BEAMS ‘73. VARIOUS TYPES OF LOADING AND SUPPORT A structural member designed to support loads applied at various points along the member is inown as a bearn. In most eases the londs are perpendicular to the axis of the beam and will cause culy shear and bending in the beam, When the loads are not at a righ: angle to the beam, they will also produce axial forces in the beam, Beams are usually long, straight prismatic bars. Designirg a beam for the most effective support of the applied loads is a two-part process: (1) determining the shearing forces and bending moments produced by the loads and (2) selecting the cross section best suited {o resist the shearing forces and bending moments determined in the fist par. Here we are concerned with the first part of the problem of beam design. The second part belongs to the study of irechanies of materials, AA beam can be subjected to concentrated loads Py, Pay... , ex Fesed in newtons, pounds, or their multiples kilonewtons and kips Fig 7.50), to a distributed load w, expressed in N/m, kN/m, lb/ft, or ‘pvt (Fig. 7.5b), or to a combination of both, When the load w per Unit length has a constant value over part of the beam (as between A aul B in Fig. 7.56), the load is said to be uniformly distributed over that part of the beam, The determination of the reactions at the sup- Pins {5 considerably simplified if distributed louds ate replaced by ‘valent concentrated louds, as explained in Sec. 5.8. This subst {ition, however, should not be performed, or at least should be per- formed with care, when internal forces are being computed (see Sam- dle Prob. 7.3), Beams are classified according to the way in which they are “Pported. Several types of beams frequently used are shown in (6) Concentrated lads ning | 8 (0) Diente Had Fig. 75 ce362. fore n Beoms and Gables , Stately — z= = Determine A ae Beams | L — — (6) Simply supported bean (b) Overhanging beam (6) Cantilever bear Statically —_ { a Inetcrihate alee Bas bu-t—n 1 i | L (4) Continous ean (eBeam fad atone end (7) Fae bean ting) sped triheaerend Fa.78 Fig. 7.6. The distance L between supports is called the span. It should be noted that the reactions will be determinate ifthe supports involve only three unknowns. If more unknowns are involved, the reactions will be statically indeterminate and the methods of statics will not be sufficient to determine the reactions; the properties of the beam with regard to its resistance to bending must then be taken into consides- ation, Beams supported by two rollers are not shown here; they are Go ‘only partially constrained and will move under certain loadings == Sometimes two or-more beams are connected by hinges to form fa single continuous structure. Two examples of beams hinged at a @ point H are shown in Fig, 7.7. It will be noted that the reactions st h the supports involve four unknowns and eannot be determined from Ae the es body diagram ofthe two-beam stem, They ean be deter- 5 ® se mined, however, by considering the free-body diagram of each beam separately, six unknowns are involved (including two force compo- nents at the hinge), and six equations are available, *7.4, SHEAR AND BENDING MOMENT IN A BEAM Consider a beam AB subjected to various concentrated and distib- uted loads (Fig, 7.80). We propose to determine the shearing force and beading moment at any point of the beam. In the example con- sidered here, the beam is simply supported, but the method used could be applied to any type of statically determinate beam. First we determine the reactions at A and B by choosing the en tire beam as a free body (Fig, 7.8); writing SM, = 0 and 2M; ‘we obtain, respectively, Rg and Ra To determine the internal forces at C, we cut the beam at C and draw the free-body diagrams of the portions AC and CB of the bean! (Fig. 78c). Using the free-body diagram of AC, we can determine the shearing force V at C by equating to zero the sum of the vertical com Photo 7.2. The ileal rcs in th beams of {ho overpass shown vary abe tuck closes ovmpass.. ghd. ‘ne onents ofall forces acting on AC. Similarly, the bending moment M at C can be found by equating to zero the sum of the moments about C of al forces and couples acting on AC. Alternatively, we could vs? the free-body diagram of CB} and determine the shearing force V’ and the bending moment M’ by equating to zero the sum of the The ‘ore and eouple cepresenting the internal frees acting on CB will now be noted by "and M’, rather than by —V and ~M as done eal, in order to swoklconl ‘son wher applying the siga convention which we are abou to introduce.Py wy IT. th 74, Shoat sr Bonding Wort in @ Bean splits oc v ny Fig. 7.8 @ vertical components and the sum of the moments about € of all forces and couples acting on CB. While this choice of free bcdies may fa. «iitate the computation of the numerical values ofthe shearing force and bending moment, it makes it necessary ta indicate on whieh por- tin ofthe beam the internal forees considered are acting. Ifthe shear. ing force and bending moment are to be computed at every point of the beam and efficiently recorded, we must find a way to avoid hav ing to specify every time which portion of the beam is ued as a free bony. We shall adopt, therefore, the following conventions In determining the shearing force in a beam, i will dtvays be as- sumed that the internal forces V and V" are directed as shown in Fig, 1.8. A positive value obtained for their common magnitude V will indicate that this assumption was correct and that the shearing forees ate actually directed as shown. A negative value obtained for V will indicate that the assumption was wrong and that the shearing forces aw dected in the opposite way: Thus, only the magnitude V, together vith plas or minus sign, needs to be recorded to define completely the shearing forces ata given point of the beam. The scalar V is com nnonly referred to as the shear at the given point of the hear, Sinlrly, it will always be assumed that the internal couples M tM’ are directed as shown in Fig. 7.8, A positive value obtained frtheir magnitude MY, commonly relerred to as the bending moment, wil indicate that this assumption was correct, and a negative value fil indicate that it was wrong. Summarizing the sign conventions we have presented, we stat: The shear V and the bencling moment M at a given point of a 'n are said to be positive when the internal forces and couples act- ‘"gm each portion of the beam are directed as shown in Fg, 7-90 These conventions can be more easily remembered if we note that 1. The shear at C is positive when the external forces (loads And reactions) acting on the beam tend to shear off the beam ot C as indicated in Fig. 7b, 4 Ry di ” i) Internal forces setion t {postive shear end postive bending moment) (0) Bie of external forces (postive shou) Fig. 79 (c) Elect of extemal forces (positive bending moment) 363364 Forces in Bese ans Cables 8: The bending moment at C ts postive when the external fo, acting on the beam tend to bend the beam at C as indicasy in Fig, 7.96 Irmay also help to note that th situation deseribed in Fig. 79,5 which the values of the shear and ofthe bending moment are post 's precisely the situation which aours nthe lft half of a simply ported beam carrying a single concentrated load at its midpoint he particular example is fully discussed in the following section °7.5. SHEAR AND BENDING-MOMENT DIAGRAMS. Now that shear and bending moment have been clearly defined iy sense as well asin magnitude, we can easily record their values at at Point of a beam by plotting these vahies against the distance * nea sured from one end of the beam. The graphs obtained in this wa) ay called, respectively, the shear diagram and the hending-moment i, gram. As an example, consider a simply supported beam AB of spy L subjected to a single concentrated load P applied at its midpoint 9 (Fig. 7.10e). We frst determine the reactions at the supposte fog the free-body diagram of the entire beam (Fig, 7.10b); we find the the magnitude of each reaction is equal to P/3. Next we cut the beam at a point C between A and D and drar the free-body diagrams of AC and CB (Fig. 7.10e). Assuming the shear and bending moment are positive, we direct the internal foras Vand V" and the internal couples-M and M’ as indicated in Fig. 78 Considering the free body AC and writing that the sum of the vert, cal components and the sum of the moments about C of the fores acting on the free body are zero, we find V = +P/2.and M = -+Pa/t Both shear and bencling moment are therefore positive; this ean be checked by observing that the reaction at A tends to shear off andie bend the beam at C'as indicated in Fig. 7.9 and c. We can plot and M between A and D (Fig, 7.10e and f); the shear has a constat value V = P/2, while the bending moment increases linearly fran M=Oatx = 0toM=PL/4 atx = 1/2 Cutting, now, the beain at a point E between D and B axl considering the free body EB (Fig, 7.10d), we write that the sum! the vertical components and the sum of the moments about E of be forces acting on the free body are zero. We obtain V = —P/2 aa M = PL ~)/2, The shears therefore negative and the bending 0- ment positive; this can be checked by observing that the reactions! B bends the beam at E as indicated in Fig, 74 but tends to shear off in a manner opposite to that shown in Fig. 7.9), We can comple ‘how, the shear and bending-moment diagrams of Fig. 7.10e and f shear hs @ constant value V = =P/2 between D and B, while tt bending moment decreases linearly from M = PL/4 at x= L/2® M=Oatx=L. It should be noted that when a beam is subjected to concentra t T ¥ loads orly, the shear is of constant value between loads and the be 2 ing moment varies linearly between loads, but when a beam iss wi Jected to distributed loads, the shear and bending moment vary qi Fig. 7.10 differently (see Sample Prob, 7.3)io Nm £50 kan SAMPLE PROBLEM 7.2 Draw the shear and bending-moment diagrams for the bean and loading shown, ° SOLUTION Free Body: Entire Beam. From the free-body diagram ofthe entre beam, we Bind the reactions at B and D: Ry=46KNT — Rp= ENT Shear and Bending Moment. We first determine the internal forces just to the right ofthe 20-KN load at A. Considering the stub of the bean to the left of section 1 asa free body and assuming V and M to be positive (according to the standard convention). we write +1ER,=0: -20kN-Vi=0 EM, (20 KN(O m) +My = 0 20 kN 0 ‘We nest consider as a free body the portion of the beam to the left of section 2 and write HBR, +1M, (DEN}25 m) + Me=0 ‘The sheas und sending momenta sections 3, 4,5, and 6 are determined Jina similar way from the free-body diagrams shown, We obtain Va=+26KN My =-SOkN-m Ve 426KN Mp = 428kN-m Vs=—14kN My =+28kN-m Vo= KN M=0 For several ofthe later sections, the results are more easly obtained by con- sidering as a free body the portion of the beam to the right of the section For example, consicering the portion ofthe bear tothe right of section 4 wwe write H1BE,=0: Vj—40 KN +14 kN = 0 V4 426 kN HEM, = 0: —iMy + (14 KN}@ m) =0 {y= +28 KN +m Shear and Bending-Moment Diagrams. We ean now plot the si Points shown on the shear and bendlng-monient diagrams. As indicated in Sec. 7.5 the shear i of constant value between concentrated loads, and the bending moment vases linearly; we therefore obtain the shear and bending. moment dageams shown 365