Chng 6: Mch khuch i cng sut.

CHNG 6: MCH KHUCH I CNG SUT

I. Gii thiu
Mch khuch i cng sut thng c s dng nng cng sut tn hiu ln cao trc
khi a ra ti, thng s dng cho ti c in tr thp. Thng s nh gi mch khuch i
cng sut chnh l hiu sut, :
P
= out ( ac ) x100%
(6.1)
Pin ( dc )
Hiu sut chnh l t s cng sut tn hiu ng ra trn ti vi cng sut ngun cung cp cho
mch. Mt mch khuch i cng sut l l tng khi hiu sut bng 100%, c ngha l ton b
nng lng ngun cung cp cho mch c chuyn i thnh nng lng tn hiu ra ti. Trn
thc t do nng lng mt phn b tiu tn trn cc linh kin hot ng trong mch nn hiu
sut ca mch lun lun nh hn 100%.

Phn loi mch khuch i cng sut

V c bn c 5 dng mch khuch i cng sut: lp A, B, AB, C v D.
- Mch khuch i cng sut lp A l mch khuch i m transistor c im lm vic Q
nm trong vng khuch i v n dn trong ton chu k ca tn hiu ng vo.
- Mch khuch i cng sut lp B l mch khuch i m transistor c im lm vic Q
nm trong vng tt do transistor ch dn trong mt bn k ca ca tn hiu ng vo.
Mch khuch i cng sut lp AB l mch khuch i m transistor c im lm vic Q nm
trong vng khuch i gn vng tt do transistor dn hn mt bn k v t hn mt chu k ca
ca tn hiu ng vo.
- Mch khuch i cng sut lp C l mch khuch i m transistor c im lm vic Q
nm su trong vng tt do transistor ch dn t hn mt bn k ca ca tn hiu ng vo.
Dng sng dng iC ca bn dng mch khuch i cng sut vi tn hiu ng vo c dng sin
trong hnh 6.1.

Hnh 6.1: a. Dng sng dng iC ca mch khuch i cng sut ch A; b. Dng sng dng iC
ca mch khuch i cng sut ch B; c. Dng sng dng iC ca mch khuch i cng sut
ch AB; d. Dng sng dng iC ca mch khuch i cng sut ch C
- Mch khuc i cng sut ch D l mch c hiu sut rt cao transistor ch yu hot
ng ch xung.
- Cc mch khuch i cng sut khc: c nhiu mch khuch i cng sut khc nh G, H,
SHu ht chng l bin th ca mch khuch i cng sut ch AB, tuy nhin chng cho
hiu sut rt cao c s dng cho nhng thit k c cng sut ng ra ln. Nhng trong
chng ny chng ta ch yu ch kho st ba dng c bn dng trong mch khuch i cng
sut tn hiu m tn l A, B v AB.
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Chng 6: Mch khuch i cng sut.

II. Transistor cng sut

1.

BJT cng sut

Transistor cng sut l linh kin c kch thc ln do yu cu phi hot ng vi cng sut
v dng ln. Cu trc xem hnh 6.2

Hnh 6.2: Cu trc ca BJT cng sut

Do s khc nhau trong kch thc vt l v mt tp cht trong cht bn dn nn cc thng
s ca n khc so vi nhng transistor hot ng vi tn hiu nh, v d xem bng 6.1.
Bng 6.1: Bng so snh cc thng s ca BJT cng sut v BJT tn hiu nh.

Hnh 6.2: ng c tuyn hFE theo IC

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Chng 6: Mch khuch i cng sut.

Khi s dng transistor cng sut phi ch cc ng gii hn dng, p v cng sut trong
hnh 6.3a, vng hot ng an ton ca transistor l vng nm di cc ng gii hn ICmax,
VCE(sus), PT, hnh 6.3b ch ra ng gii hn tng t nhng s dng t l logarithmic, chnh v
vy im lm vic ca transistor phi nm trong vng cho php.

Hnh 6.3: Vng hot ng an ton ca BJT: a. Theo t l tuyn tnh ; b. Theo t l logarithm.
Cng sut tiu tn trn BJT l:
PQ = vCE iC + vBE iB
(6.2)
Do dng ti cc B b hn nhiu so vi dng ti cc C, nn c th vit li cng thc 6.2 gn
ng nh sau:
PQ vCE iC
(6.3)
T cng thc 6.2 suy ra cng sut tiu tn trung bnh ca BJT trong mt chu k ca tn hiu
l:
T
1
PQ = vCE iC dt
(6.4)
T 0
Cng sut ny phi lun lun nh hn gi tr cng sut gii hn ca BJT bo m nhit
ca transistor nh hn nhit cho php cc i.
2.
MOSFET cng sut
Bng 6.2 lit k cc thng s c bn ca hai MOSFET cng sut knh n.
Cc thng s
2N6757
2N6792
VDS(max) (V)
150
400
0
ID(max) (tai T=25 C)
8
2
PD (W)
75
20
Cu trc ca transistor FET cng sut nh hnh 6.4

Hnh 6.4: a. VMOS; b. DMOS; c. HEXFET.

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Chng 6: Mch khuch i cng sut.

3.

Heat Sinks

Hnh 6.5: Hai dng v transistor cng sut thng gp a v b; c. Hnh dng ca heat sink.
Trong khi nhng mch tch hp thng s dng cho nhng ng dng tn hiu nh v cng
sut b, hu ht nhng ng dng dng cho cng sut cao vn i hi transistor cng sut ri.
ci tin k thut sn xut vi yu cu cung cp cc linh kin bn dn c kch thc nh
nhng hot ng c vi in p, cng sut ln v tc chuyn mch nhanh, v cc thng s
ny b gii hn bi nhit hot ng cho php ca linh kin do vn t gia l phi tn
nhit cho linh kin. Cng sut tiu tn trn transistor lm gia tng nhit mi ni bn trong ca
n, v nhit ny c truyn ra v. Nu nhit bn trong hay nhit mi ni T J ca n
vt qu nhit cho php transistor s b qu nhit. bo v transistor trong trng hp ny
phi dng mt tm tn nhit (heat sink) tn nhit cho transistor, v tm tn nhit ny c
gn vi v. ng c tuyn quan h gia cng sut tiu tn v nhit v xem hnh 6.6.

Hnh 6.6: ng c tuyn ca cng sut tiu tn trn transistor vi nhit v.

Hnh 6.7: c tuyn ca MOSFET cng sut cao: a. Quan h gia in dn v dng cc mng;
b. c tuyn truyn t.
T hnh 6.6, ta c th thy rng khi nhit v (hay nhit mi ni) gia tng, cng sut
tiu tn gii hn ca transistor gim theo h s suy gim:
PD (T1 ) = PD (T0 ) (T1 T0 ) *h s suy gim
(6.5)
Khi nu s dng mt tm tn nhit tt c th cho php transistor hot ng c vi
cng sut tiu tn cc i. thit k chn tm tn nhit ph hp vi transistor, chng ta phi
xt n thng s nhit tr (0C/W). Nhit trn mt phn t c nhit tr l
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Chng 6: Mch khuch i cng sut.

T2 T1 = P
trong P l cng sut nhit trn phn t.
chn c tm tn nhit ng yu cu chng ta phi bit c cc thng s nhit ca
transistor v s lin quan ca cc thng s ny vi cng sut tiu tn. Hnh 6.8 ch ra s lin quan
ca in tr nhit vi nhit ca transistor .

Hnh 6.8
in tr nhit dng din t sc nng nh hng n gii hn v in, trong hnh 6.8
cc nhit tr c nh ngha nh sau:
JA : nhit tr nhit t mi ni n mi trng (nhit tr tng).
JC : nhit tr nhit t mi ni n v (nhit tr ca transistor).
CS : nhit tr nhit t v n tm tn nhit.
SA : nhit tr t tm tn nhit n mi trng (nhit tr ca tm tn nhit).
Vy:
JA = JC + CS + SA
(6.6)
Theo nh lut Kirchhoff ta c:
TJ = PD JA + TA
(6.7)
T cng thc 6.6 c th thy h s cung cp thng tin v nhit mi ni lin quan
n cng sut tiu tn trn transistor. V d: mt transistor c JC bng 0.50C/W, iu ny c
ngha l nu transistor hot ng vi cng sut tiu tn 50W th nhit chnh lch gia v
v mi ni bn trong l:
TJ TC = PD JC = (0.50 C / W )(50W ) = 250 C
Nh vy nu tm tn nhit c th gi nhit v ti 500C th nhit mi ni ca
transistor s l 750C.
III. Mch khuch i cng sut ch A:
1.

Mch khuch i ghp trc tip

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Chng 6: Mch khuch i cng sut.

Hnh 6.9 : Mch khuch i cng sut ch A ghp trc tip.

- Phn cc DC
Dng phn cc IB l:
V 0.7V
I B = CC
(6.8)
RB
Dng phn cc IC v in p VCE:
I C = I B
(6.9)
VCE = VCC I C RC
(6.10)
- Khi c tn hiu AC: Khi c tn hiu c ng vo, tn hiu ra s bin thin theo tn hiu ng
vo t gi tr dng v p phn cc dc

Hnh 6.10: S bin thin tn hiu ra theo tn hiu vo c dng sin.

Cng sut ng ra:
PO (ac ) = vce ic
PO (ac ) =

vce (max) ic (max)

2
Cng sut ngun cung cp:
Pi (dc) = VCC I CQ
Hiu sut ca mch
P (ac)
% = O
x100%
Pi (dc )

vce ( p p ) ic ( p p )
8

(6.11)
(6.12)
(6.13)
(6.14)

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Chng 6: Mch khuch i cng sut.

Cng sut tiu tn trn transistor

PT = Pi (dc) PO (ac)
(6.15)
T cng thc 6.15, chng ta thy rng i vi mch khuch i cng sut ch A th cng
sut tiu tn trn transistor ln nht khi khng c tn hiu ra ti v nh nht khi tn hiu ra ti l
ln nht.
- Hiu sut cc i ca mch
i vi mch khuch i cng sut ch A, hiu sut ca mch t cc i khi in p
v dng in trn ti t cc i (bin thin cc i), khi nu im lm vic tnh Q ca
transistor nm gia ng ti ac th :
V
VCEQ = CC
2
v:
V
I CQ = CC
2 RC
max(vce ( p p ) ) = VCC
max(iC ( p p ) ) =

VCC
RC

2
VCC
8RC
cng sut ngun cung cp khi :

max( PO (ac)) =

2
VCC
2 RC
Vy hiu sut cc i ca mch l:
max( Po (ac))
max( %) =
x100% = 25%
max( Pi (dc ))
Kt lun: hiu sut cc i ca mch khuch i cng sut ch A ghp trc tip ch t
c ti a l 25%.
2.
Mch khuch i ghp LC
cung cp ra ti mt cng sut ln thng thng i hi dng v p ln. V? vy trong
mch CE iu ny yu cu thay RC bng mt cun day gim tiu hao trn RC. cun dy ny b
ngn mch i vi dng dc nhng h mch vi tn hiu ac ti nhng tn hiu c tn s cao.

max( Pi (dc )) = VCC I CQ =

Hnh 6.11: a. mch khuch i cng sut ch A ghp LC; b. ng ti ac v dc ca

transistor.
117