua cot thu set
Vi o tin cay 99% th pham vi bao ve cua cot thu set co o cao hx la
mot hnh chop tron xoay co ng sinh dang hyperbol xac nh theo:
rx = 1, 6h

vi:

h hx
p
h + hx

p=1

khi h 30 m

p=

30
= 5, 5/ h khi 30 m < h 60 m.
h

Hnh 3.6: a) Cach xac nh pham vi bao ve cua mot cot thu set
b) Pham vi bao ve cua mot cot thu set

o cao vt len tren vat c bao ve cua cot thu set

ha = h hx goi la o cao hieu dung cua cot thu set

(3.1)

83

Thc te van hanh cung cho thay rang oi vi cot thu set co o cao ln
hn 60 m th set khong ch anh vao nh kim thu set ma con anh ca vao mot
phan than cot gan nh. V vay chieu cao cua pham vi bao ve cua cot thu set
co o cao t 60250 m giam con h = h h.
- oi vi cot thu set cao t 60100 m th h tnh theo
h = 0, 5 ( h 60)

(3.2a)

- oi vi cot thu set cao t 100250 m th h tnh theo

h = 0,2h

(3.2b)

Hnh 3.7 Pham vi bao ve cua mot cot thu set

co o cao 60 m h 250 m

Neu o cao hieu dung ha cua cot thu set bang hay ln hn h ( ha h)
th pham vi bao ve cua cot thu set c tnh theo (3.1), trong o h c thay
bang h ' = h h .
Neu o cao hieu dung nho hn h ( ha < h) th cot thu set khong con
pham vi bao ve na.
Trong thiet ke, e n gian, ngi ta thng thay the ng sinh dang
hyperbol gii han khu vc bao ve bi hai oan thang (H.3.8).

Hnh 3.8 Pham vi bao ve cua mot cot thu set

(phng phap n gian hoa)

84

oan ab noi lien nh cot thu set a vi iem a tren mat at cach chan
cot oan 0,75ph.
oan bc noi lien iem c co o cao 0,8h tren cot thu set vi iem c tren
mat at cach chan cot 1,5ph (o cao cua iem b bang 2h/ 3 ), nh vay co ngha la
neu vat c bao ve co o cao hx 2h/ 3 th pham vi bao ve c xac nh
bi:
rx = 1, 5hp(1

va neu hx >

hx
)
0, 8h

(3.3)

h
2
h th rx = 0, 75hp(1 x )
3
h

(3.4)

3.2.2 Pham vi bao ve cua hai cot thu set

1- Hai cot thu set co cung o cao

Nh tren a trnh bay, khi ien cc (1) v tr R 3,5h tren o cao inh
hng th 100% so lan set anh se vao cot thu set (2). Nh vay neu hai cot thu
set cung chieu cao h cach nhau a = 2R = 7h th moi iem tren mat at gia hai cot
thu set se khong b set anh.
T o suy ra, neu hai cot thu set at cach nhau a < 7h th chung co the
bao ve c mot vat co o cao ho at gia chung, vi ho xac nh theo:
h ho =

a
7p

hay

ho = h

a
7p

(3.5)

Hoac noi mot cach khac, e bao ve mot o cao ho gia hai cot thu set th
khoang cach a gia hai cot thu set phai thoa ieu kien:
a 7 p( h ho )

Hnh 3.9 trnh bay cach xac nh pham vi bao ve cua hai cot thu set bang
phng phap n gian hoa: Tren mat chieu ng, pham vi bao ve pha ngoai
hai cot thu set c xac nh nh oi vi moi cot rieng le. Khu vc gia hai
cot c gii han bi mot cung tron qua hai nh cot A1 , A2 va iem B co o
cao ho gia khoang cach hai cot (H.3.9a).

85

Hnh 3.9 Pham vi bao ve cua hai CTS cung chieu cao

Hnh 3.9b la mat chieu bang cua pham vi bao ve o cao hx. Be rong be
nhat rox gia hai cot c xac nh nh la co mot cot thu set o cao ho at gia
khoang a, bao ve cho vat co o cao hx (H.3.9c).
2- Hai cot thu set co o cao khac nhau

- Neu hai cot thu set co o cao khac nhau, v du h1 > h2 th pham vi bao
ve cua chung c xac nh nh sau (H.3.10):
- Pham vi bao ve pha ngoai hai cot thu set giong nh pham vi bao ve
cua tng cot rieng le.
- Pham vi bao ve gia hai cot co c bang cach qua nh cot thap ( h2 )
ve mot ng thang ngang, no cat ng sinh cua pham vi bao ve cua cot cao
h1 iem 3, iem nay c xem nh la nh cua mot cot thu set gia tng
h1 = h2 va khu vc bao ve gia cot thap h2 va h1 cach nhau a nh a trnh
bay tren gia hai cot co o cao bang nhau.

86

Hnh 3.10 Pham vi bao ve cua hai cot thu set co o cao khac nhau

3.2.3 Pham vi bao ve cua nhieu cot thu set

Khi cong trnh can bao ve chiem mot dien tch rong ln th ngi ta
thng dung mot he thong nhieu cot thu set e bao ve. e xac nh pham vi
bao ve, ngi ta chia he thong cot thu set thanh tng nhom ba hoac bon cot
thu set gan nhau. Mat bang cua pham vi bao ve cua ba cot thu set khong
nam tren cung mot ng thang trnh bay hnh 3.11a va cua bon cot thu set
at bon goc cua mot hnh ch nhat trnh bay hnh 3.11b.
Ben ngoai dien tch cua a giac i qua chan cac cot thu set (H.tam giac
hoac hnh ch nhat) pham vi bao ve c xac nh nh gia tng oi cot thu
set vi nhau. Con tat ca cac thiet b co o cao ln nhat hx at trong dien tch
cua hnh tam giac hay dien tch hnh ch nhat se c bao ve an toan neu
ieu kien sau c thoa man:
D 8( h hx ) p

vi p = 1
p=

khi

5, 5
h

(3.6)

h 30 m
30m < h 60 m

D la ng knh vong tron ngoai tiep cua hnh tam giac hay hnh ch
nhat chay qua nh cac cot thu set.

87

Hnh 3.11 Mat bang cua pham vi cua ba cot thu set (a) va bon cot thu set (nam
tren bon nh cua mot hnh ch nhat)

Neu cac cot thu set co o cao tren 60m, th pham vi bao ve ven chu vi
gia tng oi cot, theo chieu cao (mat cat ng cua pham vi bao ve) phai
giam i h ke t nh, con pham vi bao ve ben trong dien tch cua a giac van
gi nguyen theo (3.6). h cung c tnh theo (3.2a) hoac (3.2b).
Neu so cot thu set nhieu hn ba va bo tr bat ky th phan ra tng nhom ba
cot gan nhau va kiem tra ieu kien bao ve theo (3.6).

3.3 PHAM VI BAO VE CUA DAY CHONG SET

Phng phap xac nh pham vi bao ve cua day chong set cung tng t
nh doi vi cot thu set. ien cc (1) ( o cao nh hng) va vat can bao ve
(4) i chuyen trong mat phang thang goc vi day chong set (2). Ket qua thc
nghiem cho thay, khu vc co xac suat 100% set anh vao day chong set ve
moi ben cua day chong set co chieu rong bang B = 2h va ngay tren mat at ve
moi ben cua day chong set no bao ve c mot giai co chieu rong b = 1,2h
vi h la o treo cao day chong set (B tng ng vi R trong trng hp cot thu
set, b tng ng vi r ).
3.3.1 Pham vi bao ve cua mot day chong set

88

Hnh 3.12 Pham vi bao ve cua mot day chong set

Cach ve gii han pham vi bao ve cua mot day chong set trnh bay trong
hnh 3.12. Neu vat can bao ve co o cao hx th pham vi bao ve vi o tin cay
99% c xac nh theo:
1- Vi day chong set co o treo cao h 30m

bx = 1, 2h

h hx
h + hx

hoac theo phng phap n gian.

h
2
Khi hx > h : bx = 0, 6h(1 x )
3
h
h
2
hx h : bx = 1, 2h(1 x )
3
0, 8h

(3.7)

(3.8)
(3.9)

2- Vi day chong set co o treo cao 30m < h < 250m

Pham vi bao ve theo chieu cao (mat cat ng) giam mot khoang h tnh
t nh. Vi h tnh theo:
30m < h 100m h = 0, 29 (h 30)
100m < h < 250m h = 0, 2h

(3.10a)
(3.10b)

3.3.2 Pham vi bao ve cua hai day chong set

Khi hai day chong set at cach nhau S = 2B = 4h th moi iem tren mat at
nam gia hai day chong set se c bao ve an toan. Neu S < 4h th gia hai day
chong set co the bao ve c mot o cao:
ho = h

S
4

(3.11)

89

Khi day dan ba pha cua ng day tai ien cung nam tren mot mat
phang ngang th ieu kien e day gia vi o cao hDD c bao ve la khoang
cach S gia hai day chong set phai thoa ieu kien:
S < 4 ( hDCS hDD )

(3.12)

Gii han pham vi bao ve (mat cat ng) pha ngoai hai day chong set
cung giong nh oi vi tng day chong set rieng le, con khu vc bao ve gia
hai day chong set c gii han bi cung tron ve qua hai iem treo day chong set
va iem gia co o cao ho (H.3.13a).

Hnh 3.13 Pham vi bao ve cua hai day chong set

Tren mat chieu bang (H.3.13b), be rong cua pham vi bao ve cho vat co
o cao hx bang S + 2bx .
3.3.3 Cach xac nh pham vi bao ve cua day chong set cua ng day tai
ien cao ap
Trong thc te, day chong set thng c dung e bao ve cac day dan cua
ng day tai ien cao ap. o treo cao trung bnh cua day dan thng ln hn
2h/ 3 , do o trong trng hp nay viec ve toan bo pham vi bao ve cua day chong
set la khong can thiet va thong thng ch can xac nh goc bao ve la u.
la goc tao thanh gia ng thang noi lien cac iem treo day chong set
va day dan va ng thang vuong goc vi mat at qua day chong set
(H.3.14).

90

Hnh 3.14 Goc bao ve cua day chong set

cang be th xac suat set anh vao day dan v cang be:
lg v =

hc

90

(3.13)

vi hc chieu cao cua cot ien, m; - goc bao ve, tnh theo o.
2
hDCS th day chong set co the bao ve
3
= 31o ( tg gh = 0, 6) .

trng hp gii han hDD =

c mot goc gh bang: gh

Song trong thc te, e tang mc an toan, tc la giam xac suat set anh
vong qua day chong set vao day dan, ngi ta thng chon = 2025o cho
cac ng day tai ien quan trong.
ng day co chieu dai ln, cac cap sieu cao ap co the en hang ngan
km, mot mua set co the chu en hang tram lan set anh, viec tang mc an
toan (chon goc be) cua ng day se lam giam xac suat set anh vao day
dan mot cach ang ke.

3.4 CAC YEU CAU KY THUAT KINH TE KHI DUNG HE

THONG COT THU SET E BAO VE SET ANH THANG
CHO TRAM BIEN AP VA NHA MAY IEN
cac tram bien ap va nha may ien trong nhng ieu kien nhat nh,
cot thu set co the at ngay tren cac ket cau cong trnh cua tram va nha may
nh cot xa, mai nha, ong khoi, cot en pha chieu sang... nh li dung cac o
cao san co nay cua tram ma tan dung pham vi bao ve va giam c gia thanh
xay dng cot thu set. Nhng khi set anh vao cot thu set, dong ien set truyen
qua than cot tan qua ien tr noi at co the gay nen phong ien ngc t cac
ket cau cong trnh (xa, cot) cua tram en cac bo phan mang ien (day dan,

91

thanh gop) neu ien ap giang xung tren he thong noi at vt qua mc cach
ien xung cua tram. Do o, viec at cot thu set tren ket cau cong trnh cua
tram ch cho phep khi tram co mc cach ien xung cao va ien tr noi at be.
oi vi tram 110kV tr len, cac yeu cau nay de dang thoa man. Con oi vi
tram 35kV ch cho phep at cot thu set tren cac ket cau cong trnh cua tram
(tr xa may bien ap), trong cac ieu kien, khi ien tr noi at cua ket cau co
at cot thu set khong vt qua 4 trong pham vi co ban knh 20m, neu ien
tr suat cua at 500m va trong pham vi ban knh 30m neu ien tr suat
cua at > 500m.
Chan cua cac ket cau co at cot thu set phai c noi theo ng ngan
nhat vao he thong noi at cua tram tai giao iem cua cac thanh can bang the,
ong thi tai ni at cot thu set e tan dong set thuan li, noi at cua tram
c tang cng bang cach bo sung them mot so tia hoac coc hoac to hp tia
coc noi at tuy tr so ien tr suat cua at be hay ln, c goi la noi at bo
sung.
Khi cac ieu kien tren khong thoa man, cung nh khi ien tr suat cua at
> 1000m th cot thu set c at cach ly vi ket cau cong trnh cua tram va noi
at cua cot thu set khong noi chung vao mach noi at an toan cua tram. Khi at
cot thu set cach ly th khoang cach t than cot, thu set en cac vat can bao ve cua
tram, trong khong kh, cung nh khoang cach trong at gia noi at cua cot thu set
va noi at an toan cua thiet b, phai u ln e bao am khong co phong ien
ngc t pha cot thu set sang thiet b c bao ve (H.3.15).

92

Hnh 3.15 Cot thu set at cach ly

Khi set anh vao cot thu set ien the cua iem A tren than cot (tng ng
vi o cao ln nhat cua vat c bao ve) c tnh theo:
U A = Is Rx + LA (

dis
)tb
dt

(3.14)

va ien ap giang xung tren he thong noi at cot thu set c tnh theo:
U = Is Rx

(3.15)

vi: Is - bien o dong ien set, kA

LA - ien cam cua phan cot thu set t mat at en iem A, H
Rx - ien tr tan xung cua noi at cot thu set,
di
( s )tb - o doc au song trung bnh cua dong ien set, kA/s.
dt
Trong tnh toan thiet ke chong set cho cac tram co cong suat ln, theo
qui pham chong set hien hanh e co o an toan cao thng lay
dis
Is = 150kA,
= 30kA / s .
dt
oi vi cot thu set bang thep kieu mang li, tr so ien cam theo n v
chieu dai khoang Lo 1, 7H /m .

93

T o U A = 150 Rx + 30 1, 7lA .
Muon khong co phong ien t cot sang vat c bao ve, ro rang phai bao
am sao cho o ben ien xung cua khoang cach khong kh cao hn ien ap
xung tac dung len khoang cach khong kh o, tc la:
K

U xK = E x .Sk > U A Sk >

UA
K

(3.16)

Ex

vi: U xK - ien ap phong ien xung be nhat cua khoang cach khong kh Sk, kV
K

E x - o ben ien xung trung bnh cua khong kh, kV/m

Con ien ap tren bo phan noi at cua cot thu set bang:

U
U x = E x S > U S >
Ex

(3.17)

trong o E x la o ben ien xung trung bnh cua at, kV/m

o ben ien xung cua khong kh trung bnh khoang 500 kV/m va cua at
khoang 300 kV/m. T o suy ra khoang cach an toan trong khong kh:
150 Rx + 50lA
= 0, 3Rx + 0,1lA
500
150 Rx
va trong at:
S >
= 0, 5 Rx
300
Co the xuat phat t ieu kien an toan nay e xac nh tr so ien tr noi
at can phai at c cua he thong thu set hoac khi a biet ien tr noi at
th can c vao o e xac nh hoac kiem tra khoang cach an toan.
Sk >

V du ve bo tr va tnh toan o cao he thong thu set

Hnh 3.16 trnh bay mat bang cua mot tram phan phoi ngoai tri 110 kV
va thiet ke he thong bao ve chong set anh thang. Chieu cao ln nhat can
c bao ve cua tram la o cao cua day dan hx = 11m.

94

Hnh 3.16 V du ve bo tr va tnh toan chieu cao

cua he thong cot thu set e bao ve tram bien ap

e bao ve chong set anh trc tiep vao tram se dung he thong kim thu
set at tren ket cau cong trnh cua tram, v tr cua chung anh so t 1, 2,... 7, 8
(tren tru xa cong va cac xa trung gian).
C s e tnh toan ay la he thong cot thu set phai co pham vi bao ve
trum kn toan bo cac thiet b va bo phan mang ien cua tram, mat khac phai
co, o cao hieu dung va phai, khoang t (0,50,6) o cao cua cong trnh,
khong gay tr ngai cho s van hanh bnh thng cua tram va bao am my
quan cho cong trnh.
Chia mat bang cua tram thanh cac khu vc t I en V va lan lt tnh o
cao hieu dung cua cac cot thu set trong tng khu vc, ket qua cho trong bang
sau:

95
Khu vc

D (m)

ha (m)

hx (m)

htt (m)

55

6,9

11

17,9

II

48,3

6,0

11

17,0

III

49,6

6,2

11

17,2

IV

49,6

6,2

11

17,2

53,8

6,7

11

17,7

La chon tat ca cac cot cung o cao hieu dung la ha = 7m, nh vay o
cao cua tat ca cac cot thu set h = ha + hx = 7 + 11 = 18m (chu y: cac xa tram
co at kim thu set co o cao 11m).
T hnh ve thay rang cac oan thanh gop gan xa A va B co o cao 8,2m
nam ngoai gii han khu vc III va IV, nen can kiem tra lai kha nang bao ve
oi vi cac oan thanh gop nay.
Ve pham vi bao ve cua oi cot 4 7 va 6 8
h hx
18 8, 2
= 1, 6 18
= 10, 8 m
h + hx
18 + 8, 2
a
45, 8
= h
= 18
= 18 6, 6 = 11, 4 m
7
7
h hx
11, 4 8, 2
3, 2
= 1, 6ho o
= 1, 6 11, 4
= 1, 6 11, 4
= 3m
ho + hx
11, 4 + 8, 2
19, 6

rx = 1, 6h
ho
rox

Hnh ve cho thay cac oan thanh gop gan cac xa A va B eu nam trong
pham vi bao ve cua cac cot thu set tng ng.
Ket luan: Toan bo trang thiet b va bo phan mang ien cua tram eu
c bao ve kn chong set anh thang.

3.5. LY THUYET MO HNH IEN HNH HOC

3.5.1. C s ly thuyet
Nh a biet, tac dung bao ve cua he thong thu set dien ra trong giai oan
phong ien tien ao cua cu set au tien. Khi kenh tien ao tien cang gan ve
pha mat at th cng o ien trng pha mat at cang tang, ac biet
nh cac vat the dan ien nho cao tren mat at. Va khi au kenh tien ao (K)
cach cac nh nay (M, N, P...) khoang t vai ba chuc met en mot vai tram

96

met, th cng o ien trng cac nh vat the nay a u cao e gay ion hoa
khong kh va tao nen nhng dong plasma hng ve pha au kenh tien ao
(K), ay chnh la nhng tien ao ngc va qua trnh nay c goi la qua trnh
phong ien on set. Kenh phong ien on set nao en gan kenh tien ao (K)
t may xuong nhat se c ket noi va nh vat v tr set o bo a c xac
nh (H.3.17).

Hnh 3.17 Qua trnh phong ien on set.

Khoang cach t au kenh tien ao (K) ma set bat au nh hng en

iem khi au cua kenh phong ien on set c ket noi (N) c goi la
khoang cach phong ien on set hay la khoang cach phong ien cuoi cung ( rc )
(con co tai lieu goi la ban knh hap thu).
R.N.Golde (nha bac hoc Anh) la ngi au tien e xuat ly thuyet nay
(1963), tiep theo la nhieu cong trnh cua cac nha khoa hoc khac bo sung, phat
trien hoan thien va a no vao ng dung thc te.
Tat ca cac cong trnh nghien cu nay eu nhan thay rang khoang cach
phong ien cuoi cung rc phu thuoc bien o dong set is max va rc cang ln khi

97

is max cang cao theo dang:

(3.18)

rc = kisnmax

nhng lai co s khac biet ang ke ve he so k va so mu n v du:

Bang 3.1
Tac gia
Golde
Wagner
Brown
Link
Gary
.........

k
6,72
6,72
7,1
3
9,4
........

n
0,8
2/3
0,75
1
1/3
..........

Tren c s quan trac va nghien cu set rong rai nhieu nam cua nhieu
chuyen gia trong lanh vc, CIGRE e ngh thong nhat dung mot quan he chnh
xac hn:
rc = 2is max + 30(1 eis max / 6,8 )

(3.19)

vi rc tnh bang met.

is max la tr so cc ai cua cu set am au tien, kA.

Theo cac quan he rc = f ( is max ) th khoang cach phong ien cuoi cung rc
cua dong set co bien o be nho hn so vi rc cua dong set co bien o ln.
ieu o co ngha la au kenh tien ao (K) cua dong set be se tien en gan
nh vat the hn la au kenh tien ao cua dong set ln, tc la is max be th rc
ngan hn so vi is max ln.
rc1 ( Is max 1 ) < rc2 ( Is max 2 ) neu Is max 1 < Is max 2

Nh vay neu oi hoi he thong thu set co hieu qua bao ve cang cao, o tin
cay cang ln, th khi thiet ke can phai chu y en dong set co bien o cang be.
Theo tieu chuan cua CIGRE cac mc oi hoi o tin cay tng ng vi
khoang cach phong ien cuoi cung va bien o dong set nh sau:
Bang 3.2
Mc o tin
cay oi hoi
Rat cao

rc (m)

is max (kA)

20

3,7

Xac suat V (is max )

Theo 1
98%

Theo 2
86,76%

Theo 3
99,9%

98
Cao
Bnh thng

30
45

6,1
10,6

95%
90%

79,13%
66,6%

99%
92%

Mc o tin cay oi hoi tng ng vi tam quan trong cua cong trnh oi
vi nen kinh te, an ninh, quoc phong va chnh tr cua at nc. Theo bang 2
th:
1. Phan bo xac suat bien o dong set am au tien theo CIGRE (3.19) .
2. Phan bo xac suat xuat hien bien o dong set am au tien
vis = e Is / 26,1 (theo Qui pham CS hien hanh).

3. Phan bo xac suat xuat hien bien o dong set am au tien theo cong bo
cua Viet Nam (Trung tam NC set Gia Sang 1997).
3.5.2 Pham vi bao ve cua cot thu set (CTS)
1. Trng hp chieu cao h cua cot thu set be hn hoac bang khoang cach
phong ien cuoi cung h rc .

T nh H cua CTS lam tam ve mot hnh cau (A) co ban knh bang rc .
Hnh cau (A) cat mat phang ngang (B) cach mat at khoang cach bang rc theo
ng tron M. T mot iem M bat ky tren ng tron M lam tam ke mot cung
tron (C) ban knh rc th cung tron nay va tiep xuc vi CTS tai nh H va
tiep xuc vi mat at. Cung tron (C) la gii han cua pham vi bao ve cua CTS;
trong khong gian ba chieu pham vi bao ve tao thanh mot hnh chop tron xoay
quanh CTS (H.3.18a) (co ng sinh la mot cung tron ban knh rc , tam di
chuyen tren ng tron M).
Khi tien ao set cham vao mat cau (A) th set se anh vao nh H cua
CTS. Khi tien ao set cham vao mat phang (B) th set se anh xuong at.
Pham vi bao ve ln nhat ng vi h = rc .

99

Hnh 3.18a Trng hp h < rc

Hnh 3.18b Trng hp h > rc

Ban knh ay cua pham vi bao ve bang:

100

r0 = OT = 2rc h h2 = h( 2rc h) khi h = rc r0 = rc = h pham vi

bao ve ln nhat.
Bieu thc nay cho thay pham vi bao ve cua cot thu set va phu thuoc vao
chieu cao h cua CTS va phu thuoc vao dong ien set ( rc = f ) ( is max ) .
Bien o dong set cang ln th rc cang ln, do o r0 cang ln, tc pham
vi bao ve cang rong, nhng o tin cay cang thap. (v xac suat xuat hien dong
set co bien o cang cao cang be vis1 < vis2 neu is2 > is1 ).
2. Trng hp h > rc (H.3.18b)
T nh H cua CTS lam tam vi ban knh rc ve ban cau (A) va hnh tru
tron (D) ban knh rc nhan CTS lam truc. Hnh tru (D) cat mat phang ngang
(B) cach mat at rc theo ng tron M. T mot iem M tren ng tron ve
mot cung tron (C) ban knh rc . Cung tron (C) tiep xuc vi CTS tai iem H va
tiep xuc vi mat at tai T. Trong khong gian ba chieu no tao thanh mot hnh
chop tron xoay quanh CTS co nh la H va ban knh ay la
r0 = OT = rc = OH . ay chnh la trng hp co pham vi bao ve ln nhat.
Nhng cung la trng hp hieu qua bao ve cua CTS kem, v phan CTS
HH = h r c khong co tac dung bao ve: khi tien ao set cham ban cau (A)
set anh vao nh H cua CTS, khi tien ao set cham vao mat phang ngang B
th set se anh xuong at, nhng khi tien ao set cham mat tru (D) th set se
anh vao phan than cot thu set.
HH = h r c

Tom lai trng hp chieu cao h cua cot thu set ln hn khoang cach
phong ien cuoi cung rc th ch co phan cot co chieu cao h = rc co tac dung
bao ve va pham vi bao ve trong trng hp nay la ln nhat. Con phan than
cot t nh H en H ( HH = h rc ) co the b set anh vao, tc khong co tac
dung bao ve.
3.5.3. Pham vi bao ve cua day chong set
a) Trng hp o cao cua day chong set h < rc (H.3.19)

101

Hnh 3.19: Pham vi bao ve cua DCS trng hp h < rc .

Cung vi cach ve tng t, pham vi bao ve cua day chong set (DCS)
trong trng hp nay, trong khong gian hai chieu (tren mot mat phang vuong
goc vi truc DCS) c gii han bi cac cung tron (C) co tam tai M ban knh
bang rc .
Khi tien ao set cham vao mat tru A th set se anh vao DCS, con khi
tien ao set cham vao mat phang B th set anh xuong at.
Pham vi bao ve ln nhat khi h = rc .
b) Trng hp h > rc (H.3.20)

Khi rc < h < 2 rc pham vi bao ve thu hep ch con mot vung nam di day
chong set c gii han bi cung tron (C) co tam tai M va ban knh rc (H.3.20a).
h cang ln hn nhieu so vi rc th pham vi bao ve cang b thu hep va khi
h 2 rc th pham vi bao ve khong con na (H.3.20b).

102

Hnh 3.20: Pham vi bao ve cua day chong set, trng hp h > rc
c) Pham vi bao ve cua hai DCS.

Xet trng hp tong quat: hai DCS co o cao khac nhau, h1 < h2 < 2 rc .
Hnh 3.21 trnh bay cach xac nh pham vi bao ve trong mot mat phang
vuong goc vi ng day.
T cac iem H1 , H2 tren cung mot mat phang vuong goc vi cac DCS1
va DCS2 lam tam ve cac cung tron A1 , A2 ban knh rc . Cac cung tron nay
cat mat phang (B) cach mat at rc tai cac iem M1 , M2 va cat nhau tai M3 .

Hnh 3.21a: Trng hp

h1 < h2 < Rc

Hnh 3.21b: Trng hp

Rc < h1< h2

Hnh 3.21 Cach xac nh pham vi bao ve cua 2 DCS

co chieu cao khac nhau.

T cac iem M1 , M2 va M3 lam tam ve cac cung tron (C) ban knh rc .
Cac cung tron (C) chnh la gii han cua pham vi bao ve cua hai day chong set
1 va 2.

IV. PHAM VI BAO VE CUA LI KIM LOAI

Pham vi bao ve cua mot li kim loai nam ngang co the xac nh t
pham vi bao ve cua hai day thu set song song at cach nhau d bang canh cua
o li hnh vuong (hoac la bang canh be nhat cua o li hnh ch nhat).
Tren c s cua mo hnh ien hnh hoc gia hai day thu set (nh la mot
phan t cua li) pham vi bao ve c gii han bi mat cau (C) (H.3.22).

103

Hnh 3.22 Pham vi bao ve cua mot o li

Trong ap dung thc te, e n gian thng thay the mat cau (C) bi mat
phang ngang tiep xuc vi mat cau ( chnh gia chom cau). Mat phang gii
han pham vi bao ve nay nam thap hn chieu cao cua li mot oan ; khong
phu thuoc vao o cao cua li tren mat at.
Vi cho trc th be rong o li d bang:
d = ( 2rc ) , m

(3.21)

Neu cho trc be rong o li d th bang:

= rc rc2 ( d / 2)2 , m

(3.22)

V du: Vi o li co kch thc 5m 10m (H.3.23) th canh be nhat cua o

li bang d = 5m.

Hnh 3.23 V du xac nh v tr cua mat phang gii han () theo be rong be nhat
cho trc (d) cua o li bao ve.

104

Neu cong trnh can c bao ve theo mc o tin cay cao th tng ng
vi khoang cach phong ien cuoi cung rc = 30m th:
= 30 302 ( 5 / 2)2 = 0,104m = 10, 4 cm
Neu cong trnh can c bao ve vi mc o tin cay bnh thng, tc
tng ng vi rc = 45m th:
= 45 452 ( 5 / 2)2 = 0, 0695m = 6, 95cm

V. DAY CHONG SET BAO VE CHO DAY DAN CUA NG

DAY TAI IEN CAO AP
Vi mc bao ve nao o, xac nh c khoang cach phong ien cuoi
cung rci ( Isi ) tng ng vi bien o dong set Isi . Tren mat phang vuong goc
vi truc ng day lay truc DCS lam tam ve cung tron (Ai) ban knh rc va lay
truc DD lam tam ve cung tron (Bi) ban knh rci , 2 cung tron (Ai) va (Bi) cat
ng thang (Di) cach mat at rci va cat cung tron (Bi) tai Mi. Neu au tien
ao set cham vao cung tron (Ai) set se anh vao DCS, neu au tien ao set
cham vao cung tron MiNi cua cung tron (Bi) set se anh vao DD, con neu tien
ao set cham vao ng thang Di set se anh xuong at (H.3.24).

Hnh 3.24 S phu thuoc cua pham vi bao ve cua day chong set vao bien o dong set

105

Vi tien ao dong set Ij > Ii th cung MjNj se ngan hn, co ngha la kha
nang set anh vao DD se giam bt. Khi bien o dong set at en Ik th khong
con vong cung (Bk) na, ng tron (Ak) cat trc tiep ng thang (Dk) cach
mat at rck tai Mk, co ngha la kha nang set anh vao DD la be nhat. Nh
vay kha nang set anh vao DD ch xay ra oi vi nhng dong set co bien o
Is Isk. Isk chnh la bien o ti han cua dong set, tng ng vi khoang cach
phong ien cuoi cung. rck = 2 Isk + 30(1 e Isk / 6,8 ) . Vi mot ng day tai
ien cao ap co cac kch thc hnh hoc a cho th khi set anh vi bien o
dong set ln hn hoac bang gia tr ti han Is > Isk th day dan se khong b set
anh tc la day dan nam trong pham vi bao ve cua day chong set. Con cac
dong set co bien o Is Isk eu co kha nang anh vao DD, va Is cang be th
xac suat set anh vao DD cang cao.
3.5.4. Phng phap qua cau lan va ng dung
a. Xac nh pham vi bao ve cua mot he thong thu set bat ky Phng phap lan
qua cau set
C s tren ly thuyet mo hnh ien hnh hoc mot phng phap tong quat
a c xay dng phng phap lan qua cau set e kiem tra xem vi he
thong thu set a thiet ke, cong trnh can c bao ve co nam trong pham vi
bao ve vi mc o tin cay oi hoi hay khong.

Ban knh cua mo hnh qua cau set c chon bang khoang cach phong
ien cuoi cung rc tng ng vi mc o tin cay yeu cau theo mot ty le nao
o, v du t 1/100 en 1/500. Tam K cua mo hnh qua cau set mo phong au
tia tien ao set, khi bat au nh hng ve pha he thong thu set bao ve cong
trnh hoac ve pha mat at co cung khoang cach phong ien cuoi cung rc .
Xay dng mo hnh cua cong trnh c bao ve cung vi he thong thu set
theo ty le a chon.
Bay gi lan qua cau set theo moi hng co the co cua cong trnh:
- Xung quanh ngoai vi cua cong trnh.
- Theo moi hng mai, noc, v.v... cua cong trnh.
Cong trnh coi nh c bao ve chong set anh thang vi mc o tin cay
yeu cau neu:
- Khi lan qua cau set xung quanh ngoai vi cong trnh, qua cau set ch
cham at va cham vao he thong thu set ma khong cham vao cong trnh
c bao ve.

106

- Khi lan qua cau set theo moi hng mai, noc,... qua cau set ch cham
vao he thong thu set ma khong cham vao cong trnh theo cac hng
nay.
Can lu y, neu cong trnh co mai bang kim loai, co lp giap kim loai hay
cot thep (cua cau truc be tong, cot thep) tng vach ngoai vi cong trnh va
c noi at tot th co the coi chung nh mot bo phan cua he thong thu set.
Neu qua cau set cham vao mot phan nao o cua cong trnh th s bao ve
cho phan nay cua cong trnh la khong at, can phai cai tien, tang cng he
thong thu set cho en khi qua cau set khong con cham vao cong trnh bat c
mot ni nao.
Trng hp cong trnh co cau truc n gian co the khong can thiet phai
xay dng mo hnh ma thong qua trc giac (suy ngh, can nhac hoac tnh toan
tren c s mo hnh ien hnh hoc) co the i en ket luan ve kha nang bao ve
cua cong trnh.
e v du, hnh 3.25 trnh bay cach xac nh pham vi bao ve cua mot
nhom 4 kim thu set co cung o cao h bao ve cho mai bang cua mot cong trnh
kch thc X Y. qua cau set vi tam K, ban knh rc , tng ng vi mc o
tin cay yeu cau, tiep xuc vi nh cua 4 kim thu set va chom cau cach mat
bang mai mot oan h. Nh vay, mai cong trnh nam hoan toan trong pham vi
bao ve cua 4 kim thu set.

107

Hnh 3.25 Pham vi bao ve cua 4 kim thu set

b. ng dung phng phap qua cau lan e xac nh v tr set anh tren cau
truc cao co hnh dang phc tap
Khi lan mot qua cau vi ban knh bang khoang cach phong ien qua mot
cau truc t moi hng, iem nao tren cau truc cham vao be mat qua cau th
iem o co kha nang b set anh vao vi bien o dong set tng ng vi
khoang cach phong ien bang ban knh qua cau. Ro rang la iem nao tiep xuc
cang lau vi be mat qua cau khi lan eu th xac suat b set anh vao iem o
cang cao. ta noi rang be mat nho ra cua iem o ln. Be mat nay chnh la quy
tch nhng iem tam cua qua cau khi lan (xoay) xung quanh iem o. Ta nh
rang tam cua qua cau chnh la au tien ao cua cu set. Do o oi vi mot
iem nhon, quy tch cac iem tien ao tao thanh mat cau, be mat nho ra cua
mot iem nam tren mat phang ch la mot iem, khi lan qua cau th be mat
qua cau lap tc i qua iem khac. Ngha la xac suat set anh vao mot iem
tren mat phang la nho nhat.
1. Xac suat set anh vao cac cau truc co hnh dang n gian

Ap dung phng phap mo ta tren, ta co the anh gia xac suat tia tien ao
se cham vao mot cau truc n gian nh la hnh tru thon thang ng, mot cau
truc mong hnh ch nhat dng ng, mot cau truc hnh khoi, mot cau truc hnh
tru hoac mot hnh chop.
oi vi hnh tru thon thang ng (H.3.26) phan tren cung co xac suat tia
tien ao cham en ln nhat (quy tch au tien ao la hnh ban cau). Tiep en
la phan di cua cot (quy tch la cac ng tron).

108

Hnh 3.26 Quy tch cac iem au tien ao tai phan tren
cua cau truc hnh tru nhon thang ng

oi vi mot cau truc mong hnh ch nhat nh bc tng (H.3.27) cac

iem co xac suat tia tien ao cham en cao la hai iem goc cua bc tng
(mot na hnh tron).

Hnh 3.27 Quy tch cac iem au tien ao tai cac bo phan khac nhau cua cau truc
mong hnh ch nhat

oi vi cau truc hnh khoi (H.3.28), cac iem co xac suat cao nhat la bon
goc cua cau truc (mot phan tam mat cau) tiep en la cac iem tren cac canh
ng va ngang (mot phan t ng tron).

Hnh 3.28 Quy tch cac iem au tien ao cua cau truc hnh khoi

oi vi hai trng hp bc tng mong va cau truc hnh khoi, dng nh

xac suat tien ao set cham vao cac iem tren canh nam ngang bang vi xac

109

suat oi vi cac iem tren canh ng. Nhng cac iem tren canh nam ngang co
xac suat tia tien ao cham vao cao hn do trong thc te set anh vao iem theo
hng nam ngang khong pho bien bang cu set anh t hng nghien hoac thang
ng.
oi vi cau truc hnh tru tron, o canh cung la hnh tron (hnh 3.29),
cac iem tren canh tron co xac suat set anh cao nhat (Quy tch la mot phan
mat cau).

Hnh 3.29 Quy tch cac iem au tien ao cua cau truc hnh tru

oi vi cau truc co hnh chop kim t thap (H.3.30), ta co the coi nh cau
truc la s ket hp cua mot tru bo tr truc cua hnh khoi. iem co xac suat
cao nhat nam ngon cua kim t thap (quy tch la mat cau) tiep en la cac goc
cua ay hnh chop va sau o la cac canh xien. ieu nay giai thch tai sao set
anh vao cac cau truc hnh chop thng xay ra ngon hoac rat gan ngon, va
set van anh vao cac canh xien di ngon.

Hnh 3.30 Quy tch cac iem au tien ao cua cau truc hnh chop
2. Xac suat set anh vao cac cau truc co hnh dang phc tap

110

Mot cau truc phc tap co the c coi nh la s ket hp cua cac cau truc
n gian a c xem xet tren. Cac iem tren cau truc vi xac suat b set
anh cao co the xac nh bang phng phap mo ta tren oi vi cac cau truc
n gian thanh phan cua cau truc phc tap.
Ap dung phng phap nay oi vi cau truc co hnh dang phc tap
(H.3.31) se nay sinh van e phu hoac giao nhau cua cac quy tch do viec gan
ung cua cac cau truc n gian khac nhau.
Khi o, quy tch ngoai cung se mang tnh troi hn so vi quy tch ben
trong. Do o, xac suat tia tien ao cham vao oi vi cac iem se t le vi kch
thc (ngha la dien tch va chieu dai) cua quy tch troi hn nhng iem khac.

Hnh 3.31 Cau truc co hnh dang phc tap

Phan tch mot cau truc phc tap co dang bac thang cho thay rang xac
suat set anh vao canh cua bac tren cung (A) va di cung (B) cao nhng thap
oi vi canh cua bac gia do o ln cua cac quy tch tng ng. Trong thc
te, ngi ta quan sat c set anh vao canh cua bat di cung cua cau truc
co dang bac thang nh vay.

Hnh 3.32 Quy tch cac iem au tien ao oi vi cac iem A, B, C

cua cau truc co hnh dang phc tap

111

Vi phng phap tren, khi thiet ke he thong bao ve chong set, ta co the
xac nh v tr lap at kim thu set nhng iem nhay cam vi set e co
c he thong bao ve hieu qua va kinh te.

112

Chng

NOI AT TRONG HE THONG IEN

4.1 CAC KHAI NIEM CHUNG
Tac dung noi at la e tan vao at dong ien s co (ro cach ien, ngan
mach, cham at hoac dong ien set) va gi cho ien the tren cac phan t c noi
at thap. Theo chc nang cua no, noi at trong he thong ien chia lam ba loai.
Noi at lam viec co nhiem vu bao am s lam viec cua trang thiet b
ien trong cac ieu kien bnh thng va s co theo cac che o qui nh. o la
noi at iem trung tnh cac cuon day may phat, may bien ap cong suat va
may bu, noi at may bien ap o lng, noi at trong he thong pha at (at
c dung nh mot day dan).
Noi at an toan hay noi at bao ve co nhiem vu bao am an toan cho
ngi phuc vu khi cach ien cua trang thiet b ien b h hong gay ro ien. o
la noi at vo may phat, may bien ap, vo thiet b ien, vo cap, noi at cac ket
cau kim loai cua trang b phan phoi ien. Noi chung, o la noi at cac bo
phan kim loai, bnh thng co ien the bang khong, nhng khi cach ien b h
hong do phong ien xuyen thung hay phong ien mat se co ien the khac
khong.
Noi at chong set nham tan dong ien set vao at, gi cho ien the cua
cac phan t c noi at khong qua cao e han che phong ien ngc t cac
phan t o en cac bo phan mang ien va trang thiet b ien khac. o la noi
at cot thu set, day chong set, cac thiet b chong set, noi at cac ket cau kim
loai co the b set anh.

Trong rat nhieu trng hp, cung mot he thong noi at ong thi thc
hien hai hoac ba nhiem vu noi tren.
Cac loai noi at thong thng c thc hien bang mot he thong nhng coc
thep (hoac ong) ong vao at hoac nhng thanh ngang bang cung loai vat lieu

113

chon trong at, hoac coc va thanh noi lien nhau va noi lien vi vat can noi at.
Coc thng lam bang thep ong hoac thep thanh tron khong r (hoac ma kem),
ng knh t 3 en 6cm, dai t 2 en 3m hoac bang thep goc 4040mm.mm,
5050mm ong thang ng vao at, con thanh ngang bang thep thanh det tiet dien
(35)(2040)mm2 hoac thep thanh tron ng knh 10 en 20mm. Coc va thanh
c goi chung la cc noi at, thng c chon sau cach mat at 50 en 80cm e
giam bt anh hng thi tiet khong thuan li (qua kho ve mua nang, b bang gia
ve mua ong) va tranh kha nang b h hong ve c gii (do ao bi cay cuoc).
Dong ien I chay qua cac cc tan vao at, tao nen trong at quanh no
mot ien trng (ien trng trong moi trng dan ien). Moi iem trong ien
trng o ke ca tren mat at co mot ien the nhat nh. Tren mat at nhng
iem cach xa cc khoang 20m tr len co the coi nh co ien the bang khong
(cng o trng cac khoang cach o thng khong qua 1V/m). ien the
cua cc noi at oi vi cac iem co ien the khong, ve tr so bang ien ap
giang tren cc c goi la ien ap tren cc U.
g ien tr noi at c nh ngha nh la t so gia ien ap tren cc U
va dong ien qua no I.
R =

U
I

(4.1)

g ien tr R gom ien tr cua ban than ien cc va ien tr tan trong
at. ien tr cua ban than ien cc phu thuoc vao vat lieu va kch thc cua
cc. Khi tan dong mot chieu hoac xoay chieu 50Hz th tr so cua ien tr ban
than ien cc rat be co the bo qua. Khi tan dong ien xung co o doc ln
(dong set) no co the co tr so ang ke, se c xet sau.

ien tr tan trong at co tr so ln hn nhieu va phu thuoc vao nhieu yeu

to nh kch thc, hnh dang, so lng, cach bo tr cac ien cc, phu thuoc vao
dang va tr so dong ien, phu thuoc tnh chat, cau tao, trang thai cua at va thi
tiet.

114

Hnh 4.1 Phan bo the quanh ien cc trong at

g Khi tan dong set, do tr so bien oi nhanh theo thi gian nen e mo ta
qua trnh truyen song ien t tren cc noi at thng dung s o thay the
thong so rai tng t nh tren ng day tai ien. Tuy nhien trong s o thay
the thong so rai nay, ien tr tac dung cua ban than ien cc ro rat be so vi
cam khang Lo cua ien cc va dong qua ien dung Co cua no rat be so vi
dong qua ien dan tan go ra moi trng at quanh ien cc nen co the bo qua
ro va Co (H.4.2). Nh o, phng trnh mo ta qua trnh truyen song tren cc
at n gian hn va co the giai bang cac phng phap giai tch n gian thong
dung:

u
i
= Lo ;
x
t

i
= go u
x

Hnh 4.2 S o thay the khi tan dong set qua cc noi at

g Khi dong set vi o doc au song ln chay qua ien cc th, ban au
do t thong khong bien thien ot ngot, nen ien cam cua cc co tac dung can
tr dong ien i sau vao chieu dai cua no, do o tr so ien tr noi at thi

115

iem ban au ln va giam dan theo thi gian, ien ap giang au vao ln va
giam dan theo chieu dai ien cc, tc la ien the phan bo khong eu tren ien
cc.
Anh hng cua ien cam se giam dan theo thi gian, ien ap phan bo
theo chieu dai ien cc tr nen eu an hn va khi qua trnh qua o ket thuc
ien tr tan on nh bang:
1
(4.2)
R =
= R:
go l
vi: go - ien dan tan cua at tren mot n v chieu dai cua ien cc
l - chieu dai ien cc.
R cung chnh la tr so ien tr tan R~ khi tan dong mot chieu hoac xoay
chieu tan so 50Hz v trong trng hp nay anh hng cua ien cam Lo khong
ang ke, do toc o bien thien dong ien be.
Nh vay anh hng cua ien cam Lo cua ien cc thay oi theo thi gian
cua qua trnh truyen song qua ien cc, ngha la phu thuoc vao hang so thi
gian cua qua trnh qua o T Lo . go . l2 tc la phu thuoc rat nhieu vao chieu
dai l cua ien cc noi at.
Khi tan dong set, tr so ien tr tan cua cc noi at ln nhat gan ung
vao luc dong set at tr so cc ai, tc la luc t =T s Neu hang so thi gian
cua qua trnh qua o T = T

th luc dong ien set at tr so cc ai, qua

trnh qua o a ket thuc, anh hng cua ien cam Lo khong con na, ien tr
tan co tr so bang R = 1 va co the coi phan bo the theo chieu dai ien cc
gol

gan ong nhat, tc la ien the tai moi iem tren ien cc gan bang nhau.
Trng hp nay ng vi hnh thc noi at bang coc hoac thanh ngang, co
chieu dai khong ln va c goi la hnh thc noi at tap trung. Neu cc noi
at dai, T co the bang hoac ln hn s ( T T s ) th khi dong set qua tr so
cc ai ( t =T

qua trnh qua o cha ket thuc, anh hng cua ien cam

van ton tai, do o ien tr tan xung ln hn ien tr tan on nh Rx R .

ay la trng hp noi at keo dai hay noi at phan bo. ien the phan bo
khong eu tren ien cc, au vao cao va giam dan theo chieu dai ien cc.
Khi tan dong set, ngoai anh hng cua ien cam L cua cc noi at con
mot yeu to quan trong na anh hng en tr so cua ien tr tan noi at, o la
hien tng phong ien tia la trong at. Khi dong set co bien o ln, cng o

116

trng xung trong at quanh ien cc co tr so bang Ex = s x vi s - mat

o dong set, x ien tr suat xung cua at, co the co tr so cao vt qua tr so
trng ti han cua at Epat th se gay nen phong ien tia la trong at
( Epat gan bang 1012 kV/cm), vung at quanh ien cc tr nen dan ien
tot, khien ien tr tan xung giam va trong trng hp khi chieu dai ien cc
ngan th ien tr tan xung co the be hn ca ien tr tan xoay chieu tan so
50Hz. ( Rx < R~ )
Tom lai, oi vi noi at chong set, can phan biet ien tr hay tong tr
tan xung (Zx hay Rx) vi ien tr tan on nh R. Quan he gia hai tr so nay
bieu th bi he so xung x = R x

Neu anh hng cua ien cam cua cc noi at nho (chieu dai be) th
x < 1 tng ng vi hnh thc noi at tap trung, ngc lai neu anh hng
cua ien cam ln (chieu dai ln) th x 1 , tng ng vi hnh thc noi at
keo dai.

4.2 IEN TR TAN NOI AT TAN SO CONG NGHIEP R~

Cac kien thc ve noi at an toan a c trnh bay giao trnh an toan
ien, ay ch nhac lai mot vai iem co lien quan en viec tnh toan va thiet
ke he thong noi at chong set cho tram va nha may ien. Theo Qui pham ve noi
at trong li ien hien hanh cua ta th:
g oi vi he thong co trung tnh trc tiep noi at (tc he thong co dong
ngan mach cham at mot pha ln I > 500 A va thi gian duy tr khoang t
0,15s (xac nh bi thi gian tac ong cua bao ve rle chnh) th ien tr cua
noi at an toan cua trang thiet b ien trong moi trng hp va moi ieu kien
thi tiet khong c vt qua 0, 5 ( R 0, 5 ) .
g oi vi he thong co trung tnh cach ien ( I 500 A ) neu noi at

rieng cho cac thiet b ien cao ap (U 1000V ) th ien tr noi at an toan
cho phep: R 250/I , , neu noi at chung cho ca thiet b ien ap cao
(U 1000V ) va ien ap thap (U < 1000V ) th ien tr noi at an toan cho
phep tnh theo: R 125/I , .

Nhng trong ca hai trng hp, ien tr tan noi at an toan cho phep
khong vt qua 4 10 oi vi noi at cua tram va nha may ien va khong
qua 5 30 oi vi noi at cot ien ng day. Trong cac cong thc tren I
la dong cham at mot pha tnh tai ni nh at noi at. Neu he thong co trung

117

tnh cach ien th:

I = 3CU p

vi: C - ien dung cua pha oi vi at

Up - ien ap pha.
Neu he thong co trung tnh noi at qua cuon dap ho quang th
g

I = | I L I C | la dong ien bu d.

ien tr tan tan so cong nghiep (on nh) cua cac ien cc noi at
dang n gian, trong moi trng at ong nhat, co the xac nh bang giai tch.
V du: oi vi mot ien cc hnh ban cau, ban knh ro, noi vi mot vo
may bien ap cong suat, gia s v mot ly do nao o xay ra cham vo (phong
ien mat cach ien ngoai hay phong ien xuyen thung cach ien trong)
dong ien tan so cong nghiep se qua ien cc ban cau tan vao at (H.4.3).
ien tr tan cua lp at nam gia hai mat ang the co ban knh r va r + dr
bang:
dr
dR =
2r2
vi la ien tr suat cua dat
Nh vay ien tr tan cua ien cc hnh ban cau ban knh ro bang:

R =

ro

dR =

dr

r2

ro

2ro

(4.2)

118

Phan bo the tren mat at xung quanh ien cc noi at hnh ban cau c
xac nh theo:

r = I dR =
r

I
2r

(4.3)

vi I la dong ien cham at qua ien cc.

Ngi tiep xuc vi vo may luc xay ra s co chu tac dung cua mot hieu so
ien the gia vo may va ban chan goi la ien ap tiep xuc:
U tx = ro : c

Ngi (hay thu) i trong khu vc gan thiet b trong thi gian s co chu
mot hieu so ien the gia hai ban chan goi la ien ap bc:
U b = c1 c2

ien the vo may bang ien ap giang tren ien cc tiep at:
U m = I R = I

2ro

e am bao an toan cho ngi van hanh, he thong noi at phai c thiet ke
sao cho ien ap tiep xuc va ien ap bc trong moi ieu kien khong vt qua tr
so nguy hiem cho ngi. e thoa man yeu cau nay, phai co bien phap giam nho
ien tr tiep at R, phai co bien phap can bang the trong khu vc gan thiet b
c noi at va tang ien tr oi vi dong ien qua ngi vao at bang cach dung
em cach ien, ung, gang tay cach ien. Tren mat at khu vc tram thng c
rai mot lp soi hoac a dam day khoang 8 15 cm co tac dung gi am cua lp
at tren va tang cng ien tr oi vi dong ien chay vao t ban chan qua c the
ngi, do o, giam kha nang b ien giat. Tuy thuoc chung loai, kch thc, tnh
trang be mat sach hay ban, o am cua moi trng va thi tiet, ien tr suat cua
lp soi, a nay thay oi trong mot pham vi rong, co the t mot vai ngan .m en
hang trieu .m.
ien tr tan tan so cong nghiep (on nh) cua mot so dang ien cc
thng dung, c xac nh theo cac cong thc bang 4.1.
Bang 4.1
Loai ien cc

Cach chon

Cong thc tnh ien tr tan

Ghi chu

119

Coc chon noi

Coc chon chm

4l
ln
2l d

Rc =

2l 1 4t + l
(ln + ln
) (4.5)
2l
d 2 4t l

vi t = to +

(4.4)

nh tren

l
2

l2
Rt =
ln
2l dto

Thanh chon chm

Neu dung
sat goc co be
rong b th thay d
= 0,95b

Rc =

Neu dung
sat det co be
rong b th thay

(4.6)

d=

Rv =

Thanh hnh
xuyen chon chm

22D

(ln

8D
D
+ ln
)
d
4to

(4.7)

b
2

nh tren

vi D la ng knh hnh xuyen

oi vi ien cc thanh at nam ngang bo tr theo nhieu kieu khac nhau

(bang 4.2) co the dung cong thc tong quat sau e tnh ien tr tan tan so
cong nghiep mot cach gan ung:
Rt =

kL2
ln
2L
dto

(4.8)

vi: L - tong chieu dai cua ien cc (neu la mach vong th lay bang chu vi)
d - ng knh cua thanh dung lam ien cc - neu dung sat
det th thay d = b/2 vi, b la be rong sat det
to - o chon sau ien cc
k - he so phu thuoc cach bo tr thanh ngang co tnh en hieu ng man
che, cho trong (bang 4.2) c xac nh bang thc nghiem.
Bang 4.2 He so hnh dang k dung trong cong thc (4.8)
S o bo tr
thanh

k
1

S o bo tr thanh

l1 / l2

5,53

120

1,27

1,5

5,81

1,46

6,42

2,38

8,17

8,45

10,40

19,2
l2

4D 2

ien tr noi at cua to hp nhieu ien cc

e am bao yeu cau ve tr so ien tr noi at, thng phai dung cac hnh
thc noi at to hp, gom mot so lng nhat nh cac thanh va coc noi lien
nhau theo nhieu cach khac nhau (tia, mach khep kn).
Trong trng hp nay, dong ien s co t cac ien cc tan vao at khong
ong eu theo moi phng (H.4.4), do ien trng cua dong ien qua chung
co anh hng lan nhau - o la hieu ng man che, ket qua la hieu qua tan
dong ien cua at kem hn so vi trng hp tng ien cc rieng le, do o
ien tr tan cua to hp Rth: cac ien cc ln hn so vi ien tr tan tng
ng Rt: cua toan bo cac ien cc rieng le:
Rth:

> R1: // R2: // K =

1
n

i=1

hay

Rth:

i=1

suy ra

~ =

Rt:
Rth:

1
Ri:

Rt:
~

1
Ri:

= Rt:

(4.9)

121

la he so s dung khi tan dong ien xoay chieu tan so cong nghiep.

Hnh 4.4 Phan bo ng tan dong ien cua cac ien cc

noi song song vi nhau

e minh hoa hieu ng man che, xet v du mot to hp n gian gom hai
ien cc ban cau noi song song nhau (H.4.5).

Hnh 4.5 To hp hai ien cc hnh ban cau

Trong trng hp nay dong ien chay qua moi ien cc bang I/2. ien
ap giang tren moi ien cc gom hai thanh phan:
- Do ban than dong ien chay trong ien cc o gay nen
- Do dong ien chay trong ien cc kia gay nen.
T o ien tr tan cua to hp gom hai thanh phan xac nh theo:
Rth~ =

U
1 1
=
( + )
I 4 ro a

vi: ro - ban knh ien cc; a - khoang cach gia hai ien cc.
Neu hai ien cc at rat xa nhau, tc a rat ln, ien trng cua chung
khong anh hng lan nhau th:

R
~ = Rt ~ =
Rth
=
4ro
2
tc ien tr tan cua to hp bang ien tr tan tng ng cua cac ien cc. T
so gia ien tr tan cua to hp khi khong ke va khi co ke en hieu ng man che

122

chnh la he so s dung cua to hp noi at.

Trong v du nay:
~ =

~
Rth
=
Rth~

/ 4ro
1
=
1 1
r
/ 4( + )
1+ o
ro a
a

< 1

T v du n gian nay co the rut ra mot qui luat chung la: he so s dung
cua to hp ien cc se giam neu tang kch thc cua ien cc va giam khoang
cach gia chung.
Ngoai ra, he so s dung con phu thuoc vao loai ien cc (coc, thanh...),
so lng va cach bo tr chung. oi vi cac to hp phc tap, he so s dung
c xac nh bang mo hnh va co the tra cu trong cac bang so hoac cac
ng cong cho trong cac tai lieu hng dan thiet ke noi at, cac qui pham ve
noi at cac trang thiet b ien. Neu to hp ien cc noi at gom nhieu coc noi
lien nhau bi cac thanh (theo cac kieu hnh tia hay mach khep kn) th ien tr
tan cua ca he thong Rht~ c xac nh nh la ien tr cua to hp coc Rc noi
song song vi ien tr cua to hp thanh Rt .
Rc
Rc Rt

nc
nc t
Rht =
Rc
R
Rt
+ t
Rt =
nc t
t

Vi Rc =

Rc Rt
Rct + Rt n c

(4.10)

vi: Rt - ien tr cua to hp thanh tnh theo cong thc gan ung (4.8) va bang 4.2
Rc - ien tr tan cua tng coc rieng le
c , t - he so s dung cua coc, thanh trong to hp; n - so coc.

Cac he so s dung c , t phu thuoc vao t so bc coc tren chieu dai coc
( ( a/lc ) , vao so lng coc n, vao cach bo tr thanh (tia, mach khep kn) co the
tra cu theo cac tai lieu a neu tren.

4.3 IEN TR TAN CUA NOI AT CHONG SET

4.3.1 ien tr tan xung cua dang noi at tap trung
oi vi dang noi at tap trung, do chieu dai cua ien cc khong ln, anh
hng cua ien cam ban than ien cc khong ang ke, co the bo qua, trong
khi hien tng phong ien tia la trong at tao nen xung quanh ien cc
mot khu vc dan ien tot. Trong tnh toan gan ung co the coi tia la ien

123

phat trien ong eu, at trong khu vc phong ien tia la co o dan ien
tng ng vi kim loai lam ien cc, co ngha la tng ng vi s tang
kch thc cua ien cc (H.4.6), ngoai ra at ngoai khu vc tia la ien
cung co ien dan tang len t nhieu so vi moi trng at xung quanh.
Khu vc phong ien tia la xung quanh
ien cc c gii han bi be mat co cng o
trng bang cng o trng phong ien trong
at ( E = E p( ) ) . Nh vay, kch thc that cua
ien cc co the c thay the bang kch thc
cua khu vc phong ien tia la ng vi khi dong
ien xung co tr so bang bien o chay qua trong
thi gian bang thi gian au song T s va e
tnh toan ien tr tan xung cua mot loai ien
cc nao th dung cong thc tnh ien tr tan
tan so cong nghiep cua no, ch can thay kch
thc that cua ien cc bang kch thc bieu
kien cua no (tc la kch thc cua khu vc co
phong ien tia la).
Neu at khong ong nhat th trong tnh
toan vi o chnh xac chap nhan c thay
bang t (ien tr suat ang tr) xac nh c trong che o on nh. Sau ay
la mot vai v du:
1- ien cc hnh ban cau, ban knh ro

be mat gii han khu vc phong ien tia la vi ban knh bieu kien rbk ,
cng o ien trng bang:
E =

Is
2
2rbk

t = E p ( )

vi Ep( ) la cng o trng phong ien trong at khi dong bang bien o
chay qua trong thi gian t = s

124

Hnh 4.7 Phong ien tia la trong at ien cc hnh ban cau

T o, ban knh khu vc phong ien tia la hay ban knh bieu kien cua
ien cc bang:
rbk =

Is t
2 E p( )

ien tr tan xung cua ien cc hnh ban cau bang:

t E p( )

Rx =

t
=
2rbk

x =

2E p( )
Rx
r
= o = ro
R~
rbk
Is t

2Is

va he so xung bang:

Nh vay ien tr tan xung khong phu thuoc vao kch thc hnh hoc cua
ien cc ma ch phu thuoc vao cac ac tnh cua at ( t , E p( ) ) va bien o
dong ien, gay nen phong ien tia la trong at.
2- ien cc la coc chon thang co chieu dai l, ng knh d

Khu vc phong ien tia la co dang hnh tru vi ban knh bieu kien rbk ,
cng o trng be mat gii han bang (H.4.6)
Is
Is t
E = E p( ) =
t rbk =
2rbk l
2lE p( )
T o:

Rx

va he so xung bang:

4 l2 E p( )
t
t
2l
=
ln
=
ln
2l
rbk
2l
Is t

125

Rx
=
=
R~

ln

4l2 E p( )
Ist
ln 4 l/d

Cach tnh ien tr tan xung cua mot ien cc thanh chon ngang chieu dai
khong ln va he so xung cua no cung tien hanh tng t
T bieu thc xac nh x cua noi at tap trung, co the rut ra vai nhan xet sau:
g He so xung phu thuoc vao tch Is , co ngha la bien o cua dong set

Is cang ln, ien tr suat cua at cang cao th x cang giam va ien

tr tan xung Rx cang be

g Khi chieu dai cua ien cc tang th x tang (do anh hng cua ien

cam cua ien cc) nhng trong moi trng hp x < 1

Xac nh ien tr tan xung cua mot to hp noi at tap trung

e xac nh ien tr tan xung cua mot to hp noi at tap trung (v du noi
at cua cot thu set oc lap, cua cot ien ng day...) can tien hanh theo cac
bc sau:
g Tnh ien tr tan xoay chieu tan so cong nghiep cua tng loai ien cc
rieng le ( Rc~ , Rt~ )
g Xac nh s phan bo dong set tren tng loai ien cc, gan ung theo t
le nghch cua tr so ien tr tan xoay chieu cua chung.
g Xac nh he so xung cua tng loai ien cc phu thuoc dong set qua
chung va ien tr suat cua at x = f ( I , ) (bang cach tra bang hoac

cac ng cong tng ng cho trong tai lieu thiet ke chong set, so tay
ky thuat ien...) t o xac nh c ien tr tan xung cua tng loai
ien cc rieng le o.

va

Rxc = xc R:

Rxt = xt R:

g ien tr tan cua ca to hp noi at xac nh theo:

Rx

Rxc
Rxt
Rxc . Rxt
1
1
n
=

Rxc
Rxc + nRxt x

+ Rxt x
n

trong o: n - so coc; x - he so s dung xung cua to hp.

126

He so s dung xung x < ~ v khu vc phong ien tia la quanh ien

cc lam tang anh hng man che cua ien trng gia chung vi nhau (kch
thc bieu kien cua ien cc tang lam khoang cach gia cac ien cc giam).
Viec xac nh he so s dung xung x cho cac to hp noi at bang phng phap
giai tch rat phc tap, do o thng c xac nh thc nghiem tren mo hnh.
Tr so x cua cac to hp noi at thng dung, c cho trong cac tai lieu thiet
ke chong set hoac so tay ky thuat ien.
Tnh toan v du: xac nh ien tr
tan xung cua mot to hp noi at gom
mot thanh hnh vong xuyen co D = 8m,
va bon coc men theo thanh (H.4.8).
Dong set qua to hp co bien o
Is = 80kA . Thanh bang thep det
40 4 mm2 ,

coc

bang

thep

ong

dc = 50mm , dai lc = 2m chon sau

to = 0, 8 m . ien tr suat tnh toan
t = 500 m; c = 200 m . ien tr

Hnh 4.8 To hp thanh hnh

vong xuyen co bon coc ven chu vi

tan xoay chieu 50Hz cua cc hnh vong

xuyen tnh theo:

va cua mot coc:

Rv:

Rc :

t
2

2 D

(ln

8D
D
+ ln
) 32
dt
4 to

c
2l
1 4 t + lc
(ln c + ln
) 74
dc 2 4 t lc
2lc

T o ien tr tng ng cua ca bon coc: R4 c = 74 / 4 = 18, 5 .

Dong set phan bo tren cac ien cc t le nghch vi ien tr tan, t he
phng trnh:
R
18, 5
Iv
= 4c =

Rv
32
I4 c
I + I = I = 80kA
4c
s
v

tnh c:
g Dong ien chay trong hnh vong xuyen Iv 30 kA
g Dong ien chay trong moi coc Ic = 50/ 4 13 kA

127

Tng ng vi t = 500 m va Iv = 30 kA tra bang c he so xung

cua hnh vong xuyen xv = 0, 5 Rxv = 32 0, 5 = 16
c = 200 m va Ic = 13 kA tra bang va noi suy c he so xung cua

coc xc = 0, 55 Rxc = 74 * 0, 55 = 41 .
He so s dung xung cua to hp vong co bon coc tra bang c
x = 0, 75 . Cuoi cung tnh c ien tr tan xung cua to hp noi at:
Rx =

41 16
1

8, 3
41 + 16 4 0, 75

4.3.2 ien tr tan xung cua noi at keo dai bang thanh ngang
1- Khi bo qua qua trnh phong ien trong at

Trng hp nay co the xay ra khi dong ien set co bien o khong ln
truyen qua ien cc hoac dong set re theo nhieu nhanh cua he thong noi at.
Trong

thay

the

vi

cac

thong

so

rai

(H.4.9):

l
0, 31) H /m la ien cam theo n v chieu dai cua ien cc.
r
Lo - khong oi va ien dan tan theo n v chieu dai (ng vi mot ien tr
suat cua at va bien o dong set nhat nh) cung khong oi:
Lo = 0, 2(ln

go =

1
,
R~ l

(1/m)

vi: l - chieu dai ien cc, m; r - ban knh thanh, m

R~ - ien tr tan on nh, .

Hnh 4.9 S o thay the cua ien cc thanh dai

128

khi bo qua phong ien trong at

Phng trnh truyen song qua ien cc co dang:

u
i
= Lo
x
t

= go u

va

(4.6)

Vi dong ien set co o doc au song khong oi is(0,t) = at, nghiem cua
phng trnh vi phan cho bien thien cua ien ap theo thi gian t tai mot iem x
bat ky doc theo chieu dai ien cc bang:

a
1
kx
u( x, t ) =
[ t + 2T1
(1 e t/Tk ) cos(
)]
2
go l
l
k=1 k

Lo go l2

vi T1 =

; Tk =

Lo go l2

T1

(4.7)

hang so thi gian cua qua trnh truyen

2
2 k2
k2
song ieu hoa bac mot va bac k.

T o, ien ap au vao (x=0), ni dong set i vao he thong noi at:

u( 0, t ) =

a
1
[ t + 2T1
(1 e t / Tk )]
2
go l
k=1 k

(4.8)

Nh vay, tong tr tan xung au vao tai mot thi iem t bat ky se la:
2T 1
u( 0, t )
1
Z ( 0, t ) =
=
[1 + 1
(1 e t/Tk ]
(4.9)
is ( 0, t )
go l
t k=1 k2

Mot cach gan ung khi dong set at tr so cc ai ( t = s ) th tong tr

xung au vao co tr so ln nhat.
Z ( 0,T

s ) =

2T
1
[1 + 1
go l
T s

k2 (1 eT

s/Tk

)]

(4.10)

k=1

Trong cong thc tren ch can khai trien chuoi , en so hang th i tng ng
s

= 3 , v vi s > 3 th es / Ti < 0, 05 1 es / Ti 1 , ngoai ra a

Ti
Ti
biet:

k2
k=1

2
6

129

So hang ti han th i c xac nh theo:

Ti

Ti =

Lo go l2
i2 2

l 3Lo go
T s

va he so xung cua noi at keo dai:

x =

Z ( 0,T s )
2T
=1+ 1
R~
T s

Hnh 4.10 Quan he Rx = f(t, l)

k2 (1 eT

s /Tk

(4.11)

k=1

Hnh 4.11 Phan bo ien ap doc theo

chieu dai ien cc

T cac bieu thc tren ( 4.9 4.10) co the nhan thay tong tr tan xung
gom hai thanh phan:
g Thanh phan on nh co tr so bang ien tr tan xoay chieu:

R =

1
go l

g Thanh phan cam khang qua o giam theo thi gian. ien cc cang

ngan, hang so thi gian cua qua trnh qua o ( T go Lo l2 ) cang be th qua
trnh qua o cang chong ket thuc, do o tong tr cang tien nhanh en tr so on
nh R, phan bo ien ap theo chieu dai ien cc cang ong nhat hn
(H.4.10).
ien cc cang dai th cang cach xa au vao ien ap cang giam nhanh,
tc la hieu qua tan dong set cang kem. Hnh 4.11 trnh bay s phan bo ien

130

ap doc theo chieu dai ien cc tai thi iem t =T

Trng hp T

s /T1

s .

> 3 th tong tr tan xung khi dong ien qua tr so cc

ai se bang:
Z ( 0, s ) =

2T
1
[1 + 1
go l
s

Z ( 0, s ) = R +

T12
]
=
[
+
]
R
1

2
3 s
k=1 k

Lo l
3 s

2- Khi co qua trnh phong ien trong at

Do anh hng cua ien cam nen mat o dong ien va cng o ien
trng giam dan doc theo chieu dai ien cc, lam cho khu vc phong ien tia
la hep dan. V vay, ien dan tan xung theo n v chieu dai cua noi at keo
dai khong con la hang so na ma phu thuoc vao phan bo ap doc theo chieu
dai ien cc, co ngha la g x = f ( u) . He phng trnh (vi phan) truyen song
tr nen khong ng thang, ch co the giai bang phng phap gan ung hoac
phng phap so. ay se khong i vao qua trnh tnh toan ma ch neu ra mot
vai qui luat bien thien cua tong tr xung cua noi at keo dai khi co hien tng
phong ien trong at.
Hnh 4.12 trnh bay cac ng cong R: = 1/go l; Zo = f ( l ) khi bo qua
phong ien trong at va Zx = f(l) khi co phong ien trong at tng ng cac
dong set co bien o khac nhau ( I1 < I2 < I3 ) va at co ien tr suat nhat
nh.
So sanh cac ng cong co the thay rang mot ien tr suat nhat nh
cua at, khi dong set tang, phong ien trong at manh liet hn se lam giam
tong tr tan xung Zx ang ke.

131

Hnh 4.12 S phu thuoc cua R~, Zo va Zx vao chieu dai ien cc
va dong ien set

Khi chieu dai ien cc khong ln lam th co the Z x < R: va x 1 , khi

chieu dai ien cc tang th co the Z x > R: va x > 1
T o co the rut ra ket luan la: ng vi mot tr so va I nhat nh co
mot tr so gii han cua chieu dai ien cc ma vt qua gii han o, tong tr
tan xung khong giam khi tang chieu dai ien cc na, hieu qua tan dong set
kem va nh the khong hp ly ve kinh te va ky thuat.
V du: bang di ay cho gii han ve chieu dai cua ien cc theo ien
tr suat cua at, tnh toan vi dong set co bien o
I = 40 kA va T ds = 3 6s
( m )

500

1000

2000

4000

lgh (m)

30 40

45 55

60 80

80 100

4.4 IEN TR SUAT CUA AT VA CAC NHAN TO ANH

HNG
e tnh toan thiet ke he thong noi at, can thiet phai biet ien tr suat cua
at, ma ien tr suat cua at phu thuoc vao thanh phan cau tao cua no, vao kha
nang gi am cua at cung nh anh hng cua ieu kien moi trng xung quanh
va thi tiet. at co ket cau hat, goc vo c hoac hu c. trang thai kho, ien

132

dan cua chung khong ln. Nhng khi b tham t, cac muoi khoang von co trong
at se hoa tan thanh dung dch ien phan, lam cho ien dan cua at tang len.
ien dan cua at do o phu thuoc vao mua, vao lng ma, vao o sau, vao cac
vung nc chung quanh, vao mach nc ngam. Kha nang gi am cua at phu
thuoc vao kch thc cua hat at, hat cang be th kha nang gi am cang cao.
Cac loai at thng gap la at cat, at set, at mun.
at cat cau tao bi cac hat thach anh, ng knh t 0,22 mm, co rat t
cac chat ien phan va kha nang gi am kem; khi cat b am khe trong gia cac
hat cat se cha ay nc, ien dan cua cat tang nhanh va co the tang bang
ien dan cua nc.
at set cung co goc vo c, gom nhng hat rat mn ng knh khoang vai
phan ngan mm va trang thai quanh. Trong at set co nhieu thanh phan muoi
khoang, at set co kha nang gi am cao, nen ien dan cua no ln hn nhieu
so vi at cat.
at mun co goc hu c, cung the nhao nhng b, kha nang gi am ln
va cung cha nhieu dung dch ien phan. Khi at set, at mun b am, do s
hnh thanh cac dung dch ien phan, ien dan cua at tang cao co the vt ca
tr so ien dan cua nc.
Trong nam, do ieu kien thi tiet kh tng thay oi lam cho nhiet o cua
at, ham lng cua am trong at va o bao hoa cua chung cac tang at khac
nhau cung thay oi. Do o, ien tr suat cua at bien oi trong mot pham vi
rong, tr so trong mua ma va mua kho co the khac nhau rat xa. Tr so ien
tr suat tin cay nhat dung trong tnh toan thiet ke he thong noi at co c
bang cach o ac tai cho, tai nhieu iem, thc hien nhieu lan va lay gia tr
trung bnh thong ke.
Tr so o c ( o ) phai nhan vi mot he so an toan, goi la he so mua
(km) e chu y en kha nang tang ien tr suat do s thay oi trang thai cua at
khi thi tiet trong nam thay oi bat li:
tt = o: km

(4.12)

vi: tt - ien tr suat tnh toan cua at, .m

o - ien tr suat cua at o c, .m
km - he so mua phu thuoc vao loai noi at, loai ien cc, o chon sau.
Tr so km cho trong bang 4.3.
Trong tnh toan lay tr so km be (theo gii han di) neu khi o at kho
rao va lay km ln (theo gii han tren) neu khi o at am t.

133

Bang 4.3
Loai noi at
Noi at an toan va
noi at lam viec

Noi at chong set

Loai ien cc
Thanh ngang
Coc thang ng
Thanh ngang
Coc thang ng

He so mua km

o chon sau
(m)

at kho

at am

0,5

4,5

6,5

0,8

1,6

0,8

1,4

0,5

1,4

1,8

0,8

1,25

1,45

0,8

1,15

1,3

Noi at an toan va noi at lam viec phai phat huy tac dung vao bat c
luc nao trong nam. Ve mua kho ien tr suat cua at tang cao, do o phai
chon he so mua co tr so ln. Con noi at chong set ch phat huy tac dung vao
mua set, tc la mua ma dong, at am t nen ch can he so d tr thap hn,
tc he so mua be hn.
He so mua con phu thuoc vao o chon sau ien cc. ien cc c chon
cang sau th anh hng do s thay oi thi tiet cang han che. Khi thieu nhng
so lieu o lng ( o ) th trong tnh toan s bo co the dung nhng tr so ien
tr suat cua at cho trong bang 4.4.
Bang 4.4
Loai at
Cat

( m )

Loai at

( m )

400

at en

50

at cat

300

Than bun

20

at tht

100

Nc song

10 50

at set

60

Nc bien

4.5 CAC YEU CAU VE KINH TE KY THUAT KHI THIET KE HE

THONG NOI AT CHO TRAM VA NG DAY TAI IEN
He thong noi at co tr so ien tr tan cang be cang thc hien tot nhiem
vu tan dong ien s co trong at va gi c mc ien the thap tren cac phan
t c noi at.
Tuy nhien, viec giam thap ien tr tan gan lien vi s tieu hao nhieu kim
loai va cong sc (ao bi, ong coc, han cc, lap, nen at...), do o viec nh
gii han cho tr so ien tr tan va viec la chon cac phng an noi at phai
hp ly ve kinh te va ky thuat.

134

1- oi vi noi at lam viec, tr so ien tr noi at cho phep quyet nh

bi yeu cau cua tnh trang lam viec cua tng thiet b cu the, ay khong xet
ti. Tr so ien tr cho phep cua loai noi at an toan phai c chon sao cho
cac tr so ien ap bc va ien ap tiep xuc trong moi trng hp khong vt
qua gii han cho phep, gay nguy hiem cho ngi van hanh.
2- Trong cac nha may ien va tram bien ap, noi at lam viec va noi at
an toan cac cap ien ap khac nhau thng c noi thanh mot he thong
chung. Viec tach ri cac loai noi at va theo tng cap ien ap co u iem la
dong ien cham at i trong bo phan nay khong lam tang ien ap bo phan
noi at khac, nhng viec cach ly cac he thong noi at nay gap nhieu kho khan
ve ky thuat - kinh te va nhieu khi khong thc hien c.
Khi noi thanh he thong chung, phai thiet ke theo tr so ien tr tan cho
phep be nhat trong hai loai e am bao an toan va s lam viec bnh thng
trong bat c trng hp nao.
He thong noi at nay cua nha may va tram bien ap thng tao thanh mot
mach khep kn men theo chu vi cua cong trnh, gom mot mach vong thanh va
co the co mot so coc rai eu c han ien vao mach vong thanh. Trong dien
tch khu vc tram con co mot li thanh ngang doc song song nhau, vi o li
t 5 - 20m, co nhiem vu can bang the, e am bao ien ap tiep xuc va ien
ap bc be. Tat ca vo kim loai cua cac thiet b, cac ket cau kim loai, cac
iem trung tnh cua may bien ap cong suat va o lng phai noi vao li noi
at theo ng ngan nhat va vao giao iem cua cac thanh (e dong ien s co
tan theo nhieu ng vao at).
3- Khi cho phep at cac kim thu set tren cac ket cau cong trnh cua tram
th noi at cua chung c noi chung vao he thong noi at an toan cua tram.
Nh vay khi tan dong set, he thong noi at nay co tnh chat cua mot noi at
phan bo, tong tr tan xung co the ln gap nhieu lan ien tr tan on nh. ien
ap giang tren he thong noi at tang cao co the vt mc cach ien xung cua
tram, lam tang xac suat phong ien ngc tren cach ien cua tram. V vay,
viec li dung ket cau cong trnh e at he thong thu set, noi chung ch co the
thc hien tng oi de dang oi vi cac tram thuoc cac cap U m 110 kV ,
v chung co mc cach ien xung kha cao va tr so ien tr tan on nh be
( R = R: 0, 5 ) . Con oi vi tram 35kV th bien phap nay ch c thc
hien vi nhng ieu kien a qui nh (chng 3), (khong at kim thu set tren

135

xa MBA. ien tr noi at cua day chong set hay cua cot thu set noi lien vi
noi at an toan cua tram khong c vt qua 4 trong pham vi ban knh 20m
oi vi at co ien tr suat < 500 m va trong pham vi 30m oi vi at co
ien tr suat 500 m ). Ngoai ra trong moi trng hp e tan dong set
thuan li phai thc hien noi at bo sung (bang mot so coc hoac thanh ngan
hoac to hp coc thanh) tai cho cot thu set hoac day chong set noi vao he
thong noi at cua tram, ong thi phai am bao khoang cach theo thanh dan
t cho noi at cua MBA en cho noi at cot thu set va day chong set t 15m
tr len. Neu a thc hien cac bien phap tren ma tong tr tan xung cua he
thong noi at chung van ln, khien ien ap giang tren no vt qua mc cach
ien xung cua tram gay nen phong ien ngc vi xac suat ln, th phai at
cot thu set cach ly va tach rieng noi at chong set. Khi o phai bao am
khoang cach trong khong kh va trong at en thiet b cua tram u ln e
khong the xay ra phong ien gia chung vi nhau nh a neu trong chng 3
(chong set anh trc tiep).
4- e giam ton kem, khi thiet ke he thong noi at cua tram va ng day
can chu y tan dung cac hnh thc noi at co san (hay con goi la noi at t
nhien) nh cac ng ong kim loai chon trong at nh ong dan nc (tr cac
ong dan chat long de chay, de no nh xang dau, kh ot, cac ong co sn lp
chong r) vo ch cua cap at trong at, cac ket cau kim loai cua be tong cot
thep, cua mong nha, mong cot... ien tr noi at cua he day chong set - cot
ien cua cac ng day tai ien cao ap noi vao tram. Neu ien tr tan cua
cac noi at t nhien a thoa man yeu cau ky thuat th co the khong at them
noi at nhan tao oi vi he thong co dong ien cham at be hoac ch can at
them he thong noi at nhan tao vi yeu cau a giam nhe ( R 1 ) oi vi he
thong co dong ien cham at ln.
Tr so ien tr noi at t nhien nen xac nh bang o ac tai cho. Trong
tnh toan s bo, co the dung cac cong thc gan ung (se trnh bay trong hng
dan thiet ke chong set).
5- Noi at day chong set cua ng day tai ien cao ap
Noi at cot ien thc chat la noi at chong set, la mot bien phap tang
cng tnh van hanh am bao cua ng day tai ien khi co qua ien ap kh
quyen. e hp ly ve ky thuat va kinh te, Qui pham ve thiet ke ng day tai
ien cao ap qui nh tieu chuan noi at cot ien theo ien tr suat cua at nh

136

bang 4.5.
Bang 4.5: Tieu chuan noi at cot ien
ien tr suat cua at (.m)

ien tr noi at cot ien ()

100

R 10

100 < 500

R 15

500 1000

R 20

500 >

R 30

V khong the o trc tiep ien tr tan xung, nen ch qui nh tr so ien
tr tan tan so cong nghiep. Can c dang noi at va tr so dong set se xac nh
c he so xung va suy ra ien tr tan xung.
Khi ng day i qua vung at am co 300m, nen tan dung ket cau
kim loai trong mong va chan cot bang be tong cot thep lam noi at t nhien
e bo sung hoac thay the cho noi at nhan tao.

4.6 PHNG PHAP DIEN TCH E TNH IEN TR TAN

CUA LI NOI AT
Viec tnh toan he thong noi at an toan cua pham phan phoi ien va nha
may ien t to hp nhng ien cc rieng re (phng phap phan t) co chu y
en hieu ng man che nh tren, tng oi phc tap va khoi lng tnh toan
tng oi ln.
Mot phng phap n gian hn phng phap dien tch, e tnh toan he
thong noi at an toan phc tap c tien hanh theo mot cong thc thc
nghiem (ket qua cua nghien cu mo hnh vat ly he thong noi at trong be
ien phan) nh sau:
R = t (

A
S

1
)
L + nl

trong o: R - ien tr tan tan so cong nghiep cua he thong noi at,
L - tong chieu dai cua toan bo cc thanh ngang, m
l - chieu dai cua mot coc, m; n - so lng coc
S - canh mot hnh vuong tng ng cua dien tch khu vc
tram, gii han bi mach vong noi at ven chu vi khu vc
tram, m

(4.13)

137

A - he so t le, phu thuoc t so

l
S

theo bang 4.6.

t - ien tr suat tng ng cua at khong ong nhat a c qui ve

mo hnh at hai lp ang tr, m.
Bang 4.6
l
S

0,02

0,05

0,1

0,2

0,5

0,44

0,43

0,4

0,37

0,33

0,26

Khi so o li ln ( L ? 4 S ) hoac so coc ln, th R tien en gii han

bang t A/ S tng ng vi ien tr mot tam kim loai khoi ch nhat S l .
Khi tan dong set, he thong noi at nay la mot noi at phan bo phc tap,
bao gom mot li cac thanh ngang doc song song nhau, tong tr tan xung cua
no phu thuoc vao o doc au song dong set (anh hng cua ien cam) va
bien o dong set (hieu ng phong ien tia la). ac trng cho tong tr tan
xung cua noi at keo dai cua tram la s phu thuoc cua tong tr tan xung vao
cho dong set i vao he thong noi at, tc la phu thuoc s bo tr he thong thu
set trong tram.
Khi set anh vao kim thu set trong dien tch tram, dong set i vao chnh
gia cua he thong noi at th tong tr tan xung be hn khi i vao mach vong
chu vi tram, do ien cam giam v co nhieu thanh song song va chieu dai cac
thanh ngan. Viec xac nh tong tr tan xung cua he thong noi at cua tram co
tnh en anh hng cua ien cam cua chung va anh hng cua hien tng
phong ien tia la trong at la mot van e cc k phc tap, hien nay cha co
mot phng phap giai tch nao hoan chnh va c cong nhan rong rai.
Phng phap pho bien la xac nh bang mo hnh vat ly, tren c s phai
thoa ieu kien la mat o dong va cng o ien trng trong mo hnh phai
bang trong he thong noi at that e mo phong ung an hieu ng phong ien
tia la trong at.
Mot so ket qua o at bang mo hnh cho trong hnh 4.14, tren o thay ro
anh hng cua thong so dong set, ien tr suat cua at va kch thc hnh hoc
cua he thong noi at en ien tr tan xung cua no. Khi dien tch tram be va
ien tr suat cua at cao th hien tng phong ien tia la ong vai tro chi
phoi va Z x < R , con khi kch thc tram ln th anh hng cua ien cam tang
va Z x > R . Khi dong set i vao he thong noi at ven chu vi tram th vai tro

138

cua ien cam chi phoi.

e giam ien the tren vo thiet b, do o giam ien ap tac dung len cach
ien cua thiet b, th iem noi at cua thiet b (vao li noi at tram) phai
cach xa iem noi at cua cot thu set va day chong set (vao li noi at tram).
ieu nay co the thc hien, v du, bang cach noi at chung vao nhng thanh
ngang khac nhau cua he thong noi at. Ket qua nghien cu cho thay ien the
giam nhieu nhat 1520m au tien cach iem au vao cua dong set va giam
cang nhanh khi kch thc cua li noi at cang ln va ien tr suat cua at
cang be, co ngha la khi thi gian cua qua trnh qua o trong li noi at cang
ln.

(1)

Is = 40kA

(2)

Is = 100kA

Hnh 4.14 ien tr tan on nh va tong tr tan xung cua li at

( Is = 40 100kA ) co coc va khong coc phu thuoc ien tr suat cua at

Hnh 4.15 cho thay, cang cach xa v tr au vao cua dong set trong he
thong noi at th thi gian au song cua ien ap tang con tr so cc ai cua
ien ap giam.
He so xung cua he thong noi at kieu mang li phu thuoc ien tr
suat cua at ( = 100 600 m ) vao bien o dong set ( Is = 10kA 100kA )
va vao kch thc cua khu vc tram ( S = 20 80 m ) co gia tr phong chng cho

139

hnh 4.16 hoac phong theo (4.14):

=

1500 S
( + 320)( Is + 45)

(4.14)

Hnh 4.15 Dang song ien ap cac iem khac nhau

cua he thong noi at

Tng t nh he so xung cua cc thanh dai l > 10 m trong o S dien tch

(m ); ien tr suat cua at (m) va Is bien o dong set (kA).
2

oi vi tram thuoc li co trung tnh trc tiep noi at, yeu cau ien tr
noi at an toan R 0,5 , trong nhieu trng hp kho co the thoa man c.
ac biet, khi at trong khu vc tram co ien tr suat cao, kch thc cua tram
be va khong li dung c noi at san co. Mat khac, thc te van hanh nhieu
nam cho thay trong nhieu trng hp ien ap an toan oi vi ngi trong cac
tram nay co the at c vi ien tr noi at cao hn 0,5 .

140

Is , kA

10

100

10

100

, .m

100

100

600

600

Hnh 4.16: He so xung cua mang li noi at phu thuoc dong set,
ien tr suat cua at va kch thc khu vc tram

V vay, nhieu nc ieu kien nay a c thay the bang qui nh ve

ien ap giang ln nhat cho phep tren he thong noi at va ien ap tiep xuc cho
phep thay oi theo thi gian duy tr cua dong ngan mach cham at. Thi gian
nay bang tong cua thi gian tac ong cua rle bao ve va thi gian cat cua
may cat theo bang sau.
Thi gian duy tr dong ngan mach (s)

Di
0,1

0,2

0,5

0,7

3 va cao hn

ien ap tiep xuc ln nhat cho phep (V)

500

400

400

130

100

65

ien ap giang tren he thong noi at ln nhat cho phep khong vt qua
10kV.

141

Chng

BAO VE CHONG SET

CHO NG DAY TAI IEN
5.1 NG LOI TONG QUAT E TNH TOAN CH TIEU
CHONG SET CUA NG DAY TAI IEN
ng day tai ien tren khong la phan t co chieu dai ln nhat trong he
thong ien nen thng b set anh va chu tac dung cua qua ien ap kh
quyen. Song qua ien ap khong ch gay nen phong ien tren cach ien ng
day, a en cat ien ma con co the truyen theo ng day vao tram gay
nguy hiem cho cach ien cua cac thiet b trong tram, ac biet khi set anh
trc tiep vao day dan hoac vao cot gay phong ien ngc cac oan ng
day gan tram.
Qua ien ap kh quyen xuat hien tren ng day theo hai kha nang: hoac
do set anh vao ng day, hoac do set anh gan ng day gay nen qua
ien ap cam ng. De hieu la trng hp au nguy hiem nhat, v ng day
chu toan bo nang lng cua phong ien set va viec bao ve chong set cho
ng day chnh la nham han che qua ien ap trong trng hp nay.
Nh a trnh bay trong chng 1, set vi tham so cao (bien o, o doc)
xuat hien vi xac suat be, nen se khong hp ly neu la chon cach ien ng
day thoa man qua ien ap ln nhat co the xay ra, ma ch chon theo mot mc o
hp ly ve kinh te va ky thuat. Nh vay, yeu cau bao ve chong set oi vi ng
day tai ien khong phai la loai tr hoan toan kha nang xay ra s co do set ma
ch co the giam so lan s co ti mot gii han hp ly ve kinh te, tng ng vi
mot ton that be nhat. Noi mot cach khac, phai so sanh chi ph au t cho cac
bien phap tang cng chong set vi ton that cho nen kinh te quoc dan do mat
ien khi ng day b cat do qua ien ap kh quyen, e tm ra mot li giai toi
u.

142

Sau ay la ng loi tong quat e xac nh ch tieu chong set cua ng

day tai ien.
5.1.1 So lan set anh vao ng day tai ien tren khong
Khi xac nh pham vi bao ve cua day chong set a nhan thay xac suat
set anh vao ng day phu thuoc vao o treo cao cua day dan tren cung
(day dan hoac day chong set). Neu h la o treo cao trung bnh cua day tren
cung th trong pham vi be rong B = 2h ve moi pha cua ng day, toan bo
so lan set anh se vao day dan. Khi B > 2h th xac suat set anh vao day dan
giam dan va khi B 5h th toan bo so lan set anh eu xuong at. Nh vay
trung bnh co the tnh, khi B 3h ve moi pha cua day dan th toan bo set
anh vao day dan. Hay noi mot cach khac, day dan co kha nang thu toan bo
so lan set anh ve pha mnh trong pham vi 2 B 6h ca ve hai pha cua no
(H.5.1).

Hnh 5.1 Xac suat set anh phu thuoc vao khoang cach B

Neu ng day co chieu dai bang L th dien tch cua khu vc 100% set
anh vao ng day la 6hL oi vi ng day co mot day chong set va
( 6h + S) L oi vi ng day co hai day chong set, vi S la khoang cach gia
hai day chong set (hoac day pha cao nhat oi vi ng day khong co day
chong set).
Goi m la mat o set trung bnh trong moi ngay (hoac moi gi) co dong
set va n la so ngay (hoac so gi) co dong set trung bnh moi nam trong khu
vc co ng day i qua, th so lan set anh trung bnh vao ng day trong
mot nam:
oi vi ng day co mot day chong set:

143

(5.1)

N = 6hL.m.n.103

oi vi ng day co hai day chong set:

N = ( 6h + S) L.m.n.103

vi h tnh bang m va L tnh bang km (hoac day pha cao nhat oi vi ng

day khong co day chong set).
Theo cac so lieu quan trac set tren the gii, vung at co o cao bnh
thng so vi mc nc bien, trung bnh trong mot ngay set co khoang
0,10,15 lan set anh vao 1km2 mat at.
nc ta, viec quan trac set mot cach co he thong mi giai oan bat
au, thi gian con ngan, can mot thi gian na e co nhng so lieu thong ke
co o tin cay cao va co tnh chat phap ly ve cac thong so cua set.
5.1.2 So lan phong ien cua cach ien ng day
Phong ien tren cach ien ch xay ra khi qua ien ap kh quyen co tr so
cao hn hoac bang mc cach ien xung (U0,5 ) cua ng day. Dong set co
bien o va o doc tng ng vi qua ien ap bang mc cach ien xung cua
ng day c goi la mc chu set hay mc bao ve chong set cua ng day:
ibv , abv . Xac suat xuat hien dong set bang hoac ln hn mc chu set o cua
ng day cung chnh la xac suat phong ien vp tren cach ien ng day:
vp = P { is ibv } = P { uqa u0,5 }

Nh vay, so lan phong ien tren cach ien ng day trong mot nam:
- oi vi ng day co mot day chong set:
N p = Nvp = 6hL.m.n.vp .103 (lan/nam)

(5.2)

- oi vi ng day co hai day chong set:

Np = ( 6h + S ) L.m.nvp .103

(lan/nam)

5.1.3 So lan cat ien ng day do set

Khong phai bat c lan phong ien nao tren cach ien ng day eu a
en cat ien, ma cat ien ng day ch xay ra khi phong ie n tia l a xung
chuye n than h pho ng ien ho quang o n nh, duy tr b i ie n a p lam viec
cu a n g da y t c la nga n ma c h cha m a t ba ng ho quang on nh. Th i
gian ca n thie t e pho ng ien tia la pha t trien than h ho quang o n nh

144

ba ng hoa c ln hn th i gian ta c on g cu a rle ba o ve , t c khon g be hn

mot na chu ky ta n so co n g nghie p (0,01s), trong khi o th i gian to n tai
cu a qua ien ap kh quyen thng t khi vt qua 100s (104 s) .
Xac suat chuyen t phong ien tia la thanh phong ien ho quang on
nh phu thuoc vao nhieu yeu to (nh cong suat nguon, ieu kien kh tng...)
trong o quan trong nhat la gradient ien ap doc theo chieu dai cach ien (tc
la ien ap tren mot n v chieu dai cua cach ien ng day). Gradient ien
ap lam viec cang cao th ien dan trong khe phong ien cang duy tr lau, do
o viec chuyen thanh ho quang cang thuan li.
Xac suat chuyen thanh ho quang on nh c xac nh bang thc
nghiem.
Elv =

Um kv
( )
3lc m

(chuoi s)

50

30

20

10

0,6

0,45

0,25

0,1

oi vi ng day tai ien t 220kV tr xuong co cot thep hoac be tong

cot thep, co the tnh gan ung xac suat chuyen thanh ho quang on nh tai
chuoi cach ien vi 0,7 va oi vi ien ap t 330kV tr len co the tnh vi
1.
oi vi ng day cot go va cac khoang cach khong kh ln co the xac
nh theo bieu thc thc nghiem sau:
(5.3)

= 1, 5( E1v 4 ).102

vi: E 1v =

U m

3 lpd

- gradient ien ap lam viec trung bnh doc theo chieu dai

phong ien (kV/m); lp - chieu dai cua ng phong ien, m.

Tom lai so lan cat ien ng day do set hang nam bang:
oi vi ng day co mot day chong set:
N c = Nvp = 6hL.m.n.vp ..103 (lan/nam)

(5.4)

oi vi ng day co hai day chong set:

Nc = ( 6h + S). L.m.nvp ..103

(lan/nam)

e so sanh kha nang chu set cua cac ng day co thong so khac nhau,

145

i qua nhng vung co hoat ong cua set khac nhau: thng dung suat cat ien
ng day nc, tc la so lan trung bnh cat ien hang nam do set tren 100km
ng day.
oi vi ng day co mot day chong set:
nc = 0, 6h.m.n.vp .

(lan/nam)

(5.5)

oi vi ng day co hai day chong set:

nc = ( 6h + S)m.nvp ..101 (lan/nam)
T (5.5) suy ra, muon giam suat cat ien ng day phai giam xac suat
phong ien vp va xac suat hnh thanh ho quang on nh .
Nh a biet: vp = P {U c U 0,5 } do o e giam xac suat phong ien vp
tuy trng hp cu the, co the bang cach tang cng cach ien ng day (v
du tang so lng a s, dung cot xa go) e tang mc cach ien xung U0,5 cua
ng day, bang cach treo day chong set (hoac tang so day chong set) e
giam so lan set anh thang vao day dan va giam ien ap tac dung tren cach
ien, bang cach giam ien tr noi at cot ien e giam ien ap tac dung tren
cach ien.
e giam xac suat hnh thanh ho quang on nh , phai giam gradient
ien ap lam viec trung bnh, bang cach tang chieu dai phong ien nh tang so
a s trong chuoi, dung cot xa go (nhng bien phap nay va co tac dung tang
chieu dai phong ien va co tac dung tang mc cach ien xung cua ng
day).
Ngoai ra, mot so bien phap nham muc tieu chu yeu khac, nhng cung co
tac dung giam suat cat ien ng day nh dung may cat co thiet b t ong
ong lai (TL) (v s co do set ch co tnh chat thoang qua), nh noi at iem
trung tnh qua cuon dap ho quang (co tac dung giam ).
Xuat phat t ieu kien an toan cung cap ien, so lan cat ien cho phep
trong mot nam co the tnh s bo theo.
N c,cp = N cp (1 TL )

vi: Ncp - so lan ngng cung cap ien cho phep trong nam ( N cp 0,1 khi
khong co d tr va N cp 1 khi co d tr)
TL - he so t ong lai thanh cong, lay bang 0,80,9 oi vi ng day

146

t 110kV tr len co cot thep hoac cot be tong cot thep.

Mot gii han na can tnh en la ieu kien lam viec cua may cat: so lan
cat ngan mach cho phep gia hai lan ai tu hoac so lan lam viec cua may cat
trong chu ky TL, gia hai lan kiem tra. Tren c s nhng ieu kien tren, tuy
loai may cat, so lan cat ien cho phep N c,cp = 1 4 .
oi vi ng day sieu cao ap ac biet quan trong th so lan cat cho
phep phai nho hn tr so tren.
5.1.4 Ch tieu chong set cua ng day
M =

1
nc

trong o M la khoang thi gian trung bnh gia hai lan cat ien
ng day lien tiep do set gay nen.

5.2 QUA IEN AP CAM NG

Khi set anh gan ng day, ien t trng cua dong set tao nen gan mat
at, tac dung tren day dan cua ng day, se gay nen qua ien ap cam ng.
Tng ng vi hai thanh phan cua ien va t trng:
E = grad va E = dA / dt

vi: - the vo hng; A - the vect tai iem khao sat.

ien ap cam ng gom hai thanh phan: ien ap cam ng ien U c va ien ap
cam ng t U tc ma ban chat vat ly cua chung nh sau:

Hnh 5.2: S xuat hien qua ien ap cam ng do set anh

147

gan ng day

5.2.1 Thanh phan ien ap cam ng ien U c

Khi ien tch cua may dong (phan ln la ien tch am) theo dong tien
ao phat trien ve hng mat at th tren day dan cua ng day tai ien xuat
hien nhng ien tch dng rang buoc, con ien tch am t do tren day dan, do
toc o phat trien cham cua dong tien ao, se ri khoi khu vc anh hng cua
dong tien ao. Trng cua ien tch dng rang buoc can bang vi trng cua
ien tch am trong dong tien ao, nen the cua day dan trong giai oan phong
ien tien ao bang khong. (neu khong ke en ien ap lam viec tan so cong
nghiep cua day dan).
Ngay khi bat au giai oan phong ien chu yeu, ien tch trai dau t mat
at tran vao khe tien ao va trung hoa vi ien tch am cua khe tien ao:
trng do no tao nen b kh. Ket qua la ien tch dng rang buoc tren day
dan c giai phong chay ve hai pha cua day dan tao nen song qua ien ap
tren day dan. o la thanh phan ien cua qua ien ap cam ng.
Neu s trung hoa ien tch trong khe tien ao xay ra tc thi th tr so cc
ai cua ien ap cam ng ien tren day dan gan ni set o bo nhat se bang:
U c = k

vi: - mat o ng cua ien tch trong khe tien ao

k - he so t le; h - o treo cao trung bnh cua day dan
b - khoang cach ngan nhat t ni set o bo en day dan cua ng day.
Trong thc te, s trung hoa ien tch trong khe tien ao xay ra vi toc o
v cua phong ien chu yeu (v = (0,1 0,3).C) nen ien tch rang buoc c giai
phong dan dan. Toc o phong ien chu yeu cang be th s giai phong ien
tch rang buoc cang cham va thanh phan ien cua ien ap cam ng cang be.
Neu chu y en ac iem nay th trong cong thc tren a them vao he so f(v)
va ong thi chu y en quan he = is / v th:
U c = k. f ( v)

h is
h

= kd ( v) is
b v
b

trong o k ( v) = k. f ( v)/v giam khi v tang.

5.2.2 Thanh phan ien ap cam ng t U tc

148

Di tac dung cua t trng cua dong set trong giai oan phong ien chu
yeu, trong mach vong kn day dan - at xuat hien thanh phan ien ap cam
ng t. Tr so cc ai cua no tang theo tr so cc ai cua dong set va toc o
phat trien cua phong ien chu yeu:
U tc = kt ( v)

h
is
b

trong o kt ( v) la he so tang theo toc o phong ien chu yeu v.

5.2.3 ien ap cam ng ln nhat
Tom lai, tr so cc ai cua qua ien ap cam ng bang:
h
h
c
Umax
= U cmax + U tc
is = kc is
(5.6)
max = [ k ( v) + kt ( v)]
b
b
He so kc = k( v) + kt ( v) t phu thuoc vao toc o phong ien chu yeu v
hai thanh phan ien va t phat trien ngc nhau theo toc o. Tnh toan ly
thuyet cho thay: kc = 30 , do o:
h
is
(5.7)
b
Khi tr so cc ai cua qua ien ap cam ng ln hn o ben ien xung cua
cach ien ng day (U0,5) th se gay nen phong ien tren cach ien ng
day:
c
Umax
= 30

h
is U0,5
b
T o suy ra dong set nguy hiem cho cach ien ng day, tc la mc
chu set (hay mc bao ve) cua cach ien ng day:
c
Umax
= 30

b
(5.8)
30h
Moi dong set ln hn hay bang mc chu set cua ng day is ibv eu
ibv = U 0,5

dan en phong ien tren cach ien ng day. Xac suat xuat hien dong set
nguy hiem o cung chnh la xac suat phong ien cua cach ien ng day:
vp = vibv =

ibv
e 26

u0,5 .b

= e

780 h

(5.9)

5.2.4 Xac nh so lan phong ien tren cach ien ng day do qua ien ap
cam ng

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Hnh 5.3 Pham vi set anh gay qua ien ap cam ng tren ng day

So lan set anh tren dai at rong db ngoai pham vi set anh trc tiep
bmin = 3h doc theo chieu dai L cua ng day gay nen phong ien tren cach
ien ng day (H.5.3) bang:
u0,5 .b
3

dN p = m.n. L.db.10 .e

780 h

Nh vay, toan bo so lan set anh xuong at ve ca hai ben ng day gay
nen phong ien tren cach ien ng day bang:

Np = 2

dNp = 2mnL10

bmin =3 h

U0,5

e 780h

db

3h

N p = 2mnL10

780h
e
U 0,5

U0,5
260

u0,5

h 260
= 1, 56m.n. L
e
u0,5

(5.10)

Suat phong ien tren cach ien ng day la so lan phong ien ng vi
100km chieu dai ng day bang:
np

h
= 156.m.n
e
U0,5

U0,5

(5.11)

260

V du: ng day co o treo cao trung bnh cua day dan tren cung h = 10m i
qua vung set hoat ong manh vi n = 100 ngay/nam, mat o m = 0,1
lan/km2/ngay set. Neu:
ng day, kV

U0,5, kV

np, lan/nam

vp

35

350

11,6

0,26

110

700

1,5

0,068

Qua v du tren co the thay la oi vi ng day 110 kV tr len, do U0,5

150

ln nen suat phong ien thap, ngoai ra neu ng day co day chong set th tr
so qua ien ap cam ng giam thap khoang 30%, thc te co rat t kha nang gay
phong ien tren cach ien ng day, do o trong tnh toan ch tieu chong set
co the bo qua trng hp nay ma sai so khong ang ke.
oi vi ng day t 35 kV tr xuong, do U0,5 be nen suat phong ien np
ln, can phai co bien phap han che suat phong ien do qua ien ap cam ng.
Bien phap thong dung oi vi ng day cac cap ien ap thap nay la dung
cot xa go e tang mc cach ien xung cua ng day va giam xac suat
chuyen thanh ho quang on nh. Ngoai ra, neu li 35kV co trung tnh noi at
qua cuon dap ho quang th xac suat hnh thanh ho quang on nh 0 , nh
o suat cat ien ng day do set hau nh khong ang ke.
Can lu y, mot ac iem cua qua ien ap cam ng la no xuat hien ong
thi ca ba pha, ien ap gia cac pha do o khong chenh lech nhau nhieu va
khong nguy hiem oi vi cach ien gia cac pha.

5.3 SET ANH TRC TIEP VAO NG DAY KHONG CO DAY

CHONG SET
Set anh trc tiep vao day dan la trng hp nguy hiem nhat v phan ln
cac trng hp eu a en phong ien tren cach ien ng day.
ay se trnh bay phng phap n gian, gan ung e xac nh suat cat
ien ng day do set anh trc tiep vao day dan.
Gia thiet toan bo so lan set anh eu vao day
dan (bo qua kha nang set anh vao cot, chiem
khoang 20% so lan set anh vao ng day).
Tai ni set anh, tong tr cua khe set Zs noi
tiep vi tong tr tng ng cua day dan ZDD/2
(H.5.4) do o dong chay qua khe set bang:
Zs
I = Is
(5.12)
Z DD
Zs +
2
Neu nhan gan ung Zs = Z DD / 2 = 400/ 2 = 200 th dong trong khe set
bang:
I = Is/2, tc bang na tr so dong khi set anh vao ni co noi at tot va
dong chay ve moi pha cua day dan, tnh t ni set anh, bang Is/4. No se tao
nen tren day dan song ap bang:

151

U DD =

Is Z DD
= 100 Is
4

(5.13)

Neu tr so cua qua ien ap nay ln hn mc cach ien xung cua cach
ien ng day: U DD U 0,5 th se gay nen phong ien. V mc cach ien
xung cua ng day cot thep (hoac be tong cot thep) va cua ng day cot go
khac nhau nhieu, xac suat phong ien do o cung khac nhau nen can xet
rieng biet.
5.3.1 ng day cot thep hoac be tong cot thep
Trong trng hp nay, cach ien cua ng day tai cot ien ch la chuoi
s va cac khoang cach khong kh gia day dan va cot. Phong ien se xay ra
neu: U DD = 100 Is U 0,5 .
ieu kien nay ng vi khi dong set vt qua mc chu set (hay mc bao
ve chong set) cua ng day:
Is Ibv =

U 0,5
100

(5.14)

(Nh vay ieu kien phong ien trong phng phap tnh toan gan ung
nay ch phu thuoc vao bien o cua dong set ma khong phu thuoc vao o doc
au song cua no). V tat ca cac trng hp set anh vi bien o Is Ibv eu
dan en phong ien tren cach ien ng day, nen xac suat phong ien vp
cung chnh la xac suat xuat hien dong set co bien o ln hn hoac bang mc
bao ve chong set cua ng day.
Vp = Vibv = e ibv/ 26 = 10 ibv/ 60

Set thng ch anh vao mot pha khi:

- Pha tren cung khi day dan bo tr tren cac nh cua mot hnh tam giac.
- Pha ngoai cung khi day dan nam tren cung mot mat phang ngang.
Neu ieu kien chuyen t phong ien tia la xung thanh phong ien ho
quang on nh, duy tr bi ien ap lam viec, c thc hien th se dan en
ngan mach cham at mot pha.
Nh vay, xac suat hnh thanh ho quang on nh va do o kha nang cat
ien ng day con phu thuoc vao phng thc noi at iem trung tnh cua he
thong.

152

a) oi vi ng day thuoc he thong co iem trung tnh trc tiep noi at,
tc la (oi vi nc ta) ng day thuoc cac cap ien ap t 110kV tr len, khi
co ngan mach cham at mot pha, bo phan rle bao ve se lam viec va cat
nhanh ng day s co. Suat cat ien nc c tnh theo:
oi vi ng day co day dan bo tr tren cac nh cua mot hnh tam
giac:
nc = 0, 6h.n.m.vp .

vi h la o treo cao trung bnh cua day dan tren cung.

oi vi ng day co day dan cung nam tren mat phang ngang:
nc = ( 6h + s).n.m.vp ..101
vi s la khoang cach gia hai day dan ngoai cung.
V du: ng day 110kV co U 0,5 = 650kV (chon theo cc tnh am v
phan ln phong ien set co cc tnh am). Mc bao ve cua ng day bang:
Ibv = 650/100 = 6, 5kA .
Xac
suat
phong
ien
se
bang:
vp = vibv = 106,5/ 60 = 0, 8 . Xac suat hnh thanh ho quang on nh cua ng

day cot thep (hay be tong cot thep) lay bang = 0,7. Neu o treo cao trung bnh
cua day dan tren cung h = 10m , ng day i qua vung co cng o set hoat ong
manh vi n = 100 ngay/nam va m = 0,1 lan/km2/ngay th
nc = 0, 6 10 0,1 100 0, 8 0, 7 = 33, 6 lan/nam . Suat cat ien ng day
nh vay qua ln, do o ng day 110kV tr len co cot thep (hay be tong cot
thep) i qua cac vung set hoat ong trung bnh va manh can phai c bao ve
bang day chong set.
b) oi vi ng day thuoc he
thong co trung tnh cach ien hoac noi
at qua cuon dap ho quang, thng la
cac cap ien ap t 35kV tr xuong,
cham at mot pha khong yeu cau cat
ien ng day ngay, ma ch khi phong
ien phat trien them mot hoac hai pha
con lai a en ngan mach cham at
hai hoac ba pha th mi cat ien ng
day.
Gia thiet set anh vao pha A va

153

gay phong ien tren chuoi cach ien cua pha nay.
Chon trng hp nguy hiem nhat la set anh vao day dan gan cot, v khi
cach ien pha A b phong ien th gan nh toan bo dong set i qua cot e vao
ien tr noi at cua cot ien (do Rx = Z DD / 2) . Luc nay ien ap cua cot, xa
bang ien the tren day dan pha A va gan bang ien ap giang tren Rx, ien tr
tan xung cua noi at cot ien:
U cot = U DD( A ) Is .Rx

Tren day dan cac pha con lai do hien tng cam ng tnh ien se xuat
hien ien ap cam ng bang K . Is . Rx vi K la he so ngau hp ong (co tnh
en anh hng cua vang quang xung) cua day dan cac pha C hoac pha B oi
vi day dan pha A.
Nh vay, cach ien cua cac pha khong b set anh nay (C hoac B) chu
tac dung cua mot ien ap bang:
U A U B = U A UC

= Is .Rx .(1 K )

va phong ien tren cach ien pha B hoac C se xay ra neu:

Is .Rx (1 K ) U 0,5

T o xac nh c mc chu set cua ng day:

I bv =

U 0,5
Rx (1 K )

(5.15)

va xac suat phong ien ca pha th hai bang:

vp = P{ Is Ibv } = e Ibv/26 = 10 Ibv/60

ay U0,5 cua pha C (hoac pha B) chon theo cc tnh dng (ien ap
cam ng tnh ien, be hn t nhieu so vi cc tnh am).
Qua (5.15) thay ro mc bao ve cua ng day phu thuoc rat nhieu vao
ien tr noi at cua cot ien: giam ien tr noi at se tang c mc bao ve
chong set cua ng day.
V du: ng day 35kV cot thep co U 0,5 = 350kV , gia thiet o treo cao
trung bnh cua day dan la h = 10m qua vung set hoat ong manh vi n = 100
ngay/nam, m = 0,1 lan/km2/ngay, he so ngau hp ong k = 0, 3 . Xac suat
hnh thanh ho quang on nh = 0, 7 . neu ien tr tan xung cua noi at cot

154

ien Rx = 10 th mc bao ve cua ng day bang:

Ibv =

350
= 50 kA
10(1 0, 3)

do o xac suat phong ien vp = 1050 / 60 = 0,15 va suat cat ien ng day bang
nc = 0, 6 10 0,1 100 0,15 0, 7 = 6, 3 lan/nam . Neu giam ien tr noi at

con bang Rx = 5, 0 th vi tnh toan tng t nh tren:

Ibv =

350
= 100kA, vp = 10100 / 60 = 0, 02 va suat cat ng day
5(1 0, 3)

nc = 0, 6 10 0,1 100 0, 02 0, 7 = 0, 84 lan/nam

ngha la giam khoang 7,5 lan so vi khi Rx = 10 .

Qua cac v du tren co the rut ra hai ket luan quan trong oi vi ng
day cot thep hoac be tong cot thep:
- Suat cat ng day thuoc he thong co trung tnh cach ien be hn nhieu so
vi ng day thuoc he thong co trung tnh trc tiep noi at. ac biet neu noi at
trung tnh qua cuon dap ho quang th xac suat hnh thanh ho quang on nh rat be
( 0) , do o giam suat cat ng day rat nhieu. V vay, noi at trung tnh qua
cuon dap ho quang c coi nh la mot bien phap nang cao kha nang chu set cua
ng day.
- Bang cach giam ien tr noi at cua cot ien, co the giam suat cat ien
ng day ang ke. Hien nhien ieu nay ch co the thc hien c thuan li
ve kinh te khi ng day i qua cac vung at dan ien tot.
5.3.2 ng day cot xa go
Khi set anh tren day dan pha A cua ng day cot xa go co the gay nen
phong ien theo hai kha nang (H.5.6):

155

Hnh 5.6 Cac kha nang phong ien cua ng day cot xa go khi b set anh

- Xuong at theo ng (a), mot phan xuyen qua khoang cach khong kh
gia day dan va cot, mot phan men theo than cot, mc cach ien xung theo
ng (a) la:
U 0( a,5) = U 0chs
,5 + 100.hDD

vi:

U 0chs
,5

- mc cach ien xung cua chuoi s ( U 0,5 cua khoang cach

khong kh lay gan ung bang U 0chs
,5 )

100hDD - mc cach ien xung cua oan than cot tnh en o cao

cua day dan (moi m go chu c khoang 100kV xung).

(a)
ieu kien phong ien theo ng (a): Is Ibv
= U 0( a,5) /100

(chap nhan gia thiet gan ung Zs = ZDD /2 = 200 )

- Theo ng (b) gom hai chuoi s va chieu dai oan xa go gia hai pha.
Mc cach ien xung theo ng (b) la:
U 0( b,5) = 2.U 0ch,5,s + 100.lA B

vi lA B la chieu dai oan xa go gia hai chuoi s.

A
Khi tren pha A co song ap U DD
= 100 Is th tren pha B se xuat hien ien
B
ap cam ng bang U DD
= 100. Is kd .

Nh vay, phong ien theo ng (b) xay ra khi at ieu kien:

A
B
U DD
U DD
= 100. Is (1 kd ) U 0( b,5)

hay

( b)
Is Ibv
=

U0( b,5)
100(1 kd )

(5.16)

Kinh nghiem van hanh cho thay, tren ng day cot xa go, phong ien
thng theo ng (b), tc la gia cac pha. Do o mc bao ve cua ng day
cot go c tnh theo (5.16).
V du: ng day 110kV cot go co cac thong so tng t nh tren. Mc
cach ien theo ng (b) c xac nh theo:
U 0( b,5) = 2 650 + 4 100 = 1700kV

(vi 2 650 la U0,5 cua hai chuoi s; 4 100 la U0,5 cua 4m xa go gia hai pha).

156

T o mc bao ve bang:
va xac suat phong ien:

( b)
Ibv
=

1700
= 24 kA
100(1 0, 3)

vp = 1024 / 60 = 0, 4

Chieu dai ng phong ien gom chieu dai phan cach ien cua hai chuoi
s

chs
lc

va chieu dai oan xa go gia hai chuoi s lA B :

chs
lp = 2lc
+ lA B

chs
Vi chieu dai phan cach ien cua mot chuoi s 110kV bang lc
= 1, 3 m

va lA B = 4 m th lp = 2 1, 3 + 4 = 6, 6 m, do o gradient ien ap lam viec

theo ng (b) bang:
E1v =

110
3( 4 + 2, 6)

= 9, 62 kV /m

Theo (5.3) xac suat hnh thanh ho quang on nh bang:

= 1, 5( 9, 62 4 ).102 = 0, 084
Nh vay, suat cat ien ng day bang:
nc = 0, 6 10 0,1 100 0, 4 0, 084 = 2 lan/nam
So sanh vi ng day cot thep hoac betong cot thep cung cap ien ap,
suat cat ng day cot go nho hn 16 lan.
Nh vay khi ng day i qua nhng vung at dan ien xau, viec thc
hien noi at vi Rx be gap nhieu kho khan th viec dung cot xa go la hp ly
ve kinh te ky thuat v khong phai au t vao day chong set va noi at cot ien,
ma mc an toan chu set cao hn.
ay can nhan manh them la day chong set ch co hieu qua chong qua
ien ap kh quyen cao khi ien tr noi at day chong set be. Trng hp ngc
lai, ien ap giang tren ien tr noi at (IsRx) se cao va thng xuyen gay phong
ien ngc t xa, cot (phan t c noi at) sang day dan. Trong cac vung at
dan ien xau ( 1000m) kho thc hien noi at vi Rx be (vo cung ton kem).
Trng hp o day chong set khong con phat huy tac dung ang ke na, co the
khong can at day chong set ngay ca ng day 220330kV (theo quy pham
xay lap thiet b ien cua Lien Xo nam 1965).
ng day cac cap ien ap thap (t 35kV tr xuong) co mc cach ien
xung khong cao, du co at day chong set th so lan phong ien tren cach ien
ng day cung khong giam bao nhieu (do phong ien ngc thng xuyen
xay ra) nen noi chung cung khong can at day chong set, trong trng hp

157

nay neu dung cot, xa go th mc bao ve chong set cua ng day se tang kha
cao.

5.4 SET ANH TREN NG DAY CO DAY CHONG SET

5.4.1. Set anh vao day dan
Khi ng day co day chong set th phan ln so lan set anh vao day
chong set. Tuy nhien cung con mot so t lan set anh vong qua khu vc bao
ve cua day chong set vao day dan vi xac suat v nh sau:
lgv =

hc
90

(5.17)

vi: - goc bao ve cua day chong set, (o);

hc - chieu cao cua cot ien, m.
Neu N la toan bo so lan set anh vao ng day th so lan set anh vao
day dan pha bang
N DD = N .v
Khi set anh vao day dan thng gay nen phong ien tren chuoi s vi
xac suat tng oi ln. Xac suat phong ien tren chuoi s trong trng hp
nay c tnh tng t nh trng hp set anh vao day dan khi khong co day
chong set, tc la cung xuat phat t s so sanh qua ien ap tren day dan UDD
vi U0,5 cua chuoi s.

Vi gia thiet gan ung:

ZDD
400
=
= 200
2
2
I
th dong chay ve moi pha cua day dan bang I DD = s .
4
Do o qua ien ap tren day dan bang:
Zs =

Is
Z DD = 100 Is
4
Phong ien tren chuoi s se xay ra, neu:
U DD =

158

U DD = 100 Is U 0,5 Is Ibv = U 0,5 /100

vp = vibv =

U0,5

U 0,5

e100.26

10100.60

Biet gradient ien ap lam viec trung bnh cua chuoi s se xac nh c
xac suat hnh thanh ho quang on nh . Suat cat ien ng day khi set anh
vao day dan bang nDD = 0, 6hcs .n. m. v .vp1.1 , vi vp1 va 1 la xac suat
phong ien va xac suat chuyen thanh ho quang on nh tai chuoi s.
5.4.2. Set anh vao day chong set
Trong trng hp nay, ac iem cua qua trnh va anh hng cua cac yeu
to tac ong (bien o va o doc cua dong set, ien tr noi at, chieu cao cua
cot, chieu dai khoang vt) se khac nhau tuy thuoc vao v tr set o bo: vao
cot hay vao day chong set gan cot hoac vao day chong set trong khoang
vt. Mot phng phap tnh toan tong quat cho trng hp nay rat phc tap.
ay ch xet hai trng hp gii han la khi set anh vao nh cot va khi set
anh vao day chong set gia khoang vt.
1- Khi set anh vao nh cot hoac day chong set gan cot

So lan set anh vao nh cot co the xac nh theo cong thc thc nghiem:
N cot = N (1 v )

4 hc
l

(5.18)

vi: N - so lan set anh vao ng day; hc - chieu cao cot ien
l - chieu dai khoang vt; v - xac suat set anh vao day dan.
Khi set anh vao nh cot (H.5.7) do ien tr tan xung cua noi at cot
ien Rx nho hn nhieu so vi tong tr song cua day chong set ( Rx = ZDCS )
nen phan chu yeu cua dong set se i qua cot (ic) vao ien tr noi at cua cot
e tan vao at, con phan nho ics , theo day chong set i en bo phan noi at
cua cac cot ien ke can, ve hai pha cua cot b set anh.

159

Hnh 5.7 Phan bo dong set khi set anh vao nh cot

ien ap tac dung len chuoi cach ien ng day tai cot ien b set anh
gom cac thanh phan sau:
a) ien ap giang tren ien tr tan xung cua noi at cot ien b set anh:
(5.19)

U R = ic Rx

thanh phan nay cung dau vi cc tnh dong set.

t
b) Thanh phan ien ap cam ng t, U c
: gom hai thanh phan gay nen bi

dong chay qua cot tac dung len ien cam cua cot LDD
c dic /dt va bi dong ien
trong khe set is tac dung len ho cam gia khe set va mach vong kn day dan
- at, M sDDdi s /dt
t
U c
= LDD
c

dic
di
+ M sDD s
dt
dt

(5.20)

vi: LDD
- ien cam cua cot ien tnh t mat at en o treo cao day dan
c
M sDD - ho cam gia khe set va mach vong kn day dan - at, t le vi

o treo cao day dan va phu thuoc vao thi gian, v chieu dai khe set tang cung
s phat trien cua phong ien ngc, co the coi khe set nh mot thanh dan
thang ng co o dai thay oi va bang vt.
Nhng v vt ? hc nen tr so ho cam thay oi theo t khong nhieu, co the
tnh toan M sDD gan ung theo: M sDD = 0, 5h DD .
t
Thanh phan ien ap cam ng t U c
cung dau vi cc tnh cua dong set.

160

t
Hnh 5.8 S o minh hoa thanh phan ien ap cam ng t U c

c) Thanh phan ien ap cam ng ien U c

: do s trung hoa ien tch trong

khe set trong giai oan phong ien ngc, cac ien tch rang buoc tren day
dan (c tao nen do cam ng trong giai oan phong ien tien ao) c giai
phong chay ve hai pha cua day dan tao nen thanh phan ien ap cam ng
ien, ngc dau vi cc tnh dong set. Mot cach gan ung co the nhan rang

khi khong ke en anh hng cua day chong set th U c

= hDD .dis /dt . Neu ke

giam; bi trong giai oan phong

en anh hng cua day chong set th U c

ien tien ao, day chong set co tac dung man che lam giam so lng ien tch
rang buoc tren day dan, con trong giai oan phong ien chu yeu cac ien tch
dng (set co cc tnh am) c giai phong di chuyen tren day chong set, se
cam ng tren day dan nhng ien tch am, lam giam ien the cua day dan. Co
the chng minh rang neu tnh en anh hng cua day chong set th:

U c
= (1 k

di
hCS
)hDD s = ( h DD khcs )a
dt
h DD

(5.21)

vi: hDD , hCS - o treo cao trung bnh cua day dan va day chong set
k - he so ngau hp gia day dan va day chong set. Dau e noi rang
ien ap cam ng tren day dan co cc tnh ngc vi cc tnh cua dong set. Va
di
is = at s = a
dt
d) Thanh phan ien ap cam ng (tnh ien) tren day dan gay nen bi dong
ien chay trong day chong set. Neu ien ap tren day chong set la UCS th thanh
phan nay se bang k.UCS vi k la he so ngau hp gia day dan va day chong

161

set. Do qua trnh phan xa nhieu lan cua song ap t cac cot lan can, lam giam
ien ap tren day chong set, nen ien ap tren day dan co the tnh vi he so ngau
hp tnh k.
UCS bang ien ap tai nh cot b set anh Uc, gom ien ap giang tren ien
tr noi dat cua cot va thanh phan ien ap cam ng t:
dic
di
di
di
U CS = U c = Rx .ic + Lcs
+ M scs s Rx ic + L ' hcs c + 0, 5hcs s (5.22)
c
dt
dt
dt
dt
vi: L - ien cam cua mot n v chieu dai cua cot ien
M scs - ho cam gia khe set va mach vong day chong set - at co the

tnh gan ung M scs 0, 5hcs .

Bon thanh phan ien ap ke tren la do set gay nen, e xac nh chung can
phai biet phan bo dong set tai ni set anh.
Dong ien chay qua cot ic khi set anh vao nh cot hoac vao day chong
set gan cot chiem phan chu yeu cua dong set is va co the xac nh gan ung
theo s o thay the hnh 5.9. Trong s o o co nguon dong set is = at va
nguon ap aM sCS la sc ien ong cam ng trong mach vong kn day chong
set at gay nen bi t trng dong set ( M sCS = 0, 5hCS ) .

Hnh 5.9 Phan bo dong set khi set anh vao nh cot

Trong pham vi au song cua dong set, theo s o thay the xac nh c
dong chay qua cot t he phng trnh mach vong sau:

(5.23)
dic
= 0
dt

ic + 2ics = is = at
aM scs +

Lcs
C

LCS 2diCS
2diCS Rx

+
2iCS iC Rx LDD
C
2
dt
2
dt
2

Ket qua cho nghiem gan ung cua ic ( t ) va

dic ( t )
nh sau:
dt

162

0, 5 LCS 0, 5hCS 1 et
)

t
0, 5 LCS + Lcs
C

dic
0, 5 LCS 0, 5hCS t

= a(
)e
cs

dt
0, 5 LCS + LC

ic = at (

(5.24)

vi = Rx /( 0, 5 LCS + Lcs
C)
ien cam cua day chong set trong mot khoang vt:
LCS =

ZCS
l
v

vi l la chieu dai khoang vt,

v c = 300m/s

v la toc o truyen song,

e) ien ap lam viec cua day dan

Ngoai bon thanh phan ien ap do set gay ra a ke tren, oi vi cach ien
cua cac ng day ien ap cao con phai ke en thanh phan ien ap lam viec
do nguon gay ra U lv .
Lay Ulv bang tr so trung bnh trong na chu ky ien ap pha va ngc dau vi
ien the xung cua cot e co trng hp nguy hiem nhat (ien ap tac dung len
chuoi cach ien ln nhat).
Lay Ulv bang tr so trung bnh trong na chu ky ien ap pha va ngc dau vi
ien the xung cua cot e co trng hp nguy hiem nhat (ien ap tac dung len
chuoi cach ien ln nhat).
U lv

2
=
T

T/ 2

U m
3

sin tdt =

2
2 U m 2
U p max =

0, 5U m (5.25)

Tong cua nam thanh phan ien ap a trnh bay tren cho ien ap tren
chuoi cach ien cua cot ien b set anh:
U c = U c U DD
dic
hcs
+ 0, 5hDD a a[ hDD (1 k
)]
dt
hDD
di
( U1v ) k( ic Rx + L hcs c + 0, 5hcs a )
dt
di
c
= (1 k) Rx ic + LDD
kLcs
+ 0, 5 hDD k hcs a
c
c
dt
hcs
+(1 k
)h DD a + 0, 5U m
h DD
= ic Rx + LhDD

(5.26)

163

Bieu thc nay ch ung trong khoang thi gian au song dong set, v sau
thi gian au song th cac thanh phan ien ap cam ng giam va do o ien ap
tac dung tren cach ien se giam theo. V vay, hien nhien phong ien tren
cach ien ch co the xay ra trong thi gian au song dong set.
Neu ve quan he cua ien ap tren cach ien theo t: U c ( t ) , ng vi cac
o doc au song khac nhau cua dong set a1 , a2 ,K , ai th giao iem cua chung
vi ng ac tnh Volt-giay cua chuoi cach ien se cho thi gian phong ien
t p1 , t p2 ,K tpi (H.5.10).

Hnh 5.11 ng cong thong so nguy

Hnh 5.10 Uc (a, t) va ac tnh V - S
hiem ( Rx2 < Rx1 )
cua chuoi cach ien
Tr so dong set co o doc ai, vao luc xay ra phong ien bang:

isi = ai tpi

isi la tr so dong set co o doc ai gay nen phong ien tren cach ien ng
day.
Quan he gia bien o va o doc dong set gay nen phong ien tren chuoi
cach ien is = f ( a ) , goi la ng cong thong so nguy hiem. Tat ca cac lan set
anh co o doc a va bien o is, nam tren ng cong thong so nguy hiem va
trong vung P ben tren no eu dan en phong ien tren chuoi cach ien.
ng cong thong so nguy hiem phu thuoc vao ien tr noi at Rx cua
cot. Rx cang be th ien ap tac dung len cach ien ng day Uc cang thap
(chuoi cach ien co kha nang chu dong set co tham so cang cao), vung nguy
hiem P cang hep.
Xac suat phong ien tren chuoi cach ien la xac suat xuat hien dong set
ong thi co o doc va bien o nam trong vung nguy hiem P.

164

vp =

f ( is , a)dis .da

(5.27)

( p)

vi f(is, a) la ham mat o xac suat xuat hien dong set co bien o is va o doc
a.
Tch phan c thc hien trong toan vung nguy hiem P.
Cho en nay tat ca cac o ac thong ke ve thong so dong set cho thay
gia bien o is va o doc a khong co mot quan he toan hoc chat che, do o
cho phep coi gan ung chung nh nhng bien so ngau nhien oc lap va tnh
xac suat phong ien tren chuoi cach ien bang tch cua xac suat xuat hien
nhng bien so ngau nhien oc lap o:

f1(is ) f2( a)dis.da =

vp =

( p)

= f1 ( is )dis f2 ( a )da = dvi dva = vi dva = va dvi

0

(5.28)

vi f1 ( is ) va f2 ( a ) tng ng la ham mat o xac suat xuat hien dong ien

set co bien o is va o doc a.
T ng cong thong so nguy hiem co the xay dng ng cong xac suat
xuat hien dong set co thong so nguy hiem nh sau: ng vi moi iem K tren
ng cong thong so nguy hiem, K ( ak , isk ) tnh xac suat:
va = P { a ak } = e ak/15,7 = 10 ak/36
vi

= P { is isk } = e isk/ 26

= 10 isk/60

se co mot iem K ( vi , va ) tren he truc toa o vi , va , t o se xay dng

c ng cong xac suat: va = f ( vi ) (H.5.12)
Xac suat
ien vp, ve tr
han bi ng
toa o, tng
chon.

phong ien cua cach

so bang dien tch gii
cong va(vi) va hai truc
ng vi t le xch a

Sau khi a xac nh c xac suat

phong ien vp th qua trnh tnh toan
suat cat ng day khi set anh vao
nh cot cung tng t nh cac trng
Hnh 5.12 ng cong xac suat
va = f(vi)

165

hp khac.
2- Set anh vao day chong set gia khoang vt
a) Xet kha nang phong ien trong khoang cach khong kh MM (H5.13a).
So lan set anh vao DCS chnh gia khoang vt bang:

N kv = N (1 v )(1

4 hc
)
l

Hnh 5.13 Set anh vao DCS chnh gia khoang vt (a) va kha nang phong ien
tren khoang cach khong kh MM

166

Khi set anh vao day chong set gia khoang vt, ien ap tac dung len
khoang cach khong kh S gia day chong set va day dan c xac nh theo s
o thay the (H.5.13b), trong o chap nhan gia thiet gan ung la tong tr song
khe set Zs bang na tong tr song day chong set Zs = ZCS/2 va bo qua ien tr
noi at cua day chong set v Rx = ZCS.
ng cong bien thien ien ap tren day chong set tai iem M gia
khoang vt c trnh bay tren hnh 5.13c. Khi cha co song phan xa t ien
tr
noi
at
cua
cac
cot
ien
lan
can
tr
ve
(t < = l/v) ien ap tren day chong set c tnh gan ung theo:
U cs ( t ) = Zcs

is ( i)
at
= Zcs
4
4

(5.29)

Sau khoang thi gian = l/v tai iem M ong thi xuat hien song phan xa
am gan nh toan phan t ien tr noi at cua hai cot ien lan can tr ve (v
rx = Zcs ) va ien ap tren day chong set at en tr so cc ai xac nh theo:
l
( Khi t = = )
v
U cs max =

aZcs l

4 v

(5.30)

Tr so ien ap cc ai nay ch phu thuoc o doc dong set va khong oi

khi t s sau o giam dan en 0 khi t > s .
Di tac dung cua song truyen tren day chong set, tren day dan se xuat
hien ien ap cam ng U DD = kU cs va ien ap tac dung len khoang cach
khong kh S gia day chong set va day dan c tnh gan ung theo:
U MM = U cs U DD = (1 k )Z cs

al
4v

(5.31)

Trong (5.31) bo qua cac thanh phan ien ap cam ng va ien ap lam viec, v
chung nho hn nhieu so vi ien ap do set anh trc tiep.
ieu kien e xay ra phong ien tren khoang cach khong kh S la:
U MM = (1 k )Zcs

al
U 0( k,5) = Ex( k) S
4v

(5.32)

vi Ex( k ) la cng o ien trng phong ien xung cua khong kh (trong
khoang thi gian au song) co the tnh gan ung bang 700kV/m.

167

Gia thiet lay gan ung Zcs = 400, k = 0, 3 th co the xac nh c o

doc au song dong set nguy hiem tc la ieu kien phong ien theo:
Ex( k ) 4.v.S
700 4 300 S
S
a anh
=

= 3000
(1 k )Zcs l
(1 0, 3).400 l
l

(5.33)

T o, suy ra xac suat phong ien: vp = vanh = e anh / 15,7 = 10 anh / 36 (xac
suat phong ien vp trong cach tnh gan ung nay cung chnh la xac suat xuat
hien dong set co o doc bang va ln hn o doc nguy hiem vanh ).
Thc te kha nang cat ien do phong ien tren khoang cach khong kh
gia day chong set va day dan gia khoang vt rat t xay ra, v khoang
cach nay kha ln, co U0,5 cao va xac suat hnh thanh ho quang on nh rat be.
V du: ng day 220 kV co S = 8 m, gradient ien ap lam viec trung
bnh:
220
E1v =
= 16 kV /m = 1, 5( E 1v 4 ).102 0, 2
38
Neu tnh vi chieu cao cot hc = 25m goc bao ve = 20 ( v = 0, 0013),
chieu dai khoang vt l = 350m th suat cat ng day qua vung set hoat ong
manh vi n=100 ngay, m=0,1 lan/km2/ngay c tnh nh sau:
68,6

s
8
anh = 3000 = 3000
= 68, 6kA/s vp = 10 36 = 0, 0125
l
350
Suat cat ien ng day do set anh vao DSC chnh gia khoang vt
va gay phong ien tren khoang cach khong kh S bang:
4h
nckv = (1 v )(1 c )0, 6hc .n.m.vp .
l
4.25
= (1 0, 0013)(1
) 0, 6 25 100 0,1 0, 0125 0, 2
350
= 0, 267 lan/nam
b) Kha nang phong ien tai chuoi s

Khi set anh vao day chong set gia khoang vt, con phai xet kha
nang phong ien tren chuoi s khi song truyen en cot ien. ien ap tac dung
len chuoi s gom cac thanh phan chu yeu sau:
- ien ap giang tren ien tr noi at cua cot ien
Dong set chay ve moi pha cua day chong set bang is(t)/4, tai ien tr noi at
cua cot do Rx = ZCS , coi nh song (dong) phan xa dng toan phan, do o:

168

U R = is ( t ).Rx / 2

- ien ap cam ng t, chu yeu la thanh phan ien ap tao nen bi dong
set chay qua ien cam cua than cot:
t
U c
=

1 cs dis
LC
2
dt

con ien ap cam ng gay nen bi dong ien trong khe set ( M scs .dis /dt ) thc
te khong ang ke v khe set cach xa cot.
Cung vi ly do nh vay, co the bo qua thanh phan ien ap cam ng ien.
- ien ap ngau hp tren day dan:
is ( t ) Rx 1 cs dis
+ Lc
)
2
2
dt
- ien ap lam viec, can tnh en oi vi ng day cac cap ien ap cao
t 220kV tr len.
Tom lai, ien ap tac dung len chuoi s trong trng hp nay bang:
i ( t)
dis
1
U c = U c U DD = ( s Rx + Lcs
)(1 k ) + U1v
(5.34)
c
2
2
dt
Vi dong set is = at tnh va ve cac ng cong uc ( t ) vi cac o doc

Ve tr so

U DD = kU cs = k (

khac nhau. So sanh vi ac tnh Volt-giay cua chuoi s xac nh c thi

iem xay ra phong ien t pi tng ng vi o doc ai , t o xac nh c tr
so dong set luc phong ien isi = ai tpi . T o xay dng c ng cong
thong so nguy hiem is = f ( a ), ng cong xac suat phong ien vi = f ( va ) .
Cuoi cung xac nh c xac suat phong ien vp (tng t nh a tnh trong
trng hp set anh nh cot).
Thc te, cung nh ket qua tnh toan cho thay suat cat ien ng day
trong trng hp nay cung rat be, noi chung ch can chu y en khi ien tr tan
xung cua noi at cot ien ln.
3- Suat cat tong cua ng day co day chong set

Tong hp suat cat cua ca ba trng hp set anh vao ng day co day
chong set a trnh bay tren ta co:
nc = 0, 6hcs .n.m.{ v .1 .vp1 + (1 v )[

4 hc
4h
vp21 + (1 c )( vp32 + vp4 1 )]}
l
l

oi vi ng day co mot day chong set.

trong o: hcs - o treo cao trung bnh cua day chong set

(5.35)

169

hc - o cao cot; l - chieu dai khoang vt

v - xac suat set anh vong vao day dan
vp1 - xac suat phong ien tren chuoi s khi set anh vong

vao day dan

vp2 - xac suat phong ien tren chuoi s khi set anh vao
nh cot
vp3 - xac suat phong ien khoang cach khong kh gia day
chong set va day dan khi set anh vao day chong set
gia khoang vt
vp4 - xac suat phong ien tren chuoi s khi set anh vao
day chong set gia khoang vt
1 - xac suat hnh thanh ho quang on nh khi phong ien
tren chuoi s
2 - xac suat hnh thanh ho quang on nh khi phong ien
tren khoang cach khong kh gia khoang vt.
g Ch tieu chong set cua ng day: M = 1/nc: la khoang thi gian trung
bnh gia hai lan cat ien ng day lien tiep do set anh gay nen trong mot nam
tren 100km ng day.

170

Chng

THIET B CHONG SET

6.1 KHAI NIEM CHUNG
Tram phan phoi ngoai tri, nha may ien, hoac cac thiet b at tap trung,
co the c bao ve chong set anh trc tiep mot cach kha an toan bang cac
cot thu set (chng 3). Nhng viec truyen tai cong suat t cac nha may va cac
tram phan phoi en cac phu tai xa, chu yeu la bang cac ng day tren
khong, cho nen van ton tai kha nang song qua ien ap kh quyen, xuat hien
tren cac ng day nay truyen vao tram hay nha may va tac dung len cac
thiet b at trong o. Ma cach ien trong cua cac thiet b ien co o ben xung
nho hn o ben ien xung cua cach ien ng day, cho nen song qua ien
ap kh quyen truyen theo ng day vao co kha nang gay phong ien xuyen
thung cach ien trong cua cac thiet b ien. Do o, can phai co nhng thiet b
bao ve thch hp - thiet b chong set - at nhng v tr hp ly e giam song
qua ien ap truyen t ng day vao tram hoac vao nha may ien xuong di
tr so nguy hiem cho cach ien cua thiet b ien at trong o.
e co the lam c nhiem vu tren, thiet b chong set phai thoa man cac
yeu cau sau:
- Do ac tnh Volt-giay cua cach ien cua MBA ien ap cao, thiet b quan
trong nhat va at tien nhat cua tram, tng oi bang phang nen ac tnh Voltgiay cua thiet b chong set cung phai tng oi bang phang va nam toan bo di
ac tnh Volt-giay cua thiet b ien c bao ve, vi o d tr khoang 1525%.
Nhng mat khac, ien ap phong ien cua thiet b chong set cung khong c
nho qua dan en tac ong nham khi co qua ien ap noi bo (yeu cau nay oi
vi chong set van co khe h va ien tr lam viec bang vilit).
- Thiet b chong set phai co kha nang t dap tat nhanh chong ho quang
cua dong ien tan so cong nghiep kem theo, trc khi rle bao ve tac ong.
Khi co qua ien ap kh quyen, thiet b chong set lam viec e tan dong ien
set xuong at, nh vay chay qua ho quang ong thi vi dong ien set la dong
ien tan so cong nghiep, tao nen ngan mach cham at mot pha. Neu qua ien

171

ap a cham dt ma ho quang khong b dap tat kp thi, co ngha la keo dai

tnh trang cham at th bo phan bao ve rle se lam viec va cat ien ng
day. (Yeu cau nay cung at ra oi vi loai chong set van co khe h).
- Thiet b chong set phai co ien ap d thap hn mc cach ien xung cua
thiet b ien c bao ve. Khi thiet b chong set lam viec, dong ien set i
qua ien tr lam viec va ien tr noi at cua no, gay nen tren o mot ien ap
giang, c goi la ien ap d cua thiet b chong set. Chnh ien ap d nay se
tac dung len cach ien cua thiet b ien c bao ve. Do o, e khong xay ra
phong ien xuyen thung cach ien cua thiet b, ien ap d cua thiet b chong
set phai thap hn mc cach ien xung cua thiet b ien vi mot o d tr
khoang 2030%. (Yeu cau nay c at ra oi vi moi loai chong set van).
- Thiet b chong set phai lam viec on nh trong moi ieu kien thi tiet
tc la ien ap phong ien cua chung khong c qua tan man, gay kho khan
cho s phoi hp cach ien. (Yeu cau nay cho loai chong set van co khe h).
Theo cau tao va nguyen ly lam viec, t n gian en phc tap, co the
chia ra bon loai thiet b chong set nh sau:
- Khe h bao ve
- Thiet b chong set kieu ong
- Thiet b chong set kieu van co khe h
- Thiet b chong set kieu van khong co khe h, hay con goi la thiet b han
che qua ien ap.

6.2 KHE H BAO VE

Khe h khong kh gia cac ien cc dang thanh, sng, hnh xuyen, hnh
cau... la loai thiet b chong set n gian nhat. No c au song song vi thiet
b can bao ve: mot cc noi vi day dan hoac au vao cua thiet b, con cc kia
noi at (H.6.2).
Khe h bao ve co u iem la cau tao n gian va re tien nhng khong
ap ng c phan ln cac yeu cau ky thuat do cac nhc iem sau.
Trc het, do ien trng gia cac ien cc khong ong nhat, ac tnh
Volt-giay cua khe h bao ve rat doc trong pham vi thi gian be. Trong khi o,
ac tnh Volt-giay cua cach ien trong cua thiet b ien thng tng oi bang
phang. Nh vay khi song qua ien ap kh quyen truyen vao tram co bien o
va o doc ln co kha nang gay phong ien xuyen thung cach ien cua thiet b
c bao ve trong giai oan au song (H.6.1).

172

Hnh 6.1: ac tnh V - S cua cach ien c

bao ve (1) va cua khe h (2)

Hnh 6.2: a) Khe h kieu thanh;

b) Khe h kieu sng

Khe h bao ve khong co kha nang t dap tat ho quang cua li co dong
ien ngan mach va va ln va trong trng hp o se dan en cat ien ng
day, khong bao am tnh lien tuc cung cap ien.
Ngoai ra s thay oi ieu kien thi tiet co anh hng en tr so ien ap
phong ien cua khe h bao ve, co ngha la ien ap phong ien cua no tan
man, ac tnh bao ve khong on nh.
Do nhng nhc iem c ban ke tren, khe h phong ien khong c
dung e bao ve cach ien trong cua cac thiet b trong tram, ma ch dung e
bao ve cach ien ng day, cach ien ngoai cua thiet b, nhng ni cach
ien yeu trong he thong co dong ngan mach cham at be (he thong co trung
tnh cach ien hoac noi at qua cuon dap ho quang) hoac khi phoi hp vi cac
thiet b t ong lai e bao am cung cap ien lien tuc.

6.3 THIET B CHONG SET KIEU ONG

S o nguyen ly cau tao va lap at cua chong set ong c trnh bay
hnh 6.3.

173

Hnh 6.3
S o nguyen ly
cau tao cua chong set ong

Hnh 6.4
ien ap d tren chong set ong

Chong set ong c cau tao gom mot khe h phong ien (st) c goi la
khe h trong, at trong mot ong cach ien. au tren cua ong c bt kn bi
nap kim loai gi ien cc thanh, au di cua ong c gan vi ien cc hnh
xuyen e h va c noi at. Ong cach ien c lam bang vat lieu ran hu
c nh phirobakelit hoac bang chat deo viniplast la nhng chat sinh kh manh
khi tiep xuc vi ho quang. au bt kn at cach day dan mot khoang khong
kh Sn - goi la khe h ngoai.
Khi bien o cua song qua ien ap kh quyen truyen en cho at chong
set ong vt qua ien ap phong ien cua khe h ngoai va khe h trong
( St + Sn ) th cac khe h nay b phong ien va dan dong ien set tan vao at.
Khi qua ien ap cham dt, ho quang duy tr bi dong ien tan so cong nghiep
kem theo, lam cho chat sinh kh b nung nong, san sinh mot lng kh ln lam
cho ap suat trong ong tang cao (hang chuc at), ho quang b thoi phut ve pha
au h cua ong va b dap tat khi dong ien kem theo i qua tr so khong.
Khi chong set ong lam viec, dong ien set c dan qua bo phan noi at
cua no va gay nen tren o mot ien ap giang, o chnh la ien ap d cua
chong set ong, no tac dung len cach ien cua thiet b c bao ve, do o chong
set ong phai c noi at tot.

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Khoang cach cua khe h trong (St) c chon theo ieu kien dap tat ho
quang (v vay con goi la khe h dap ho quang) va khong ieu chnh c. Con
khoang cach cua khe h ngoai (Sn) c chon theo ieu kien bao ve cach
ien, tc la sao cho ac tnh Volt-giay cua khe h ngoai phai nam hoan toan
di ac tnh Volt-giay cua cach ien c bao ve, co tnh en kha nang la
khi co qua ien ap noi bo th chong set ong khong c tac ong. Ngoai ra,
khe h ngoai con co tac dung la cach ly chong set ong vi ien ap lam viec
e tranh s hnh thanh dong ien ro tac dung thng xuyen len cach ien cua
chong set ong. Khe h ngoai co the ieu chnh trong mot pham vi nhat nh.
Chong set ong ch lam viec am bao trong mot pham vi nhat nh cua
dong ien kem theo (tc tr so cua dong ien ngan mach cham at i qua cho
at chong set ong). Neu dong ien kem theo qua be, lng kh sinh ra qua t,
ap suat cua no khong u e thoi tat nhanh chong ho quang, lam keo dai tnh
trang ngan mach cham at. Ngc lai, dong ien kem theo qua ln th lng
kh sinh ra qua nhieu, ap suat trong ong tang cao co the lam no chong set ong.
Gii han tren va di cua dong ien kem theo phu thuoc vao cau tao cua
chong set ong: ng knh trong cua ong bang vat lieu sinh khi, chieu dai cua
khoang cach trong (St) va o ben c cua chong set ong. Giam chieu dai cua
khoang cach trong, tang ng knh cua ong cach ien eu lam tang ca hai
gii han cua dong ien cat. Chong set ong c che tao cho nhng pham vi
khac nhau cua dong ien kem theo. ieu quan trong la phai am bao dong
ien ngan mach cham at tai ni at chong set ong nam trong pham vi gia
hai gii han tren va di cua dong ien cat cho phep oi vi loai chong set
ong c chon.
Khi chong set ong lam viec nhieu lan, chat sinh kh b tieu hao dan,
ng knh trong cua ong tang len lam thay oi gii han cua dong ien cat.
Do o, khi ng knh trong tang khoang 20 en 25% so vi tr so ban au
(sau khoang 8 en 10 lan lam viec) th phai thay chong set ong.
Khi lam viec, chong set ong thai ra chat kh b ion hoa, do o khi lap
chong set ong tren cot phai chu y sao cho kh thoat ra khong gay nen phong
ien gia cac pha hoac phong ien en cac bo phan noi at. Muon the, trong
pham vi thoat kh cua chong set ong phai khong co day dan cua cac pha khac,
khong co day dan noi at va khong giao cheo vi pham vi thoat kh cua chong
set ong at cac pha khac. Chong set ong co ac tnh Volt-giay tng t nh
cua khe h, ngha la rat doc trong pham vi thi gian be. Do nhc iem o
cung nh do kho bao am gii han dong ien cat, nen chong set ong khong

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c dung lam thiet b bao ve chnh cho tram. Tuy nhien, do cau tao tng oi
n gian va re tien, chong set ong c dung nh la bien phap ho tr trong
bao ve tram (at trong cac khoang vt ti tram e han che dong set qua
chong set van), hoac e bao ve cho nhng tram cong suat be, t quan trong va
bao ve nhng ni cach ien yeu cua ng day tai ien (nh nhng ni bat
buoc phai at day chong set va noi at day chong set tai cac cot ien tren
ng day cot go...).
Nhc iem quan trong cua chong set ong la phai tuan thu nghiem ngat
cac gii han cua dong ien cat. Nh vay mot mat phai che tao nhieu loai
chong set ong cho cac gii han dong cat khac nhau, ieu nay lam phc tap
cho viec che tao; mat khac can phai kiem tra nh ky ng knh trong cua
ong vat lieu sinh kh, ieu nay gay kho khan cho viec van hanh.
e bo khuyet nhc iem tren, ngi ta a nghien cu che tao loai chong
set ong khong co gii han cua dong cat. Nguyen ly cau tao cua loai chong set
ong nay nh sau: at kht vao khe h trong cua chong set ong, gia cac ien cc
mot ong em bang cung loai vat lieu sinh kh nh vach cua chong set ong.
Dong set do thi gian duy tr ngan se i qua de dang trong toan bo khe h gia
ong em va vach chong set ong, trong khi o s sinh kh manh liet trong the
tch rat be nay lam can tr s i qua dong ien kem theo. Nh vay, s hao mon
cua ong vat lieu sinh kh giam rat nhieu, va chong set ong co the c at bat
k iem nao can thiet cua li, khong phu thuoc vao tr so cua dong ien ngan
mach.
Loai chong set ong phibro-bakelit dung vat lieu sinh kh la phibro. e
tang cng o ben c, ben ngoai ong phibro c quan giay tam bakelit va
mat ngoai c quet sn chong am. ac iem cua loai chong set phibrobakelit la au bt kn cua ong co buong tr kh (H.6.5).

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Hnh 6.5 Chong set ong loai

phibro-bakelit

Hnh 6.6 Chong set ong loai

viniplast

Trong thi gian co dong ien i qua, ap suat kh trong buong tang cao,
khi dong ien kem theo qua tr so khong, cng o sinh kh giam, kh t
buong sinh kh se phut ra vi toc o cao lam cho ho quang b cat t va dap
tat de dang. au h cua ong con co mot li ga bang la kim loai, khi dap ho
quang luong kh ong thi lam bat li ga ra, bao hieu chong set ong a lam
viec.
Loai chong set ong viniplast dung vat lieu sinh kh la nha viniplastchlorvinil, co kha nang sinh kh tot hn, o ben c cao hn va khong hut am,
do o co cau tao n gian hn (H.6.6) khong can lp giay tam bakelit, khong
can quet sn chong am va cung khong can buong tr kh. Viec tang ap suat
kh c thc hien ngay tai khe h gia ien cc thanh va vach trong cua ong.
Loai chong set ong phibro-bakelit co kha nang dap ho quang dong ien
kem theo ln nhat la 10kA, loai chong set ong viniplast co the cat c dong
ien en 15kA. Vi viec tang cng o ben c cua ong viniplast bang cach
quan vai thuy tinh tam nha epoxy chu c tac dung cua ieu kien kh
quyen, ngi ta a che tao c loai chong set ong viniplast tang cng co
gii han cua dong ien cat en 30kA.

6.4 THIET B CHONG SET VAN (CSV)

6.4.1 Nguyen ly cau tao va nguyen ly lam viec cua CSV

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Hnh 6.7 Nguyen ly cau tao CVS

Viec bao ve chong qua ien ap (QA) trong li ien cao ap c thc
hien bi mot to hp nhieu bien phap, mot trong cac bien phap o la at chong
set van tai tram e han che bien o cua qua ien ap, bao ve cac thiet b ien
trong tram chong song qua ien ap truyen theo ng day tai ien vao tram.
Phan chnh cua chong set van gom mot chuoi nhieu khe h nho noi tiep
nhau va ghep noi tiep vi mot chong nhieu a ien tr khong ng thang,
con goi la ien tr lam viec.
Tat ca at kn trong mot ong vo s bao ve.
Khi song qua ien ap truyen en cho at chong set van co bien o vt
qua tr so ien ap xuyen thung xung cua chuoi khe h, th tai ay se xay ra
phong ien va dong ien xung chay qua ien tr khong ng thang R, qua
bo phan noi at tan vao at. Dong ien xung nay gay nen tren ien tr khong
ng thang mot ien ap giang goi la ien ap d cua chong set van. Chnh la
ien ap d nay tac dung len cach ien cua thiet b c bao ve, nen tr so cua
no phai nho hn mc cach ien xung cua thiet b vi mot o d tr nhat nh
(2030%) e chu y en s gia tang ien ap do khoang cach truyen song gia
ni at chong set van va ni at thiet b c bao ve.
Khi dong ien xung a ket thuc tc la khi qua ien ap a cham dt th
chay qua chong set van la dong ien kem theo gay nen bi ien ap lam viec
tan so cong nghiep, ban than la dong ien ngan mach cham at mot pha. Ho
quang cua dong ien nay phai c dap tat khi no i qua tr so khong au
tien. ien tr khong ng thang, luc nay co tr so tang rat cao do ien ap tac
dung len CSV a giam nho, nh o giam dong ien kem theo en gii han

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ma khe h co the dap tat ho quang de dang. Mat khac, khe h c tao nen
bi nhieu khe h nho noi tiep nhau, nh o ho quang cua dong ien kem theo
b chia thanh nhieu oan ngan tiep xuc vi nhieu ien cc, nguoi nhanh nen
khi dong ien kem theo qua tr so 0, tai cac ien cc cua khe h nho qua trnh
kh ion c thuan li lam cho kha nang cach ien cua khe h c phuc hoi
nhanh chong, tao ieu kien de dang cho viec dap tat ho quang.
6.4.2 Cac ac tnh c ban cua CSV va phng hng cai tien
Tr so ln nhat cua ien ap tan so cong nghiep ma tai o dong ien kem
theo b cat t mot cach an toan, c goi la ien ap dap tat U t va dong ien
kem theo tng ng c goi la dong ien dap tat It .
S dap tat ho quang cua dong ien kem theo co the xay ra trong ieu
kien ngan mach cham at mot pha, bi v trong thi gian cung mot cn dong
co the xay ra phong ien tren cach ien cua mot pha va gay tac ong CSV
hai pha khac. Nh vay, ien ap dap tat U t phai bang ien ap tren pha khong
s co khi co cham at mot pha.
U t = KU m

(6.1)

trong o: K - he so phu thuoc phng thc lam viec cua iem trung tnh cua
li (K = 0,8 oi vi li co trung tnh noi at trc tiep va K = 1,1 oi vi li
co trung tnh cach ien)
U m - ien ap day nh mc.
Tac dung dap tat ho quang cua chuoi khe h cua CSV c ac trng bi
he so tat K t va tac dung bao ve cua ien tr khong ng thang bi he so
bao ve K bv nh sau:
Kt =

U p:

K bv =

Ut
U d
2U t

(6.2)
(6.3)

vi U p: la ien ap phong ien xuyen thung chuoi khe h tan so cong

nghiep.
e cai thien tac dung bao ve chong set phai giam he so bao ve K bv ,
ieu nay co the at c theo hai cach sau (H.6.8):

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Hnh 6.8 ac tnh V-A cua CSV va cac bien phap giam U d

Cach 1: Tao c ac tnh Volt-Ampe (V-A) bang phang hn (ng 2)

bang cach tang tnh khong ng thang cua ien tr lam viec cua CSV.
Cach 2: Nang cao c dong dap tat It bang cach cai thien tnh chat dap
ho quang cua cac khe h, nh o ha thap ac tnh V-A tren toan bo pham vi
dong ien (ng 3).
CSV co mot kha nang cho qua dong ien nhat nh, tc la tr so gii han
cua dong ma CSV co the cho chay qua nhieu lan ma khong lam thay oi tnh
chat ien cua no. Kha nang cho qua dong cua CSV phu thuoc vao tnh chu
nhiet cua ien tr khong ng thang. Trc ay do kha nang cho qua dong
kem nen CSV khong c lam viec khi co QANB, tc la ien ap xuyen thung
phai cao hn tr so QANB co the xay ra va CSV ch c dung e han che
QAKQ. Nghien cu che tao ien tr khong ng thang co ac tnh V-A rat
doc va co kha nang cho qua dong u cao cung nh nghien cu ap dung nhng
nguyen tac mi dap tat ho quang cua dong ien kem theo, hien nay a che tao
c nhng loai CSV va co tac dung han che QAKQ va co tac dung han
che QANB co thi gian duy tr lau hn. ieu o m ra mot trien vong tiep tuc
giam thap mc cach ien cua trang thiet b ien va nang cao ch tieu kinh te cua
chung.
6.4.3 Khe h phong ien
S lam viec cua CSV bat au bang s phong ien xuyen thung va ket
thuc bang s dap tat ho quang cua dong ien kem theo tai ngay cac khe h.
Moi giai oan lam viec co nhng yeu cau rieng oi vi khe h.
Giai oan phong ien oi hoi khe h phai co ac tnh Volt - giay tng
oi bang phang, co ngha la ien ap xung xuyen thung U px t bien thien

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trong mot khoang thi gian rong - t micro - giay en mili - giay - va t tan
man. Ngoai ra U px khong c thay oi sau nhieu lan cho qua dong xung va
dong kem theo nh mc, cung nh khi co dao ong nhiet o, hoac chu nhng
tac dung c nh xoc lac va ap va rung ong. Khe h phong ien phai dap tat
ho quang cua dong ien kem theo khi qua tr so khong lan au tien.
e thoa man cac yeu cau nay trong loai CSV au tien dung mot chuoi
nhieu khe h nho noi tiep nhau. Do anh hng cua ien dung ky sinh cua
chung oi vi at lam cho ien ap xung phan bo tren cac khe h khong eu
nhau, rat ln ve pha cc cao ap, ieu o dan en s phong ien day chuyen
(tc la lan lt ke tiep nhau t au cao ap tr i) cua toan bo cac khe h nho
mot tr so ien ap be hn tong ien ap phong ien xung cua tng khe h
nho rieng re. ien ap lam viec tan so cong nghiep ln nhat cho phep moi
khe h chu tac dung cua mot lng ien ap t 1,01,7 kV (tr so hieu dung).
Trong giai oan dap tat ho quang, khi dong ien kem theo qua tr so
khong, qua trnh ion hoa trong cac khe h b nh ch, qua trnh kh ion c
tang cng. Neu kha nang cach ien cua khe h c phuc hoi nhanh hn la toc
o phuc hoi ien ap lam viec th ho quang se khong b chay lai. Chnh la nh
cac ien tr tac dung ln noi song song vi tng nhom khe h tao ieu kien cho
s phuc hoi ien ap eu an tren cac khe h, loai tr kha nang ho quang chay
lai.
Cac loai CSV thong dung hien nay co khe h vi cac nguyen tac dap ho
quang khac nhau nh sau:
- Vi ho quang cua dong ien kem theo ng yen ngay tai cho khe h b
phong ien xuyen thung cho en khi b dap tat (tng ng loai PBC cua Nga)
- Vi ho quang chay quanh trong mot khe h hnh xuyen gia cac ien
cc di tac dung cua t trng, nh loai PBM (335kV), PBM (110500kV)
cua Nga.
- Vi ho quang c keo dai chuyen dch gia cac ien cc di tac
dung cua t trng, chieu dai cua ho quang tang len ang ke (en hang tram
lan) nh loai PBT va PBP cua Nga.
a) Khe h nho co ho quang ng yen c tao nen gia hai ien cc oi
dien (H.6.9) dang tang trong (1) bang ong thau, ngan cach nhau bi mot
vong em hnh xuyen (2) bang mica (hoac cacton ien) co be day
= 0, 5 0, 6mm .

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1- ien cc dang tang trong; 2- Vong em mica

Hnh 6.9: Khe h nho co ho quang ng yen khi xay ra

phong ien xuyen thung

Vi dang ien cc nh vay, ien trng trong khe h nho tng oi ong
nhat; mat khac lp kh mong ton tai gia vong em mica va cac ien cc chu
mot cng o ien trng cao hn nhieu so vi cng o trng tren vong
em mica (do he so ien moi cua khong kh nho hn nhieu so vi mica), nen
qua trnh ion hoa lp kh sm, cung cap ien t cho khe h kh am bao cho
s phong ien cua khe h vi thi gian cham tre thong ke be, vi he so xung
gan bang n v.
Nh vay, u iem cua loai khe h nay la cau tao tng oi n gian va
trng trong khu vc phong ien ong nhat. Nhc iem cua no la s dap tat
ho quang trong khe h c s vao s phuc hoi t nhien o ben ien gia cac
ien cc, do o gii han cua dong ien kem theo c dap tat am bao tng
oi be, ch vao khoang It = 80 100 A . Trong khi o th neu tang c dong
ien dap tat se cho phep giam bt tr so cua ien tr khong ng thang
(giam bt so a ien tr), cai thien c ac tnh bao ve cua CSV (giam c
U d ) va m ra kha nang giam c mc cach ien xung cua trang thiet b
ien.
b) Khe h nho co ho quang di chuyen a cho phep nang cao c gii
han cua dong ien dap tat am bao len en 250A (c ng dung che tao cac
loai CSV xeri PBM va PBM cua Nga). Nguyen ly cau tao cua loai khe h
nay cho trong hnh 6.10.
Mot ien cc a tron (4) va mot ien cc hnh xuyen lech tam (2) tao
nen mot khe h khong ong eu ni hep nhat bang , toan bo nam trong t
trng cua mot nam cham vnh cu (5).
Khi khe h phong ien di tac dung cua lc F tao ra bi t trng, ho
quang b ay chay tron trong khe h vi toc o cao va b lam nguoi manh liet,
nh o khi dong ien kem theo qua tr so khong au tien th ho quang b dap
tat de dang va khe h c phuc hoi o ben ien nhanh hn nhieu so vi loai
khe h co ho quang tnh a neu tren.

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Nh dap tat c dong ien kem theo cao hn nen cho phep giam so a
ien tr khong ng thang, do o giam c U d tren CSV va cai thien ro
ret he so bao ve cua CSV (6.3).

1- Cac cc em
2- Cc hnh xuyen
3- em cach ien
4- Cc a tron
5- Nam cham
- Khoang cach be nhat
gia cac ien cc

Hnh 6.10: Khe h vi ho quang quay

oi vi CSV xeri PBC (khe h vi ho quang tnh) K bv = 2, 5 2, 7 con oi

vi CSV xeri PBM (khe h vi ho quang quay) K bv = 2 co ngha la cung
mot ien ap dap tat U t , ien ap d cua loai CSV sau giam t 2026%.
c) Khe h vi ho quang b keo daiMot bc tiep theo giam nho he so bao
vec con K bv = 1, 7 a at c nh ap dung loai khe h phong ien han che

dong vi ho quang cua dong ien kem theo b keo dai va nh tac dung cua t
trng dan no vao trong nhng ranh hep va b kh ion manh liet. Nguyen ly
lam viec cua loai khe h nay c trnh bay hnh 6.11.
Hai ien cc 1 nam gia cac vach cua mot buong dap ho quang 2 va
trong t trng cua mot nam cham vnh cu (hoac cua mot cuon cam). Khi
khe h S gia hai ien cc b phong ien xuyen thung, lc F cua t trng tac
dung len ho quang lam cho no di chuyen va b keo dai dan ra t v tr D1 cho

183

en v tr cuoi cung D3 len loi gia nhng tam vach cach ien 3 cua buong
dap ho quang, b nguoi i va b kh ion manh liet tai o. Luc nay ien tr cua
khe ho quang tang len, ien ap giang U tren khe h phong ien tr nen u
cao. Trong ieu kien o ien tr khong ng thang phai han che dong ien
kem theo en tr so It khi ien ap bang U t U .

1- Cac ien cc
2- Buong dap ho quang
3- Cac vach cach ien
cua buong dap ho quang

Hnh 6.11 Khe h vi ho quang b keo dai

Dong ien kem theo cung pha vi ien ap lam viec cua CSV. V vay sau
khi dong ien kem theo b cat khi qua tr so khong th ien ap tren khe h
cung t tr so khong phuc hoi dan theo dang hnh sin tan so cong nghiep va
nh vay cham hn rat nhieu so vi s phuc hoi o ben ien cua khe h. ay
can nhac lai vai tro quan trong trong qua trnh dap ho quang cua dong ien
kem theo la s phuc hoi ien ap eu an tren tat ca cac khe h nho noi tiep
nhau. e at c s phan bo ien ap eu an nay la nh cac ien tr cao noi
tat cac nhom khe h nh a trnh bay hnh 6.7.
6.4.4 ien tr khong ng thang
Nh a neu tren, chc nang cua chong a ien tr noi tiep vi chuoi
khe h la, mot mat phai co mot tr so ien tr rat be, khi qua no la dong xung
ln nhat cho phep e sao cho ien ap d cua CSV khong vt qua mc cho

184

phep oi vi cach ien cua thiet b c bao ve, mat khac khi QA a ket
thuc, qua no la dong ien kem theo th no phai co mot tr so ien tr rat ln
e han che dong ien kem theo en tr so u be e khe h co the dap tat c
ho quang. Nh vay, ien tr nay phai co ac tnh tnh Volt-Ampe khong ng
thang (H.6.12). Ngoai ra no phai co kha nang cho qua nhieu lan dong ien
xung va dong ien kem theo, tc la phai co kha nang chu nhiet u cao.

Hnh 6.12 ac tnh Volt-Ampe cua ien tr lam viec cua CSV

e tao c ien tr khong ng thang thng dung cac vat lieu ban
dan ran co ien dan tang rat nhanh khi tang ien ap tac dung. Trc ay cha
lau, vat lieu c s dung vao muc ch nay la cacbua silic SiC
(cacborunum). Hat SiC co ien tr suat khoang 102 .m va on nh. Khi
c un nong tren be mat hat SiC phu mot lp oxid silic SiO2 , day khoang
105 cm , co ien tr suat phu thuoc khong ng thang vao cng o ien
trng. Khi ien ap tac dung be, cng o ien trng thap th ien tr suat

cua mang mong SiO2 vao khoang 104 106 .m va thc te toan bo ien ap
at len mang mong o, nhng khi cng o ien trng tang cao, tc khi chu
tac dung cua QA th ien dan cua mang mong tang rat manh va tr so cua
ien tr lam viec c xac nh ch bi ien tr ban than hat SiC.
e che tao a vilit (dung cho PBC) ngi ta tron hat SiC vi chat ket
dnh la thuy tinh long roi nen lai thanh a va nung en nhiet o khoang
300C . Tnh chu nhiet cua vilit kem, nen khi dong ien ln i qua trong mot
thi gian dai th lp mang mong SiO2 co the b pha huy. Do o can quy nh
gii han ln nhat cho phep cung nh thi gian duy tr dong ien. V du, oi
vi a vilit ng knh 100mm, neu dong xung dang song 20/40 S i qua th
gii han cho phep la 10kA, con oi vi dong ien tan so cong nghiep vi thi
gian duy tr la na chu ky th gii han cho phep khong qua 100A. ieu o
chng to CSV co ien tr lam viec bang chat vilit (PBC) khong the lam viec

185

oi vi phan ln cac loai qua ien ap noi bo, ma thi gian duy tr cua no co
the keo dai trong nhieu chu ky tan so cong nghiep. Mot bc cai thien ien
tr lam viec la che tao a tec-vit (dung trong CSV cac loai PBM va PBM)
bang cach tron hat SiC vi chat ket dnh la hon hp thuy tinh long va oxid
nhom ( Al2O3 ) va nung nong len en tren 1000C . nhiet o cao nay mot
phan cua cac mang mong SiO2 b boc hi, ieu o lam xau i t nhieu tnh
khong ng thang cua vat lieu, nhng lai nang cao rat nhieu kha nang cho
qua dong ien, v du a tecvit ng knh 70mm co the cho qua dong ien tan
so cong nghiep len en 750A trong 2mS va a tecvit ng knh 115mm cho
qua dong ien 1500A trong 2mS. Do o CSV vi a tecvit co the dung va e
bao ve chong QAKQ va e han che QANB. ac tnh V-A cua mot a
vilit hay tecvit co the bieu dien mot cach gan ung theo quan he.
U = CI

(6.4)

hoac di dang logarit:

lg U = lg C + lg I

(6.5)

vi: C - hang so, tuy thuoc tnh chat cua vat lieu va kch thc cua a ien
tr co tr so bang ien ap giang tren ien tr khi dong qua no bang 1A
- he so khong ng thang cua vat lieu, co gia tr khac nhau trong cac pham
vi dong ien be va ln. Hnh 6.13 trnh bay ac tnh V-A trong he toa o logart:
trong o oan A tng ng vi pham vi dong ien be - dong ien kem theo va
phan ln dong cua QA thao tac. He so cua oan nay oi vi vilit bang
0,280,3, oi vi tecvit bang 0,350,38. oan B tng ng vi dong ln qua
CSV do QAKQ. He so cua oan nay oi vi vilit bang 0,10,2 con oi vi
tecvit bang 0,150,25.

Hnh 6.13 ac tnh V-A cua ien tr

khong ng thang goc SiC

Nh a thay tecvit co the bao ve chong QANB khi dong qua CSV co
the en 1,5kA th khi QAKQ neu dong xung qua CSV en 10kA th ien ap d

186

qua cao, do he so khong ng thang ln, CSV kho co the am bao bao ve c
cach ien. e khac phuc nhc iem nay ngi ta thay oi cau truc mach cua
CSV nh sau (H.6.14).

Hnh 6.14: S o mach phc hp (a) va ac tnh V-A cua loai CSV
phc hp tng ng (b) cap U = 500kV

ien tr khong ng thang c chia thanh hai nhom R1 va R2 .

Khe h K1 au noi tiep vi R1
Khe h K 2 au song song vi R2
ien ap phong ien cua CSV c quyet nh bi K1 . Khi co QANB,
K1 lam viec dong qua CSV thng t khi vt qua 2000A, ca R1 va R2 tham

gia han che dong nen ien ap d tren CSV c gi trong gii han cho phep.
ien ap phong ien xuyen thung cua khe h K 2 c chon cao hn ien ap
d tren R2 do o K 2 khong phong ien di tac dung cua QANB.
Nhng khi co QAKQ, dong qua CSV cao, ien ap giang tren nhom ien
tr R2 vt qua ien ap phong ien xung cua khe h K 2 lam cho khe h nay
phong ien va noi tat R2 . ien ap d tren CSV do o c xac nh ch bi
nhom ien tr R1 nen co tr so thap am bao c yeu cau bao ve cach ien
(ng 2, H.6.14).
Cau truc phc hp nay c ap dung cho loai CSV xeri PBMK (cua Nga)
thng dung trong li sieu cao ap, ni CSV can co kha nang cho qua dong
cao.

187

6.5 THIET B HAN CHE QA HAY CSV KHONG CO KHE H

S nang cao ien ap nh mc cua li chuyen tai va s can thiet phai giam
mc cach ien cua trong thiet b ien oi hoi phai co bien phap han che QA
nhieu hn na. Trong khi o, cho en nay vi viec dung cac thiet b CSV co ien
tr khong ng thang tren c s cacbua silic, do nhc iem cua tnh khong
ng thang cua vat lieu, khong the giam mc QA xuong thap hn 2U p . Muon
giam thap hn na can phai giam ien tr khong ng thang, ieu nay dan en
s tang ang ke dong ien kem theo, vt qua kha nang dap tat ho quang cua khe
h phong ien. Vi vat lieu cacbua silic th khong the bo khe h phong ien c,
v di tac dung trc tiep cua ien ap lam viec pha, dong tan so cong nghiep qua
ien tr khong ng thang qua ln, mot mat gay ton that ien nang ln, mat
khac chong pha huy ien tr. Ma dung khe h, th nh a biet, co nhieu kho khan
gan lien vi s can thiet phai giam dong ien kem theo en tr so ma khe h co
the dap c ho quang mot cach chac chan, cung nh phai cau tao khe h sao cho
ac tnh Volt-giay cua no bang phang.
Ket qua cua hang loat cong trnh nghien cu cua cac nha khoa hoc vat
lieu vao cuoi thap ky 70 va au thap ky 80 a thay the vat lieu ban dan goc
cacbua silic bang vat lieu ban dan goc oxid kim loai, chu yeu la oxid kem
ZnO, va co ac tnh Volt-Ampe rat doc trong pham vi dong be va tng oi
bang phang trong mot pham vi bien oi rong cua dong ien ln, va co kha
nang cho qua dong u cao. Vi viec s dung ZnO lam ien tr khong ng
thang a co the cho phep loai bo khe h phong ien, lam cho cau tao thiet b
tr nen n gian hn, gon nhe hn; va quan trong hn ca la thiet b va co the
dung e bao ve chong QAKQ va co the dung e han che QANB, do o
no c goi la thiet b han che QA.
V du, Lien Xo cu, a che tao ien tr khong ng thang goc ZnO
di dang a ng knh 28mm, day 8mm (rat gon, nho so vi a vilit va
tecvit) ac tnh Volt-Ampe cua no cho hnh 6.15, trong o ien ap cho theo
n v tng oi, vi gia tr c s bang ien ap d tren ien tr khi dong qua
no bang 100A.
He so khong ng thang cua ien tr lam bang ZnO rat be,
= 0, 015 0, 04 bao trum mot pham vi dong ien rat rong t
106 102 A (H.6.15a).

188

Hnh 6.15 ac tnh V-A cua ien tr khong ng thang ZnO dong mot chieu va
xung (a) va dong xoay chieu tan so 50Hz (b)

Dong qua ien tr vt qua 500A se lam tang he so khong ng thang

len rat nhieu ( 0,1) tc lam xau ac tnh bao ve cua ien tr, la ieu
khong mong muon. S phu thuoc cua va C (xem cong thc (6.4)) vao dong
qua ien tr khong ng thang cho trong bang 6.1.
Bang 6.1 Tr so trung bnh cua cac tham so C va cua ien tr ZnO
i, A

104

103

102

101

U/U100

0,7

0,74

0,78

0,82

0,86
0,03

C/U100

0,02
0,86

10
0,91
0,04
0,9

100
1

500
1,1
0,06
0,93

1500
1,3
0,1
0,26

ac tnh V-A cua ien tr ZnO (H.6.15) cho phep ghep trc tiep thiet b
han che QA vao day dan ma khong qua khe h phong ien. Tuy nhien do
khong co khe h nen thng xuyen chay qua ien tr khong ng thang
dong ien tan so cong nghiep ien ap lam viec, neu tr so dong nay vt
qua mot gii han nao o th se lam cho ien tr qua nong co the dan en h
hong. Chnh ay la nhc iem cua loai thiet b han che qua ien ap va viec
nghien cu nang cao kha nang chong gia coi cua loai vat lieu ban dan van
ang con la van e thi s.
Dong chay qua thiet b han che QA che o bnh thng gom co thanh
phan ien dung va thanh phan tac dung, khi ien ap cha vt qua 0, 7U100
th thanh phan dong ien dung troi hn (H.6.15b) khong lam nong ien tr.
Luc nay tng ng vi gradient ien ap 1kV/cm. Khi gradient ien ap tang
nhanh lam tang ien dan khong ng thang va thanh phan dong tac dung, do
o ien tr ZnO b nong len ang ke. Tr so ti han cua gradient ien ap lam
viec 1,0 kV/cm tng ng vi tr so dong ln nhat cho phep qua ien tr khong

189

ng thang khoang 1mA, chu yeu la dong ien dan.

Kha nang cho qua dong cua thiet b han che QA phu thuoc vao bien o
va thi gian duy tr dong qua no. Voi xung dong ngan 8/20 S , ac trng cho
QAKQ, th ien tr khong b pha huy ngay ca khi dong xung tac dung co
bien o en 10001500A.
Nhng khi dong xung co o dai song ln hn, ac trng cho tac dung cua
QA thao tac th ien tr b nung nong len nhieu. Bien o cua dong xung
dang nay co the dan en h hong ien tr, giam xuong ro ret vao khoang
80120A.
Thiet b han che QA co kha nang han che QA thao tac ngan han en
mc 1, 8U p va han che QAKQ en mc (22,4) U p . e cai thien hn na
ac tnh bao ve cua thiet b han che QA, tc la giam mc QA thao tac
xuong thap hn (1,71,8) U p co the ap dung cac bien phap sau:
- Lam mat cng bc ien tr khong ng thang
- Dung khe h phong ien e noi tat mot phan cua ien tr khong ng
thang khi QA vt qua mc QA thao tac. Trong trng hp nay trong che
o lam viec lau dai va khi co QA thao tac, dong c xac nh bi toan bo
cac a ien tr khong ng thang, con mc han che QA tc la ien ap d
c xac nh ch bi phan cac ien tr khong b noi tat
- au thiet b han che QA cac pha thanh hnh sao va gia iem trung
tnh cua hnh sao va at lap mot khe h phong ien. Trong trng hp nay,
dong i qua cac ien tr khong ng thang khong cha nhng song hai tan
so cao, nh o giam c bien o cua thanh phan dong ien tac dung tren
30%, cai thien c ieu kien lam viec va nang cao thi gian phuc vu cua
ien tr khong ng thang.
Tom lai, vi viec s dung thiet b han che QA cho phep giam mc cach
ien cua trang thiet b ien, giam c gia thanh xay dng li ien.

190

Chng

BAO VE CHONG SET TRUYEN VAO

TRAM PHAN PHOI IEN
7.1 KHAI NIEM CHUNG
Phong ien cach ien trong tram trong nhieu trng hp dan en s co
tram trong trong he thong, no co the pha huy nhieu thiet b at tien, gay ngan
mach tren thanh gop ngay ca khi co he thong rle bao ve hien ai. V vay,
yeu cau oi vi viec bao ve chong set cho tram cao hn nhieu so vi ng
day.
Tram phai c bao ve vi o an toan rat cao, chong set anh thang
bang he thong thu set (cot hoac day thu set) nh a trnh bay trong chng 3.
Ngoai ra tram con phai c bao ve chong song qua ien ap do set gay ra
tren ng day truyen vao tram. Mc o bao ve ay c tang cng bang
nhng bien phap ac biet so vi bao ve chong set cho ng day. Tuy nhien,
chu yeu v ly do kinh te khong the loai tr hoan toan kha nang xay ra s co
tram do song truyen theo ng day vao, ma ch co the han che ti mc hp
ly ve kinh te va ky thuat. Mc o an toan chu set cua tram c ac trng
bi ch tieu chong set cua tram - no c nh ngha bang so nam trung bnh
van hanh an toan, khong xuat hien qua ien ap nguy hiem oi vi cach ien
tram, vi phng tien bao ve ngay cang hoan thien, ch tieu chong set cua
tram co the en hang tram nam. e co mot y niem ay u ve con so o, ta
nen nh rang trong nhng he thong ien phat trien, so tram phan phoi, so nha
may ien co the en hang tram, so may bien ap (MBA) len en hang ngan,
kha nang h hong MBA va thiet b trong toan he thong do set gay nen, do o
co nhng tr so ang ke.

7.2 BIEN PHAP VA YEU CAU OI VI VIEC BAO VE

CHONG SET TRUYEN VAO TRAM

191

Nh a trnh bay trong chng cach ien cua tram, (chng 11 - Ky thuat
ien cao ap 1) theo yeu cau cua phoi hp cach ien, e am bao yeu cau kinh
te, mc cach ien cua tram c chon thap hn mc cach ien cua ng
day. V vay, tram la cho yeu trong cach ien cua he thong va song qua ien
ap kh quyen truyen theo ng day vao co the gay nguy hiem cho cach ien
cua tram, v bien o cua chung thng ln hn mc cach ien xung cua tram.
V du, cach ien trong cua MBA 110kV co ien ap th nghiem xung khoang
460kV, trong khi o tr so ien ap phong ien xung be nhat cua chuoi s
ng day 110kV cot thep ti 650kV tc la 40% cao hn, neu ng day
110kV dung cot xa go th mc cach ien xung cua ng day tren 1800kV tc
la cao hn nhieu lan so vi mc cach ien xung cua tram.
Bien phap chu yeu e bao ve tram chong song qua ien ap kh quyen
truyen t ng day vao la dung cac thiet b chong set van hoac thiet b han
che qua ien ap au vao thanh gop cua tram hoac au trc tiep ngay au vao
cua MBA cong suat, phoi hp vi viec tang cng bao ve chong set anh trc
tiep cho oan ng day trc khi en tram e giam o doc cua song truyen
vao tram va giam dong xung qua chong set van.
Nguyen ly bao ve nh sau: Muon cho chong set van bao ve c mot
thiet b nao o th ac tnh Volt-giay cua no, ke ca pham vi tan man phai nam
toan bo di ac tnh Volt-giay cua thiet b c bao ve va ien ap d tren
chong set van hoac tren thiet b han che qua ien ap phai nho hn ien ap th
nghiem xung cua cach ien trong cua thiet b c bao ve.
Nhng ien ap tac dung len cach ien cua thiet b c bao ve con phu
thuoc vao v tr at chong set van va ien ap d tren chong set van lai phu
thuoc vao dong ien xung qua no. Do o, viec bao ve bang CSV ch an toan khi
thc hien c hai ieu kien sau:
- Khoang cach gia chong set van va thiet b c bao ve phai nam trong
gii han cho phep va muon m rong pham vi bao ve cua chong set van phai
co bien phap giam nho o doc cua song truyen vao tram.
- Tr so dong ien xung chay qua chong set van khong c vt tr so
nh mc tc dong ien phoi hp (t 514kA tuy cap ien ap va tuy loai
chong set van) cua no.
7.2.1 Anh hng cua khoang cach gia chong set van va thiet b c bao ve
en ien ap tac dung len cach ien
Neu chong set van at trc tiep tai au vao cua thiet b c bao ve th
ien ap tac dung len cach ien cung bang ien ap d tren chong set van. Do
ac tnh Volt-giay cua cach ien cua thiet b c bao ve nam tren ac tnh

192

Volt-giay cua chong set van nen cach ien c bao ve an toan. Nhng tai
tram, chong set van con phai bao ve cho toan bo cach ien cua tram, cho nen
trong trng hp tong quat nay gia chong set van va thiet b can bao ve co
mot khoang cach nao o, do o cach ien con chu tac dung mot lng ien
ap gia tang U.
Quan he gia U vi cac thong so cua s o tram va cua song c khao
sat qua mot v du n gian (H.7.1a): s o bao ve mot tram cut (e co trng
hp nguy hiem nhat), trong o khoang cach gia chong set van va thiet b can
bao ve (MBA) bang l.

Hnh 7.1 S o bao ve mot tram cut

a) Trc khi CSV phong ien; b) Sau khi CSV phong ien

Gia thiet song ti co dang xien goc U = at vi thi gian au song bang
U
va o doc au song a = o ( U o = U50% cua cach ien ng day trong

oan gan tram).

Chon goc thi gian la khi song en chong set van (iem A) lan au tien.
2l
Trong thc te thng T s > 2T =
(2T la thi gian song i t A en B va
v
phan xa t B ve en A) nen khi chong set van lam viec th ien ap phong
ien U p cua chong set van se bang tong song ti va song phan xa va c
bieu th bi bieu thc sau:
U p = atp + a( tp 2 ) = 2atp 2a

(7.1)

193

T (7.1) suy ra c thi gian t luc song ti en v tr chong set van cho
en khi chong set van lam viec bang:
tp =

U p + 2 a
2a

(7.2)

Bi v tai thi iem tp chong set van lam viec cat song ti tr so bang
atp cho nen t pha sau chong set van song co bien o atp (H-7.1b). V la

tram cut cho nen khi truyen en MBA, song qua ien ap se tang len gap oi
(do phan xa dng toan phan), nh vay ien ap ln nhat tac dung len cach
ien cua MBA se bang:
l
U c max = 2atp = U p + 2a
U d + U
(7.3)
v
T (7.3) thay ro la ien ap tac dung tren cach ien cua MBA (U c ) ln
l
hn ien ap lam viec cua chong set van (U p ) mot lng bang U = 2a .
v
( U p U d do ac tnh Volt-Ampe cua CSV tng oi bang phang).

Khoang cach l va o doc au song a cang ln th lng ien ap gia tang

U cang cao, ien ap tac dung len cach ien c bao ve cang ln. Nhng
trong moi trng hp, e bao ve an toan, ien ap xung ln nhat tac dung len
cach ien cua thiet b c bao ve khong c vt qua tr so ien ap th
nghiem xung cua no U c max U tnx . Ap dung vao (7.3) se suy ra c
khoang cach ln nhat cho phep gia chong set van va thiet b c bao ve:
l
U c max + 2a
U tnx
v
(U tnx U p )v
lcp
(7.4)
suy ra:
2a
vi U tnx la ien ap th nghiem xung cua cach ien cua thiet b c bao ve.
T (7.4) thay ro rang, tr so cua khoang cach ln nhat cho phep lcp t le
nghch vi o doc cua song ti: muon tang pham vi bao ve cho phep lcp cua
chong set van can phai giam o doc cua song truyen vao tram. e thc hien
c ieu nay th can phai co bien phap han che s xuat hien tren day dan
cua ng day gan tram qua ien ap vi bien o va o doc ln. Cu the la:
- oi vi ng day c bao ve chong set anh thang bang day chong
set tren toan tuyen th trong khoang cach t 13 km (tuy cap ien ap) trc
khi en tram, phai giam nho goc bao ve e han che kha nang set anh trc

194

tiep vao day dan va giam ien tr noi at cua cot ien e giam xac suat xuat
hien phong ien ngc tren cach ien ng day, do set anh vao cot hoac
day chong set.
- oi vi ng day khong co day chong set tren toan tuyen th trong
khoang cach t 13 km trc khi ti tram, phai at day chong set bao ve
chong set anh thang vao ng day mot cach an toan, ong thi thc hien
noi at cot ien tot e tranh phong ien ngc t day chong set en day dan
khi set anh vao cot hoac day chong set. Nh vay song qua ien ap trong
phan ln cac trng hp ch co the truyen t ng day vao tram sau khi a
chay qua khoang cach c tang cng bao ve o, va di tac dung cua vang
quang xung, au song se b keo dai, tc o doc cua no se giam nho khong con
nguy hiem cho cach ien cua tram na.
7.2.2 Anh hng cua dong ien xung qua chong set van en tr so ien ap
d cua no
e am bao ieu kien lam viec bnh thng cua chong set van, nh a
trnh bay trong chng Thiet b chong set, can phai han che dong ien set
qua no khong vt qua dong ien phoi hp (514 kA tuy cap ien ap va tuy
loai chong set van). Dong ien xung qua chong set van ln qua, mot mat gay
nen tren ien tr lam viec cua chong set van mot nhiet nang vt qua gii
han cho phep va co the pha huy chong set van, mat khac se lam cho ien ap
d cua chong set van tang cao, nguy hiem cho cach ien cua thiet b c bao
ve.
Xet s o bao ve tram (H.7.2).
- Song ti U t do set anh ngoai oan tang cng bao ve truyen vao tram
theo ng day co tong tr song Z, tai thanh gop cua tram co at bo chong set
van e bao ve cho may bien ap (H.7.2a).

Hnh 7.2 S o bao ve tram e xet dong qua CSV

195

Khi chong set van lam viec, s o thay the theo quy tac Petersen
(H.7.2b) cho phng trnh ien ap sau:
2U t = ICSV Z + U d

(7.5)

trong o: U t - bien o song qua ien ap truyen ti tram

U d - ien ap d tren chong set van khi dong ien xung
ICSV

qua no bang tr so dong ien phoi hp (514 kA)

- dong ien xung qua chong set van

Z - tong tr song ng day.

T (7.5) suy ra tr so dong ien xung qua chong set van:
ICSV =

2U t U d
Z

V du: at tram 110kV chong set van loai PBC-110 co U d

(7.6)
= 335 kV ,

tng ng vi dong ien xung qua no bang tr so dong phoi hp: 5kA. Tong tr
song cua ng day gia thiet bang Z = 400 . Bien o song ti lay bang mc
cach ien xung cua cach ien ng day. Vi ng day cot thep th ien ap
phong ien xung be nhat cua chuoi s U50% = 650 kV . T o suy ra dong
ien qua chong set van:
2 650 335
= 2, 413 kA < 5 kA
400
Nh vay la hoan toan cho phep.
Neu ng day dung cot go ma oan ti tram khong at day chong set
va noi at day chong set tai cac cot ien th mc cach ien xung
U50% = 1700kV .
ICSV =

(xem chng 5, muc 5.3)

Nh vay:
2 1700 335
400
= 7, 663kA > 5kA = I ph

ICSV =

Dong ien qua chong set van a vt qua tr

so dong phoi hp.
Tuy nhien, cung vi ng day cot go o,
neu tren khoang t 12km en tram at day

196

chong set va noi at day chong set tai cot th U50% 850kV , va nh vay
dong ien qua chong set van se bang:
ICSV =

2 850 335
= 3, 413kA < 5kA
400

Qua o thay ro s can thiet phai co khoang cach c tang cng bao ve
trc khi en tram. Neu ng day khong c tang cng bao ve oan ti
tram th khi set anh vao cot, ni at chong set van, dong ien set phan bo
gia ien tr noi at Rc cua cot b set anh va qua chong set van nh sau
(H.7.3):
ICSV = Is

U d
Rc

V du: Vi PBC 110 th U d = 367kV tng ng I ph = 10kA

Neu Is = 100kA , Rc = 10 th
367
= 63, 3 kA ? I ph = 10kA
10
Nh vay, dong ien qua chong set van vt qua xa gii han cua dong
ien phoi hp. H hong chong set van la ieu kho tranh khoi.
ICSV = 100

7.3 S O NGUYEN LY BAO VE TRAM

1- oi vi ng day cot xa go ien ap t 35110kV, oan ti tram t
12km phai at day chong set va noi at tai cac cot ien. Mc cach ien xung
trong oan nay giam i rat nhieu v cot go a b noi tat bi day noi at cua
day chong set. V du, ng day 110kV khi treo day chong set, cach ien pha
gom chuoi s va 2m xa go, mc cach ien xung bang khoang 850kV, trong khi
o phan ng day khong treo day chong set, cach ien pha con gom ca
phan ln than cot, mc cach ien xung co the vt 1700kV. Do o oan ti
tram la ni cach ien yeu cua ng day. e han che bien o cua song
truyen vao tram va bao ve cho cach ien ng day phai at mot bo chong
set ong (CSO-1) au oan ti tram (tren cot au tien at DSC) (H.7.4a).

197

a) /v D khong c bao ve bang

DCS tren toan tuyen

b) /v D c bao ve bang DCS tren

toan tuyen

Hnh 7.4 S o nguyen ly bao ve tram

ien ap tren day dan sau khi chong set ong 1 lam viec c xac nh bi
U DD = Icso Rcso trong o Icso la dong ien qua CSO1 va Rcso la ien tr
tan xung noi at cua no. e han che tr so cua U DD can phai giam thap tr so
ien tr noi at cua cso-1. Theo quy pham bao ve chong set cho tram th:
Rcso < 10 khi ien tr suat cua at 103 m
Rcso 15 khi > 103 m .

Bo chong set ong 2 at cuoi ng day co nhiem vu bao ve may cat

ien ng day trong trng hp may a trang thai cat ma ng day van
co qua ien ap. Trng hp nay co the xay ra:
Khi set anh lan th nhat vao ng day co kha nang gay nen ngan
mach cham at. Bao ve rle lam viec m may cat (MC) va ng day h
mach. Neu set anh lan na vao ng day, song ien ap truyen en cuoi
ng day h mach se phan xa dng toan phan, ien ap tang gap oi co the
xuyen thung khoang cach gia cac ien cc cua may cat, cua dao cach ly
hoac cach ien cua tu ien thong tin (phuc vu cho thong tin vi ba). ng day
cung co the tnh trang h mach khi no lam nhiem vu d tr s co, neu set
anh vao ng day th cung xay ra nguy hiem nh tren.
Phai chnh nh khoang cach ngoai sao cho chong set ong 2 (CSO-2)
khong c lam viec khi may cat ong mach. Neu CSO-2 lam viec nham
(phong ien khi may cat ong mach) th no a song cat co o doc rat ln vao
tram, nguy hiem cho cach ien doc cua may bien ap, ong thi co the gay

198

nen s co ngan mach thanh gop la mot loai s co tram trong.

2- ng day cot thep (hoac betong cot thep) khong treo day chong set
tren toan tuyen, v du ng day 35kV co s o bao ve oan ti tram tng t
nh trng hp tren, song khong at bo CSO-1, bien o cua song truyen vao
c gii han bi mc cach ien xung cua chuoi s, ch can giam tr so ien
tr noi at cua cot ti mc can thiet theo qui pham.
3- oi vi ng day cot thep (hoac be tong cot thep) c bao ve bang
day chong set tren toan tuyen th ch can tang mc an toan trong oan ti
tram bang cach giam goc bao ve (be hn 20) va giam tr so ien tr noi
at ti mc can thiet (H.7.4b).

7.4 THAM SO TNH TOAN CUA SONG SET TRUYEN VAO

TRAM VA CACH TNH CH TIEU CHU SET CUA
TRAM
7.4.1 Tham so cua song truyen vao tram
e tnh toan bao ve chong set cho tram can phai biet dang song truyen
vao tram, tc la biet cac tham so chu yeu cua no: bien o va o doc au song.
- Bien o cua song truyen vao tram lay bang mc cach ien xung cua
cach ien ng day trong khoang cach c tang cng bao ve: U o = U50%
- o doc au song chon theo kha nang nguy hiem nhat co the xay ra nh
la khi set anh vong qua day chong set vao day dan vi o doc ln hoac khi
set anh vao cot hoac vao day chong set va gay phong ien ngc ti day
dan. Nh vay qui c o doc au song tnh toan nh sau:
Tai ni set anh, song co dang nguy hiem nhat: au song vuong goc nhng
khi en tram o doc cua song a giam thap do tac dung cua vang quang xung
trong qua trnh truyen qua khoang cach c tang cng bao ve. Co ngha la
sau khi truyen qua khoang cach tren, thi gian au song tai tram bang (xem
muc 2.6)
s = BU o

x
c

(7.8)

199

va o doc au song: a =

Uo
c
=
s Bx

(7.9)

trong o: B - he so bien dang au song di tac dung cua vang quang

xung, tnh theo 1/kV (xem hnh 2.34)
U o - bien o cua song, bang U50% cua cach ien ng day

trong khoang cach c tang cng bao ve, tnh theo kV

x - khoang cach gia ni b set anh va tram, km
c = 0,3 km/s, toc o anh sang; a - o doc au song, kV/s.
7.4.2 Tnh ch tieu chong set cua tram do song truyen vao
Gia thiet vi mot tram phan phoi a cho, a xac nh c v tr at
chong set van, tc la a biet khoang cach l t chong set van en thiet b can
bao ve, bang tnh toan hay bang nghien cu tren mo hnh a xac nh c o
doc au song cho phep acp . Theo bieu thc (7.9) xac nh c chieu dai ti
han cua khoang cach ti tram phai c tang cng bao ve:
xth =

c
acp B

(7.10)

Neu set anh ngoai khoang cach ti han, th sau khi truyen qua khoang
cach xth vao tram, song a b vang quang xung lam giam o doc au song va
khong con nguy hiem cho cach ien cua thiet b trong tram na. Con moi
trng hp set anh lam xuat hien qua ien ap tren day dan trong khoang
cach ti han nay eu xem nh nguy hiem v no a vao tram song co o doc
vt tr so acp , tc la:
1- Neu ng day c bao ve bang day chong set tren toan tuyen hoac
chieu dai cua phan ng day c bao ve bang day chong set ln hn
xth ( x > xth ) , th qua ien ap nguy hiem cho tram ch xuat hien khi co set
anh vong qua day chong set vao day dan va khi co phong ien ngc t cot
ti day dan khi set anh vao cot hoac vao day chong set trong pham vi xth .
Kha nang xuat hien qua ien ap tren day dan trong nhng trng hp o c
ac trng bi so lan phong ien tren cach ien ng day trong oan xth
trong mot nam, tng t cach tnh toan so lan phong ien tren cach ien
ng day (chng 5) nh sau:

200

N p = 6hcs m n xth 103 { v + (1 v )[

4 hc
4h
vp2 + (1 c )( vp3 + vp4 )]}
lkV
lkV

(7.11)
vi hcs - o cao treo trung bnh cua day chong set, m
hc - o cao cua cot, m; lkV - chieu dai khoang vt, m

m - mat o set trung bnh khu vc at tram, 1/km2 .ngay set

n - so ngay set trong nam khu vc at tram
xth - o dai ti han cua khoang cach ti tram, km
v - xac suat set anh vong qua day chong set vao day dan
vp2 - xac suat phong ien tren chuoi s khi set anh vao nh cot
vp3 - xac suat phong ien tren khoang cach khong kh khi set anh

vao day chong set gia khoang vt

vp4 - xac suat phong ien tren chuoi s khi set anh anh vao

day chong set gia khoang vt.

2- Neu ng day ch c bao ve bang day chong set tren mot oan co
chieu dai x < xth trc khi en tram, th so lan set anh nguy hiem cho tram
ngoai so lan tnh theo cong thc (7.11) cho oan x, con phai ke en moi trng
hp set anh vao day dan trong oan xth x :
N p = 6hcs m n xth 103 { v + (1 v )[
+ 6hDD m n ( xth x ) 103

4 hc
4h
vp2 + (1 c )( vp3 + vp4 )]}
lkV
lkV

(7.12)

trong o hDD - o treo cao trung bnh cua day dan at cao nhat (khi day dan
khong cung trong mot mat phang ngang) trong phan ng day khong co day
chong set.
Ch tieu chu set theo kha nang qua ien ap do song truyen vao tram cua
tram au vi m ng day c xac nh theo:
M =

1
m

N pi
i=1

(7.13)

201

vi M la so nam bnh quan xay ra mot lan qua ien ap do song truyen vao
nguy hiem cho cach ien cua tram.

7.5 IEN AP TREN CACH IEN CUA TRAM

Cac s o bao ve cua tram thc te rat khac nhau va phc tap. Viec phan
tch cac s o o thng c thc hien tren mo hnh hoac bang may tnh.
ay ch gii thieu phng phap phan tch 2 s o c ban, n gian, t o rut ra
nhng quy luat chung nhat.
Trong cac tram phan phoi, do so lng chong set van at co han nen thc
te theo hng truyen song thng co mot phan cac thiet b c bao ve nam
trc chong set van (v du dao cach ly, may cat ng day) con mot phan nam
sau chong set van (v du MBA), tng ng vi cac s o hnh 7.5a,b, trong o
cac thiet b can bao ve c thay the bang ien dung au vao cua chung (v
ch khao sat s phan bo ien ap ban au cua qua trnh song la trng hp ien
ap tac dung len cach ien cua thiet b ln nhat).

Hnh 7.5 V tr tng oi gia CSV va thiet b can bao ve

Viec khao sat cac s o n gian nay se cho thay anh hng cua khoang
cach gia chong set van - thiet b c bao ve, va o doc cua song en ien
ap tac dung len cach ien cua thiet b c bao ve.
V ac tnh Volt-giay va Volt-Ampe cua chong set van la khong ng
thang nen e n gian se dung phng phap o th e khao sat cac s o.
7.5.1 Gii thieu phng phap o th
Trong cac s o noi tren, gia thiet ng day a song vao tram co tong
tr song Z1 . oan thanh gop gia ni at chong set van va thiet b co chieu dai l,

202

tong tr song Z2 . ac tnh Volt-giay U csv = f ( t ) va ac tnh Volt-Ampe

U CSV = f ( Icsv ) a biet, tng ng vi chong set van a chon. Song ti U t

trong trng hp tong quat co dang bat ky a cho. Khi chuoi khe h cua
chong set van phong ien, theo s o thay the (H.7.6b) viet c phng trnh
can bang ien ap:
2U t = U csv + (

U csv
+ Icsv ) Z1
Z2

hoac bien oi di dang:

2Z2
Z1 Z2
U t = U csv +
Icsv
Z1 + Z2
Z1 + Z2

(7.14)

va giai bang phng phap o th nh sau:

Hnh 7.6 a) S o truyen song vao tram; b) S o thay the

Chia mat phang thanh 4 phan bang he thong truc thang goc. goc th I
ve truc (U, t), goc th II ve truc (U, I) va goc IV ve truc (I, t) (H.7.7).

203

Hnh 7.7 Phng phap o th xac nh U csv = f ( t ) va Icsv = f ( t )

Trong goc th I ve ac tnh Volt-giay cua chong set van (U csv = f ( t ) ) va

ng cong

2Z2
U1 bieu dien ve trai cua (7.14).
Z1 + Z2

Trong goc th II ve ng thang

Z1 Z2
Icsv
Z1 + Z2

va ac tnh

Volt-Ampe cua chong set van (U CSV = f ( Icsv )) sau o cong tung o cua hai
ng cong nay vi nhau ta c ng cong
Z1 Z2
U ( I ) = U csv +
Icsv , ng cong nay bieu dien ve phai cua (7.14).
Z1 + Z2
Trc khi khe h cua chong set van phong ien, tc la trc khi ng
2Z2
cong
U t cat ac tnh Volt-giay cua chong set van, ng bieu dien
Z1 + Z2
2Z2
ien ap tai iem A trung vi ng cong
U t , tc la ien ap khuc xa
Z1 + Z2
2Z2
tai iem A vi he so khuc xa: 12 =
.
Z1 + Z2
Khi ng cong

2Z2
U t cat ac tnh Volt-giay, tc la khi khe h cua
Z1 + Z2

chong set van phong ien, ien ap tai iem A c xac nh theo phng trnh
(7.14). Cach xac nh nh sau:

204

- ng vi thi iem t1 , co iem a1 tren ng cong

2Z2
U t (phan
Z1 + Z2

ben tren ac tnh Volt-giay cua chong set van). T iem a1 ve ng ngang,
Z Z
no se cat ng cong U ( I ) = U csv + 1 2 Icsv tai iem b1 . T b1 ve
Z1 + Z2
ng thang ng no cat ac tnh Volt-Ampe cua chong set van tai iem c1 .
T c1 ve ng ngang, no cat ng thang ng qua iem a1 tai iem d1 .
iem d1 chnh la li giai cua phng trnh (7.14): tung o cua d1 cho gia tr
cua U csv tai thi iem t1 .
Trong goc IV ve ng ngang co tung o bang Icsv (hoanh o cua iem
C1 ) no cat ng thang ng qua a1 tai iem i1 , o chnh la dong ien qua

chong set van tai thi iem t1 .

C tiep tuc tng t nh vay cho nhieu thi iem khac nhau co the xay
dng toan bo ng cong ien ap tac dung len chong set van theo thi gian
U csv = f ( t ) va dong ien qua chong set van theo thi gian Icsv = f ( t ) .
Do ac tnh Volt-Ampe cua chong set van tng oi bang phang nen ien
ap d tren chong set van thc te khong oi trong mot pham v rong trong khi
tr so dong ien qua chong set van thay oi rat nhieu.
7.5.2 Trng hp chong se t van nam sau thie t b c bao ve (H.7.5a)
Trc tien gia thiet C = 0 va tong tr song cua oan thanh gop chieu dai
l gia thiet b va chong set van bang tong tr song ng day Z1 = Z2 = Z .
Song ti co dang xien goc U t = at vi s = U 0,5 / a va U 0,5 la ien ap
phong ien xung be nhat cua cach ien ng day co song truyen vao tram.

Hnh 7.7a S o thay the khi CSV lam viec

ien ap tai iem A - iem at thiet b, tai mot thi iem bat ky gom

205

thanh phan song ti va thanh phan song phan xa t B tr ve. Bang phng
phap o th nh tren co the xac nh mot cach de dang ien ap tai iem B tc
la U csv ( t ) . ien ap phan xa t B tr ve c xac nh theo: U p = U csv U t
(H.7.8a).

Hnh 7.8 Dang ien ap tren CSV (a) va tren cach ien (b) khi C = 0

Song phan xa nay ve en iem A sau mot thi gian 2 = 2al/v . Cong
tung o cac ng song ti tai iem A va song phan xa t B ve en A se c
dang ien ap tac dung len cach ien cua thiet b tai A (H.7.8b).
Neu 2 < s : ay la trng hp xay ra trong thc te, th ien ap cc

ai tren cach ien co tr so bang:

U c max = a( t p + 2 ) + at p = 2a tp + 2a = U p + 2a

(7.15)

tp - thi iem phong ien cua chong set van

vi:

U p = 2a tp - ien ap phong ien cua chong set van.

Nh vay, tr so ien ap cc ai tren cach ien cua thiet b vt qua tr so

ien ap phong ien cua chong set van mot lng la U = 2a = 2a l/v , tc la
t le vi khoang cach l va vi o doc au song a.
Neu 2 > s : th tr so cc ai cua ien ap tac dung len cach ien

bang:
U c max = a s + atp = U 0,5 +

Up
2

Trng hp nay khong the xay ra trong cac s o thc te v bien o cua
song ti U 0,5 (bang mc cach ien xung cua ng day) khong the nho hn
ien ap tac dung len cach ien cua tram.

206

Hnh 7.9 ien ap tren CSV (a) va tren cach ien (b)
khi ke en ien dung C

Neu ien dung C 0 th song i qua ien dung o doc se b keo dai, ien
ap cc ai giam t nhieu (H.7.9), tuy nhien van co the xac nh gan ung theo
bieu thc (7.15).
7.5.3 Trng hp chong se t van nam trc thiet b c bao ve (H.7.5b)
Phng phap giai o th ve nguyen tac cung tng t nh trng hp
tren. Song ay, khi chong set van lam viec co s phan xa nhieu lan tai cac
iem A va B nen cach tien hanh co phc tap hn.
Khi C = 0, song ap phan xa t B, dng toan phan (cung dau va bang
bien o song ti) va ve lai en iem A ni at chong set van sau mot khoang
thi gian 2 = 2l/v . Tai ien A khi chong set van lam viec song ap phan xa t
A ve pha B ngc dau (H.7.10). Tuy nhien, do ac tnh Volt-Ampe cua chong
set van bang phang nen ien ap tac dung len no hau nh khong thay oi bao
nhieu do anh hng cua s phan xa nhieu lan nay.
ien ap tren cach ien co dang dao ong xung quanh tr so ien ap d cua
chong set van vi chu ky T = 4 = 4 l/v . ien ap cc ai tren cach ien co tr so
bang:
U c max = U p + 2a

(7.16)

207

Hnh 7.10 ien ap tren CSV va tren cach ien

ien dung C cung co tac dung, tng t nh trng hp tren, lam giam
o doc cua song va mai nhan cac nh nhon cua chung.
Trong tnh toan ien ap tac dung len cach ien, e n gian co the thay
dang song tac dung len chong set van bang song xien goc co o doc au song
a va ien ap cc ai bang ien ap d tren chong set van khi dong ien xung
qua no bang tr so nh mc. Nh vay thi gian au song tnh toan bang:
s = U d /a . Thay the oan thanh gop chieu dai l bang s o thay the hnh
vi ien cam Ltg = Zl/v = Z va ien dung moi nhanh:
Ctg
2

l 1

=
Z v 2
2Z

Nhanh ien dung song song vi chong set van co the bo qua v khi chong
set van lam viec ien dung nay c noi tat bi ien tr lam viec rat be cua
chong set van. ien dung cua nhanh cuoi c xep chong len ien dung C
cua thiet b c bao ve (H.7.11).

208

Hnh 7.11 Thay the oan thanh gop bang s o hnh

Nh vay ta co mot mach dao ong L-C vi tan so dao ong rieng:
=

1
Ltg Ct

Ltg ( C +

Ctg
2

va chu ky dao ong:

T = 2 Ltg ( C +

Ctg
2

) = 2 Z ( C +

) = 2 ( Tc + )
2Z
2

(7.18)

vi Tc = ZC la hang so thi gian cua qua trnh tch ien cua ien dung C cua
thiet b.
Bai toan ve song xien goc tac dung len mach dao ong c giai theo
tch phan Duyhamen vi ket qua co dang:
Khi: t p ds U c

T
= 2U d [1 +
(1 e
ds

ds
T

t p < ds U cd = 2U d / ds [ t T(1 e

t
)e T ]

t
T

)]

thc te t xay ra

(7.19)
(7.20)

Tom lai t viec khao sat hai dang s o c ban vi v tr tng oi gia
chong set van va thiet b c bao ve khac nhau theo chieu truyen song co
the rut ra cac ket luan tong quat sau:
- Ve tr so: ien ap cc ai tren cach ien trong ca hai trng hp eu t le
vi o doc au song va khoang cach l gia chong set van va thiet b c bao ve.
- Ve dang song: khi chong set van nam sau thiet b, ien ap tac dung len
cach ien co dang mot xung ngan khoang 1-3s xep chong len ien ap d cua
chong set van. Con khi chong set van nam trc thiet b th ien ap tac dung
len cach ien cua thiet b co dang mot dao ong tat dan quanh ien ap d cua
chong set van.

209

- Tac dung cua ien dung C cua thiet b c bao ve lam giam oi chut
tr so cc ai cua ien ap trong trng hp chong set van nam sau thiet b,
ngc lai lam tang t nhieu tr so ien ap cc ai tren cach ien trong trng
hp chong set van nam trc thiet b, nhng khong vt qua hai lan ien ap d
cua chong set van.
- Neu tram au vi n ng day, trong o song truyen theo mot ng day
vao tram th tong tr song Z2 = Z /( n 1) song song vi chong set van, co tac
dung lam giam ien ap tac dung len cach ien cua thiet b cua tram trong ca hai
trng hp. o la mot nhan to thuan li trong viec han che qua ien ap cho tram.

210

Chng

BAO VE CHONG SET CHO MAY

IEN QUAY
8.1 BAO VE CACH IEN MAY IEN QUAY CHONG SONG
SET TRUYEN VAO THEO NG DAY TREN KHONG
Cung giong nh bao ve cach ien tram, bien phap chu yeu e bao ve cho
cach ien may ien quay la dung chong set van. Nhng v mc cach ien xung
cua may ien quay khong cao nh cach ien tram nen phai dung loai chong
set van ac biet co ac tnh bao ve tot hn. o la loai chong set van co khe
h cau tao hnh xuyen, dap ho quang theo kieu thoi t, tng nhom khe h
c noi song song vi nhng ien dung va ien tr e cai thien ieu kien
lam viec cua khe h, co ien tr khong ng thang bang vilit pham chat cao
(loai PBM) hoac bang tecvit co kha nang cho qua dong ien cao hn (loai
PBT). Bang 8.1 cho ta y niem so sanh ve mc cach ien xung cua cach ien
chu yeu cua may ien quay va cua may bien ap cung nh ien ap d cua cac
loai chong set van cung cap ien ap dung bao ve may ien.
Bang 8.1
AI LNG

THIET B

IEN AP NH MC, kV
3

11

o ben xung am bao cua cach

May bien ap

44

60

80

ien chu yeu, (kV)

May ien quay

7,6

15,2

25,2

ien ap d cua chong set van khi

dong ien xung bang 3 kA (kV)

Loai PBM

17

28

Loai PBT

14

23,5

Co the thay de dang la trong trng hp nay, ch co chong set van loai
PBT (vi dong ien phoi hp bang 3kA) mi co ien ap d thap hn mc cach
ien xung cua may ien quay, nhng cung vi o d tr rat thap, di 10%.

211

Do kho khan tren ve s phoi hp gia ac tnh bao ve cua chong set van
vi o ben xung cua cach ien may ien quay nen khong cho phep au trc
tiep may phat ien cong suat ln hn 15000 kVA va may bu ong bo cong suat
ln hn 20000 kVAr vao ng day tren khong.
Ngoai tac dung len cach ien chu yeu, qua ien ap kh quyen con tac
dung len cach ien doc (gia cac vong day) cua may ien va cach ien cua
trung tnh, do o e bao ve cach ien doc can co bien phap giam o doc song
ti khong qua tr so 56kV/s, va neu e bao ve ca cho cach ien cua trung
tnh cua may phat ien (trong trng hp iem trung tnh a ra ngoai may)
phai giam o doc song ti xuong di 2kV/s.
e giam o doc song ti can au gan may ien, song song vi chong set
van nhng tu ien co ien dung C t 0,250,5 F tren moi pha. Neu trung tnh
may ien a ra ngoai th viec bao ve cach ien cua no c thc hien bang
cach au vao o mot chong set van va song song vi chong set van mot ien
dung khoang 0,250,5 F e han che o doc cua song cat. Trong trng hp
nay e han che o doc song ti ch can tnh theo ieu kien bao ve cach ien
doc nen ch can at thanh gop (hoac cc) may ien tren moi pha mot ien
dung t 0,10,25 F.
Bao ve oan ng day tren khong trc khi ti may ien

Tren mot chieu dai khoang 500-600m, trc khi ti thanh gop may phat,
ng day tren khong phai c bao ve tuyet oi an toan chong set anh
thang vao day dan. Muc ch viec tang cng bao ve oan ng day ti may
ien la:
- Loai tr set anh trc tiep vao day dan gan may ien.
- Han che dong ien qua chong set van bao ve may phat ien di tr so
dong ien phoi hp 3 kA, tot nhat la di 1,5 kA, e am bao d tr an toan
gia ien ap d cua chong set van va ien ap tac dung cho phep tren cach
ien cua may ien quay.
S o nguyen ly bao ve may ien quay cho hnh 8.1.
Tren oan ng day nay, thng dung cot thu set at hai ben ng
day e chong set anh thang. Cung co the dung day chong set, nhng khong
c at day chong set trc tiep tren cot ien nham tranh hien tng phong
ien ngc trong oan nay.
Neu ng day i men theo cac cong trnh kien truc hoac ng day tai
ien khac cao hn, th co the khong can them bien phap nao khac e chong set

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anh thang, v xac suat set anh thang vao ng day trong trng hp nay rat
be.

Hnh 8.1 Cac s o bao ve cho cach ien cua may ien quay au
vao ng day tren khong

au oan ng day nay at mot bo chong set ong co ien tr noi at

cang nho cang tot (di 5) e han che dong ien qua chong set van khong
vt qua 3 kA. Neu khong thc hien c noi at nho nh vay th cot ke tiep
at them mot bo CSO2 na (H.8.1a).
Trong thc te, nhieu khi may ien c noi vao ng day tren khong
qua mot oan cap dai t 50 - 100 m. S co mat oan cap nay tao ieu kien
thuan li cho viec bao ve qua ien ap cho may ien (H.8.1b).
ni chuyen tiep t ng day tren khong sang oan cap at mot bo
chong set ong (CSO1). Vo cap noi lien vi noi at cua chong set ong va au
kia vao noi at cua chong set van va noi at cua nha may. Khi chong set ong
lam viec, loi cap va vo cap noi vi nhau nen chung co cung mot ien the oi
vi at. Do hieu ng be mat, dong ien set truyen i chu yeu ngoai vo cap.
Neu cap at trc tiep trong at th mot phan dong ien set se t vo cap tan
vao at tren ng truyen en may ien, phan con lai se c noi tat qua
mach vong noi at cua nha may ien. Ve pha may ien, ien ap gia loi cap
(noi vi cuon day may ien) va vo cap (noi vi vo may ien va mach vong
noi at cua nha may) se bang ien ap giang tren ien tr tac dung cua vo
cap, co tr so thap hn nhieu so vi mc cach ien xung cua may ien. S o

213

co oan cap co o an toan bao ve cao neu chong set ong (CSO1) lam viec tin
cay, am bao. Tuy nhien, ieu kien nay khong phai luon luon c thc hien
v he so khuc xa iem chuyen tiep gia ng day tren khong va oan cap
rat be, vao khoang 0,1 (tong tr song ng day khoang 400500, cua cap
t 540). V vay chong set ong (CSO1) ch co the lam viec am bao (phong
ien) khi set anh trc tiep vao ng day, hay khi song truyen t ng day
tren khong co bien o cao (400500kV). e am bao cho CSO1 phong ien
can di CSO1 ve pha trc hoac at them trc no, cach mot khoang vt,
mot bo CSO2. Dung hai bo chong set ong CSO1 va CSO2 nang cao o an toan
cua s o.
Neu trong s o dau day co at cuon cam e han che dong ien ngan
mach, th cuon cam cung co tac dung cai thien ieu kien bao ve cua s o
chong set cho may ien (H.8.1c).
Cuon cam lam giam o doc au song ve pha cuon day may ien va tang
cao ien ap ve pha ng day tao ieu kien de dang cho CSO2 hay CSV2
phong ien (dung CSV2 trong trng hp khi khong chon c CSO co kha
nang cat dong ien ngan mach ln thanh gop tram).
Khi ong thi dung ca oan cap va cuon cam th kha nang bao ve chong
set cua s o cao nhat.
Noi chung, do viec thc hien s o chong set vi o an toan cao gap
nhieu kho khan va ton kem, nen oi vi may phat ien co cong suat ln
khong cho phep noi trc tiep vao ng day tren khong. Trong trng hp
khong tranh khoi phai truyen tai cong suat cap ien ap may phat se dung
cap hoac may phat au vao ng day tren khong qua may bien ap chong set co
t so bien oi 1/1.

8.2 BAO VE CHONG SET CHO MAY IEN QUAY AU VAO

NG DAY TREN KHONG QUA MAY BIEN AP
May phat ien cong suat ln, ac biet trong cac s o bo, thng c
noi vao ng day tren khong qua may bien ap. Ve pha cao ap, may bien ap
c bao ve nh a trnh bay chng 7 nen song qua ien ap xuat hien
cuon cao ap khong vt qua mc cach ien xung cua no (trong tnh toan lay
bang Ud cua chong set van khi co dong xung bang dong phoi hp i qua).
Khi ben cuon cao ap co song tac dung th ben cuon ha ap cung se xuat
hien ien ap do gia hai cuon day co lien he ve ien (ien dung) va lien he
ve t (ien cam) vi nhau, o la s truyen song theo ien dung va theo ien
cam.

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8.2.1 S truyen song qua ien dung

Khi chu tac dung cua ien ap xung, s phan bo ien ap ban au doc theo
cuon day tng ng vi s o thay the bang ien dung cua cuon day. Phan bo
ien ap cho en khi song at tr so cc ai (sau vai ba s) van gan giong nh
ban au, do vay trong khoang thi gian au song, co the dung s o thay the
gom cac chuoi ien dung e khao sat s phan bo ien ap trong cac cuon day
cua may bien ap va may ien quay. S o thay the cua may bien ap hai day
quan trnh bay hnh 8.2.

Hnh 8.3 Phan bo ien ap doc cac

cuon day MBA

Hnh 8.2

Trong o K1' , K 2' la ien dung doc (gia cac phan t cua cung mot cuon
day) cua cuon cao ap 1 va cuon ha ap 2; C1' va C2' la ien dung oi vi at
' la ien dung gia hai cuon day (cac tham so nay cho theo
cua cuon 1 va 2; C12

n v chieu dai cua cuon day).

Neu bo qua ien dung doc K 2' cua cuon ha ap th khi cuon ha ap h
mach, ien ap tai mot iem bat ky cua no co the xac nh theo quan he sau:
U2(x) = U1(x).

'
C12
'
C2' + C12

= U1( x ) .

' l
C12
' l
C2' l + C12

(8.1)

Thc te ien dung doc K 2' van ton tai nen phan bo ien ap doc theo
cuon ha ap 2 co khac chut t so vi phan bo trong cuon cao ap, nen bieu thc
tren cho mot phan bo gan ung.
Khi cuon ha ap 2 noi lien vi cuon day cua may phat ien, tc la song
song vi C2 co ien dung C cua cuon day may phat va cua thanh gop (hoac
cua ng cap) noi lien vi may bien ap th trong trng hp nay ien ap
au vao cua may phat bang:

215

U2 = U1.

' l
C12
' l + C2' l + C
C12

e t / T

(8.2)

trong o U1 lay bang ien ap d cua chong set van bao ve cuon day ien ap
cao cua may bien ap, bo qua dao ong cao tan xep chong len ien ap d v
chu ky dao ong be hn nhieu so vi hang so thi gian T cua s o, noi mot
cach khac, dao ong cao tan nay khong truyen qua cuon day may bien ap:
' .l + C2' .l + C)Z
T = ( C12

vi Z la tong tr song cua cuon day may phat.

U2 tnh theo cong thc nay cho ket qua ln hn trong thc te, do phan bo
ien ap ban au (theo ien dung) rat khong ong nhat, ien ap giam rat nhanh khi
cang xa au vao cua cuon day (nen co the coi nh ch co mot phan nho cua ien
' va C2' tham gia vao viec truyen song). Hnh 8.3 cho thay ien ap ch
dung C12

co gia tr ang ke tren khoang 1/5 cuon day tnh t au vao, co ngha la thc te
' + C2' tham gia vao qua trnh truyen song. Do o
ch khoang 1/5 tr so cua C12

anh hng cua ien dung C en viec giam tr so U2 ln hn theo cong thc tren.
V du: neu C = C12 + C2 th U2 khong phai ch giam i hai lan theo nh
cong thc tren ma thc te giam i gan 5-6 lan. Do o trong loai s o nay ch
can noi vao cc may phat mot oan cap ngan khoang vai ba chuc met th U2
a co the giam ti tr so tuyet oi an toan cho cach ien cua may phat ien.
Trong trng hp may phat au vao may bien ap qua mot oan ng
day tren khong a c bao ve an toan chong set anh thang, th van con ton
tai kha nang nguy hiem cho cach ien may phat do qua ien ap cam ng. e
giam qua ien ap cam ng trong trng hp nay, ngi ta au song song vi
may phat ien mot tu ien vi ien dung t 0,1-0,5F, ien dung nay co tac
dung giam ien ap truyen theo ng ien dung.
8.2.2 S truyen song qua cuon ha ap theo ng ien t
S truyen song theo ng ien dung quyet nh s phan bo ien ap doc
theo cuon day luc ban au. Sau khoang vai ba micro giay th xuat hien qua
trnh dao ong rieng trong cuon day ien ap cao va tng ng ben cuon day
ien ap thap se xuat hien ien ap do hien tng ho cam gia cac cuon day,
trong o song ieu hoa bac mot ong vai tro chu yeu.

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Hnh 8.4 S o thay the e phan tch qua trnh truyen thong song
theo ng ien t qua cac cuon day MBA

Nh vay, trong s o thay the, ien cam cac cuon day la cac thong so
chu yeu. Trong o,
L1 va L2 la ien cam tan cua cac cuon ap cao va ap thap.
L - ien cam t hoa (L ? L1 + L2)
K1 - he so bien oi cua cac cuon day cua may bien ap
C - ien dung tong pha ap thap gom ca ien dung C2 cua cuon ap
thap va cua mach ngoai.
Z - tong tr song cua cuon day may phat ien va cua oan day noi
gia may phat ien va may bien ap.
r - ien tr tac dung, e tnh en cac ton hao trong s o.
Neu ien dung C = 0 th khi pha s cap co song vuong goc bien o U1
tac dung th tren cuon th cap xuat hien ien ap:
vi:

U2 = K1.U1 (1 et/T)
L + L2
T = 1
Z

U1 - cung c lay bang ien ap d cua chong set van, ly do nh a trnh

bay phan tren.
ien cam tan cua may bien ap tnh oi ve pha ha ap theo:
L1 + L 2 =

eK % U dm
Idm .31, 4

vi: eK% - ien ap ngan mach %; Um - ien ap nh mc, kV

Pm - cong suat nh mc, kVA.
V du: may bien ap: 121/11kV; Pm=31500kVA, co L1 + L2 =10-3H. Tong tr
song cua may phat ien cung cong suat Z40, do o tnh c T=25s. ien

217

ap au vao cuon ap cao cua may bien ap lay bang Ud cua chong set van
bao ve tram.
Thc te, C 0 nen se co dao ong rieng vi tan so =

1
( L1 + L2 )C

xep

chong len thanh phan K1U1. ien ap ln nhat theo ly thuyet co the at ti
2K1U1. Tuy nhien trong thc te dao ong rieng nay tat rat nhanh va neu Z <
1 L1 + L2
th dao ong rieng se b triet tieu hoan toan. Trong v du tren
2
C
ieu kien nay c thc hien khi:
C<

L1 + L2

103

= 0,15 F
4Z2
4 16 102
Trong thc te, phan ln cac trng hp, ieu kien nay c thoa man de
dang, ch khi ien dung thanh gop ien ap may phat qua ln th dao ong
mi phat trien va ien ap tren cc may phat ien co tr so cao. Nh vay
thng ien ap truyen theo ng ien t xuat hien tren cc may phat t khi
vt qua K1U1 .
=

Neu dao ong rieng trong cuon ha ap b triet tieu hoan toan th ch can
bao ve pha cao ap cua may bien ap bang chong set van thch hp, con pha
may phat khong can bat ky loai bao ve nao. V du may bien ap 121/11 kV co
K1 = 1/11 neu pha cao ap c bao ve bang chong set van t co Ud = 265 kV
th ien ap cc ai xuat hien cuon day may phat U2max = K1Ud = 265/11 = 24
kV. ien ap nay khong gay nguy hiem cho cach ien may phat ien.
Tom lai, khi may phat ien lien he vi ng day tren khong qua may
bien ap, th co the khong can mot bien phap bao ve chong qua ien ap kh
quyen rieng cho may phat ien, tr trng hp may phat ien co cong suat be
(Z ln) va ien dung thanh gop ien ap may phat ln mi can bao ve bang
chong set van thch hp.

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Chng

QUA IEN AP NOI BO NHNG TNH CHAT CHUNG CUA

QUA IEN AP NOI BO TRONG HE
THONG IEN
9.1 PHAN LOAI QUA IEN AP NOI BO
Qua ien ap noi bo xay ra khi co s thay oi che o lam viec trong he
thong ien. S chuyen t mot che o lam viec nay sang mot che o lam viec
khac gan lien vi s phan bo lai nang lng ien trng va t trng tch luy
trong cac ien dung va ien cam cua mach, kem theo qua trnh dao ong qua
o va gay nen qua ien ap.
Nguyen nhan trc tiep lam phat sinh qua ien ap noi bo co the la nhng
thao tac ong cat cac phan t cua he thong trong che o lam viec bnh thng
(nh ong cat mot ng day khong tai, cat mot may bien ap khong tai),
nhng cung co the la do ban than cua nhng tnh trang s co khac nhau trong
he thong ien nh cham at, ngan mach, t day...
Theo ieu kien lam viec cua cach ien, thng co the chia qua ien ap
noi bo thanh hai nhom chnh.
Nhom I: Qua ien ap thao tac

Xay ra khi ong cat cac phan t cua he thong trong che o lam viec bnh
thng va sau s co cung nh khi xay ra cham at bang ho quang. Noi chung,
loai qua ien ap nay eu co kem theo s xuat hien ho quang. Thuoc nhom I
co:
1- Qua ien ap khi cat phu tai ien dung nh cat ng day dai
khong tai, cat bo tu ien bu.

219

2- Qua ien ap khi ong ng day dai, ac biet cac may cat
co bo phan t ong ong lai .
3- Qua ien ap khi cat nhng dong ien ien cam be, ac biet
khi cat may bien ap khong tai, ong c khong ong bo va
may bu.
4- Qua ien ap khi cham at bang ho quang khong on nh
trong li co trung tnh cach ien va trung tnh noi at cong
hng.
Nhom II: Qua ien ap cong hng

Gay nen bi nhng dao ong cong hng trong he thong. Thuoc nhom II co:
1- Qua ien ap cong hng tan so lam viec (cong hng ieu hoa)
2- Qua ien ap cong hng tan so cao
3- Qua ien ap cong hng tan so thap hn tan so nguon
4- Qua ien ap cong hng tham so xay ra do s thay oi chu ky tham so
cua mach.
Qua ien ap noi bo c ac trng bi cac tham so sau:

- Tr so cc ai, c ac trng bi boi so cua bien o ien ap pha nh

mc
- Thi gian duy tr cua qua ien ap (thay oi trong mot pham vi rong t
mot vai tram micro giay (qua ien ap thao tac) en hang giay, tham ch hang
phut (qua ien ap cong hng).
- Tnh lap lai va mc o lan truyen: cuc bo trong phan t s co hay lan
truyen toan he thong.
Noi chung, qua ien ap noi bo co the duy tr tng oi lau nen oi vi
cach ien cua cac trang thiet b ien no cung khong kem nguy hiem so vi cac
xung qua ien ap kh quyen trong thi gian rat ngan, ac biet la oi vi cach ien
cua cac he thong sieu cao ap (330750 kV) ma o mc cach ien ch vao
khoang (2,52)Up
- Qua ien ap noi bo la nhng s kien ma s xuat hien va dien bien cua
no chu s chi phoi cua nhieu yeu to ngau nhien, nen cac thong so cua no
mang tnh chat thong ke.
Phng thc lam viec cua iem trung tnh cua he thong anh hng en tr
so cua qua ien ap noi bo.
Trong li co trung tnh cach ien, cham at mot pha trong phan ln cac

220

trng hp khong pha hoai s lam viec cua he thong, nhng ien ap cua hai
pha khong cham at tang len ien ap day. Qua ien ap noi bo, do o, co he
so boi cao hn so vi trng hp li co trung tnh trc tiep noi at.
Qua ien ap noi bo co y ngha quan trong trong viec la chon mc cach
ien cua ng day, cua cac thiet b trong tram phan phoi va trong s phoi
hp cach ien vi cac ac tnh cua chong set van bao ve.

9.2 VAN E NOI AT IEM TRUNG TNH CUA HE THONG

IEN
He thong ien co the lam viec vi cac iem trung tnh cua may bien ap,
may phat ien c cach ien vi at hoac c noi at qua mot cuon ien
cam ln (noi at cong hng) hoac c noi at trc tiep.
Viec la chon phng thc noi at iem trung tnh phu thuoc chu yeu vao
tnh trang cua he thong khi co cham at mot pha - la loai s co thng xay ra
nhat.
1- Trong he thong co iem trung tnh noi at trc tiep, cham at mot pha
la ngan mach mot pha (H.9.1) vi dong ien ngan mach ln, bo phan rle bao
ve tac ong m may cat ien, cach ly phan t b s co ra khoi he thong. V b
cat nhanh nen ay ngan mach mot pha cham at khong chuyen thanh ngan
mach hai hoac ba pha, tac hai co tnh chat cuc bo, khong lan rong trong he
thong. Va trong phan ln cac trng hp, phan t b s co co the c ong
lai e lam viec nh thiet b t ong ong lai.

Hnh 9.1 Cham at mot pha trong li co trung tnh noi at trc tiep
Khi cham at mot pha, trong li co iem trung tnh trc tiep noi at,
ien ap tren cac pha khong s co khong vt qua 0,8Udm, trong khi li co
iem trung tnh cach ien, tr so o co the len en 1,15Udm.

Nh vay trong li co iem trung tnh trc tiep noi at, chong set van co

221

the chon theo ien ap lam viec ln nhat bang 0,8Udm, con li co trung tnh
cach ien phai xuat phat t ien ap lam viec ln nhat bang 1,15Um. Nh a
biet, tr so ien ap lam viec ln nhat co anh hng trc tiep en tr so ien ap
d tren chong set van, tc la en mc cach ien cua trang thiet b ien.
T ieu kien dap tat ho quang cua dong ien kem theo tan so cong
nghiep trong chong set van co the viet:
1
Ucp = C Ikt

trong o Ucp - ien ap lam viec ln nhat cho phep

Ikt - dong ien kem theo tan so cong nghiep qua ien tr
khong ng thang cua CSV
1 - he so khong ng thang cua ien tr lam viec cua CSV

trong pham vi dong ien be, tan so cong nghiep.

T o

C=

U cp

Ikt1

ien ap d tren CSV bang U d = CI x2 = U cp

I X2

Ikt1

vi 2 la he so khong ng thang cua ien tr lam viec cua CSV trong

pham vi dong ien xung tr so ln.
Co ngha la vi ien ap lam viec ln nhat cho phep thap th ien ap d
cua CSV (Ud) be, do o giam nhe c mc cach ien cua trang b ien.
Nhc iem cua li co iem trung tnh trc tiep noi at la trong bo phan
co ngan mach mot pha, do dong ngan mach ln, ieu kien lam viec cua may
cat nang ne hn va lc ien ong trong cuon day may bien ap ln co the lam
h hong cuon day may bien ap, ngoai ra dong cham at ln con gay nhieu
manh oi vi ng day thong tin gan.
2- oi vi li co iem trung tnh cach ien th cham at mot pha cha
phai la ngan mach va trong nhieu trng hp khong yeu cau phai cat ngay bo
phan co s co. Dong ien ien dung chay qua cho cham at (H.9.2) co tr so
c xac nh bi ien ap lam viec pha cua li va ien dung oi vi at cua cac
pha khong s co: I = 3Cup.

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Hnh 9.2 Cham at mot pha trong he thong co trung tnh cach ien

Khi dong ien dung khong ln (tc li co cong suat be) th ho quang tai
cho cham at t dap tat de dang va nhanh chong khi dong ien cham at qua tr
so khong au tien. Nh vay trong li cong suat nho co trung tnh cach ien, khi
cham at mot pha, che o lam viec bnh thng khong b pha hoai. Trong li
cong suat ln th dong ien ien dung ln (hang chuc, tham ch hang tram
ampe), ho quang cham at co the chay lap i lap lai gay nen qua ien ap ang
ke (xem muc 10.2, chng 10) va co the lam h hong cach ien.
Ngoai ra, ho quang cham at keo dai cac ng day tai ien tren
khong co the lan sang pha khac, dan en ngan mach hai hoac ba pha, bat buoc
he thong rle bao ve phai cat ng day. cac ng day cap, ho quang gia
loi va vo keo dai dan en h hong cach ien va gay ngan mach gia cac pha.
Co the loai tr nguyen nhan gay ho quang cham at keo dai bang cach
noi at trung tnh cua may bien ap qua mot cuon ien cam ln (noi at cong
hng) e kh dong ien ien dung. Nh vay noi at cong hng bao am s
lam viec an toan cho li co cong suat tng oi ln vi dong ien ien dung
hang chuc en hang tram ampe. Tuy nhien trong nhng li cong suat ln, s
kh hoan toan dong ien cham at va dap tat ho quang tr nen kho khan, hn
na viec cat chon loc phan t s co cung rat kho.
Noi chung, li 110kV tr len thng c bao ve chong set tot, phong
ien tren cach ien ng day dan en cham at mot pha cung khong thng
xuyen xay ra, nen iem trung tnh c noi at trc tiep. ay tan dung c
cac u iem cua noi at trc tiep iem trung tnh la, giam nhe c mc cach
ien, nhanh chong co lap phan t b s co, giam c so lan ngan mach hai va

223

ba pha.
Cac li 35kV tr xuong lam viec vi iem trung tnh cach ien hoac noi
at cong hng. ay viec kh dong ien ien dung cua cham at mot pha
tng oi n gian, do o khi cham at mot pha, li van lam viec bnh
thng. Viec nang cao mc cach ien cac cap ien ap nay khong gay ra ton
kem nhieu nh cac li cap ien ap cao hn.
Cac li 35kV tr xuong co dong cham at mot pha be, ho quang cham
at co the t dap tat nen khong can phai at cuon dap ho quang. Kinh nghiem
van hanh cho thay, khi dong ien cham at thoa yeu cau sau ay th iem
trung tnh cua he thong co the at cach ien vi at.
ien ap, kV

610

2035

3560

Dong cham at, A

< 30

< 10

< 510

ac biet vi li ien ap may phat, khi dong ien cham at tren 5A cung
phai at cuon cam tai iem trung tnh cua may ien v dong ien qua ln se
ot chay loi thep may ien.

224

Chng

10

QUA IEN AP KHI CHAM AT

MOT PHA BANG HO QUANG
TRONG LI CO TRUNG TNH
CACH IEN
10.1 CHAM AT MOT PHA ON NH
Loai s co thng xay ra nhat tren ng day la cham at mot pha. Xet
mot he thong gom mot MBA co iem trung tnh cach ien va mot ng day
(H.10.1).

Hnh 10.1 Cham at mot pha trong li co trung tnh cach ien (a) va o th vec t
(b)

e n gian cho tnh toan, gia thiet la he thong oi xng nen ien dung
cua cac pha oi vi at bang nhau CA = CB = CC = C va ien dung gia cac
pha cung bang nhau CAB = CBC = CCA.

225

Trong che o lam viec bnh thng, ien the cua cac day dan oi vi at
bang ien ap pha. Khi mot pha cham at th s oi xng cua ien ap khong
con na. o th vect ien ap va dong ien (H.10.1b) cho thay ien the cua
pha cham at (pha A theo hnh ve) tnh trang xac lap cua s co tr nen bang
khong con ien the cua cac pha khong s co tang len bang ien ap day. Dong
ien chay qua cho cham at bang tong hnh hoc cua dong ien ien dung cua
cac pha khong s co (tc la cac dong ien qua ien dung CB va CC):

(10.1)

I = I B + IC

Tr so tuyet oi cua cac dong ien ien dung o bang:

IB = IC =

(10.2)

3 U p C

trong o Up la ien ap pha.

Nh vay tr so tuyet oi cua dong ien cham at bang:
I = 2 IB cos30o = 2 3 U p C

3
2

I = 3Up C

(10.3)

Do trong he thong co ien dung va ien cam, nen qua trnh chuyen t
trang thai ban dau (che o lam viec bnh thng) sang trang thai xac lap cua
s co la mot qua trnh dao ong qua o, trong o ien the cac pha khong
cham at vt qua tr so luc xac lap ( 3 U p ) . Trong he thong ba pha, qua
ien ap do cham at mot pha bang ho quang on nh co dang nhng xung cao
tan (chu ky ngan), vi bien o vao khoang (2,12,2)Up.
Qua trnh se tr nen phc tap neu cham at bang ho quang khong on
nh, co ngha la ho quang chay tat chap chn. Khi o qua trnh dao ong qua
o se keo dai va tr so qua ien ap phu thuoc vao tng quan gia toc o
phuc hoi ien ap pha s co va toc o phuc hoi kha nang cach ien cua khe
phong ien, khi dong ien cham at qua tr so khong (khi ho quang tat).
Sau ay se nghien cu dien bien cua cac qua trnh nay.

226

10.2 DIEN BIEN CUA QUA TRNH CHAM AT MOT PHA

10.2.1 Ho quang chay lan th nhat
e co trng hp xau nhat, tc qua ien ap co tr so ln nhat, gia thiet
ho quang cham at pha A xay ra vao luc ien ap pha co tr so cc ai, ay
lay tr so am UA = Up
Tai thi iem o, tr so tc thi cua ien ap pha B va pha C bang nhau
va bang 0,5Up (H.10.2a) con ien ap gia cac pha co tr so tc thi bang:
UAB = UAC = 1,5Up

Hnh 10.2 o th vect ien ap (a) va s o thay the (b)

vao thi iem cham at pha A

V pha B va pha C luc o ieu kien hoan toan giong nhau nen trong s
o thay the (H.10.2b) chung c ghep song song nhau. Nh vay, luc xay ra
cham at, ien dung 2C chu mot ien ap bang 0,5Up, con ien dung 2CAB chu
ien ap bang 1,5Up. Nh a noi tren, trang thai xac lap cua s co, ien ap
tren pha B va pha C tc ien ap tren ien dung 2C se tang len bang ien ap
day, tc bang 1,5Up.
Nhng e tien ti trang thai on nh o phai kinh qua mot qua trnh qua
o, qua trnh nay gom hai giai oan:
Giai oan th nhat (t1) tc thi khi xuat hien ho quang cham at, xay ra
s phan bo lai ien tch gia cac ien dung 2C va 2CAB, luc nay a song song
vi nhau (H.10.2b). Do o ien ap tren cac ien dung nay c can bang ngay
tc khac va at tr so:

227

U o(1) = 0, 5 U p .2C + 1, 5U p .2C AB

2( C + C AB )

(10.4)

U o(1) = 0,5Up + kUp

k =

vi

C AB
C + CAB

U o(1) - ien ap ban au (o) tren cac pha khong s co luc ho quang chay

lan th nhat (1)

Nh vay tc thi luc xay ra cham at pha A, ien ap tren cac pha
khong s co (B va C) nhay vot t tr so 0,5Up len:
U o(1) = 0,5Up + k.Up

oi vi li 110 kV tr len, thng C 4CAB k = 0,2 nen ien ap tren

pha khong s co tc thi c nang len en tr so U o(1) = 0,7Up, con trong li
35kV thng C 3 CAB k = 0,25, nen tren cac pha khong s co co the at
en tr so U o(1) = 0,75Up.
Giai oan th hai la qua trnh dao ong qua o cua ien ap tren cac pha

khong s co (B,C) t tr so ban au U o(1) en tr so xac lap cua s co la tr so

ien ap day (trong trng hp nay la 1,5Up).
Bien o cua dao ong c xac nh bang hieu so cua tr so ien ap luc
on nh va luc ban au:
1)
U (g
= Uo. Ub = 1,5Up U o(1)
1)
U (g
= 1,5Up (0,5Up + kUp) = (1 k)Up (10.5)

Tan so dao ong c xac nh theo cac thong so cua mach dao ong (s
o thay the hnh 10.2b):
1 =

1
LoCo

vi: Lo = 1,5L , Co = 2 (C + CAB)

L - ien cam tan cua cuon day MBA

1 =

1
3 L ( C + CAB )

(10.6)

228

(Tan so cua dao ong t do nay ln hn tan so cong nghiep hang chuc
lan)
S bien thien theo thi gian cua ien ap tren cac pha khong s co (B,C)
c bieu th bi phng trnh (H.10.3a):
(1 )
UB
,c ( t ) = 1,5Up (1 k)Upcos1t.e-t

(10.7)

trong o la he so tat dan, do co ton hao tren day dan va trong MBA.
= 1 v trong thiet ke he thong phai chu y sao cho ton hao be nhat co
the.

Hnh 10.3 Bien thien cua ien ap tren pha cham at (a), tren pha khong cham at

229

(b) va dong ien trong pha cham at (c)

ien ap nay at tr so cc ai vao gia chu ky cua dao ong t do, tc la

luc: (1t = )
t = t2 =

T1

=
2
1

V 1 ? nen ien ap UAB va UBC tai thi iem nay (t2) thc te khong
thay oi ang ke, coi nh bang gia tr luc xay ra cham at, tc bang 1,5Up va
neu thay t = /1 = d vi chu y = 1 tc /1 = d = 1 th trong tnh
toan gan ung co the thay e-d = 1 d
Do o

(1 )
UB
,c max = 1,5Up + (1 k) (1 d)Up (10.8)

Tr so ien ap ln nhat tren cac pha khong s co B,C co the at en

2,22Up (ng vi k = 0,2; d = 0,1) lan chay au tien cua ho quang.
Dong ien chay qua cho cham at gom hai thanh phan xep chong len
nhau (H.10.3c).
- Thanh phan xac lap (cng bc)
- Thanh phan dao ong t do

Ic = 3CUp sint
Ig = 21(C + CAB)Upsin1t

V 1 ? nen bien o Igd ? Ic , thanh phan dao ong t do cua dong ien
cham at qua tr so khong gan vao luc ien ap tren pha khong s co at tr so
(1 )
cc ai Umax
(luc t = t2 tren hnh 10.3, v la dong ien ien dung nen no vt

trc ien ap 90o). Khi dong ien cham at qua tr so 0 th ho quang co kha
nang b dap tat neu toc o phuc hoi cach ien cua khe ho quang (tc qua trnh
kh ion trong khe ho quang u manh) nhanh hn toc o phuc hoi ien ap tren
pha s co (pha A).
Trng hp ho quang b dap tat

Neu ho quang tat khi dong ien dao ong t do qua tr so khong lan th
nhat, th luc o tren cac ien dung 2C cua cac pha khong s co ton tai mot
(1 )
Trong khi tren ien dung C cua pha s co ien tch
ien tch bang 2C Umax
bang khong, nh vay lap tc co s phan bo lai ien tch gia chung lam cho
tren ien dung cua ca ba pha xuat hien mot lng gia tang ien ap U(1), xep
chong len ien ap nguon:

230

2C
2 (1 )
(1 )
U(1) = Umax 2C + C = 3 Umax

(10.9)

Hnh 10.4 S o thay the khi ho quang tat (khoa K m)

ieu nay tng ng vi s xe dch ien the cua iem trung tnh cua he
thong mot lng U(1)
S chuyen dch ien tch t ien dung cua cac pha khong s co sang ien
dung pha s co i qua ien cam cua cac cuon day cua MBA, gay ra dao ong
vi tan so.
2 =

1
L ( C + 3CAB )

(10.10)

2 c xac nh bi thong so cua s o th t thuan, do khi ho quang tat s

o tr lai oi xng, 2 ln gan gap oi so vi 1

Khi ho quang chay, ien ap tren pha cham at (A) bang khong, khi ho
quang tat va at tnh trang xac lap th:
UA = Up + U (1) = Up +

2 (1 )
Umax
3

(10.11)

Nh vay bien o cua dao ong ien ap tren pha A se bang:

' = Up +
U g

2 (1 )
Umax O
3

(10.12)

Hnh 10.3a trnh bay s bien thien cua ien ap tren pha cham at (A) sau
khi ho quang tat. nh au tien co tr so bang:

231

2U 'g = 2(Up +

2 (1 )
Umax )
3

(10.13)

thng c goi la nh tat.

Tom lai, gia s ho quang tat luc dong ien dao ong t do qua tr so
khong au tien th ien ap tren pha s co (A) phuc hoi en tr so 2U 'g vi o
doc kha ln (do 2 ln) tc la vi toc o rat nhanh, ieu o noi len la ho
quang kho co the b dap tat thi iem nay.
ien ap tren cac pha khong s co (B,C) khi ho quang tat se co tr so xac
lap bang:
UB,C = 0,5Up +

2 (1 )
Umax
3

(10.14)

Nh vay, tnh trang xac lap sau khi ho quang tat, ien ap tren cac pha
gom hai thanh phan:
- Thanh phan ien ap cung cap bi sc ien ong cua nguon (thay oi
theo tan so nguon)
- Thanh phan ien ap gia tang U(1) do s phan bo lai ien tch gia ien
dung cac pha khong s co (2C) va ien dung pha s co (C). Thanh phan
nay khong thay oi cho en khi ho quang chay lai.
10.2.2 Ho quang chay lan th hai

Hnh 10.5 o th vect cua thanh phan ien ap nguon

sau na chu ky tan so nguon (tai thi iem t4)

Sau mot na chu ky tan so cong nghiep, ien ap tren cac pha co cac tr
so tc thi nh sau:

232

UA = UP +

2 (1 )
Umax
3

(10.15)

2 (1 )
Umax
(10.16)
3
ien ap tren pha A kha ln, do o ho quang co kha nang chay lai. Khi ho
quang chay lai, s o thay the tng t nh hnh 10.2, tc khac co s phan bo
lai ien tch tren ien dung cac pha khong s co vi ien tch tren ien dung
gia cac pha. ien ap tren cac ien dung nay (2C va 2CAB) can bang ngay tc
khac va at tr so:

UB,C = 0,5UP +

2 (1)
2C ( 0, 5Up + Umax
) + 2CAB ( 1, 5U P )
3
U o( 2 ) =
2 ( C + CAB )
2
(1 )
= 0,5UP kUP +
(1 k) Umax
< U o(1)
3
= (0,5+ k)UP + 1,17UP 0, 47U p < 0, 75U p

(10.17)

vi k = 0,2
ien ap tren cac pha khong cham at se xuat phat t tr so ban au U o( 2 )
e en tr so xac lap 1,5Up sau mot qua trnh dao ong vi bien o:
2)
(1 )
1)
U (g
= 1,5Up U o( 2 ) = (Up + 2/3 Umax
).(1 k) > U (g

(10.18)

va tan so dao ong 1.

Tr so cc ai cua ien ap tren cac pha khong cham at (B,C) se bang:
( 2)
2)
Umax
= 1,5Up + U (g
(1 d)
(1 )
= 1,5Up (1,5Up + U o( 2 ) )(1 d) > Umax

(10.19)

2)
1)
( 2)
(1 )
Do U o( 2 ) < U o(1) U (g
> U (g
nen Umax
> Umax

tc la khi ho quang chay lan th hai, ien ap tren cac pha khong s co ln hn
khi ho quang chay lan th nhat.
Nh vay co the khai quat hoa la, qua ien ap khi ho quang chay lan sau
ln hn khi chay lan trc.
Tuy nhien s gia tang nay co tnh chat hoi tu, ngha la cuoi cung ien
ap cc ai tren cac pha khong s co se tien en mot gii han nhat nh. Ve
mat ban chat vat ly, ieu nay co the giai thch nh sau: S d ien ap tren
cac pha khong s co tang cao la do ien dung 2C cua no c nap them
ien tch moi khi ho quang chay lai, nhng khi ho quang tat th ien tch nay

233

phai san se cho ien dung C cua pha s co, e roi khi ho quang chay lai, do
ien dung C cua pha s co b noi tat, ien tch cua no theo khe ho quang va
mat i trong at. Khi hai lng ien tch gia tang va mat i can bang nhau
th qua ien ap at tr so gii han.
10.2.3 Gii han cua qua ien ap
Gia thiet khi ho quang lan th (n1) va tat, ien ap tren cac pha co gia
tr:
UA = Up + U(n1)
UB = + 0,5Up + U(n1)
vi U

(n-1)

la lng ien ap gia tang do s phan bo lai ien tch gia ien dung C

cua cac pha khi ho quang lan th (n1) va tat

( n1 ) )
U(n1) = 2/3 Umax

Nh vay, sau na chu ky cua nguon, ien ap tren cac pha se la:
UA = Up +

2 ( n1)
Umax
3

2 ( n1)
U B,C = 0, 5U p + Umax
3
Khi ho quang chay lai (lan th n) se co s phan phoi lai ien tch gia
cac ien dung 2C va 2CAB , lam cho ien ap tren chung can bang ngay tc
khac va at tr so:
U o( n )

( n1)
( 0, 5 U p + 2/ 3Umax
)2C 1, 5U p .2C AB

2 ( C + C AB )

Xuat phat t tr so ban au nay, ien ap tren cac pha khong s co se dao
ong vi tan so 1 va bien o:
n)
U (g
= 1,5Up U o( n ) = (Up +

2 ( n1)
Umax )(1 k)
3

va tr so cc ai cua ien ap tren cac pha khong s co bang:

( n)
n)
Umax
= 1,5Up + U (g
(1 d)

= 1,5Up (1 k).(1 d) (Up +

2 ( n1)
Umax )
3

Khi qua ien ap at en tr so gii han, co ngha la:

234
( n)
( n1 )
Umax
= Umax

1, 5 + (1 k)(1 d )
(10.20)
2
1 (1 k) (1 d )
3
vi k = 0,20,25, d = 0,10,3 th tr so ln nhat cua ien ap tren cac pha khong
s co se nam trong pham vi: Umax = (3,54,3)Up.

T o suy ra:

( n)
Umax
= Up

Tr so o c trong thc te be hn so vi ket qua tnh toan va vao

khoang t (33,5)Up v trong tnh toan a chon cac gia thiet theo cac ieu
kien nang ne nhat
Tom lai, qua ien ap do cham at mot pha bang ho quang khong on nh
trong li co trung tnh cach ien co cac ac iem sau:
- Ve bien o, tr so o c thong thng vao khoang 3Up, thnh thoang
bang 3,5Up.
- Ve dang song la dang dao ong cao tan xep chong len ien ap nguon
tan so cong nghiep (50Hz)
Thi gian duy tr cua qua ien ap bang thi gian ton tai cua ho quang
khong on nh.
Trong li co iem trung tnh cach ien, do bao ve rle khong cat cham
at mot pha nen thi gian duy tr cua qua ien ap co the keo dai hang chuc
giay en hang phut. Do o, qua ien ap se lan truyen rong trong li co lien
quan ve ien va co the gay nen phong ien tren cach ien cua cac pha khong
s co bat ky ni nao co cach ien yeu... tc la xuat hien cham at hai pha
hai ni khac nhau, gay kho khan cho s lam viec chon loc cua he thong rle
bao ve.
V vay, kha nang pha hoai cach ien cua loai qua ien ap do cham at
mot pha bang ho quang khong on nh rat ln.
e han che tr so qua ien ap va thi gian duy tr cua no, bien phap hp
ly nhat la giam dong ien cham at va giam toc o phuc hoi ien ap pha s
co bang cach noi vao trung tnh cua may bien ap hay may phat ien mot cuon
ien khang. Cuon ien khang nay thng c goi la cuon dap ho quang theo
chc nang cua no, hoac la cuon Petersen theo ten goi cua ngi phat minh ra
no (ky s Petersen - ngi c).

10.3 NOI AT IEM TRUNG TNH QUA CUON DAP HO

235

QUANG
10.3.1 Tac dung giam dong ien cham at
Nh a biet trong he thong oi xng, ien dung oi vi at cua cac pha
bang nhau va ien the cua iem trung tnh trong che o bnh thng bang
khong, do o khong co dong chay qua cuon day, nhng khi co ngan mach
cham at mot pha th ien the cua iem trung tnh bang ien ap th t khong,
bang Up, va trong cuon day xuat hien dong ien.

IK

ro
UP
1
=
U P[
j
]
2
ro + jLo
L o
( Lo )

v ro = Lo nen dong chay qua cuon day gan ung bang:

rK

IK U P [

( LK )

1
]
LK

(10.21)

vi: Lo - ien cam th t khong, thc te bang LK :

Lo = LK +

L
LK
3

ro - ien tr tac dung th t khong, thc te bang rK :

ro = rK +

r
rK
3

dong ien cham at I trong thc te gom dong ien ien dung va dong ien
tac dung, do co ton hao ro ien tren cach ien, ton hao vang quang oi vi
ng day tren khong va ton hao ien moi oi vi ng day cap.

(10.22)

= U P ( g + j 3C )

Nh vay dong ien tong qua cho cham at bang:

I o = I + I K = U P [ (g +

= Ia + j ( Ic IL )
Io =

Ia 2 + ( Ic I L )2

rK
2

( LK )

+ j ( 3C

1
)]
LK

(10.23)

236

vi

Ia = Up (g +

rK
2

( LK )

); I L = U p

1
; IC = U p .3C
L K

Hnh 10.6 Cham at mot pha trong li co trung tnh noi at qua cuon ien khang

e co mot khai niem so sanh dong ien qua cho cham at Io khi co cuon
dap ho quang va IC khi cha co cuon dap ho quang iem trung tnh, co the viet
bieu thc dong ien qua cho cham at di dang:

I o = j I c (1 -

vi q =
o =

IL
Ia
j
) = jIc ( 1 q j )
Ic
Ic

2o
I L 1/LK
1
=
=
=
Ic
3C
32 LK C
2
1
3 LK C

la he so bu

(10.24)
(10.25)

la tan so goc cua dao ong rieng cua li co cuon cam

iem trung tnh.

=

Io =

Ia
=
Ic

g+

rK
r
r
( LK )2
g

+ K K
3C
3C LK LK

Ia 2 + Ic2 (1 q)2

(10.26)
(10.27)

- Khi q < 1 tc IL < IC, dong ien qua cho cham at co tnh chat ien
dung, goi la che o bu thieu (o < )
- Khi q > 1 tc IL > IC dong ien qua cho cham at co tnh chat ien cam,
goi la che o bu tha (o > )
- Khi q = 1 tc IL = IC, goi la che o bu chnh xac hay bu cong hng,

237

dong ien qua cho cham at be nhat va bang thanh phan tac dung:
Lk
Io = I a = I c Ic /
rk

Hnh 10.7 Cac che o bu: a) Bieu dien quan he Io = f(q)

b) o th vect dong ien ng vi cac che o bu khac nhau

Nh vay, cuon dap ho quang a lam giam dong ien cham at mot pha
c ( LK /rK ) lan so vi khi khong co cuon dap ho quang. V du, trong he
thong 35kV, cuon dap ho quang thng co LK = 20rK, nh vay khi trung tnh
c noi at qua cuon dap ho quang, dong ien cham at mot pha giam 20
lan, tao ieu kien de dang cho s dap tat ho quang.
ieu kien e cho dong ien cham dat be nhat cung la ieu kien cong
hng dong ien v o = 1/ 3LK C = . V the, noi at qua cuon dap ho
quang cung con c goi la noi at cong hng.
Trong ieu kien van hanh khong phai luon luon co the at c bu chnh
xac, nhng dong ien cham at trong trng hp bu lech chut t so vi che o
bu chnh xac cung khong khac nhieu so vi thanh phan tac dung Ia bi v Ia va
(Ic IL) eu di dang tong bnh phng.
10.3.2 Tac dung giam toc o phuc hoi ien ap tren pha cham at
Trong li co cuon dap ho quang, khi ho quang chay lan th nhat, qua
trnh xay ra cung tng t nh trong li co trung tnh cach ien, tc la cung
kem theo qua trnh dao ong ma tan so va bien o cua dao ong t phu thuoc
vao s co mat cua cuon cam, v cuon cam co tr khang ln oi vi dong ien
cao tan. Cung do nguyen nhan o, cuon cam khong co anh hng en thanh
phan cao tan cua qua trnh qua o xay ra sau khi ho quang tat, luc dong ien
cao tan qua tr so khong.

238

Nh a trnh bay tren, khi thanh phan cao tan cua dong ien cham at
qua tr so khong, ho quang tat. Lap tc co s phan bo ien tch t ien dung
2C cua cac pha khong s co cho ien dung C cua pha s co, tao nen tren cac
pha (va tren trung tnh) lng gia tang ien ap U(1) xep chong len ien ap
nguon.
Khi khong co cuon dap ho quang, ien ap tren pha s co (A) sau mot na
chu ky tan so cong nghiep bang.
UA = Up + U(1) = Up +

2 (1 )
2
Umax Up + 2,2Up 2,5Up
3
3

T
(0,01s), ien ap phuc hoi tren pha s co (A) cao
2
hn 2Up (H.10.8), do o ho quang de dang chay tr lai.

tc la sau khoang thi gian

Hnh 10.8 S phuc hoi ien ap tren pha s co (a) khi khong co cuon cam trung tnh

Khi co cuon dap ho quang iem trung tnh, ien tch phan bo lai tren
cac ien dung C i qua cuon cam gay nen dao ong tat dan vi tan so rieng:
o =

1
( Lk + L / 3) 3C

1
3Lk C

tc xap x tan so nguon trong che o bu chnh xac, noi khac i, lng gia tang
ien ap U(1) trong trng hp nay dao ong tat dan vi tan so xap x tan so
nguon va at en tr so khong sau hang loat na chu ky. Xep chong dao ong
nay (H.10.9 - ng cong 1) len ien ap nguon cua pha cham at (ng 2) se
co c ien ap phuc hoi (ng 3) tren pha nay.

239

1-Dao ong t do; 2- ien ap nguon; 3- ien ap tong tren pha s co

Hnh 10.9 ng cong phuc hoi ien ap tren pha s co khi ho quang tat luc dong
cao tan qua tr so khong
Nh vay sau hang loat na chu ky, ien ap tren pha s co (A) mi phuc
hoi en tr so Up, trong thi gian o kha nang cach ien cua khe phong ien
a c phuc hoi, ho quang khong con co kha nang chay lai.

Khi bu khong chnh xac (q 1) th ien ap phuc hoi co dang phach vi

tan so ng bao bang:
=

|o | ( q 1) | q 1| 2( q 1)
=

=
,
2
2
4
4 .T

va chu ky dao ong:

T =

( =

2
)
T

2
4T
=

q1

Nh vay, ien ap phuc hoi se at tr so cc ai sau mot thi gian gan

T
1
bang tc la sau
chu ky tan so cong nghiep. Luc nay dao ong t do
4
q1
a tat mot phan va tr so cc ai cua ien ap phuc hoi gan ung bang:
Umax Up[1 + exp (

t

)] = Up[1 + exp (
)]
2( q 1)
q1

(10.29)

Nh vay, bu cang khong chnh xac th thi gian at en ien ap phuc hoi
cc ai cang ngan, tc la lam tang toc o phuc hoi ien ap va bien o cua no,
do o tang xac suat ho quang chay lai.
Tuy nhien, ngay ca trong trng hp nay toc o phuc hoi ien ap van
cham hn khi khong co cuon dap ho quang.
Nh co tac dung giam toc o phuc hoi ien ap tren pha s co, cuon dap
ho quang co the dap tat c dong ien ln hn nhieu so vi dong ien cham
at trong he thong co iem trung tnh cach ien. Thc nghiem cho thay, khi
chnh nh cuon ien cam gan mc bu chnh xac th co the dap tat c ca
dong ien tac dung ti 100 A trong he thong 220 kV. Bu khong chnh xac se
lam xau rat nhieu ieu kien dap ho quang. V vay hien nay thng dung cuon

240

dap ho quang co trang b bo phan ieu chnh t ong e am bao trang thai
bu gan chnh xac (chenh lech khoang 510%).
10.3.3 Tnh trang lam viec khong oi xng cua he thong co cuon dap ho
quang
Trc ay e n gian trong tnh toan ta a gia thiet he thong hoan toan
oi xng, tc la ien dung cua cac pha oi vi at bang nhau. Do o, ien the
cua iem trung tnh bang khong so vi at. Trong thc te t nhieu ien dung
cac pha co khac nhau: CA CB CC. Nh vay, ien the cua iem trung tnh
oi vi at co lech chut t. o lech ien the c tnh theo cong thc:

.U i . yi U A . yA + U B . yB + U C . yC
Uo =
=
yi
y A + yB + yC

(10.30)

V du khi ba pha cua ng day cung nam tren mot mat phang ngang th
ien dung cua pha gia nho hn hai pha ben khoang 10% nen Uo = 0,035Up.
Trong mot so trng hp s co, o lech nay con ln hn, v du khi mot pha t
th C1 = C2 con C3 = 0 va Uo co the en 0,5Up.
Khi co cuon dap ho quang, o lech ien the cua iem trung tnh se tang
len nhieu va c xac nh theo:

vi:
th

U A . y A + U B . yB + U C . yC
U 'o =
y A + yB + yC + yK
rK
1
j
. at yA + yB + yC = 3Y
yK =
2
LK
( LK )

U 'o = U o

3Y
3Y + yk

(10.31)

(10.32)

Cong thc nay tng ng

vi s o thay the (H.10.10) gom
mot sc ien ong Uo at vao
mot mach gom ien dan 3Y ghep
noi tiep vi ien dan yK. Thc
chat ay la mot mach ghep noi
tiep gom ien dung ng day
vi ien cam cuon dap ho quang.
Mach dao ong nay co the khien
cho o lech ien the cua trung
Hnh 10.10 S o thay the xac
nh o lech cua trung tnh khi co
cuon dap ho quang

241

tnh U 'o vt qua rat nhieu so vi U o khi khong co cuon dap ho quang.
e tnh toan gan ung, ta thay ien dung cua cac pha bang tr so trung
C + CB + CC
bnh cua chung: C = A
3
Nh vay, o lech cua iem trung tnh co tr so gan ung bang:

g + 3 j C
U 'o = U o
(10.33)
rK
1
g + 3 j C +
j
LK
( LK )2
Bo qua g t so, chia t so va mau so cho 3jC ta co:

1
U 'o = U o
rK
g+
( LK )2
1
j
1 2
3C
3 LK C
Biet rang
vay

1
32 LkC

= (

U 'o = U o

o 2
) = q va

1
(1 q) j

g+

(10.34)

rK
( LK )2
3C

(10.35)

Nh vay, khi bu chnh xac (cong hng) q = 1 th tr so tuyet oi cua o

Lk
lech trung tnh se bang: Uo = Uo 1 U o

rk
tc la khi co cuon dap ho quang che o bu cong hng, o lech ien the cua
iem trung tnh se tang gap ( LK )/rK lan.
Tom lai, che o bu cong hng neu cuon dap ho quang co tac dung lam
giam dong ien cham at ( LK )/rK lan th no cung lam tang ien the cua
iem trung tnh len bay nhieu lan.
Khi he thong lam viec bnh thng th o lech trung tnh nay khong gay
nguy hiem trc tiep cho cach ien, v du vi Uo = 0,035Up; ( LK )/rK = 20 th
Uo = 0,7Up. Luc o mot pha ien ap giam 0,3Up con hai pha con lai ien
ap tang len gan bang 1,5Up. o lech ln keo dai nh vay khong the cho phep
v no lam tang ton hao vang quang va gay nhieu manh oi vi ng day
thong tin. Khi he thong co s co, nh t mot day hoac ong cat khong ong
bo, o lech cua trung tnh co the vt qua mc ien ap pha, gay nguy hiem
cho cach ien cua cac pha.

242

V vay, trong he thong co cuon dap ho quang phai ac biet chu y en s

can bang ien dung cua cac pha oi vi at, bang cach hoan v day dan.
10.3.4 Cach chon che o lam viec cua cuon dap ho quang
Do khi lam viec che o bu cong hng (q = 1) ien the cua iem trung
tnh tang len nhieu, nen ngi ta thng chnh nh ien cam cua cuon day
theo che o bu tha q > 1 nhng cung khong qua 510%. Khong chon theo
che o bu thieu v neu nh vay se co kha nang xay ra cong hng, khi trong
van hanh can thiet phai cat mot hoac vai ng day cua li, lam cho dong
ien ien dung giam i.
Cuoi cung, can nhan manh them rang, khong the dung cuon dap ho
quang cho cac he thong sieu cao ap (330kV tr len) va ngay ca he thong
220kV khi chieu dai ng day qua 300km. Trong cac he thong nay dong ien
vang quang kha ln. Dong ien vang quang cung pha vi ien ap nen khong
c bu, do o ho quang kho co the dap tat.
Cung nh he thong co trung tnh cach ien, he thong co trung tnh noi
at qua cuon dap ho quang cho phep tiep tuc lam viec khi mot pha cham at,
nhng can phat hien va loai tr nhanh chong e tranh s co lan sang pha khac
hoac xay ra mot ni khac, cung nh e giam bt anh hng gay nhieu oi vi
he thong ng day thong tin.

243

Chng

11

QUA IEN AP CONG HNG

11.1 KHAI NIEM CHUNG
He thong ien cha rat nhieu phan t co ien cam ln (nh may phat
ien, may bien ap, cuon cam...) va ien dung ln (nh ng day cap tai
ien, cac tu ien...) nhng phan t o tao thanh hang loat nhng mach vong
dao ong phc tap. Trong che o lam viec bnh thng cua he thong, cac
mach vong o c noi tat bi nhng phu tai ln va noi vao nhng nguon
cong suat ln nen cac dao ong t do khong the phat trien c. Nhng khi co
mot s co hoac mot thao tac nhat nh nao o khien cho mot phan cac mach
vong nay b tach ra khoi phu tai th trong phan mach o se xuat hien dao ong
nang lng do co s phan bo lai nang lng ien va t trng gia cac ien
dung va ien cam cua mach. Nhng dao ong o trong ieu kien nhat nh co
the phat sinh hien tng cong hng. Dao ong trong trang thai cong hng
a en qua ien ap goi la qua ien ap cong hng.
Do phan ln cac ien cam trong he thong ien nh cuon day may bien
ap, cuon khang ien co loi thep vi ac tnh t hoa (ac tnh Volt-Ampe)
khong ng thang nen qua trnh dao ong phc tap va co the xay ra dao
ong cong hng nhieu tan so khac nhau.
So vi cac loai qua ien ap noi bo khac th qua ien ap cong hng co
ac iem la ton tai lau, tan so cong hng co the bang tan so nguon hoac la
boi so hay c so cua tan so nguon.
Theo tan so cong hng co the phan loai nh sau:
- Cong hng tan so nguon, con goi la cong hng ieu hoa
- Cong hng cao tan, thng tan so 2, 5 ( la tan so nguon).
Khong co cong hng tan so 3 v chung b triet tieu trong cuon day
noi tam giac cua may bien ap.

244

- Cong hng tan so thap, thng xay ra tan so / 3 (khoang 17 Hz) khi
mach co cac tham so L, C rat ln, tc la trong nhng he thong co cong suat rat
ln.
- Cong hng tham so xay ra khi trong mach co cac tham so L, C t thay
oi, v du nh ien khang cua may phat thuy ien luon bien thien t X en
Xq. Neu s bien thien cua tham so phu hp vi tan so nguon (khong nhat thiet
phai bang) th co the phat sinh cong hng tham so.
Trong chng nay ch e cap en loai cong hng ieu hoa v tnh chat
ien hnh va pho bien cua no.

11.2 CONG HNG IEU HOA

Cong hng ieu hoa xuat hien khi xay ra cac dang s co hoac thao tac
ong cat khong ong pha cac phan t cua he thong ien. o la trng hp khi
tiep iem cac pha cua may cat lam viec khong ong bo, khi cau ch mot hay
hai pha b chay, khi mot day dan cua ng day b t va day dan cham at...
Trc het, ta bat au nghien cu hien tng dao ong cong hng trong
s o mot pha gom ien dung C, ien cam khong ng thang L va ien tr
tac dung R au vao mot nguon ien ap U. Cac s o ba pha cua he thong
trong cac tnh trang thao tac hoac s co khong oi xng a ke tren eu co the
thay the bang mot s o mot pha ang tr.
Trong cong hng ieu hoa, tan so rieng cua mach dao ong bang tan so
nguon, song ieu hoa c ban ong vai tro chu yeu trong ng cong ien ap
va dong ien. Do o cho phep trong tnh toan coi ien ap va dong ien tren
cac phan t cua mach co dang hnh sin va dung phng phap ky hieu thong
thng.
Van e at ra la can xac nh s bien thien cua ien ap tren ien cam
(uL), khi ien ap nguon thay oi va khi ien dung C cua mach thay oi.
11.2.1 Gia thiet bo qua ien tr tac dung cua mach (R = 0)
S o thay the tng ng ch gom co ien dung C va ien cam khong
ng thang L au vao nguon ien ap U(t) (H.11.1).

245

Hnh 11.1 S o ang tr cua mach dao ong vi ien cam khong ng thang

Phng trnh can bang ien ap cua mach dao ong co dang:

U = U + U
L
C

(11.1)

vi: U - ien ap cua nguon

UL - ien ap tren ien cam L, c ac trng bi ng cong t hoa:
UL = f(I)
UC =

I
- ien ap tren ien dung; I - dong ien trong mach.
C

V rang ien ap tren ien cam UL va tren ien dung UC ngc pha nhau,
nen oi vi s o tren co the viet dang tr so tuyet oi:
U = UL UC hay UL = f(I) = U +

I
C

(11.2)

trong o dau (+) ng vi trng hp UL > UC tc dong ien trong mach co

tnh chat ien cam. Dau () ng vi trng hp UL < UC tc dong ien trong
mach co tnh chat ien dung.
Do ng cong t hoa UL = f(I) khong ng thang nen dung phng
phap o th e giai phng trnh (11.2) la n gian hn ca. Ve phai cua (11.2)
c bieu dien bi cac ng thang song song, co c bang cach cong tung o
ng I /C vi cac ng U.

246

Hnh 11.2 Phng phap o th e xac nh qua ien ap UL

vi gia thiet R = 0

ng cong t hoa UL = f(I) cat cac ng thang U + I/C tai ba

iem A, B va C (H.11.2) tung o cua chung cho ien ap tren ien cam UL
cac trang thai khac nhau, tc la ba nghiem cua bai toan. Nhng trong ba trang
thai lam viec o ch co hai trang thai on nh ng vi cac iem A va B. Con
trang thai ng vi iem C khong on nh. Co the nhan thay de dang ieu nay
khi cho dong ien trong mach thay oi mot lng nho I neu he thong sau s
kch thch o tr ve trang thai xuat phat th o chnh la trang thai on nh.
V du, xet iem B trong trang thai nay UL > UC: dong ien trong mach co
tnh chat ien cam (cham pha so vi U) ien ap nguon U cung pha vi UC.
Khi cho I tang mot lng nho I, UL tang nhanh hn UC. Nh vay U < UL UC
nen dong ien se giam, he thong tr lai tnh trang xuat phat (iem B) (thoa
man phng trnh (11.2)). Tnh hnh cung xay ra tng t iem A, ch co khac
la trang thai nay UC > UL, dong ien trong mach co tnh chat ien dung.
iem C, ng vi trng hp UL > UC, dong ien trong mach co tnh chat ien
cam. Khi cho dong ien tang th UC tang nhanh hn UL UL UC < U lam
cho dong ien tiep tuc tang UC = UL + U + U, he thong se b mat can bang
va chuyen sang trang thai A. Con khi giam dong ien th UL UC > U, lam
cho dong ien tiep tuc giam, he thong chuyen sang iem B.
Tom lai, ng vi moi tr so cua ien dung C, co the co hai trang thai cong
hng on nh A va B, trang thai nao xay ra tuy thuoc vao ieu kien ban

247

au: tr so tc thi cua ien ap nguon (U) luc xay ra s co va ien ap ban au
tren ien dung.

Hnh 11.3 S thay oi cua UL va UC khi ien ap nguon U thay oi

Khi tang ien ap nguon U th dong ien trong mach cung nh UL va UC

eu tang (H.11.3). Khi U = Uth ng thang U + UC tiep xuc vi ng cong
t hoa UL = f(I) tai iem C. Mot s thay oi nho nao o cua che o lam viec
eu chuyen ve trang thai A, co ngha la dong ien se tang mot cach ot ngot
va thay oi pha cua no 180o, tc la co hien tng ao pha cua dong ien ong
thi ien ap tren ien cam, UL va tren ien dung, UC cung tang len nhieu, co
ngha la xuat hien qua ien ap.
S ao pha cua dong se xay ra trong moi na chu ky cua ien ap nguon
U khi U > |Uth|. Tr so dong ien va qua ien ap cang ln khi U cang ln (va
ien tr tac dung R cua mach cang be).
Khi thay oi tr so cua ien dung C, o doc cua ng thang
U+ I /C se thay oi (H.11.4a) va tng ng tren o tr se xac nh c
nhng trang thai lam viec mi cua he thong. Hnh 11.4b cho quan he cua ien
ap tren ien cam UL theo C nhanh a ng vi tnh chat ien dung cua dong
ien lam viec, nhanh b ng vi tnh chat ien cam va nhanh c ng vi trang
thai khong on nh. Khi C < Cth (xac nh bi o doc cua ng tiep tuyen vi
ng cong t hoa) th he thong ch co mot tnh trang van hanh on nh. T o
th hnh 11.4 thay de dang la ien ap tren ien cam (UL) co the co nhng tr

248

so vt xa ien ap nguon va xay ra trong mot pham vi bien thien rat rong cua
ien dung C cua mach.

Hnh 11.4 S thay oi cua UL va UC theo ien dung C

11.2.2 Neu ke en anh hng cua ien tr tac dung (R 0)

Phng trnh ien ap cua mach co dang:

(11.3)

U = U L + UC + U R

V U = I R lech pha vi U L va U C mot goc 90o nen co the viet (11.3)

di dang tr so nh sau:
U2 = (UL UC)2 + (IR)2
hay

UL = f(I) =

U 2 ( IR)2 +

(11.4)
I
C

(11.5)

Phng trnh (11.5) co the giai bang o th (H.11.5).

Ve phai c bieu dien bi ng cong tao nen bang cach cong tung o
ng thang I /C vi na hnh elip U 2 ( IR )2 co tam goc toa o va
cac na truc la U va I =

U /R . Giao iem cua ng cong

U 2 ( IR )2 + I /C vi ng cong t hoa UL = f(I) cung cho cac nghiem

A, B, C tng t nh trng hp R = 0, trong o C ng vi trang thai khong on

nh.

249

Hnh 11.5 Phng phap o th e xac nh

qua ien ap UL khi R 0

T o th hnh 11.5 co the thay la khi R cang nho, truc ngang cua elip b
keo dai ra va qua ien ap cang ln va trng hp gii han R = 0, ng elip
bien thanh hai ng song song U ma chung ta a xet tren. Khi R ln, truc
ln cua elip co lai, qua ien ap giam va khi R rat ln co the khong co qua
ien ap. Hnh 11.6 cho quan he cua UL = f(c) ng vi cac tr so khac nhau cua
ien tr tac dung R.
Khi thay oi C, ien ap tren ien cam UL cung thay oi theo (H.11.6).
T nhng nhan xet tren, co the rut ra ket luan: S co xay ra tren may
bien ap khong tai hay non tai la trng hp nguy hiem nhat v tr so qua ien
ap ln.

250

Hnh 11.6 Quan he UL = f(c) ng vi cac tr so khac nhau cua R

e minh hoa cho phng phap xac nh qua ien ap cong hng ieu
hoa a trnh bay, ta xet mot trng hp thc te sau ay.
11.2.3 Day dan mot pha b t va oan day pha nguon b cham at trong he
thong co iem trung tnh cach ien
e co trng hp nguy hiem nhat, gia thiet pha A b t day vao luc UA
co tr cc ai bang Up. Nh vay tr so tc thi cua ien ap tren cac pha khong
co s co bang - 0,5Up va ien ap nguon ang tr bang 1,5Up.
Chieu dong ien nh trong hnh 11.7a: dong ien trong pha A chay qua
au day b cham at, tr ve day dan qua ien dung Co (ien dung oi vi at
cua pha A, tnh t cho b t ve pha phu tai) sau o chia lam hai nhanh vao
hnh sao ien dung C gia cac pha va hnh sao cua cac cuon day may bien ap
phu tai. Va trc tien cung e co s co tram trong nhat, gia thiet may bien ap
(phu tai) tnh trang khong tai, tc bo qua ien tr tac dung.
S o mot pha ang tr (H.11.7c) ch khac vi mach dao ong n gian
tren (H.11.1) cho ien cam khong ng thang L = 1,5LT c ghep song
song vi ien dung C = 2/ 3 C . Neu at IL la thanh phan dong ien chay qua
ien cam L = 1,5LT va IC la thanh phan dong ien chay qua ien dung C=
2/ 3 C th tr so cua ien ap at tren ien dung Co bang:
UCo =

I L + Ic
I C'U L
= L
.Co
Co

251

UCo =

IL
C'
+
.U L
Co
Co

Hnh 11.7 S o thay the ba pha va mot pha ang tr

cho trng hp pha A b t day

Theo s o thay the (H.11.7c) phng trnh ien ap cua s o ang tr:
I
C'
.U L + U L
U = U Co + UL = L +
Co
Co
U =

hay

IL
C'
).U L
+ (1 +
Co
Co

UL = fL(I) =

U
'

C
1+
Co

IL
C'
Co (1 +
)
Co

(11.6)

2
2
thay U bang tr so tc thi la 1,5Up va C= C = ( C1 Co ) vi C1, Co la ien
3
3
dung th t thuan va th t khong cua he thong ta se co

252

UL = fL(I) =

UL = fL(I) =

1, 5U p
IL
+
2 C Co
2 C Co
Co (1 + . 1
)
1+ . 1
Co
Co
3
3
1, 5U p
IL
+
2C
Co
2C
1
(1 + 1 )
(1 + 1 )
3
Co
3
Co

(11.7)

Qua ien ap phu thuoc vao ng cong t hoa cua may bien ap (phu tai)
va cac tr so ien dung C1 va Co.
Bai toan a ve dang tong quat tng t nh phng trnh (11.2). ieu
can chu y la oi vi ng day tai ien, ien dung Co thng bien thien trong
C
pham vi 1 < Co < C1
2
Cac trng hp gii han Co = C1 th:
I
UL = fL(I) = 1,5UP + L = 1,5UP + IL X C
1
C1
Khi Co =

C1
th UL = f(I) = 0,9Up + 1,2 X C1 IL
2

Ngi ta thng bieu th tr so cua C1 thong qua ty so X C1 /X T trong o

XT la ien khang khong tai cua may bien ap. Qua ien ap phu thuoc vao ty so
X C1
1
cua dung khang ng day ( X C1 =
) va cam khang khong tai cua
XT
C1
may bien ap (XT).
2
U m
XT = 10 i % S
o
m
5

()

vi: io% - dong ien khong tai cua may bien ap tnh theo phan tram
Sm - cong xuat nh mc cua may bien ap, kVA
Um - ien ap nh mc, kV.
Ket qua tnh toan cho thay khi X C1 /X T > 6 th qua ien ap khong vt
qua tr so

3 Up. e thoa man ieu kien o th ng day khong c dai

qua gii han sau:

lgh =

i %Sdm
1
= o
2
6 C1 xT
188C1 U dm

(11.8)

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C1 - ien dung th t thuan cua 1km chieu dai ng day. Neu lay
trung bnh io% = 5%, C1 = 0,009F/km th:
lgh 3

Sm

(11.9)

2
U m

V du, may bien ap co cong xuat Sm = 3200 kVA, neu cap ien ap Udm =
35kV th lgh = 8 km, con Udm = 110 kV th lgh = 0,8 km. ieu o chng to viec han
che qua ien ap bang cach gii han chieu dai ng day la khong thc te.
oi vi ng day dai, qua ien ap co the vt qua tr so 3Up va gay
nguy hiem cho cach ien. Mat khac do thi gian ton tai qua ien ap keo dai,
nen neu cac chong set van lam viec th co the b chay. Ngoai ra, qua ien ap
cong hng co the dan en hien tng ao pha ien ap pha phu tai gay nguy
hiem cho thiet b va ngi phuc vu.

Hnh 11.8 o th vec t mo ta hien tng ao pha

Ve pha nguon (tc he thong) ien ap tren cac pha theo th t

U A ,U B ,U C ngc chieu kim ong ho (H.11.8). Dong ien trong cac pha B

va C la cac dong ien dung, tng ng chung vt trc U B va U C mot goc

90o. Ve pha phu tai, ien ap U&'A la do dong ien I A = I B + I C gay nen tren

ien dung Co , do o U&'A se cham hn I A mot goc 90o, trong khi ien ap U&B'
va U&' c co nh bi nguon (v day khong t). Nh vay th t pha ve
C

254

' ,U B
' , U C' , theo chieu kim ong ho.
pha phu tai b ao: U A

Hien tng nay lam cho cac ong c cong suat ln b ham lai va cac
ong c cong suat be quay ngc chieu, gay nguy hiem cho thiet b va ngi
phuc vu.
Trong trng hp ng day dai ch co the giam xac suat xuat hien qua
ien ap bang cach han che cac thao tac cat cac pha khong ong thi, nh
khong dung cau ch, khong dung may cat ien co bo phan truyen ong rieng
tng pha... Ngoai ra can han che trng hp van hanh may bien ap khong tai
hay non tai.
11.2.4 Qua ien ap cong hng sat t do thao tac khong ong pha khi trung
tnh cua may bien ap phu tai cach ien
Nguon cung cap (he thong) co cong suat vo cung ln so vi may bien ap
tieu thu. Trong s o Co' l1 va Co' l ac trng cho ien dung oi vi at cua
day dan trc va sau cho xay ra s co, con Cl1 va Cl la ien dung gia cac
pha. l va l1 la chieu dai cua hai oan ng day ve hai pha cua ni xay ra s
co.
iem trung tnh cua he thong va cua may bien ap tieu thu co the noi at
trc tiep hoac cach ien.
e viec phan tch qua trnh qua ien ap c de dang thng bien s o
ba pha khong oi xng thanh s o mot pha ang tr. Khao sat s o hnh
11.9b co cac phu tai khong oi xng ZA, ZB va ZC. e xac nh dong va ap
trong pha A th thay the pha B va C bi mach ang tr mot pha, trong o sc
ien ong cua nguon va ien tr tng ng nh sau:

E B,C

Z B,C

E B .YB + E C YC
E B + EC
=
YB + YC
2
Z B .ZC
Z
=
Z B + ZC
2

(11.10)
(11.11)

255

Hnh 11.9 S o e nghien cu qua ien ap cong hng do thao tac hoac s co
khong ong pha (a) va bien oi t s o ba pha (b) sang s o mot pha ang tr (c)

Sc ien ong tong cua nguon ang tr bang

E t

E B + EC
= EA
= 1, 5 E A
2

(11.12)

ien tr ang tr cua phu tai bang

Zt = ZA +

Z
2

(11.13)

ay la cac thong so cua mach ang tr mot pha tng ng vi hnh 11.9c.
Hnh 11.10 cho s o ac trng cho cac tnh trang s co khong ong pha.
Sc ien ong cua nguon ang tr mot pha co the c xac nh bang
cach thay vao (11.10) cac tr so nh sau:
- oi vi s o hnh 11.10a

EA = U p ;

E B = a2U p ;

E c = aU p

E = U p 0, 5( a 2U p + aU p ) = U p + 0, 5U p = 1, 5U p

(11.14)

256

Hnh 11.10 S o thay the mot pha cho cac che o khong ong pha khi MBA
phu tai co trung tnh cach ly

- oi vi s o hnh 11.10b
E A = 0 (t pha A); E = 0, 5U p

(11.15)

- oi vi s o hnh 11.10c
E A = U p;

EB = 0;

Ec = 0 (t pha B va C); E = U p

(11.16)

Tren cac s o co cac mui ten ch chieu dong ien chay trong mach.
Tren s o hnh 11.10a,b, dong ien chay t nguon qua cac ien cam au
song song cua may bien ap cac pha khong s co (L/2), ien cam L va ien
dung Col cua pha s co. Trong s o hnh 11.10c dong ien t nguon qua ien
cam cua pha khong s co roi qua ien cam va ien dung au song song cua
cac pha b t day (thc ra do mach t khong ng thang nen khi dong ien
khac nhau chay qua th ien cam cua cuon day may bien ap cung khac nhau.
V vay cho ien cam cua hai pha au song song nhau bang mot na ien cam
cua pha con lai la khong chnh xac. Tuy nhien, sai so trong pham vi chap
nhan c va cung khong co anh hng en ket qua nh tnh cua qua trnh).
ien cam t hoa tong cua may bien ap trong s o thay the hnh 11.10d
noi tat cac ien dung gia pha s co va cac pha khong s co. ien dung Col
cua cac pha khong s co c tnh en v chung c au song song vi
nguon cong suat ln (vo tan).
S o hnh 11.10d co the bien oi thanh s o con n gian hn
(H.11.10e) theo ly thuyet ve mang hai cc co nguon (tac dung) neu nh nhanh

257

ien cam c coi la phu tai. Theo ly thuyet nay, sc ien ong ang tr Et
trong s o hnh 11.10e bang ien ap gia cac iem M va N khi khong co phu
tai con tong tr ang tr bang tong tr oi vi cac iem M va N khi noi tat
nguon va cat phu tai. Nh vay trong s o toi gian cua hnh 11.10e co cac
thong so sau:
- oi vi s o s co khong oi xng hnh 11.10a va b
Co
; Ct = (Co + 2C)l
Et = E
Co + 2C

(11.17)

- oi vi s o s co hnh 11.10c
2Co
Co
Et = E
= E
2Co + 2C
Co + C
Ct = 2 (Co + C)l

(11.16)

Nh vay, cac s o s co khong oi xng eu co the a ve cac mach

dao ong khong ng thang c ban nh hnh 11.11.
e xac nh ien ap tren ien dung cung dung phng phap phan tch o
th nh a trnh bay tren.
Hnh 11.11 bieu dien o th tng ng vi trng hp ien dung gia cac
pha C = 0,25Co.
Cac ng thang tng ng vi trng hp C = 0. T cac bieu thc
(11.16) va o th suy ra rang ien dung gia cac pha C lam giam Et so vi
1,5Up nhng ong thi cung lam giam o doc cua cac ng thang U Et.
oi vi moi gia tr cua C, cac truc nay cat truc hoanh cac iem co tr so
bang:
Co
ECt = E
(Co + 2C)l = ECol
Co + 2C
co ngha la khong phu thuoc vao tr so ien dung gia cac pha.

258

Hnh 11.11 Xac nh bang o th ien ap theo s o 11.10a co chu y en ien dung
gia cac pha

Hnh 11.12 S phu thuoc cua ien ap U L va U C

vao t so X / X C theo s o 11.10a

Hnh 11.12 ve ng cong quan he ien ap tren ien dung va ien cam
theo ty so X/XC cho tnh trang s co khong ong pha tng ng vi s o hnh

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11.10a.
X la cam khang t hoa cua may bien ap ien ap nh mc, c xac
nh theo
2
U m
X =
,
Sikt

vi: Um - ien ap nh mc, kV; S - cong suat may bien ap, MVA
Ikt - dong ien khong tai, n v tng oi, %
Xc - dung khang ng day tnh theo:
XC =

1012
,
( Co + 2C ) l

trong o C va Co tnh theo pF/km va l tnh theo km.

Nh vay:

X
Xc

U 2 m
( Co + 2C ) 1012
Sikt

Cac ng cong cho trong hnh 11.12 c xay

cac thong so: Um=35kV; Ikt= 0,05; Co=5200pF/km; C=1200pF/km

dng

vi

Trong trng hp nay X /X c = 0,058l/S. ien ap tren ien dung (tc

tren cach ien ng day) c xac nh bang cach them 1,5Up vao ien ap
tren ien cam UL (hoac tr bt).
Vi cac tr so cua UL < 1,5Up th ien ap tren ien dung co dau am
(ng cong 1).
Vi o th hnh 11.12 co the xac nh ien ap tren ien dung cua pha s
co cac ieu kien khac nhau.
V du: khi S=3200 kVA, l=30 km X/Xc = 0,05830/3,2 = 0,55 xac nh
c theo ng cong Uc = 3Up. Cung vi chieu dai ng day l = 30km nhng
cong suat cua may bien ap bang S = 560 kVA X/Xc = 0,05830/0,56 = 3,1
th Uc = 4Up. Tr so nay vt qua mc cach ien cua ng day.
Cung co the tnh toan tng t oi vi trng hp khi trung tnh cua may
bien ap cung cap noi at. Trong trng hp nay qua ien ap se thap nh giam
sc ien ong tnh toan.

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CAC CAU HOI ON TAP MON HOC QUA IEN AP

CHNG 1: SET - CAC THAM SO CUA SET
1.1. Cac giai oan cua phong ien set.
1.2. Phan biet giai oan tien ao cua cu set au tien vi cac cu set ke tiep.
1.3. Giai thch hien tng co nhieu cu set trong mot cn set.
1.4. Giai thch tnh chon loc cua v tr set anh tren mat at. ng dung tnh
chat nay au?
1.5. Cac tham so quan trong cua set.

CHNG 2: BAO VE SET ANH TRC TIEP

2.1. Giai thch tac dung bao ve cua cot thu set (hoac day chong set).
2.2. Phng phap xac nh pham vi bao ve cua CTS va DCS.
2.3. Pham vi bao ve cua CTS va DCS (theo mo hnh cua Akopian).
2.4. Tac dung noi at CTS (DCS) en nhiem vu cua CTS (DCS).
2.5. Cac yeu cau ky thuat - kinh te can phai chu y en khi thiet ke bao ve
chong set anh thang cho tram phan phoi ien.
2.6. Khi nao th cho phep li dung ket cau cong trnh cua tram e at he
thong thu set. Cac yeu cau k thuat kem theo. Moi quan he gia noi at
chong set va noi at an toan trong trng hp nay.
2.7. Khi dung he thong thu set oc lap e bao ve tram th can phai thoa man
nhng yeu cau k thuat g? Moi quan he gia NCS va NAT trong
trng hp nay.

CHNG 3: NOI AT TRONG HE THONG IEN

3.1. Phan biet ien tr noi at tan so cong nghiep va ien tr noi at xung.
Giai thch s khac nhau o.
3.2. Phan biet gia noi at tap trung va noi at phan bo. Trong thc te gap
nhng dang noi at nay au.
3.3. Cac bc tnh toan ien tr tan xung cua mot noi at tap trung.
3.4. He so s dung la g, phu thuoc vao nhng nhan to nao. Cung mot c cau
noi at th he so s dung tan so cong nghiep (tan dong ien tan so
cong nghiep) va he so s dung xung (tan dong set) co khac nhau khong,
v sao?

261

3.5. He so xung la g, phu thuoc vao nhng nhan to nao. Phan biet he so
xung cua noi at tap trung vi he so xung cua noi at phan bo.
3.6. ac iem cua s phan bo dong va the tren mot ien cc noi at khi tan
dong tan so cong nghiep (hay dong mot chieu) va khi tan dong xung
dang noi at tap trung va noi at phan bo.
3.7. Ve va giai thch o th Zo(x, t) (tong tr xung thay oi theo thi gian va
chieu dai ien cc) khi bo qua hien tng phong ien tia la trong at.
3.8. Ve va giai thch o th U(x, t) (phan bo the theo chieu dai ien cc x tng
ng vi cac ien cc co chieu dai khac nhau l1 < l2 < l3...) .
3.9. Khi tan dong set co bien o ln th ac iem cua s bien thien cua tong
tr tan theo chieu dai ien cc nh the nao, theo bien o dong set nh
the nao (trnh bay mot cach nh tnh qua o th). T o rut ra ket luan g,
co y ngha thc te nh the nao?
3.10. Cac yeu cau ky thuat - kinh te khi thiet ke noi at cho tram phan phoi
ien ap cao, ngoai tri.
3.11. Moi quan he gia noi at an toan va noi at chong set cua tram khi li
dung ket cau cong trnh e at he thong chong set va khi at he thong
chong set oc lap. Trong moi trng hp co nhng yeu cau ky thuat kem
theo nao?
3.12. Giai thch v sao qui pham chong set yeu cau la di chan moi CTS va
DCS noi vao tram phai at noi at bo sung va khoang cach t iem noi
at cua chung vao li noi at cua tram phai cach xa iem noi at cua
trung tnh MBA tren 15m theo mach thanh dan? (khi at he thong thu set
tren ket cau cong trnh tram).
3.13. Giai thch s thay oi cua he so mua Km theo cac loai noi at va cac
yeu to anh hng.

CHNG 4: QUA TRNH SONG TREN NG DAY

4.1. Cac thong so cua ng day khong ton hao. Phng trnh ien bao mo ta
qua trnh truyen song tren ng day khong ton hao. Quan he gia cac
thong so cua ng day khong ton hao.
4.2. ac iem cua s truyen song tren ng day khong ton hao.
4.3. Nghiem tong quat cua phng trnh ien bao tren ng day khong ton
hao viet di dang song chay. Quan he gia song ap va dong thuan,
ngc.

262

4.4. Cac loai ton hao tren ng day, chung c ac trng bi cac thong so
nao. Cac thong so nay co phai la hang so khong, trng hp khong phai
la hang so th phu thuoc vao cac yeu to nao.
4.5. Ap dung qui tac Petersen e tnh ien ap tai cac nut A va B trong cac s
o sau, cho biet song ti dang vuong goc, o dai vo han, tc la:
Ut(t) = Uo = const

Nhan xet ve dang song khuc xa sang moi trng Z2. ng dung au
trong cac s o bao ve chong set.
4.6. Xac nh bien thien ien ap tai cac nut A va B theo thi gian vi Z1, Z2,
Zo, a cho, chieu dai lo va van toc truyen song Vo tren moi trng Zo a
biet, gia thiet song ti dang vuong goc, o dai song vo han Ut = Uo =
const. Lap s o hanh trnh cua song, xac nh cac he so khuc xa va phan
xa tai cac nut. Ve o th UA(t), UB(t) cho cac trng hp:
Z1, Z2 < Zo ; Z1, Z2 > Zo ; Z1 <Zo <Z2 ; Z1 >Zo >Z2
Nhan xet ve dang song trong moi trng hp (thay so theo bai tap so 3,
trang 248).

4.7. Cung bai toan tren, thay the oan day co tong tr Zo (chieu dai lo, van toc
truyen song Vo) bi cac ien dung va ien cam tng ng va giai theo
phng phap toan t Laplace (thay so theo bai tap so 3, trang 248).
4.8. Dung phng phap o th e xac nh Ucsv(t) va Icsv(t) theo s o sau.
Dang song ti bat ky a cho, ac tnh V-S va V-A cua CSV a biet.

263

4.9. Dung phng phap tiep tuyen e xac nh ien ap tac dung len ien dung
C cuoi ng day. Dang song ti bat k a cho.

4.10. Song ap dang vuong goc, bien o Uo = 600 kV truyen tren mot ng day
co tong tr song Z = 500 . Cuoi ng day c noi at qua mot ien tr
R.
Bang phng phap o th xac nh ien ap tren R(UR), dong qua R(iR) va
ien ap phan xa t cuoi ng day (iem B) tr ve Up, trong cac trng
hp sau:
R = R1 = 50 ;

R = R2 = 500 ; R = R3 = 5000

Nhan xet ve cac ket qua, rut ra ket luan ve trng hp qua ien ap nguy
hiem nhat.
Kiem nghiem lai cac ket qua tren bang phng phap giai tch.
4.11. Nhng ac iem cua vang quang xung tren ng day tai ien.
4.12. Anh hng cua vang quang xung en qua trnh truyen song tren ng
day tai ien cao ap (dang song, bien o, toc o truyen song, tong tr
song cua ng day, he so ngau hp).
4.13. Phng phap gan ung (o th) e xac nh s bien dang cua song di
tac dung cua vang quang xung.
4.14. He phng trnh truyen song tren ng day co nhieu day dan. Ap dung
cho ng day ba pha, khong co day chong set, chu tac dung cua qua
ien ap cam ng do set anh gan. Gia thiet gan ung ien ap cam ng

264

tren cac pha bang nhau. Xac nh dong trong moi pha.
4.15. So sanh he so ngau hp gia day dan pha A vi day chong set trong
trng hp:
- ng day ch co mot day chong set.
- ng day co hai day chong set.
T o suy ra ien ap tac dung len cach ien (chuoi s) cua day dan pha A.
Tren quan iem chong qua ien ap kh quyen th trng hp nao thuan li
hn.

CHNG 5: BAO VE CHONG SET CHO NG DAY TAI

IEN CAO AP TREN KHONG
5.1. Ch tieu chong set cua ng day la g? ng loi tong quat e xac nh
ch tieu chong set cua ng day.
- Cach xac nh so lan set anh vao ng day.
- Cach xac nh xac suat phong ien tren cach ien ng day.
- Cach xac nh suat cat ien ng day.
5.2. Cac bien phap nham nang cao mc cach ien xung cua ng day.
Cac bien phap nham giam nho ien ap tac dung len cach ien ng day
khi xuat hien qua ien ap kh quyen tren ng day. Giai thch (phu thuoc che
o lam viec cua trung tnh cua li ien).
5.3. Khi nao th ng day b cat ien. Xac suat chuyen t phong ien tia la
xung thanh ho quang on nh duy tr bi ien ap lam viec phu thuoc
vao nhan to chu yeu nao. Cac bien phap nham giam nho xac suat chuyen
thanh ho quang on nh, giai thch.
5.4. ng cong thong so nguy hiem la g. Cach xac nh ng cong o. Khi
giam nho ien tr noi at cua cot ien th ng cong thong so nguy
hiem se thay oi nh the nao? V sao?
5.5. Phng thc lam viec cua iem trung tnh cua li ien co anh hng
nh the nao en suat cat ien cua ng day, giai thch.
5.6. Cac bien phap nham nang cao tnh lien tuc lam viec cua ng day, giai
thch?
5.7. Ban chat vat ly cua cac thanh phan ien ap tac dung len cach ien ng
day trong moi trng hp set anh vao ng day.

CHNG 6: THIET B CHONG SET

6.1. Cac yeu cau chung oi vi thiet b chong set.

265

6.2. Nguyen ly cau tao, nguyen ly lam viec, u nhc iem va pham vi s
dung cua:
- Khe h (khoang cach), khong kh bao ve
- Chong set ong
- Chong set van.
6.3. Cac ac tnh cua CSV co anh hng en mc cach ien cua tram bien ap
nh the nao?
6.4. Chong set van co ien tr lam viec bang oxid kem (ZnO) khac vi chong
set van co ien tr lam viec bang carbid-silic (SiC) nh the nao?
6.5. Cac bien phap cai thien cac ac tnh cua CSV (khe kh, ien tr lam
viec).

CHNG 7: BAO VE CHONG SET CHO TRAM BIEN AP

7.1. Yeu cau ve bao ve chong set cho tram phan phoi co g khac so vi yeu
cau bao ve chong set cho ng day tai ien, v sao?
7.2. Thiet b chnh e bao ve chong set cho tram phan phoi la g? Cac yeu
cau chung oi vi cac ac tnh cua thiet b bao ve o.
7.3. Tac dung cua oan ng day c tang cng bao ve trc khi en tram
oi vi ieu kien bao ve tram. Cach xac nh chieu dai ti han cua
khoang cach c tang cng bao ve.
7.4. ien ap tac dung len cach ien can c bao ve co phai luon luon bang
ien ap d tren chong set van khong? v sao? dong xung qua chong set
van anh hng en ieu kien bao ve nh the nao?
7.5. ien ap tac dung len cach ien cua thiet b c bao ve khi CSV at
trc va at sau khac nhau nh the nao?

CHNG 8: BAO VE CHONG SET CHO MAY IEN QUAY

8.1. Phan tch cac s o bao ve oan ng day tren khong trc khi ti may
ien quay.
8.2. Cac thiet b c dung e bao ve chong set cho may ien quay, tac dung
cua chung.
8.3. Khi may ien quay au qua may bien ap, pha cao ap cua may bien ap a
c bao ve tot, th thanh gop cua may ien co can nhng bien phap g
e bao ve cho may ien khong ? v sao?
8.4. Trnh bay s truyen song t cuon day cao ap sang cuon day ha ap (theo
ng tnh ien va ien t).

CHNG 9: QUA IEN AP NOI BO

266

9.1. Phan tch nhng u nhc iem va pham vi s dung cua cac phng thc
lam viec cua iem trung tnh.
9.2. Bang cac s o thay the khi ho quang chay va khi ho quang tat, giai thch
v sao moi khi ho quang chay lai th ien ap tren cac pha khong s co
tang cao them, nhng cuoi cung se tien en mot gii han nhat nh.
9.3. Tac hai cua qua ien ap do cham at mot pha khong on nh trong li co
trung tnh cach ien va bien phap e han che qua ien ap.
9.4. Tac dung cua cuon dap ho quang trong viec han che qua ien ap.
9.5. Tac dung tang cao o lech cua iem trung tnh khi co cuon dap ho quang.
9.6. Chon che o bu hp ly.

BAI TAP
1.

2.

Mot song ien ap: au song vuong goc, o dai song vo han, bien o Uo =
600 kV truyen tren mot oan ng day co chieu dai l = 300m vi van toc V
= 3.108 m/s. Cuoi ng day c noi at qua mot ien tr R = 10
a) Bang phng phap o th xac nh bien thien ien ap tac dung len R
va bien thien dong ien qua R theo thi gian t.
b) Xac nh ap va dong tac dung len R luc t = 6 s
c) Kiem nghiem lai bang tnh toan giai tch.
Mot song ien ap au song vuong goc, o dai song vo han, bien o Uo = 600
kV truyen tren mot ng day co tong tr song Z = 500. Cuoi ng day
c noi at qua mot ien tr R.
a) Bang phng phap o th xac nh ien ap tren R(UR), dong qua R(iR)
va ien ap phan xa t cuoi ng day (nut B) tr ve (UP) trong cac
trng hp:
R = R1 = 50 ; R = R2 = 500 ; R = R3 = 5000
Nhan xet ve ket qua e rut ra ket luan ve trng hp qua ien ap nguy
hiem nhat
b) Kiem nghiem lai ket qua tren bang phng phap giai tch

267

3.

Mot song ap au song vuong goc, o dai song vo han, bien o Uo = 1000
kV truyen qua ba moi trng lan lt la Z1, Zo, Z2 noi tiep nhau. Xac nh
bien thien cua ien ap tai cac iem nut A va B theo thi gian UA(t), UB
(t), ien ap gii han khi t .
- Bang phng phap cac ng ac tnh
- Bang phng phap giai tch gan ung (thay oan ng day Zo bang:
hoac ien cam, hoac ien dung, hoac ien cam + ien dung tng ng
mot cach thch hp)
Cho cac trng hp sau:

Trng hp

Z1 ()

Z2 ()

Zo ()

lo (m)

Vo ( m/s )

a
b
c
d

400
40
40
2000

200
20
200
40

40
400
400
400

300
1500
1500
1500

150
300
300
300

- Xac nh he so khuc xa va phan xa

- Ve s o hanh trnh cua song (Bergeron)

4.

Tng t nh bai so 3 nhng song ti co dang xien goc

Ut = 200t vi bien o bang Uo = 1000 kV.

268

5.

e thc hien noi at mot cot thu set, ngi ta dung 36m thep thanh tron,
ng knh d = 20mm theo mot trong bon phng an sau (co he so s
dung xung kem theo:
a) Dang mot tia

=1

b) Dang hai tia thang hang

c) Dang ba tia oi xng

x
x

=1

= 0,8

d) Dang bon tia vuong goc

= 0,65

Biet ien tr suat cua at o vao luc at

kho rao o = 250 m, bien o dong set
au vao cua bo phan noi at Is =100kA, o
chon sau cua thanh to = 0,8m (chon ngang), he so xung cua thanh co the
tnh gan ung theo quan he sau:

1500lt
( tt + 320 )( It + 45 )

vi: lt - chieu dai moi tia (m),

lt = 36 m
1

tt - ien tr suat tnh toan cua at (m)

It - tr so dong set qua moi tia (kA)

Tnh ien tr tan xung cua moi phng an
Phng an nao la phng an tot nhat va giai thch v sao o la phng an
tot nhat
Hng dan
- ien tr tan on nh cua moi tia tnh theo cong thc
l2 t
Rt ~=
ln
2lt
dt to
tt

269

- Chon he so mua Km theo noi at chong set, cc thanh chon sau to =

0,8m, luc at kho rao.
6.

Xac nh ien tr tan xung cua noi at mot cot thu set co dang hai tia
thang hang, tren moi tia co hai coc nh hnh ve
- Moi tia dai lt = 12m bang thep thanh det 404mm2 (b = 40mm)
- Moi coc dai lc = 3m bang thep ong, ng knh ngoai dc =
50mm
- o chon sau to = 0,8m
- ien tr suat cua at tnh trang am t o c o = 300m
- Bien o dong set au vao cua he thong noi at Is = 100kA

Hng dan
a) Cong thc tnh ien tr tan on nh cua moi tia (thanh ngang)
Rt ~ =

Moi coc: RC~ =

vi:

t
2l 2
ln t
2lt
bto

2l
c
1 4 t + lc
(ln c + ln
)
2lc
dc 2 4 t lc

t = Kt. o; c = KC.o; t = to +

lo
2

Phai chon cac he so mua oi vi thanh Kt va KC tng ng vi loai noi

at chong set va tnh trang at am t khi o o
a 8
b) He so s dung: vi so coc tren moi tia n=2 va t so
= 3 C ~ =
lc 3
0,93 va t ~ = 0,95
c) He so xung oi vi coc c va oi vi thanh t ; phai xac nh phan bo
dong set qua moi coc, moi tia va ien tr suat tnh toan cua at oi vi coc c
va tia t, roi bang phng phap noi suy se xac nh c cva t: c = 0,584;
t = 0,825

270

d) He so s dung xung cua dang noi at a cho x 0,9

7.

Noi at cua mot cot thu set dang ba tia, moi tia ba coc (nh hnh ve).
ien tr suat cua at o vao luc at kho rao bang:
o = 350.m

Xac nh ien tr tan xung cua bo phan noi at tng ng vi dong set
au vao Is = 90kA.
Kch thc cac ien cc nh sau: chieu dai moi tia lt = 15m. Thanh bang
thep ma kem 20 (d = 20 mm) chon sau to = 0.8 m coc bang thep thanh tron
30 (dc = 30 mm), nh coc chon cach mat at to = 0,8m, chieu dai moi coc
bang lc = 3m, khoang cach gia hai coc lien tiep nhau tren moi thanh a = 6m
Is

= 90 kA

= 3 (so tia)

So coc: n/tia =

15m (chieu dai tia)

ba coc (so coc tren tia)

0,70

lc

3m

6m

271

Hng dan
vi

a
6
=
=2
lc
3

~c = 0,87

nc = 3
Rc~ =
Rt~ =

~ = 0,91

tc
2l
1 4t + lc
(ln c + ln
)
2lc
dc 2 4 t lc
tt
l2
ln t
2lt dt to

vi: tc - ien tr suat tnh toan cua at oi vi coc

tc = o . Kmc
tt = o . Kmt

Kmc, Kmt la he so mua oi vi coc, oi vi thanh.

t - o chon sau trung bnh cua coc, t = to + lc/2 = 0,8 + 3/2 = 2,3m.

272

Tai lieu tham khao

1.

Sirotinski L. I., Hochspannungstechnik, VEB Verlag, Technik, Berlin,

1958.

2.

Rasevig D. V., Ky thuat ien cao ap, Nha xuat ban Nang lng,
Moskva, 1976.

3.

Stephanov K. S., Ky thuat ien cao ap, Nha xuat ban Nang lng,
Moskva, 1976.

4.

Kostenko M. V., Ky thuat ien cao ap, Nha xuat ban ai hoc, Moskva,
1973.

5.

Dolginob A. I., Ky thuat ien cao ap, Nha xuat ban Nang lng,
Moskva, 1968.

6.

Bazutkin V. V., Larionov V. L., Pintal V. S., Ky thuat ien cao ap, Nha
xuat ban Nang lng nguyen t, Moskva, 1984.

7.

Beyer M., Boeck W., Mller K., Zaengl W., Hochspannungstechnik, Springer
Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 1986.

8.

Mosch W., Pilling J., Hausschild W., Einfhrung

Hochspannungstechnik, Lehrbrief der TV Oresden, 1975.

9.

Aguet M., Ianoz M., Hante tension, OUNOD, 1987.

10.

Naidu M. S., Kamaraju V., High Voltage Engineering, Tata Mc Graw

Hill, 1995.

11.

Vo Viet an, Ky thuat ien cao ap, ai hoc Bach khoa Ha Noi, 1971.

in

12. Tai lieu cua Hoi ngh quoc te chuyen e ve chong set - Ha Noi 1997.

die