LESSON

What are Ethics?

Ethics are the guiding principles by which people make decisions and live their lives.
Individual behaviour is often judged as right or wrong, honest or dishonest, fair or unfair,
and ethical or unethical. Ethics are much more than just following the law. Business
ethics are a system of moral principles that guide the behaviour of organizations in both
their strategy formulation and day-to-day operations. Business ethics affect the
relationships with the organizations various stakeholders, i.e. suppliers, employees,
customers, and communities. A stakeholder is any person, group, or organization who
may be affected by the activities of another organization.

Ethical Behaviour
Why should managers behave ethically? Why do businesses expect their manager to
make ethical decisions?
(1) Society expects and wants businesses to act responsibly.
(2) Businesses wish to avoid lawsuits, or criminal consequences, and unethical
behaviour.
(3) It may improve the public image of the business and lead to increased sales.
(4) It may create a better overall environment for all to enjoy.
(5) Voluntarily making the right choice may be a preventative measure and avoid an
increase in government regulation.
(6) An increase in employee and community pride may lead to less employee turnover.

Ethical Dilemmas
An ethical dilemma arises where a manager is faced with a situation that offers a
potential gain or benefit; but choosing to pursue the situation may be considered unfair,
wrong, or dishonest. There are many areas where ethical dilemmas arise. Here are
four categories of common ethical dilemmas in business.
(1) human resource issues, e.g. discrimination in hiring or promotion, harassment
(2) customer safety issues, e.g. unsafe products and services to gain profits
(3) conflict of interest issues, e.g. bribery or kickback in return for making a decision
favourable to the giver
(4) use of corporate resources, e.g. employee using business assets for personal
gain, business interest superseding Aboriginal land claims, and environmentally
irresponsible choices

Framework for Solving an Ethical Dilemma

When faced with an ethical dilemma, there are some basics questions that a manager
should ask him/herself.

(1) What are the ethical issues?

(2) Who are the stakeholders? What are the responsibilities and obligations of the
parties involved?
(3) Can I identify alternatives and weigh impact of each alternative on stakeholders?
(4) What is the best and most ethical alternative?

Code of Ethics
A code of ethics communicates the purpose, values, and objectives of a business and
outlines expected behaviour for employees. Large corporations almost always have a
formal, written code of ethics (or code of conduct).

Questions:
1. What are ethics?
2. What is a stakeholder?
3. Why should managers behave ethically? Why do businesses expect their
manager to make ethical decisions? (List four)
4. What is an ethical dilemma? What four areas can they occur?
5. What is the framework for solving an ethical dilemma?

6.

CLA Activity #4: Cases on Ethical Issues and Dilemmas

Instruction:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Read both of the following case studies.

Choose one of the two cases and write a brief summary of the article.
Review information on Ethics, Ethical Behaviour, Ethical Dilemmas, and Code of Ethics.
Choose one of the two cases and complete the questions. Answers must be type-written in complete
sentences. Ensure that you are using business vocabularies.

Exemplar:
Summary of Article

.
.
.
.
Answers:

Attachment 11 Business Ethics Case Studies: Whistle Blowing and the Environment and The
Polluters Dilemma Chris MacDonald

Business Ethics Case Studies

Whistleblowing and the Environment: The Case of Avco
Environmental
Chantale Leroux works as a clerk for Avco Environmental Services, a small
toxicwaste
disposal company. The company has a contract to dispose medical waste
from a local hospital.
During the course of her work, Chantale comes across documents that
suggest
that Avco actually disposed of some of this medical waste in a local
municipal
landfill. Chantale is shocked. She knows this practice is illegal. Even though
only
a small portion of the medical waste that Avco handles is being disposed of
in
this way, any amount at all seems a worrisome threat to public health.
Chantale gathers together the appropriate documents and takes them to her
immediate superior, Dave Lamb. Dave says, "Look, I don't think that sort of
thing
is your concern or mine. We're in charge of recordkeeping, not making
decisions
about where this stuff gets dumped. I suggest you drop it."
The next day, Chantale decides to go one step further, and talk to Angela
van
Wilgenburg, the company's Operations Manager. Angela is clearly irritated.
Angela says, "This isn't your concern. Look, these are the sorts of cost
cutting
moves that let a little company like ours compete with our giant competitors.
Besides, everyone knows that the regulations in this area are overly
cautious.
There's no real danger to anyone from the tiny amount of medical waste that
'slips' into the municipal dump. I consider this matter closed."
Chantale considers her situation. The message from her superiors is loud and
clear. She strongly suspects that making further noises about this issue could
jeopardize her job. Further, she generally has faith in the company's
management. They've always seemed like honest, trustworthy people. But
she is

troubled by this apparent disregard for public safety. On the other hand, she
asks
herself whether maybe Angela is right in arguing that the danger is minimal.
Chantale looks up the phone number of an old friend who worked for the
local
newspaper.
Questions for Discussion:
1. What should Chantale do?
2. What are the reasonable limits on loyalty to one's employer?
3. Would it make a difference if Chantale had a position of greater authority?
4. Would it make a difference if Chantale had scientific expertise?

Business Ethics Case Studies:

The Polluter's Dilemma
Jonica Gunson is the environmental compliance manager for a small plastics
manufacturing company. She is currently faced with the decision whether or
not to
spend money on new technology that will reduce the level of a particular
toxin in the
wastewater that flows out the back of the factory and into a lake.
The factory's emission levels are already within legal limits. However, Jonica
knows that
environmental regulations for this particular toxin are lagging behind
scientific evidence.
In fact, a scientist from the university recently quoted in the newspaper
stated that if
emission levels stayed at this level, the fish in the lakes and rivers in the
area might
soon be declared unsafe for human consumption. Further, if companies in
the region don't engage in some self regulation on this issue, there is reason
to fear that the government may force companies to begin using the new
technology, and may also begin requiring monthly emission level reports.
These tests would be both expensive and time consuming.
The company's environmental compliance budget is tight. Asking for this
new
technology to be installed would put Jonica's department overbudget,
and could jeopardize the company's ability to show a profit this year.
Questions for Discussion
1. What motives would the company have to install the new technology?
2. What motives would the company have to delay installing the new
technology?
3. Why might the companies in this region prefer for the government to
impose new
regulations?
Chris MacDonald
The events and persons in case are entirely fictional. Any similarity to real persons or
companies is purely
accidental, though hopefully instructive.
Permission is hereby given for printing & copying this case, for educational purposes,
provided that the
author's name and the URL www.businessethics.ca are included.