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Apis mellifera

,
, ,

, ,
.
( 2001/110/)


)


) :
- ,
-
,
- .

()
15-20%

95-99%

0,25%

0,25-0,83%


0,20-0,60%

pH
.. 3,91 (3,42-6,10)
(, , ,)
( C)

60 g/100 g

45 g/100 g

5 g/100 g

, , ,
spp.

10 g/100 g

15 g/100 g

:


.
() :
. 30
200 , 60
70 45
.
:


( ).

.

(Clostridium botulism).T


. 10-15%

, 25%
.

(.. .
Rhododendron)
.
.




.
.


,
.

.

(

)
(
,
HFM
(Y).
,
.
.
(
HMF
13C/12C)

: .
, , ...
.


..

gr

. ..

.

35-40
.
,
,
.

. 2

40 .
.

.

()
()

27,0%

23,7%

1,3%

4,8%
*
3,0%

(20-25%)
(10-15%)
(15-45%)
(7,5-35%)
(1-5%)
(1-15,0%)

* (, 1,2,
3, 6,12, C,D,E,H), ,
,

()





.

1-2

8 (-18
)
12 .


.

67%
12,5%
11%
5,5%
3,5% (, ,
).

..


, ,




-

, 0,95
gr/cm3 63-64
.

30-36 C.

10 1.
1
10 .
8 1.

70%.
14%
12,5-16%.
1%.
1-2%.
1-2%.
(,
, ) 1-5%.


.


. 20 C


.


.
66 C .

50-55%

5-10%

25-35%

0,5%,

5%

5%


0,3 mg
15 . 18
.
.
, ,
.
50%






. .
.
5 .
1 . 20
.

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