QUY TC

1. Quy tc pht m cn bn
luyn tp, ti thnh tht khuyn bn ng trc gng v
nhn cch m v khp ming xc nh xem mnh pht m
c ng hay khng.
- Nguyn m (vowels): li nm gia khoang ming, v
khng chm vo bt c b phn no trong ming.
- Ph m (consonants): 3 nhm
+ mi (lips): pht m, 2 mi phi chm nhau, v d "M",
"B", "P"; hoc mi phi chm rng, v d "V", "F".
+ sau rng (behind the teeth): li chm phn sau ca hm
trn, v d "N", "L", "D",...
+ hng (throat): m i t cung hng (khi pht m phi cm
thy cung hng rung), v d "H", "K",...
Ngoi ra, ph m cn c chia lm 2 nhm sau:
- V thanh (voiceless), hay m c gi: nu bn bn tay
trc ming khi pht m, bn s cm thy c gi i ra.
- Hu thanh (voiced), hay m khng gi. Tt c nguyn m
u l m khng gi.
Mt trong nhng "ng dng" quan trng ca cch phn loi
ny l pht m danh t s nhiu hoc ng t th hin ti ca
ngi th 3 s t, v pht m ng t c quy tc c chia th

qu kh.
Ch c 8 ph m c gi, theo th t, bn c th nh bng cu
"thong t pha kia sao chi sng png" (trong ting Vit, ch
"P" khng kt hp vi nguyn m to t, nn bn chu kh
c tri mt cht).
V nguyn tc, tt c nhng ng t quy tc tn cng bng
ph m c gi, khi chuyn sang th qu kh, "ED" c pht
m l "T", v d stopped (/t/); m khng gi, pht m l "D",
v d lived (/d/).
"S" hoc "ES", c thm vo danh t hoc ng t ngi th
3 s t, c pht m l "S" i vi t tn cng bng m gi,
v d thinks (/s/); ngc li, m khng gi, pht m l "Z", v
d loves (/z/).
Tuy nhin, bn lu 2 trng hp highlight trong bng tm
tt.
Khi thm "ED" vo ng t tn cng bng m "T" hay "D",
bn phi pht m thnh /id/, v d wanted.
"S" hoc "ES" sau khi thm vo nhng
2. Quy tc ni m (liaisons)
y l mt phn tng i kh i vi ngi chu , v hu
ht cc ngn ng chu u khng ni m. V d bn c
"cm n", ch khng c "cm mn", c l "im ng", ch
khng phi "im mng",... V theo thi quen, khi c ting
Anh, bn cng s khng ni m. V vy, bn phi luyn tp rt
nhiu c phn x ny.

2.1. Ph m ng trc nguyn m

V nguyn tc, khi c mt ph m ng trc mt nguyn
m, bn c ni ph m vi nguyn m. V d "mark up", bn
c lin ch khng tch ri 2 t (/ma:k k p/*). Tuy nhin,
iu ny khng phi d, nht l i vi nhng t tn cng
bng nguyn m khng c pht m, v d: "leave (it)" c
l /li:v vit/; "Middle (East)", /midl li:st/,... Hoc i vi nhng
cm t vit tt, v d "LA" (Los Angeles) bn phi c l /el
lei/; "MA" (Master of Arts), /em mei/...
Lu , khi mt ph m c gi ng trc nguyn m, trc
khi bn ni vi nguyn m, bn phi chuyn ph m sang
ph m khng gi tng ng. V d "laugh" c pht m
l /f/ tn cng, nhng nu bn dng trong mt cm t, v d
"laugh at someone", bn phi chuyn m /f/ thnh /v/ v c
l /la:v vt/.
2.2. Nguyn m ng trc nguyn m
iu ny c th rt mi m vi nhiu ngi. V nguyn tc,
bn s thm mt ph m vo gia 2 nguyn m ni. C 2
quy tc thm ph m nh sau:
- i vi nguyn m trn mi (khi pht m, mi bn nhn
ging hnh ch "O"), v d: "OU", "U", "AU",... bn cn thm
ph m "W" vo gia. V d "do it" s c c l /du: wit/.
- i vi nguyn m di mi (khi pht m, mi bn ko di
sang 2 bn), v d: "E", "I", "EI",... bn thm ph m "Y" vo
gia. V d "I ask" s c c l /ai ya:sk/.

Bn th p dng 2 quy tc ny pht m: USA /ju wes sei/,

VOA /vi you wei/, XO /eks sou/,...
2.3. Ph m ng trc ph m
V nguyn tc, khi c 2 hay nhiu hn ph m cng nhm
ng gn nhau, th ch c 1 ph m m thi. V d "want to"
(bao gm 3 ph m N, T, T cng nhm sau rng ng gn
nhau) s c c l /won n/*.
2.4. Cc trng hp c bit
- Ch U hoc Y, ng sau ch ci T, phi c pht m l /t/,
vd. not yet /'not tet/*; picture /'pikt/.
- Ch ci U hoc Y, ng sau ch ci D, phi c pht m l
/dj/, vd. education /edju:'kein/.
- Ph m T, nm gia 2 nguyn m v khng l trng m, phi
c pht m l /D/, vd. trong t tomato /tou'meidou/; trong
cu I go to school /ai gou d sku:l/.

Cc quy tc pht m ting anh

i vi ng t co quy tc ( regular vebrs )
- C 3 cch pht m chnh

/t/ : nhng t c tn cng : f , s , sh , ch , p , x , v

nhng ng t c t pht m cui l " s"
Ex: liked , stopped ....
/id/ :nhng t c tn cng l : t, d
Ex : needed , wanted ....
/d/ : nhng trng hp cn li
Ex: lived , studied .....
i vi N(danh t) s nhu co 3 trng hp
/s/ : sau cc t c tn cng l ph m khng rung : f ,
k , p , th ,....
Ex: roofs , books ,.....
/z/ : sau cc nguyn m , ph m rung : b , g , n , d , ...
Ex: dogs, tables.....
/iz/ : sau cc m c ting gi : s, z , dz , tz .....
Ex : pages , watches ...

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