FOUNDATION ENGINEERING

Deep Foundation

Luthfi Hasan
Geotechnical expert

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978

Pile capacity
b d on CPT data
based
d

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978

Heijnen (1974)
De Ruiter & Beringen (1979)

q +q
c1

c2

15000kPa (150Kg / cm 2 )
Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978

Pile capacity
b d on SPT data
based
d

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978

Daya Dukung Ujung untuk Tanah

Pasir dng Korelasi Empiris N-SPT

Tiang Pancang :
Qp = 40 x N SPT x Ap
Dimana,
NSPT = (N1+N2)/2
N1= harga rata-rata N dari dasar ke 10-D keatas
N2=
2 hharga rata-rata N dari
d i dasar
d
ke
k 4-D
4 kebawah
k b
h

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978

NILAI N SPT UNTUK DESIGN TAHANAN UJUNG

PADA TANAH PASIRAN :

Ground Surface

Tiang Pancang

Nilai N SPT Desain

adalah:

Ndesain = (N1 +N2)

(10 x D)
dirata-rata untuk
desain tahanan ujung = N1

(4 x D)
dirata-rata untuk
desain tahanan ujung = N2

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978

Tahanan Geser Selimut Tiang dari

Tanah Berpasir Dari Korelasi Empiris
dng N-SPT
Menurut Naval Engineering Facilities Command:

1. Tiang Pancang :
Qs = 0.2 x (N SPT) x Li x p (ton) displasemen besar
Qs = 0.1 x (N SPT) x Li x p (ton) displasemen kecil

2. Tiang Bor :
Qs = 0.1 x (N SPT) x Li x p (ton)
Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978

Pil d
Pile
driving
i i

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978

Noyo River

Benicia--Martinez
Benicia

Ten Mile River

Other
Bridges
Richmond--San Rafael
Richmond

Humbolt Bay
Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978

Pile Types
Timber Piles

Concrete Piles

Small Diameter
& H Piles

Large Diameter
Steel

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978

Hammer Types

Diesel Hammer

Drop Hammer

Vibratory Hammer

Hydraulic Hammer
Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978

Airborne Noise

HAMMER

Propagation
Air
Water

Compression Waves

Mud
High Damping

Majority of Energy
Dissipation
p
Through
g Soil
Resistance

Pile Tip Elevation

Sands

Very Stiff Clays with Dense

Sand Layers
y

Dense to
Very Dense Sand with
Clay Layers
Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978

Formula Dinamik ENR

Qu =

WR h
S +C

Qu =

E.H E
S +C

atau

dimana:
Qu
WR
h
S
C
Angka

: Kapasitas daya dukung ultimate

: Berat ram (kN)
: Tinggi jatuh ram (cm)
: Penetrasi tiang untuk setiap pukulan(m/blow)
: konstanta, untuk drop hammer = 2.54 cm, untuk steam hamm
er = 0.254 cm
keamanan yang direkomendasikan adalah 6.

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978

Modified New ENR

E .W R .h
Qu =
S +C

2
W R + n W p

W R + W P

dimana:
E
C
Wp

: Efisiensi hammer
: 0.254 cm untuk unit S dan h dalam centimeter
: Berat tian g

: koefisien restitusi antara ram dan pile cap

Angka keamanan yang direkomendasikan adalah 6.

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978

Harga Efisiensi Hammer dan

Koef. Restitusi
Tipe Hammer
Single and Double acting hammer
Diesel Hammer
Drop Hammer
Pile Material
Cast iron hammer and concrette pile (whitout cap)
Wood cushion on steel pile
Wooden pile

Efficiency, E
0.7 0.8
0.8 0.9
0.7 0.9
Coefficient of restitution, n
0.4 0.5
0 3 0.4
0.3
04
0.25 0.3

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978

Michigan State Highway Commission

2
2 . 5 H E W R + n W
=

Qu
S + C W R + W P

dimana:
HE

gy (from
(
the factory)
y)
: Rated hammer energy

: 0.254 cm

Angka k

eamanan yang direkomendasikan adalah 6.

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978

Dannishs Formula

E. H E
Qu =
+ E.H E .L
S
2. Ap .E p

dimana:
Ep
E
L
Ap
Angka

: Modulus
M d l Young
Y
dari
d i material
t i l tiang
ti
: Panjang tiang
: Luas penampang tiang
keamanan yang direkomendasikan bervariasi dari 3 hingga 6.

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978

Contoh Perhitungan

Diameter PC Spun Pile

Berat Tiang Per m
Berat hammer pemancang
Tinggi Jatuh
Daya Dukung Ultimate yang diinginkan
Daya Dukung Ijin yang diinginkan
Panjang tiang

: 400 mm
: 200 kg
: 3,42 ton (K 35)
: 1,60 m
: 210 ton.
: 50 ton.
: 18m

Perhitungan Final set :

SF = 6 ultimated bearing Capacity = 300 ton.

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978

Contoh Perhitungan
1. Menggunakan Modified ENR Formula
2
E.WR .h WR + n Wp

Qu =
S+C
WR + Wp

0,8x3,42 x1,6 3,42 + 0.523,6

s + 0.254
3,42 + 3,6
13,47
300 =
(s + 0.254) x (7,02)
13,47
300 =
7,02S + 1.783
2106s + 534,9 = 13,47
2106s = (521,43)
s = 0,248 cm
300 =

Final Set adalah 0,248 cm/blow 2,48 cm/10 blows.

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978

Contoh Perhitungan
2. Menggunakan formula dari Michigan state Highway Commision (1965)
2
2.5 H E WR + n W p
Qu =

S +C
WR + W p

2.5 5,5 3,42 + 0,5 2 3,6

S + 0.254
3,42 + 3,6
13.75
300 =
0.6154
s + 0.254
8,461
300 =
s + 0.254
300 s + 76,2 = 8,461
300 s = (67,74)
s = 0,2258 cm

300 =

Final Set adalah 0,225 cm/blow 2,25 cm/10 blows.

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978

10

Contoh Perhitungan
3. Menggunakan formula Danish

E HE

Qu =
S+

E.H E .L
2 A p .E p

300 =

0.5 5,5
0,5 5,5 18
S+
2 0,0765 2,1.107

2,75
4,95
S+
3213000
2,75
300 =
S + 0.0392
300s + 11,775 = 2,75
300 =

300s = 9,025
s = 0,03 cm / blow
Final Set adalah 0,03 cm/blow 0,3 cm/10 blows.
Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978

Final Set = ? In/10

blows

Spesifikasi
end bearing = 1 in/ 10
blows

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978

11

Pil lload
Pile
d test

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978

Pile Load Testing

Pile Load Testing is the Most Positive
Method of Determining Pile Capacity.

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978

12

Load - Settlement Graph

Settlement

Load

Ultimate
Bearing
Capacity

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978

Static Load Test Types

ASTM D1143

M i t i dL
Maintained
Load
d

Quick Load (Texas Quick Test)

Constant Rate of Penetration (CRP)

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978

13

Static Load Test - Test Setup

Reaction
B
Beam

Stiffeners
Plate
Spherical Bearing

Load Cell

Ram
Hydraulic
Jack

Bourdon Gage
g
Dial Gage

LVDT
Mirror
Wire

Bracket Attached to Pile

Grade

Scale
Test
Pile

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978

Typical Arrangement for Load Testing a

Pile or Drilled Shaft
Reaction Beam

Dial
Gage

Jack

Support
Beam

Test Pile or
Drilled Shaft

Anchor Pile or
Drilled Shaft
Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978

14

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978

15

Static Load Test - Mechanism

Q1+Q2+Q3, etc.

Q1+Q2+Q3
Q1+Q
Q2
Q1

Load (Q)

Telltale B
Telltale A
Telltale A
A

Movement

Pile Head

Telltale B

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978

Dynamic Pile Testing

ASTM D4945
Measures strain and pile acceleration to
predict capacity
Requires experienced personnel to
interpret results
Correlates well with static test results
Used for time-related capacity changes

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978

16

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978

17

Osterberg Load Test Concept

Reaction System
Qr

Expanding
Osterberg Cell

Rs

Rs

Qo

Rt

Conventional

Qo
Rt

Osterberg

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978

Osterberg Load Test Setup

Cell Expansion Telltale
Dial Gage 2

Dial Gage 1
High Strength Pipe

Friction Collar

Shaft Compression Telltale

Pile Top (Side Shear)
Movement Gage
Reference Beam

Hand Operated
Hydraulic Pump
with Pressure
Gage and
Pressure
Transducer
Pile Shaft
Resistance

Prestressed
Concrete Pile

Osterberg Cell
Cast Into Pile

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978

18

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978

Osterberg Load Test Mechanism

Extrapolated
Friction Curve

Measured Shaft
Friction Load
Curve
2

Deflection
n Down

Measured
M
d End
E d
Bearing Load Curve

9
8
6

Maximum
Load
f
from
O
OCell Test

8
9
10
11

Load
Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978

19

Statnamic Load Test Concept

Reaction
Mass

- FSin
Pressure
Chamber
+ FSin
Pile

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978

Statnamic Load Test Setup

Concrete or Steel Reaction Mass
Pressure Chamber
Load Cell
Base Plate Grouted to
Foundation

Loose Granular Fill

Propellant
Launching Cylinder
Piston Base
Displacement
Measuring Means

Pile or Drilled Shaft

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978

20

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978

Statnamic Load Test Mechanism

0

Displacement (mm
D
m)

-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
0

3
Load (MN)

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978

21

Examples of Cost Savings From Pile

Load Testing
West Seattle Freeway - Major Project
Design Phase Program
North Carolina DOT - Coordinated Design
Phase Programs
Oregon DOT - Routine Project Test
Programs

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978

West Seattle Freeway Bridge

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978

22

West Seattle Freeway Bridge Design

Friction Piles for all Foundations

36 Diameter Open-end
Open end Pipe Piles for Main
Channel Piers (24,000 LF driven)
24 Octagonal Prestressed Concrete Piles for
Approach Piers (172,000 LF driven)

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978

23

West Seattle Freeway Bridge

Item
Piles
Pile cap size
Test pile data
provided to
bidders

Estimated
Saving
$ 9,000,000
$ 1,000,000
?

Remarks
Difficult to
quantify savings

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978

North Carolina Design Phase Load

Test Programs
Projects
1994--1999
1994
Neuse
River
New River
Chowan
River
Oregon
Inlet
Croatian
Sound

Project Cost Test Cost $ Estimated

(Bid)
$ (Bid)
Savings and (%)

92,998,000

310,000

10,500,000 (11)

16,457,000

276,000

850,000 (5)

33,923,000

375,000

1,357,000 (4)

122,800,000 1,155,000

1,200,000 (1)

88,963,000

1,800,000 (2)

998,000

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978

24

g
Test Programs

Benefits to Project Design

Reduction in length
Increase in capacity
Reduced number of piles
Driveability, jetting, and set-up evaluated
Improved special provisions

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978

g
Test Programs

Benefits to Project Construction

Improved special provisions

Restructured pay items
Eliminated unsatisfactory alternates
Established dynamic test criteria
Established pile equipment requirements
Reduced potential claims

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978

25

g
Test Programs

Benefits of new technology verified.

Pile driving analyser

Osterberg cell axial test
Statnamic axial & lateral test
Integrity test procedures

.and applied to reduce the costs of

subsequent test programs

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978

Cost Savings for Oregon DOT from Small

Project Pile Load Tests
Bridge
Location

Pile Size &

Type

Length
Reduction

Net
Savings

Piling
Saving

Denny
Rd.

12 Sq.
Precast
Concrete 30
12 Sq.
P
Precast
t
Concrete 30
12 Closed
end steel
pipe 98

10

$55,000

26%

10

$60,000

20%

30

$135,000

25%

Allen
Bl d
Blvd
Airport
Rd

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978

26

What Methods of Deep

F
Foundation
d i Load
L d Testing
T i
Have Been Used in the
Past 5 Years?

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978

Load Testing Points To Remember

Detailed Soil Investigation
Technically Qualified Staff to Carry Out
Test Program
Use Production Pile & Driving Equipment
Measure Pile Head and Tip Movement
Load to Failure
Define Method to Interpret Failure Load

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978

27

Static Load Test

Factor of Safety
Safe
Design

Load

Load
Test
Failure
Load
F.S.
= 2

May Need F.S. > 2 When Settlement

May Control Safe Allowable Load

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978

Interpretation of the Failure Load by Davissons Limit

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978

28

STUDENT EXERCISE NO. 10

Static Load Test
Objective:
Determine the failure load for the static load test
plot shown below. Plot both the elastic line and
Davisson failure line for a 14 square prestressed
concrete pile 35 feet in length and an Fc of 5,000
psi (MODULUS OF ELASTICITY of 4,000 ksi).

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978

SOLUTION TO EXERCISE NO. 10

PL

Use = AE to find @ P = 400 tons (800 kips)

=

800,000 lbs 35 ft 12 in/ft.

= 0.43 in
196 in 2 4,000,000 lbs/in 2

X = 0.15 in + 14/120 = 0.27 in

0.43
0.70

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978

29

Pile groups
Pil

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978

Pile groups
Jumlah tiang pada kelompok tiang :
n1 x n2

L g = (n1 1)d + 2(D / 2)

Bg = (n 2 1)d + 2(D / 2 )
d optimum = 3 3,5D
d = spasi (jarak as-as tiang)
D = Diameter tiang
Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978

30

Failure zone
Pu

Ground Surface

Qu

Failure Zone
Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978

Pile groups & spacing

Piles placed in groups of three or more

Pile groups tied together by a pile cap

attached to the head of the individual piles and

causes several piles to work together.

Pile spacing

minimum
i i
spacing
i

driven in rock

Not driven in rock

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978

31

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978

Keuntungan kelompok tiang

Dapat menahan beban besar

Mengatasi eksentrisitas tiang tunggal yang mungkin

terjadi

Kegagalan sebuah tiang dapat diminimisasi

Kapasitas kelompok dapat lebih tinggi dari jumlah tiang

tunggal

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978

32

Kelompok tiang pada tanah pasir

Pada s 3,0 D, Kapasitas dukung kelompok tiang

(Qg(u)) = Jumlah kapasitas dukung individual tiang
(Qu)
Qg(u) = Qu = n1 x n2 x Qu

Pada s < 3,0 D

Qg(u) = Eg. Qu

Tiang bor dengan s = 3D :

friksi dominan
Eg=0,67-0,75
end bearing dominan Eg=1
Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978

Group-efficiency (Eg)
Formula Converse-Labarre

(n 1)n 2 + (n 2 1)n1
Eg = 1 1

90
.
n
.
n

1 2
D
(deg) = tan 1
d

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978

33

Kelompok tiang pada tanah clay

(diambil yang kecil)

Tentukan jumlah kapasitas tiang individual :

Q u = n1.n 2 Q p + Q s

= n1.n 2 A p .9.c u + p. .c u .L

Tentukan kapasitas kelompok tiang berdasarkan blok

*
Q u = L g .Bg .c u .N c + 2 L g + Bg c u .L

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978

Mencari Nc*

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978

34