TS.

Nguyn Thanh H

GIO TRNH

K THUT CHUYN MCH

V TNG I S

NH XUT BN KHOA HC V K THUT

H NI - 2009

M C LC
Li ni u
Mc lc
Chng 1. CC KIN THC TNG QUAN
1.1
1.1.1
1.1.1.1
1.1.1.2
1.1.1.3
1.1.2
1.1.2.1
1.1.2.2
1.1.2.3
1.2
1.2.1
1.2.1.1
1.2.1.2
1.2.2
1.2.2.1
1.2.2.2
1.2.2.3
1.2.2.4
1.3
1.3.1
1.3.2
1.3.2.1
1.3.2.2
1.3.2.3
1.3.2.4
1.3.3
1.3.3.1
1.3.3.2
1.3.4
1.3.4.1
1.3.4.2
1.3.4.3
1.3.4.4
1.3.4.5
1.3.4.6

Mng v dch v vin thng

Mng vin thng
Khi nim
Cc thnh phn ca mng vin thng
Cc phng php t chc mng
Dch v vin thng
Khi nim
Cc dch v vin thng
Mng's a dch v (ISDN)
Tng quan v tng i in thoi
^
Lch s v xu hng pht trin ca tng i
Lch s k thut tng i
Xu hng pht trin
Phn loi tng i in t
^
Phn loi theo phng thc chuyn mch
Phn loi theo phng thc iu khin
Phn loi theo v tr
Phn loi theo tn hiu
Tng i in t s SPC
S pht trin ca tng i in t SPC
u im ca cc tng i k thut s SPC
Tnh linh hot
Cc tin ch thu bao
Tin ch qun tr
Cc u im thm vo ca k thut s
S khi chc nng ca tng i s SPC
S khi
Chc nng
Phn tch mt cuc gi trong tng i SPC
Tn hiu nhc my (o ff- hook)
S nhn dng ca thu bao gi
S phn phi b nh v cc thit b dng chung
Cc ch s a ch
Phn tch ch s
^
Thit lp ng dn chuyn mch

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1.3.4.7
1.3.4.8
1.3.4.9
1.3.4.10

Dng chung v m hiuchuQng

Tn hiu tr li
Gim st
Tn hiu xa kt ni

Chng 2. K THUT CIUYN MCH KNH

2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.2.1
2.1.2.2
2.1.3
2.1.3.1
2.1.3.2
2.1.4
2.1.4.1
2.1.4.2
2.1.4.3
2.2
2.2.1
2.2.1.1
2.2.1.2
2.2.2
2.2.2.1
2 .1 2 2
2.2.3
2.2.3.1
2.2.3.2
2.2.3.3
2.2.3.4

Tng quan v chuynmch

nh ngha
Chuyn mch knh (Circuit Swithching)
Khi nim
c im
Chuyn mch tin (MessaeeSvvithching)
Khi nim'
c im
Chuyn mch gi
Khi nim
c im
u im
Chuyn mch knh
Phn loi
Chuyn mch phn chia khng gian (SDTS)
Chuyn mch ghp (MPTS)
Chuyn mch PCM
Chuyn mch thi gian (T)
Chuyn mch khng gian (S)
Phi php cc cp chuyn mch
Chuyn mch ghp TS
Chuyn mch STS
Chuyn mch TST
Nhn xt

Chng 3. K THUT IU KHIN

3.1
3.2
3.2.1
3.2.1.1
3.2.1.2
3.2.1.3
3.2.2
3.2.2.1
3.2.2.2
3.2.3

Tng quan
Cu trc
phn cng h thng iu khin tng i SPC
Cu trc chung
S khi
Chc nng
Nguyn l lm vic
Cc loi cu trc iu khin
Cu trc iu khin n x l
Cu trc a x l
iu khin trung tmv strao i gia cc b vi x l

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3.2.3.1
3 2 3 .2
3.3
3.3.1
3.3.2
3.3.3
3.3.4
3.4
3.4.1
3.4.2
3.4.2.1
s.4.2.2
3.4.2.3
3.4.2.4
3.4.2.5
3.4.2.
3.4.3
3.4.3.1
3.4.3.2
3.4.3.3
3.4.3.4
3.43.5
3.4.3.

iu khin trung tm
S trao i thng tin gia cc b x l
C cu d phng
D phng cp ng b
D phng phn ti
D phng nng
D phng n+1
Cu trc phn mm ca tng i
Khi nim chung
Cc vn v thit k phn mn
Cc c tnh ch yu ca phn mm
v cu trc
Phn chia chng trnh
Cc chng trnh h thng
Cc chng trnh p dng
Cp nht phn mm hin hnh
Cc modul chnh ca phn mm
Modul iu khin chnh
Modul giao tip ng y
Modul lin lc ni b
Modul lin lc ra ngoi
Modul nhn bit v x l li
Modul giao tip my tnh

Chng 4, K THUT BO HIU

4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.2.1
4.1.2.2
4.1.2.3
4.1.3
4.1.4
4.1.5
4.2
4.2.1
4.2.2
4.2.2.1
4.2.2.2
42.2.3
4.2.3
4.2.3.1

Tng quan
Khi nim
Cc chc nng bo hiu
Chc nng gim st
Chc nng tm chn
Chc nng vn hnh
c im cc h thng bo hiu
H thng thng tin bo hiu
K thut bo hiu
Ni dung ca bo hiu
Phn tch cuc gi
Phn theo chc nng
Bo hiu nghe - nhn
Bo hiu trng thi (bo hiu gim st)
Bo hiu a ch
Phn theo tng quan
Bo hiu gia tng i vi thu bao

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4.2.3.2 Bo hiu lin tng i

4.3 Phng php trun dn bo hiu
4.3.1 Bo hiu knh kt hp (CAS: Chanel Associated Signalling)
4.3.1.1 Phn loi
4.3.1.2 Phng php truyn
4.3.1.3 Cc k thut truyn cc tn hiu bo hiu trong CAS
4.3.2 Bo hiu knh chung (CCS)
4.3.2.1 Khi nim chung
43.2.2 Cu trc bn tin CCS
4.3.2.3 u im
4.3.3 H thng bo hiu R2 (MFC)
4.3.3.1 Khi nim chung
4.3.3.2 Bo hiu ng dy
4.3.3.3 Bo hiu thanh ghi
4.3.4 Bo hiu s 7 (CCITT No 7)
4.3.4.1 Khi nim chung
4.3.4.2 Cc khi nim c bn
4.3
A 3 Phn mc trong bo hiu s 7
4.3.4.4 orn v bo hiu
4.4 X l bo hiu trong tng i
4.4.1 Tng quan
4.4.2 S nh tun trong tng i
4.4.2.1 Bo hiu tng i - thu bao
4A.2.2 Bo hiu lin tng i
4.4.3 Cc b thu pht bo hiu
4.4.3.1 Thu pht MF
4.4.3.2 Thu pht bo hiu knh kt hp
4.4.3.3 Chuyn i 1VF sang CAS
4.4.4 Cc b to tone v bn tin thng bo
4.4.4.1 S nh tuyn tones v cc bn tin thng bo
4.4.4.2 Cc tones x l cuc gi
4.4.4.3 B to tone v cc bn tin thng bo
Chng 5. GIAO TIP KT CUI
5.1
5.2
5.2.1
5.2.1.1
5.2.1.2
5.2.2
5.2.2.1
5222
8

Tng quan
Giao tip ng dy thu bao
Tng quan v cc kt cui ng dythu bao
ng dy thu bao Analogue
ng dy thu bao s
Thit b giao tip thu bao tng t
Chc nng cp ngun (Battery feed)
Chc nng bo v qu p (Over Voltage Protection)

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5.2.23
5.2.2A
5.22.5
52.2.6
52.2.1
5.2.2.S
5.2.3
5.3
5.3.1
5.3.2
5.3.3
5.3.4
5.3.5
5.3.6
5.4
5.4.1
5.4.1.1
5.4.1.2
5.4.1.3
5.4.1.4
5.4.1.5
5.4.1.6
5.4.2
5.4.2.1

5A.2.2
5.4.2.3

5A.2A
5.4.3

5.4.3.1
5.4.3.2
5.5

5.5.1
5.5.2
5.5.2.1

5.5.22
5.5.3
5.5.4

5.5.4.1
5.5A.2

Chc nng rung chung (Ringging)

Gim st (Supervision)
Gii m, m ha (Codec)
Sai ng (Hibrid)
Kim tra (Test)
Cc khi lin quan ln cn
Giao tip u cui thu bao s
Thit b tp trung
Giao tip thit b ng b
Giao tip thit b chuyn mch nhm
Giao tip vi khi mch giao tip thu bao
Giao tip thit b to m bo
Giao tip vi thit b my in thoi chn s a tn
Giao tip vi thit b cnh bo
Giao tip thit b kt cui trung k
Phn loi
Trung k t thch
Trung k hai dy c o - line
Trung k E&M (4 dy)
Trung k depart (3 dy)
Trung k 6 dy
Trung k s
Giao tip thit b kt cui tning k tng t
Bo hiu
Cp ngun
Sai ng
Ghp knh v iu khin
Giao tip thit b kt cui trung k s
S khi
Hot ng
B tp trung xa
Cu trc
Phn phi cc chc nng iu khin
Phng php phn b
Phng php tp trung
Bo hiu
Cc c im ng ng ca h thng tp trung xa
H thng ti 3 thu bao v cc b tp trung phn b
Gi ni b

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Chng 6. IU HNH KHAI THC V BO DNG

6.1
6.2
6.2.1
6.2.2
6.2.2.1
62.2.2
.2.2.3
.2.2.4
6.2.3
6.2.4
6.2.5
6.2.5.1
6.2.5.2
6.3
6.3.1
6.3.2
6.3.3
6.3.4
6.3.5
6.3.5.1
6 3 .5 2
6.4
6.4.1
6.4.2
6.5
6.5.1
6.5.2
6.5.3
6.5.4

Tng quan
iu hnh v khai thc trong tng i SPC
iu hnh trang thit b tng i
Qun l mng thu bao
To lp thu bao mi
Chuyn i thu bao
Thay i dch v thu bao
nh ch thu bao khai thc
Qun l s liu, phin dch v to tuyn
Qun l s liu cc
Gim st, o th ti v lu lng
Cc phng thc gim st
Cc c ch o th
Bo dng tng i
Bo dng ng dy thu bao
Bo dng ng trung k
Bo dng trng chun mch
Bo dng dng h thng iu khin
Cc phng sch bo dng
Phn cng
Phn mm
Nguyn tc x l chng ngi
Tm li bng phng thc nhn cng
Bo dng phng nga
Bo dng phn mm
Cu to v nhim v
Bo co v li
Lnh vc hot ng trung tm phn mm
Th vin phn mm

Chng 7. MNG CHUYN MCH GI

7.1 C s mng chun mch gi
7.1.1 M hnh tng th
^
7.1.2 T chc phn lp ca mng chuyn mch gi
7.1.3 Thit lp tuyn ni
7.1.4 Knhlogic
7.1.5 Cc hnh thi dch v
^
7.1.6 Phng thc nh tuyn trong mng chuyn mch gi
7.2 Mt s giao thc trong chuyn mch gi
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7.2.1
7.2.1.1
7.2.1.2
7.2.1.3
7.2.2
7.2.2.1
12.2.2
7.2.2.3
1 2 .2 A
7.2.2.5
1 2 2 .6
7.2.2.7
7.2.2.8

Giao thc X.25

X.25 cp 1: c p v t l
X.25 cp 2; cp tuyn s liu
X.25 cp 3; cp mng
Giao thc TCP/IP
Khi qut v TCP/IP
Lp ng dng
Lp vn chuyn
iu khin lung trong TCP/DP
Khi qut v lp Internet trong TCP/IP
Tng quan v a ch TCP/IP
Thnh phn v hnh dng ca a ch IP
Cc lp a ch IP

Chng 8. MT S CNG NGH CHUYN MCH TIN TIN

8.1
8.1.1
8.1.2
8.1.3
8.2
8.2.1
8.2.2
8.2.2.
8.2.2.2
8.2.3
8.2.3.1
8.2.3.2
8.2.4
8.2.5
8.2.5.1
8.2.5.2
8.2.6
8.2.6.1
8.2.6.2
8.2.7
8.3
8.3.1
8.3.2
8.3.2.1
8.3.2.2
83.2.3
8.3.2.4

Cng ngh Frame relay

c im
Cu hnh mng Frame relay
Tnh nng ca Frame relay
Cng ngh chuyn mch ATM
Tng quan ATM
M hnh chun ca ATM vmng ATM
M hnh ATM chun
Cc cu hnh giao thc chun
Knh o v ng o
Knh o
ng o
Nguyn l chuyn mch ATM
Cu trc t bo ATM
T bo ATM
Cu trc t bo ATM
Bo hiu v nh a ch
B ohiuA TM
nh a ch
Kt lun
Cng ngh chun mch MPLS
Lch s pht trin MPLS
Qu trnh pht trin v gii php ban u ca cc hng
IP over ATM
Toshibas CSR
Ciscos Tag Switching
IBMs ARJS v Nortels VNS

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8.3.2.5 Cng vic chun ha MPLS

8.3.3 Cc thnh phn MPLS
8.3.3.1 Cc khi nim c bn MPLS
8.3.3.2 Thnh phn c bn ca MPLS
8.3.4 Hot ng ca MPLS
8.3.4.1 Cc ch hot ng ca MPLS
s.3.4.2 Hot ng ca MPLS khung trong mng ATM -PVC
8.3.5 Cc giao thc s dng trong mng MPLS
8.3.5.1 Giao thc phn phi nhn
8.3.5.2 Pht hin LSR lan cn
8.3.5.3 Giao thc CR-LDP
8.3.5.4 Giao thc RSVP
8.3.5.5 So snh CR-LDP v RSVP
8.3.5. So snh MPLS v MPOA
Ti liu tham kho

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Chng 1
CC KIN THC TNG QUAN

1.1 MNG V DCH v VIN THNG

1.1.1 M ng vin thng
1.1.1.1 Khi nim
Mng vin thng l tt c nhng trang thit b k thut c s dng
trao i thng tin gia cc i tng trong mng.
Cng vi s pht trin ca x hi, nhu cu thng tin lin lc ngy cng
tng. Nhim v thng tin lin lc c mng li bu chnh vin thng m
nhim. p ng nhu cu thng tin th mne phi ngy cne pht trin.
Qu trnh pht trin ca mng tri qua nhiu aiai on. Ban u l
mng in thoi tng t, dn dn in bo, telex, facsimile, truyn s liu...
cng c kt hp vo.
Vi

ra i ca k thut

thc y

SI'

pht trin tin mt bc di

tr thnh mng vin thng hin i vi rt nhiu dch v.

1.1.1.2 Cc hnh phn ca mng vin thng

Thit b pht

Node chuyn
mch

Node chuyn
mch

Thit b thu

Hnh 1-1: Cc thnh phn mng vin thng.

Mt mng thng tin phi c cu thnh bi cc b phn sau:
Thit b thu/pht
L cc thit b vo ra, thit b u cui gi thng tin vo mng v ly thng tin
ra t mng.
'Node chuyn mch
Thu thp thng tin ca cc i tng v x l tho mn cc yu cu .
Bao gm hai nhim v:

13

+ X l tin (CSDL): x l, cung cp tin tc.

+ Chuyn mch.
Node chuyn mch hay tng i l ni nhn thng tin ri truyn i. Ty
theo loi tng i m ta c th thm nhp trc tip hay gin tip vo n.
V d : vi tng i ni ht, thu bao c th trc tip thm nhp vo tng i cn
i vi tng i chuyn tip th khng, n ch nhn tn hiu ri truyn i t tng
i ny sang tng i khc. Cng c loi tng i va l chuyn tip va l ni
ht.
B phn chnh ca node chuyn mch l trng chuyn mch. Vi mt s
iu khin th bt k u vo ca trng chuyn mch c th ni ti bt k u ra
ca n, iu ny m bo bt k mt thu bao no trong mng c th giao tip
vi bt k mt thu bao khc ang ri.
H thong truyn dn (mng truyn dn)
H thng truyn n l phn ni cc node chuyn mch vi nhau hoc
node chuyn mch vi thu bao truyn thng tin gia chng.
Ngi ta s dng cc phng tin truyn dn khc nhau nh thng tin dy
trn, thng tin viba s, thng tin cp quang, thng tin v tinh...
Hin nay, nc ta ch yu l viba s v cp quang. Thne tin v tinh s
dng trong lin lc quc t, cn thng tin dy trn hin nay hu nh khng s
dng. Ton b cc ng ni gia cc node chuyn mch ti thu bao l ng
dy thu bao, cn ni gia cc node chuyn mch l ng dy trung k.
Phn mm ca mng
Gip cho s hot ng ca 3 thnh phn trn c hiu qu. Trong , s
hot ng gia cc node chuyn mch vi nhau l c hiu qu cao cn s hot
ng gia node v thu bao l c hiu qu thp.
1.1.1.3 Cc ph n g php t chc mng
Mng li (Mesh)
Nu bn c giao cho mt nhim v thit k mt mng in thoi th bn
phi lm g?
Nu s thu bao vng A l khng nhiu lm, c th bn s xy dng mt
mng nh hnh sau;

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Hnh 1-2: Mt tng i cho nhiu thii bao.

Nhng vi s thu bao mt vng ln cn (B) cha c tng i mun trao
i thng tin vi vng A th c hai gii php t ra l:
Th nht, thm cc b tp trung ng dy t vng ln cn (B) v ni
trc tip n tng i ang hat ng vng A. Cch ny n gin, nhng ch
p ng c vi mt s lng thu bao vng B nh v nhu cu trao i thng
tin sang vng A l t v tnh kinh t khng cao i vi s l'ng thu bao ca
vng B l ln.
Th hai, thm mt tng i nh sau:

Hnh 1-3: S ni kt gia hai tng i.

Vi gii php trn, thng tin c tnh an ton cao hn,ng thichi ph ca
mng t hn nu s lng thu bao vng B l nhiu.
Trong mng li, tng i c cng mt cp. Cc tng i u l tng i
ni ht c thu bao ring. Cc tng i c ni vi nhau tng i mt. Nh vy
mi thu bao ca tng i khc u i bng ng trc tip t tng i

ny n

tng i kia m khng qua mt tng i no trung gian c.

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Hnh 1-4: Mng li.

Mng ny c u im l thng tin truyn trc tip t thu bao ny n
thu bao kia ch qua tng i ch ca thu bao y thi. Tuy nhin, khi s lng
tng i tng ln kh ln th vic ni trc tp gia cc tng i l phc tp v cn
nhiu tuyn truyn dn. Mc khc, khi tuyn truyn dn gia cc tng i b
hng th s khng c ng thay th bng cch qua tng i khc. Trong thc t,
mng ny khng tn ti n c.
Mng sao (star)
Mng sao l loi mng phn cp, c mt tng i cp cao v nhiu tng
i cp di. Tt c cc tng i cp di u c ni vi cc tng i cp cao
v gia cc tng i cp di khng ni nhau.
___ t

Tng i cp cao

Tng i ni ht

Hnh 1-5: Mng sao.

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Tng i cp cao l mt tng i chuyn tip, khng c thu bao ring.

Giao tip gia cc thu bao trong cng mt tng i l do tng i m nhn,
khng nh hng n tng i khc.
Khi thu bao ca tng i ny mun ni vi tng i khc th vic chuyn
tip thng qua tng i chuyn tip v khng c ng trc tip. Mng sao c
m t nh hnh trn.
u im ch yu ca mng l tit kim ng truyn, cu hnh n gin.
Nhng i hi tng i chuyn tip phi c dung lng cao, nu tng i ny
hng th mi lin lc b ngng tr.
Mng hn hp
tn dng u im v khc phc nhc im ca hai loi tng i trn,
ngi ta a ra mng hn hp, trong mt phn l mng sao v phn kia l
mng li, vi cc cp phn chia khc nhau.
Tuy nhin, mt mng quc gia khng phi lc no cng tun th theo
chun CCITT m n cn c th thay i sao cho ph hp vi c im kinh t,
x hi v quan trong nht l nhu cu trao i thng tin. V d mt mng quc gia
tiu biu nh sau :
+ Tng i chuyn tip quc gia NTE: L tng i cp di ca tng i chuyn
tip quc t (ITE), Tng i ny c hai nhim v:
- Chuyn tip cuc gi lin vng.
- Chuyn tip cc cuc gi ra tng i quc t.
+ Tng i chuyn tip vng LTE: Tng t nh tng i chuyn tip quc gia,
nhng n qun l theo vng, tng i ny c th c thu bao ring.
+ Tng i ni ht LE: Tip xc trc tip vi thu bao. Lin lc gia cc thu
bao ca n l do n qun l, khng lin quan n cc tng i cao hn. Khi thu
bao mun gi ra th n chuyn yu cu n tng i cp cao hn. Loi ny va
c thu bao ring va c ng trung k.
+ Tng i PABX: i vi thu bao th n l tng i cn i vi tng i cp
trn th n li l thu bao v dy truyn dn l dy thu bao. s thu bao thng
nh, nhu cu lin lc trong l ln.
+ Tp trung thu bao: Gii quyt trng hp qu nhiu ng dy t thu bao
ti tng i.
17

IC

: International Center

QC

: Q uaternary Center

TC

: Tertiary Center

sc

: Secondary Center

PC

: Prim ary Center

LE

: Local Exchange

Hnh 1-6: Mng hn hp theo phn cp theo chun ca CCTT.

...

Hnh 1-7: Mng hn hp ca quc gia tiu biu.

18

 m bo tin cy, ngi ta t chc cc tuyn d phng. N c nhim

v phn ti, p ng nhu cu thng tin ln v trnh hin tng tc nghn.
1.1.2 Dch v vin thng
L 1.2.1 Khi nim
Thng tin
I______

Bu chnh

Vin thng
Thoi
Telex
Teletex
Facximine
VideoText
S liu

Hnh 1-8: Vin thng, mt trong cc dng c bit ca truyn thng.

''Truyn thng: l s trao i thng tin ca cc i tng c nhu cu trao i
thng tin vi nhau bng con ng ny hoc ng khc.
"'Vin thng: l mt trong s cng c truyn hng. Truyn thng l mt khi
nim rng. Vin thng c th coi nh l mt b phn ca ton b x hi truyn
thng.
Gi s, ta t hng bng in thoi, th l dn truyn thna, rt t bit. Vin
thng l m ch mt khong cch a l c bc cu /rao i thng tin t
x\
""Dch v vin thng-, l hnh thi trao i thng tin m mng vin thng cung
cp.
""Dch v vt m ang: Dch v vt mang cho ta kh nng s dng cc dch v vin
thng.
V d. Khi ta gi th, th h thng bu chnh dch v nh thng th, phng pht
th, chuyn th... hnh thnh dch v vt mang l gi th. Chng ta c cc dch
v vt mang khc trong vin thng nh dch v vt mang in thoi, dch v vt
mang telex v.v...

19

Hnh 1-9: Dch v xa v dch v vt mang.

Dch v vt mang ch l s cung cp ca mt h thng truyn ti cho s
trao i thng tin.
Dch v xa c tnh bao hm hn, n khng ch cung cp m h thng
truyn ti m cn cc chc nng nh ni kt, nh a ch, ng nht ngn ng,
dng thng tin...
1.1.2,2 Cc dch v vin thng
- Thoi: S trao i thng tin bng ting ni, vi u cui l my in
thoi. Dch v thoi l dch v tri rng nht trong loi hnh vin thng. Dng
in thoi, trn thc t ta c th gi mi ni trn th gii.
- Telex: Thit k mng telex da trn thit k mng in thoi, vi cc u
cui l my telex thay v my in thoi. Tuy nhin, vic truyn cc k t khng
phi l m thanh m bng cc m do cc mc in p to nn. Tc chm
(50bits/s), khng k mt s k t c bit th ch c ch ci mi c truyn i.
- Teletex: N c th s dng nh telex thng thng nhng tc l 2400
bits/s thay v 50 bits/s. Hn na, n c b k t bao gm ch ci v ch con.
Cng c th lin lc cho vi cc thu bao telex. Vn bn c thu bao tho ra,
bin tp, lu gi v gi n thu bao khc trong mng. Do , tc truyn cao,
dch v ny tich hp vi cc t liu ln m vi cc dch v telex c l qu t
v tn thi gian.
C cc s dch v c a ra, nh cc con s rt gn, truyn t ng n
mt hoc nhiu a ch lu gi... khng cn phi gim st thit b v n c
m lin tc. Thng tin c nhn lp tc c'ct gi cho n khi c c v
c x l.
- Facsimile: Dch v ny cho php truyn thng tin hnh nh gia cc thu
bao. Cn c mt thit b c bit c v pht nh tnh.
- Videotex: Dch v Videotex c khai thc trn mng in thoi. S
dng cc thit b tng i cm gin nh my tnh c nhn l c th tm gp s
20

lng ln cc c s d liu. Videotex lm vic tc 1200 bits/s trn hng c

s d liu n thu bao v 75 bits/s trn hng thu bao n c s d liu. i
vi ngi cung cp thng tin trong h thng, tc truyn l 1200 bits/s trn c
hai hng.
-

S liu: Bao gm tt c cc loi hnh truyn thng, , my tnh c

dng trao i, truyn a thng tin gia cc ngi s dng

1.1.2.3 M ng s a dch v (ISDN)

Hnh 1-10: Mng ISDN lin kt dch v.

y l phong tin vt mang cho cc dch v khc nhau, nhng n l mt
th thng nht m khng phi l t hp ca cc h thng khc nhau. Chng ta ch
c mt vt mang l ISDN. l mng s lin kt dch v v mi hnh thi dch
v u c cung cp. c t li ca ISDN l mt mng vin thng s ho hon
ton, , cc thit b u cui u l cc thit b s dng k thut s v thu
bao s ni tt c thit b ca mnh vo cng mt i dy.
1.2 TNG QUAN V TNG I IN THO
1.2.1 Lch s v xu hng p h t trin ca tng i
1.2.1.1 Lch s k thut tng i
Trong sut lch s pht trin ca loi ngi, u tin trao i nhng
tm t, tnh cm, nhng kinh nghim sng v u tranh sinh tn, ngi ta dng
21

nhng c ch, hnh ng, ting ku n gin truyn t cho nhau, lc ny s

giao tip l rt kh khn. Vic pht minh ra ngn ng c th xem l mt cuc
cch mng truyn thng u tin ln nht. Ngn ng c th biu t hu ht
nhng g c th xy ra trong cuc sng, tuy nhin, ting ni ch c th c
truyn i vi mt khong cch ngn. Sau khi tm thy la, con ngi dng n
lm phng tin truyn tin i xa c nhanh chng v c hiu qu, nhng vn
cn mt s hn ch nh thi tit, i hnh... v tnh an ton thng tin l khng
cao. Mi n khi ch vit ra i th con ngi c th truyn thng tin m khng
b gii hn v ni dung v khng gian nh trc y na. T pht sinh nhng
dch v th bo c kh nng truyn i t nhng ni rt cch xa nhau. Tuy nhin,
con ngi lc ny cn n mt h thng truyn thng an ton hn, cht lng
hn v hiu qu hn.
Nm 1837, Samuel F. B Morse pht minh ra my in tn, cc ch s v
ch ci c m ho v c truyn i nh mt phng tin truyn dn. T
kh nng lin lc, trao i thng tin c nng cao, nhng vn cha c s
dng rng ri v s khng thn thin, tng i kh gi nh ca n.
Nm 1876, Alecxander Graham Bell pht minh ra in thoi, ta ch cn
cp ngun cho hai my in thoi cch xa nhau v ni vi nhau th c th trao
i vi nhau bng ting ni nh m c ca con ngi t ngn xa n thi by
gi. Nhng cho nhiu ngi c th trao i vi nhau ty theo yu cu c th
th cn c mt h thng h tr.
n nm 1878, h thng tng i u tin c thit lp, l mt tng
i nhn cng in t c xy dng New Haven. y l tng i u tin
thng mi thnh cng trn th gii. Nhng h tng i ny hon ton s dng
nhn cng nn thi gian thit lp v gii phng cuc gi l rt lu, khng tha
mn nhu cu ngy cng tng ca x hi.
gii quyt iu ny, nm 1889, tng i in thoi khng s dng nhn
cng c A.B Strowger pht minh. Trong h tng i ny, cc cuc gi c kt
ni lin tip tu theo cc s in thoi trong h thp phn v do gi l h thng
gi theo tng bc. EMD do cng ty ca c pht trin cng thuc loa ny. H
thng ny cn gi l tng i c in v nguyn tc vn hnh ca n, nhng vi kch
thc ln, cha nhiu b phn c kh, kh nng hot ng b hn ch rt nhiu.

22

Nm 1926, Erisson pht trin thnh cng h tng i thanh cho. c

c im ho bng cch tch hon ton vic chuyn mch cuc gi v cc mch
iu khin. i vi chuyn mch thanh cho, cc tip im ng m c s
dng cc tip xc c dt vng v cc c tnh ca cuc gi c ci tin nhiu.
Hn na, mt h thng iu khin chung iu khin mt s chuyn mch vo
cng mt thi im c s dng. l cc xung quay s c dn li vo cc
mch nh v sau c kt hp trn c s cc s quay c ghi li chn
mch ti sinh. Thc cht, y l mt tng i c sn xut da trn c s
nghin cu k thut chuyn mch v hon thin cc chc nng ca tng i gi
theo tng bc, v vy, n khc phc c mt s nhc im ca chuyn mch
gi theo tng bc.
Nm 1938, hng Ericsson (Thy in) c pht minh u tin v trng
chuyn mch in thoi dng n in t c kh.
Nm 1940, hng BELL (M) pht minh ra phng php chuyn mch l
tip im (tin thn ca chuyn mch ta ). Sau , nm 1943, hng BELL
(H Lan) thit k h thng tng i c b chn in c kh kiu qut, lm vic
theo nguyn l cn in t.
Nm 1945, hng CGCT (Php) thit k tng i in t u tin theo
nguyn l chuyn mch thi gian.
Nm 1947, hng PHILIPS (H Lan) thit k tng i in t dng n
in t c kh.
Nm 1953, hng BELL (M) thit k h thng tng i cn in t DIAD
chuyn mch rle, iu khin c s dng b nh bng trng t.
Nm 1954, hng BELL (H Lan) a vo sn xut v cho khai thc th
ti NAUY tng i 8A dng trng chuyn mch ta v iu khin in t.
Cng nm ny, hng VT (Tip Khc) cng sn xut tng i in t 10 s.
Dng chuyn mch bng n in t c kh.
Nm 1957, hng CGCT (Php) sn xut hng loi tng i c nh 20
s dng trn cc tu chin. Loi tng i ny s dng cc mch in iu khin
bng xuyn t v trng chuyn mch bng iot.
Nm 1959, hng BELL( M) a ra thit k u tin v h thng thng
tin hp nht PCM ESSEX v mu thc nghim c a ra khai thc th.

23

Nm 1960, hi ngh quc t v cc vn lin quan n tng i in t

c t chc v c 3 nm t chc mt ln. Cng trong nm ny, hng BELL
(M) cho khai thc tng i in t mang tnh thng dng bang Morrise
(M).
Nm 1962, hng SIEMENS (c) cho chai thc tng i in t thng
dng ESM. ng thi ti Anh cng cho sn xut v khai thc th tng i
chuyn mch thi gian. Hng ERICSSON cng cho sn xut loi tng i ny
dng cho mc ch chin tranh. Cng trong nm ny, ti Tip Khc sn
xut cc tng i in t c quan loi nh.
Nm 1963, hng STANDARD ELEKTRIK LOREN (c) sn xut v
a vo s dng tng i cn in t thng dng u tin HEGOL.
Nm 1965, tng i ESS s 1 ca M l tng i in t c dung lng
ln ra i thnh cng, m ra mt k nguyn cho tng i in t. Chuyn
mch tng i ESS s 1 c lm bng in t, ng thi, vn hnh v bo
dng tt hn, c bit, tng i ny trang b chc nng t chun on v vn
hnh theo nguyn tc SPC v l mt tng i ni ht. Cng M, hng Bell
System Laboratory cng hon thin mt tng i s dng cho lin lc chuyn
tip vo u thp k 70 vi mc ch tng cao tc truyn dn gia cc tng
i k thut s.
Thng 1 nm 1976, tng i in t s chuyn tip hot ng trn c s
chuyn mch s my tnh thng mi u tin trn th gii c lp t v a
vo khai thc. K thut vi mch v k thut s pht trin y nhanh s phttrin
ca cc tng i in t s vi kh nng phi hp nhiu dch v vi tc x l
cao, ngy cng ph hp vi nhu cu ca mt thi i thng tin.
1.2.1.2 Xu hng pht trin
Cng vi s pht trin nh v bo ca cng ngh in t, cng ngh thng
tin ni chung v cng ngh thit b chuyn mch v ang c nhng bc tin
nhy vt. Trong thi gian ti k thut chuyn mch tp trung vo nhng vn
ch yu nh sau:
-

Tip tc hon thin an ton, rt gn cu trc phn cng, pht trin thm

cc dch v mi.

24

- Hon thin cc phn mm m bo an ton cho vn hnh, bo tr v cho

ngi s dng.
- Tip tc pht trin cao phn mm ng dng m, p ng nhu cu ngy
cng tng ca ngi s dng dch v.
-Pht trin tip theo hng hon chnh ISDN (Integrated Services Digital
Network- Mch s lin kt a dch v) v m rng phm vi s dng B- ISDN
(Broadband ISDN - Mng s lin kt a dch v bng rng). Tng cng thng
tin theo cng ngh ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode - Phng thc truyn
khng ng b), p ng nhu cu dch v a phng tin (Multimedia).
- Tip tc hon thin cc tng i theo cng ngh chuyn mch quang.
1.2.2 Phn ioi tng i in t
1.2.2.1 Phn loi theo phng thc chuyn mch
-Chuyn mch phn knh khng gian: cu trc cc mt (cc tip im)
chuyn mch l cc linh kin in t hai trng thi: n in t, tranzito hay IC.
Loi ny hin nay vn ang s dng.
- Chuyn mch phn knh theo thi gian: ang c s dng.
- Chuyn mch phn knh theo tn s: hin thi khng s dng trong vin
thng.
-Chuyn mch phn knh theo bc sng (chuyn mch quang): ang
nghin cu s dng trong tng lai.
- Chuyn mch s: s dng nguyn l PCM. y l phng thc rt ph hp
cho h thng thng tin hp nht v a dch v, h thng thng tin s, truyn s
liu. Xt v mt kinh t v k thut thi trong giai on hin nay y l phng
thc u vit nht.
L2.2.2 Phn loi theo phng thc iu khin
Theo phng thc ny, vic iu khin trong tng i in t c chia thnh
hai loi:
- Tng i in t iu khin phn tn: phng thc ny ging nh nguyn
l iu khin trong tng i c in. Gm c cc thit b nhn dng, ghi pht
ring bit v .v ... cc thit b iu khin u c in t ho.
- Tng i in t iu khin tp trung (iu khin bng chng trnh): loi
ny vic iu khin u tp trung thit b logic trung tm (CPU). Thit b CPU
25

ny s thng qua cc thit b giao tip ngoi vi iu hnh mi hot ng ca

tng i.
- v mt cu trc logic th thit b i khin c th chia lm hai loi:

+ iu khin theo chng trnh c lp sn (SPC).

+ iu khin theo chng trnh c lp ra tc thi bi cc mch in
logic.
Tng i

T ng

Nhn cng

T thch

Cng in

Chuyn
mch in c

Chuyn mch
khng gian

iu khin c in
trc tip

Chuyn mch
in t

Chuyn
mch thi
gian

iu khin in t
chng trnh

iu khin in
mch cng

in t chn
khng gian

in t chn thi gian

PCM
PAM

Hnhl-11: M hnh phn loi tng qut.

26

Chuyn
mach tn s

1.2.2.3 Phn loi theo v tr

Hin nay, cc tng i c phn thnh bn loi:
- Tng i quc t.
- Tng i chuyn tip quc gia.
- Tng i chuyn tip vng.
- Tng i ni ht.
Ngoi ra c mt s tng i nm gia tng i ni ht v tng i chuyn
tip vng, l tng i c nhim v ni ht v chuyn tip.
Cch phn loi ny cng l cch phn loi da trn quan im lu lng.
Tng i ni ht lm nhim v chuyn mch, phc v cc cuc gi ni ht
(ni i), t chc cc cuc lin lc t trong ra qua cc ng trung k ra, hoc
cc cuc gi t ngoi vo qua cc trung k vo hoc trung k vo - ra.
Tc x l ca tng i thng l 100 cuc gi/giy do tc x l ca
mch vi x l v tc chuyn mch quy nh.
Tng i chuyn tip nhm phc v cc cuc gi chuyn tip (tc l gi
ng di), tng i chuyn tip th tc x l nhanh hn tng i ni ht
(khong 150 cuc gi/giy v ln hn).
1.2.2.4 Phn loi theo tt hiu
C 2 loi;
- Tng i tng t (analog).
- Tng i s (digital).
1.3 TNG I IN T S SPC
1.3.1 S pht trin ca tng i in t SPC
Cc tng i in t hon ho l biu hin s kt hp thnh cng gia k
thut in t - my tnh vi k thut in thoi. Cc du hiu thnh cng xut
hin t nhng nm 60 ca th k 20. Sau hai thp k pht trin, cc th h ca
tng i in t cha ng nhiu thnh tu t s pht trin ca k thut in t.
S pht trin ny c thc y bi nhu cu gia tng cht lng, ci thin gi c,
tnh duy tr v linh hot ca cc tng i c in, v nh vo khai thc cc u
im tuyt i trong k thut in t v my tnh.
n g dng u tin ca cc thit b in t vo cc tng i in thoi
thuc v lnh vc iu khin: stored-program control. Tng i SPC cng cng
27

u tin l lESS c pht trin bi cc phng th nghim ca AT&T Bell, c

gii thiu ti Succasunna, New Jersey, USA vo thng 5 nm 1965. S kin lch
s ny khi u s quan tm ca ton th gii vo SPC, kt qu trong nhng nm
70, mt s cc h thng tng i mi dng k thut iu khin my tnh vi cc
mc khc nhau ra i. Tuy nhin, cc h thng u tin ny tt c dng cc
thit b chuyn mch c v vp phi cc vn trong vic pht trin cc dy
chuyn mch bn dn ph hp vi ng dng in thoi cng cng.
C hai tr ngi cn tr vic dng cc chuyn mch bn dn cho tng i
in thoi. Trc tin l kh ch to mt ma trn chuyn mch bn dn ln vi
c tnh xuyn nhiu thp. Cc chuyn mch hnh thnh nn cc ma trn nh vy
yu cu tr khng ng nhp rt cao nu mun cc nhiu b loi tr. Lm vic
trong ch tng t, cc chuyn mch bn dn khng th so b c vi c
im truyn tuyn tnh v tr khng ng nhp gn nh v hn ca cc chuyn
mch c. Tr ngi th hai, cc thit b bn dn khng chu c cc mc in p
cao cng nh dng in chung theo chun in thoi.
Mt u im rt quan trng ca chuyn mch s l b cc thit ghp knh
thng thng lin quan n cc h thng truyn dn PCM kt cui ti tng i.
Do , mt trong nhng ng lc chnh cho vic ng dng chuyn mch
s vo mng in thoi cng cng l kh nng b cc thit b chuyn i analog
sang digital trong cc trung k cng nh mng hp ni.
Cho n nhng nm u ip nin 80, cc mch tch hp c ch to rng ri
lm gim gi inh cc b chuyn i AD, cho php gi c ca cc mch giao tip
ng dy iu bao gim xung to iu kin cho cc h ing dng s hon ton cnh
anh c vi cc h ting lai analog-digital ni n. Cc h ng tng i SPC hin
ti gm chuyn mch in t v iu khin ieo chng trnh. Ngoi cc ngoi l ong
mt vi inh phn ong cc mch giao tip iu bao, cc tng i ny hon ton dig
k iut s.
Tuy nhin, tc pht trin nhanh chng ca k thut bn dn c tip
din t ra nhiu chn la cho cc nh thit k h thng tng i SPC.
Giai on t nm 1974 n nm 1976 l giai on pht trin nhanh nh
v hiu qu nht ca cng ngh in t s trong tng i in t. Nhiu cng ty,

28

trong c nhng cng ty mi chuyn hng sang lnh vc chuyn mch in

thoi gii thiu cc sn phm ca mnh.
Bng 1-1 gii thiu mt s tng i in t trn phm vi th gii theo th t thi
gian bt u sn xut ca n.
*

Bng 1-1. Mt s tng i in t theo th t thi gian sn xut.

Tng i tng t
Nm

K hiu

Loi tng i

Hng sn xut

1965

N ol ESS

Ni ht

Bell Labs M

1969

No4AXBETS

Chuyn tip

Bell Labs M

1972

DIO

Ni ht v chuyn tip

NEC - Nht

1973

Metaconta

Ni ht

LMT - Php

1974

N ol ESS

Ni ht v chuyn tip

Bell - M

EWSO

Ni ht

Siemens - c

PRX - 205

Ni ht

Philips - H Lan

1975

Droteo

Ni ht v chuyn tip

Proteo - Italy

1976

AXE

Ni ht

PTT, L.M Ericsson Thy in

Tng i p dng k thut s

Nm

Nhn hiu

Loi tng i

Hng sn xut

1970

E IO -A

Ni ht

CI T v CNET - Php

1976

No4 ESS

Chuyn tip

Bell - M

1978

AXE

Ni ht

LM Ericsson-Thy in

1981

EIOB

Ni ht v chuyn tip

CI T Alcatel - Php

E12

Chuyn tip

CI T v CNET - Php

FETEX

Ni ht v chuyn tip

Fujisu - Nht

N EA X 61

Ni ht v chuyn tip

NEC - Nht

EIO Alcatel

NI ht v chuyn tip

Alcatel - Php

29

Bng 1-2. Mt s loi tng i in t v cc c trng k thut

(cc tng i dung lng trung bnh v l'n).

Loi nc
sn xut
M
Nol ESS
Nol ARSS
No4A
XBESS
No4 ESS
Nht
DAO
XEl
FETEX150
NEAX61
EWSO
EWSF
EWSD
Anh
TXE
Itaiy
Proteo
Thy in
AXE
H lan
PRX205
Php
EIOB
Metuconta
E12
MT20
EIO Alcatel

30

Dung lng
(nghn thu bao hay
trung k)

Kh nng lu thot ti
hoc x l gi

Thu bao

Trung k

Ti
(Erlangs)

S cuc gi
u ni/s

32
22,4

6000
10000
6200
47500

30
65
35
150

1939
30(1978)
76
29

4400
2500
24000
27000
2000
5000
0,8er/T.B

30

250

70 - 280

5000

60

30
64

10000

35

10

1000

10- 15

60

2400 - 2600

25

300(1982)

65
64
60

10000
15000
20000
25000

83 - 100
86
83 - 100
200

20
8(1981)
1

1 0 -6 5
2 0 - 128

98
240
2 - 100
30
10 - vi
trm

107
13
60
2,5 - 60
13
Vi chc

40

194
194
11 - 16

S lng
(19791982)

2057(91)
10
1
2500
(1992)

80

15

30
1 0 -6 0

200

1.3.2 u im ca cc tng i k thut s SPC

Tng i k thut s SPC c nhiu u im i vi s qun tr v cc thu
bao ca n. Tuy nhin, cn phi ni rng cc kt qu u xut pht t cc u th
ca SPC, do cc tng i SPC analog cng s c u im nh vy. Hn na,
ton b cc u im s khng pht huy cho n khi cc tng i k thut s SPC
c dng phi hp vi mt mi trng truyn dn s. Cc u im ca SPC
bao gm:
L3.2.1 Tnh lnh hot
Trong cc chng sau s m t phn cng trong tng i SPC c iu
khin v d liu c lu tr trong cc b nh nh th no. Qu trnh x l iu
khin ny to ra tnh linh hot mc cao trong vic iu khin phn cng. Tnh
linh hot c cc kha cnh v tc dng lu di v ngn hn.
Tc dng lu di c xem xt trc tin. Trong giai on pht trin h
thng chuyn mch, mt lot cc chong trnh c th c to ra cho php mt
h thng chuyn mch c bn h tr cc kh nng v dch v ph hp vi nhu
cu qun l. S hiu chnh phn mm ny p ng cc c tnh tng qut ca
tng i cc b trong mng, v d nh nh s, tnh cc, cc lut nh tuyn,
cc loi cuc gi c h tr, qun tr v cc tin ch thu bao.
Mt c trng quan trng ca cc h thng SPC l kh nng mt tng i
c th c nng cp m khng ph b cc dch v sn c. iu ny cho php
cc kh nng v tin ch mi c phi hp trong hot ng ca h thng . Mt
vi tng cng c th t c ch n gin ci t thm mt phn mm mi, v
d nh to ra tin ch nhm user thn thin cho mt loi thu bao no . Cc
tng cng khc nh chu-yn mch d liu i hi phi thm phn cng mi.
Tnh linh hot ca SPC cn c cc tc dng ngn hn nh kh nng thay
i trng thi ca thit b tng i ch cn thao tc n gin l thay i d liu.
Do , hot ng ca tng i c th thay i mt cch nhanh chng theo cc
iu kin mng. V d cc gii thut nh tuyn c th thay i c, cc cuc
gi c th nh tuyn li trnh tc nghn trong mng. Tc dng ngn hn ca
tnh linh hot cho php mt lot thao tc qun tr v tin ch thu bao c cung
cp mt cch c kinh t v d iu hnh.

31

.3.2.2 Cc in ch thu bao

Cc tng i SPC cho php hng lot cc tin ch thu bao c cung cp
r hn v d hn trong cc tng i khc. Cc tin ch ny c phn phi bi h
thng qun l khi thy thch hp. Sau nhiu tin ch c yu cu bicc thu
bao trn c s call - by - call mt s tin ch thu bao nh:
- Short - code dialling: Cc s in thoi thu bao chn trc c gi bng
cch quay cc m ngn nhp vo t trc.
- Call transfer: Cc cuc gi n mt in thoi no cchuyn hng
n mt s in thoi khc mt cch t ng.
- Ring back when free: Tng i c yu cu thit lp mt kt ni n mt
thu bao in thoi ang bn cng sm cng tt ngay sau khi n kt thc m
thoi.
-Automatic alarm call: Tng i rung chung ti mt thi im xc nh
trc hng ngy.
- Outgoing hay incomming call barring: Cho php ch nhn ca my in
thoi ngn cn cc cuc gi i cng nh cc cuc gi ti.
- Itemised billing: Cung cp cc ho n lit k chi tit cc cuc gi v s
tin phi tr.
- Malicious - call tracing: Cc thu bao hay c quan c thm quyn c
cnh bo ngun gc ca mt cuc gi quy ri.
- Centrex: Tng i ni ht h tr cho vic m rng thng tin trong mt h
thng ring ca thu bao. Thm cc tin ch vo PABX, cc thu bao s c dch
v in thoi thng thng cho cc cuc gi i v n h thng ring ca h.
Nhiu tin ch trn i hi kh nng bo hiu thu bao, v d nh c
h tr bi cc in thoi n phm a tn. Tng t, s m rng cc tin ch ny
vt qu kh nng ca tng i, n yu cu mt kh nng bo hiu lin i thch
hp, v d nh h thng bo hiu s 7. V d cc bo hiu nh vy cho php mt
cuc gi c chuyn n mt vi tng i khc mt cch t ng.
Cc tin ch trn cng c th trong cc tng i SPC tng t v nhiu
tng i khng phi SPC cho d kh khn hn v gi c cao hn.

32

1.3.2.3 Tin ch qun tr

Tng i SPC cung cp mt di rng ln cc tin ch qun l, nhng cng
vic m trc kia l t tin hoc.mt nhiu cng sc. Hu ht cc hot ng hng
ngy trn tng i cn phi dng cc tin ch ny, c truy xut thng qua cc
u cui my tnh lin kt v tng i nm ti trung tm iu khin hoc t xa.
Mt s cc tin ch qun l l:
- iu khin cc tin ch thu bao; Cho php thay i danh sch cc tin ch
sn c ca thu bao.
- Thay i nh tuyn: Nh c cp trn, mt nhn vin iu hnh c
th thay i nhanh chng vic chn tuyn c dng bi tng i nhm hng
cc cuc gi n cc tng i khc. Cng vic ny c tin hnh khi vp phi
cc vn tc nghn tm thi hay cn thay i lu di trong k hoch nh tuyn.
- Thay i s ca thu bao v cc m trung k: iu ny c th c m
trch bi mt ch th n qua mt u cui iu hnh.
- Xut cc thng tin thng k qun l tng i: Cc thng tin cn thng k
bao gm s chim dng cc thit b ti cc thi im xc nh, d liu v cuc
gi thnh cng, cc chi tit v tc nghn trn cc tuyn, chi tit cc cuc gi thu
bao. Thng tin ny c th c sn khi in ra hay hin ln mn hnh mt cch cc b
ti tng i v ti cc trung tm iu hnh qun l mng xa. Ngoi ra chng c
th c ghi vo cc thit b lu tr hoc a ra trn cc lin kt d liu phc v
cho vic x l.
- Cc cng c bo tr: Bao gm s khi to cc kim th v ghi kt qu mt
cch t ng, x l cc cnh bo, cc chng trnh chn on h tr cho cc
frame b li.
1.3.2.4 Cc u im iim vo ca k thut s
Vic dng cc chuyn mch s trong cc tng i SPC lm tng thm mt
s cc u im sau:
Tc thit lp cuc gi
Phn cng ca phn t iu khin trong tng i SPC hot ng vi tc
cao vi mc in p thp (thng l 5VDC). Do , trong cc tng i SPC
vi cc chuyn mch c vn chm v i hi hot ng vi in p v dng in
cao s khng cn xng v tc cng nh nng lng gia h thng iu khin

33

v chuyn mch, v iu ny phi urc khc phc bi cc thit b m thch hp.

Tuy nhin chuyn mch s hon tain bao gm cc cng bn dn v b nh nm
di dng cc mch tch hp (IC), (chng hot n vi tc v mc in p
tng thch vi cc h thng iu k.hiin, do hnh thnh mt tng i in t
SPC hon ton l k thut s.
Cc cuc ni c th c thiit lp xuyn qua cc h thng chuyn mch
s rt nhanh chng (thng l 250|i.s). iu ny kt hp vi kh nng tit kim
v cc c tnh nonblocking cho php thc hin cc thit k h thng rt tit
kim. Dng cc chuyn mch s cho) cc thit lp ng dn tun t gia cc h
thng tng i ph trong giai on kt ni cuc gi. Ngoi ra cc n lc lp li t
ng xuyn qua cc chuyn mch (trnh tc nghn trong mng) c th c thc
hin m khng vp phi s nhn bit s gia tng thi gian tr khi quay s. Kt
qu l chuyn mch s cng vi SPC cho php cc kt ni phc tp ca cuc gi
trong tng i c thit lp m ch dng cc thit k chuyn mch n gin v
r tin.
Tit kim khng gian
Cc h thng chuyn mch s nh hn nhiu so vi tng i analog c
kh nng tng ng. iu ny c c l do s dng cc mch tch hp v b
ghp knh c ln l kh thi v k thut bn dn hot ng vi tc cao c
p dng.
Tuy nhin, kh nng tit kim khng gian c th b gim i nhiu do vn
cn tn ti cc thit b chuyn i tng t sang s (AD) cn thit kt ni cc
ng analog. Do vy, ti thiu nh hng ny cn ti a t l mch s trong
cc mch kt ni ti tng i. Ngoi ra kh nng ti thiu khng gian ca tng
i cn b gim do cn phi cung cp iu kin gii nhit cng nh mt mi
trTig cho iu khin tng i. Trong vi trng hp cn s dng cc thit b
cp ngun cho tng i khi h thng s SPC c ci t trong mt tng i.
Cho d c cc iu kin hn ch nhng kch thc ton b ca tng i k thut
s SPC thng thng vn nh hn 15Vo so vi cc tng i bc (step - by - step)
v 50% so vi cc h thng tng i analog SPC.

34

 D dng bo tr
Cc thit b dng trong cc tng i k thut s SPC c mt t l li thp
hn cc thit b c dng trong cc tng i analog SPC v khng c cc thnh
phn vt l phi di chuyn v tha hng tnh tin cy ca k thut bn dn.
Ngoi ra khng ging vi cc tng i bc (step - by - step), h thng s khng
yu cu bt k s iu chnh thng xuyn no. Cc chng trnh cn on trong
h thng iu khin tng i thng cho php nh v nhanh chng cc li phn
cng, li thuc modul c bit hay cc n v lp ghp ngoi vi no. y thch
hp cho vic dng thit b phn cng d phng, cho php h thng iu khin
lu dch v mt cch nhanh chng bng cch t ng cu hnh li thit b, thay
th n v h hng bng mt n v d phng khc. Sau , h thng iu khin
cung cp cc thng tin cn thit cho ban bo tr thay th cc n v hng hc
theo cch thc c hoch nh. Cc n v h hng lun c gi n cc
trung tm sa cha chuyn ngnh. Do vy, cng vic bo tr phn cng chm
hn so vi vic bo tr trong cc tng i analog.
Cc li c th xy ra ngay trong phn mm ca tng i cng nh trong
phn cng ca n. Li phn mm c th c xc nh t ng v c bng tay.
Qu trnh bo tr phn mm c thc hin d dng bi hng lot cc chng
trnh chn on v cc thng bo li c cung cp bi h thng iu khin tng
i.
Cht lng ca CIIC gi
C ba u im truyn dn quan trng i vi cc mng dng chuyn mch
v truyn dn s (mng s tch hp). Trc ht ton b tht thot truyn dn ca
mt cuc ni xuyn qua mng l c lp vi s lng cc chuyn mch v cc
lin kt truyn. Hn na, ton b tht thot do bi cc qu trnh chuyn i AD
ti mi u kt ni. iu ny cho php ti thiu ting n lm cho mc nghe
ca thu bao tt hn, n nh hn v kim sot c ting di. Th hai, bi v
ting n khng c tc ng ln h thng truyn dn s, cc thu bao nhn thy
cc mc n t hn nhiu so vi cc kt ni qua mng analog. Th ba, cc tng i
ni ht s c cc card giao tip ng dy c kt ni mt cch c nh n cc
ng ni b hai dy. iu ny ci tin tr khng ph hp vi thit b chuyn i
2 dy sang 4 dy, a n kt qu l cc vn v bt n nh t hn so vi cc
35

mng analog chuyn mch hai dy. (iu khin ci thin tr khng nh vy l rt
quan trng bi v so vi cc mng analog, cc mng s c xu th tht thot im
ni im t^p hn, nhng thi gian tr li gia tng, do tnh hnh xu hn so
vi echo).
Kh nng cung cp cc dch v phi thoi (non - voice services)
Truyn dn s l mi trng l tng cho truyn dn ti t cc u s liu
v my tnh, cc ti ny c ngun gc thuc dng tn hiu s. Truyn s liu r
v hiu qu hn qua h thng s so vi qua h thng analog, c bit vi tc
ln hn 4,8 kbps bi v cc tn hiu s c th c mang mt trc tip khng
cn dng cc modem m tn cng nh phi gi c cao v cc gii hn v lu
lng. Cc tn hiu analog c m ho di dng s (v d nh audio v video)
c th trn mt cch t do vo ti c ngun gc s v c vn chuyn qua mt
phng tin chung m khng c s nn p nng lng ph vo nh khi tn hiu
a dng ny c truyn qua cc h thng truyn dn analog. Do , cc tng i
k thut s khi lin kt vi truyn dn s c kh nng cung cp nhiu dch v r
tin thm vo h thng in thoi.
Gi c
Nhn chung cc h thng tng i k thut s SPC tit kim hn so vi
cc h thng analog tng ng, v gi u t c th thp hn nhiu. Tuy
nhin, cc kha cnh v gi thay i v din tin phc tp khi s dng cc tng
i in thoi. Cng nh gi u t thit b chuyn mch, khi s u t bao
gm cc gi v v tr lp t, ngun nng lng, h thng h tr iu hnh v bo
tr, phong tin lp t, ti liu, ban hun luyn, lin kt vi cc mng khc. Khi
quyt nh chn la cc h thng chuyn mch, cc cng c qun l cng cn
phi cn nhc hu qu do gi c thay i. Vic d dng nng cp h thng vi cc
tin ch mi cng c th c phn nh thng qua gi c. Tt c cc yu t ny
chi phi ton b gi c hot ng ca mt h thng tng i.
Thi gian lp t
Thi gian lp t cc tng i k thut s SPC t hn so vi thi gian lp
t cc tng i analog c dung lng tng ng. iu ny c c l do th
tch vt l nh v s modul ho cc thit b s. S lp t nhanh chng cng xut

36

pht t nhu cu kim th trc ca nh ch to v s ch to cc n v thit b

di dng lp ghp ang c dng trong cc tng i SPC hin i.
Bo hiu knh chung
Mt thnh phn quan trng ca tng i k thut s SPC l bo hiu knh
chung (CCS), n cung cp kh nng lin lc nhanh chng gia cc h thng iu
khin ca cc tng i nh vy trong mt mng. Vi mc n gin nht,
ngi dng thc hin cuc gi xuyn qua mt mns s dng CCS rt mun thi
gian cn thit to cuc ni rt ngn. Ngoi ra, CCS cho php mt s cc dch
v thu bao c m rng xuyn qua mng. Ngoi ra, trong cc cuc gi phi
thoi v iu hnh, mng CCS ne gp gi tr ln nht vo cc tng i k thut
s SPC. CCS c kh nng truyn mt s thng bo lin h n cc cuc gi thoi
v d liu cng nh thng tin iu khin v qun tr khng lin h trc tip vi
cc cuc gi ch nh, gia cc tng i v t cc thu bao n tng i.
1.3.3 S khi chc nng ca tng i s SPC
1.3.3.1 S khi
Tng i SPC gm cc b phn chnh sau:
- Thit b kt cui cc ng dy thu bao, trung k tng t v trung k
_

S.

- Khi ni dy SWM ( Switching modul ): C th l chuyn mch tng t

hoc chuyn mch s.
- Ngoi vi bo hiu: Thit b bo hiu knh chung v ring.
- Ngoi vi chuyn mch gm:
+ Thit b iu khin u ni (maker).
+ Thit b d th mch dy (qut - Scanner).
+ Thit b ngoi vi phn phi tn hiu.
- B iu khin trung tm gm; Mch vi x l v cc b nh s liu, nh
chng trnh v.v...
- Ngoi vi trao i ngi - my cho iu hnh, bo dng.

37

Thit b kt cui
TU
A ------------B

Thu bao

Khi chuyn mch

Trung k
tng

Ngoi vi
chuyn
mch

Trung k
X
s
Ngoi vi bo
hiu

Ngoi vi trao i
B iu khin
<-----^
trung tm
ngi - may
Cc b nh
Hnh 1-12:

cu trc tng qut ca tng i SPC.

Trong tng i c cc mt giao tip sau:

A: mt giao tip tng t gia ng dy tng t vi thit b kt cui.
B; mt giao tip 2Mbits/s.
C: mt giao tip tn hiu bo hiu .
D: mt giao tip iu khin mng ni.
E: mt giao tip iu khin tc cao.

38

1.3.3.2 Chc nng

Khi kt cui TU (Terminating Unit)
C chc nng kt cui cho cc ng dy thu bao (tng t v s); cc
ng dy trung k (tng t v s) cng nh cho cc thit b nghip v. N
gm cc khi ch yu di y:
* Khi kt cui ng dy thu hao (SLTU)
C nhim v truy cp ti cc ng dy thu bao, giao tip vi cc phn
ghp knh tn hiu s ca thit b kt ni. y chnh l cc mch in Tig dy
thu bao, chng chu s iu khin ca khi iu khin ng dy thu bao. Mt
n v iu khin ng dy thu bao ph trch mt nhm ng dy thu bao
nht nh tu thuc loi tng i. Khi ny bao gm hai loi ch yu:
-

Khi kt cui ng dy thu bao tng t: truy cp cc thu bao

tng t, lm chc nng BORSCHT.

B (Batteryfeed): cp ngun cho ng dy thu bao theo cng thc cp
ngun i xng.
0 (Overvoltage protection): bo v qu p cho thit b, bo m cho in
p trn ng dy khng vt qu ngun cung cp.
R (Ring); thc hin cp tn hiu rung chung cho thu bao b gi.
s (Supervision): gim st cc trng thi thu bao.
c (Codec): thc hin m ho v gii m trc v sau b tp trung phn

phi thoi (chuyn i A -e> D). a s c ng dy thu bao hiu l nhng

ng dy tng tr bi vy trc khi a vo trng chuyn mch s th cc tn
hiu tng t phi c m ho thnh lung s PCM v khi a ra phi chuyn
i t lung PCM thnh tn hiu tng t.
H (Hybrid): b sai ng thc hin chuyn i 2/4 y, pha bn thu bao
ngoi theo hai hng, mt hng pht mt hng thu, mi hng hai dy.
T (Text): o th v kim tra to s liu cho vic qun l v bo dng
h thng.
Ngoi ra khi giao tip thu bao cn c mch nghip v nh mch phi
hp bo hiu, mch in thu pht xung quay s dng m thp phn v m a
tm. cc tng i s, mch in thu bao cn lm nhim v bin i qua li
A - D (Analog - Digital) cho tn hiu thoi.
39

- Khi kt cui ng dy thu bao s: truy cp n cc thu bao s.

Chc nng ca BORSCHT khng hon ton tp trung mt khi. Thu bao s
c tc truyn ca ISDN (2B + D) th chc nng B, T, o nm trn SLT; H v
c nm trn kt cui mng NTU (Network Temiinating Unit); chc nng s v R
nm trn thit b thch ng u cui TA (Terminal Adapter).
* Kh kt cui ng dy trung k (TTU)
i^m nhim v kt cui cc tuyn trung k, giao tip vi cc thit b truyn
dn thch hp phc v u ni thng tin lin i. N gm c:
- Khi kt cui ng dy trung k tng t (ATTU): chc nng ch yu
ca n gm: bo v qu p; chuyn i 2/4 dy; m ho/gii m (A/D v D/A);
cp ngun v chc nng bo hiu (s cp chi tit chng 4).
- Kt cui ng trung k s (DTTU): khi mch kt cui trung k s:
nhim v c bn ca khi mch ny l thc hin cc chc nng GAZPACHO,
bao gm:
+ To khung (Gerieration of Frame): tc l nhn dng tn hiu ng b
khung phn bit tng khung ca tuyn s liu PCM a n t cc tng i
khc.
+ ng b khung (Aligment of Frame); sp xp khung s liu mi ph
hp vi h thng PCM.
+ Nn dy bt 0: v dy tn hiu PCM c nhiu qung cha nhiu bt 0
s kh phc hi tn hiu ng b pha thu nn nhim v ny l thc hin nn
cc qung tn hiu c nhiu bt 0 lin tip pha pht.
+ o cc tnh (Polar conversion): nhim v ny nhm bin i dy tn
hiu n cc t h thng a ra thnh dy tn hiu lng cc trn ng dy v
ngc li.
+ X l cnh bo (Alarm Processing): x l cnh bo t ng PCM.
+ Phc hi dy xung nhp (clock recovery): khi phc xung nhp t dy
tn hiu thu c.
- Tch thng tin ng b (Hunt during reframe): tch thng tin ng b t
dy tn hiu thu.

40

- Bo hiu (ofice Signalling); thc hin chc nng giao tip bo hiu
phi hp cc bo hiu gia tng i ang xem xt v cc tng i khc qua cc
ng trung k.
Hin nay c hai loi tc lung s c bn ang c s dng. l:
H tiu chun Chu u vi lung c bn 2 Mbits/s.
H Nht Bn v Bc M vi cc lung c bn 1,5 Mbits/s.
* Cc khi c bn khc
Ngoi hai khi c bn nh trn, khi kt cui cn bao gm:
- Khi ghp knh (MUX) ghp cc tn hiu thoi ca tng knh dng
s thnh lung s.
- Khi kt cui ng truvn s to giao din ph hp gia khi chuyn
mch tp trung thu bao vi cc lung s s cp.
- Khi chuyn mch tp trung thu bao chuyn mch ni b cc thu bao
trong mt n v kt cui khi khn cp. Bnh thng n lm chc nng tp trung
lung s v pha chuyn mch nhm.
- Khi thit b nghip v bao gm: thit b to cc loi m hiu (Tone);
thit b thu DTMF t thu bao ti; thit b thu m thanh nghip v.
Khi chuyn mch
cc tng i in t, thit b chuyn mch l mt trong cc b phn ch
yu v c kch thc ln. N c cc chc nng chnh sau;
- Chc nng chuyn mch: thc hin thip lp luyn ni gia hai hay
nhiu thu bao ca tng i hoc gia tng i ny v tng i khc.
- Chc nng truyn dn: trn c s tuyn ni thit lp, thit b chuyn
mch thc hin truyn dn tn hiu ting ni v tn hiu bo hiu gia cc thu
bao vi tin cy chnh xc cn thit.
C hai loi h thng chuyn mch:
* H thng chuyn mch tng t
Loi ny c chia lm hai loi:
+ Phng thc chuyn mch khng gian (Space division Switching mode),
phng thc ny, i vi mt cuc gi mt tuyn vt l c thit lp gia u
vo v u ra ca trng chuyn mch. Tuyn ny l ring bit cho mi cuc ni
v duy tr trong sut thi gian tin hnh cuc gi. Cc tuyn ni cho cc cuc gi
41

l c lp vi nhau. Ngay sau khi mt tuyn c u ni, cc tn hiu c trao

i gia hai thu bao.
+ Phng thc chuyn mch thi gian: phng thc ny cn gi l phng thc
chuyn mch PAM (Pule Amplitude Modulation), tc l chuyn mch theo
phna, thc iu bin xung.
* H thng chuyn mch s (Digital Switching System)
Phng thc chuyn mch ny cn gi l chuyn mch PCM ( Pulse Code
Modulation), h thng chuyn mch ny mt tuyn vt l c s dng chung
cho mt s cuc gi trn c s phn chia theo thi gian. Mi cuc gi s dng
tuyn ny trong khong thi gian xc nh v theo chu k vi mt tc lp
thch hp. i vi tn hiu thoi tc lp l 8 kHz, tc l c mi 125 IS li
truyn i ting ni mt ln. Ting ni trong mi ln chuyn i gi mu v c
m ho theo phng thc PCM.
Khi iu khin trung tm (x l chuyn mch)
B iu khin trung tm gm mt b x l c cng sut ln cng cc b
nh trc thuc. B x l ny c thit k ti u x l cuc gi v cc cng
vic lin quan trong mt tng i. N phi hon thnh cc nhim v kp thi hay
cn gi l x l thi gian thc hin cc cng vic sau y:
- Nhn xung hay m chn s (cc ch s a ch).
- Chuyn cc tn hiu a ch i cc trng hp chuyn tip cuc gi.
- Trao i cc bo hiu cho thu bao hay cc tng i khc.
S khi mt b x l chuyn mch tng qut c m t nh sau:

42

Hnh 1-13: S khi b x l chuyn mch.

B x l chuyn mch bao gm mt b x l trung tm, cc b nh
chng trnh, s liu v phin dch cng thit b vo/ra lm nhim v phi hp
a cc thng tin vo v ly cc lnh ra.
B x l trung tm l mt b x l hay vi x l tc cao v c cng sut
x l tu thuc vo v tr x l chuyn mch ca n. N lm nhim v iu khin
thao tc ca thit b chuyn mch.
B nh chng trnh: dng ghi li cc chng trnh iu khin cc thao
tc chuyn mch. Cc chng trnh ny c gi ra v x l cng vi cc s liu
cn thit.
B nh s liu dng ghi li tm thi cc s liu cn thit trong qu
trnh x l cc cuc gi nh cc ch s a ch thu bao, trng thi bn - ri ca
cc ng dy thu bao hay trung k...
B nh phin dch cha cc thng tin v loi ng dy thu bao ch gi
v b gi, m to tuyn, thng tin cc...
B nh s liu l b nh tm thi cn cc b nh chng trnh v phin
dch l cc b nh bn c nh, s liu hay chng trnh trong cc b nh bn c
nh khng thay i trong qu trnh x l cuc gi. Cn thng tin b nh tm
thi (nh s liu) thay i lin tc t lc bt u ti lc kt thc cuc gi.
Thit b ngoi vi chuyn mch
Lm nhim v m (hay giao tip) v mt tc x l v cng sut gia
mch x l trung tm c tc iu khin cao, cng sut ra nh vi cc thit b
ti c tc chm v tiu th cng sut ln. N gm cc b phn sau:
43

* Thit b d ng dy:
C nhim v pht hin v thng bo cho b x l trun tm cc bin c
mang tnh tn hiu ca cc ng dy thu bao, trung k. Trng thi tn hiu
cc ng dy thu bao v ng trc a ti thng l khc nh au. i vi cc
tn hiu chn s th cn phi d th tc 10 ms/ln, vi cc 1 'ng hp nh
nng t hp, t t hp... th c th ko di vi trm ms. Nh vy d d th trng
thi mch ng dy th b d th lm vic c sau khong 300 ITI Vln cho mi
mch v mi ln d th tin hnh cho 8, 16 hay 32 ng thi.
* Thit b iu khin u ni:
Lm nhim v thnh lp hoc gii phng cc cuc gi. N nKn tn hiu
iu khin t b x l trung tm, cc tn hiu ny l kt qu ca qu nh x l.
Qu trnh x l gm: x l cc chng trnh, x l gi trn c s cc s liu v
c s d liu thu bao v cc thng tin a ch. Qu trnh thit lp mt .uyn qua
trng chuyn mch c thc hin ng thi qua cc tip.im u noi v sau
khi xc nh trng thi thu bao b gi l ri.
tng i in t s, thit b iu khin u ni lm nhim v iu khin
ghi v c cc mu tn hiu (hay cc bit) qua b chuyn mch thi gian ph hp
vi a ch tuyn PCM v khe thi gian vo - ra. ng thi n cng iu khin
cc tip im chuyn mch ca thit b chuyn mch khng gian s. Cc tip
im ny c duy tr ng cho mt cuc gi no theo chu k tng ng vi
khe thi gian dnh cho n. Nhng khong thi gian khc c duy tr ng cc
tip im ny cho cc cuc gi khc.
* Thit b phi hp tn hiu:
Nhm m v mt tn hiu gia ti c tc chm, tiu th cng sut ln
vi mch iu khin trung tm c cng sut nh, tc cao. N cung cp cc tn
hiu ng dy nh: ng m cc rle, cp chung cho thu bao... di s
khng ch ca iu khin trung tm.
H thng Bus
Lm nhim v truyn dn a ch, s liu, cc lnh iu khin t b iu
khin truyn dn tn hiu qua Bus thng qua b x l trung tii (cho php
Bus). N c th dng trc tip hoc ghp knh (Mux).

44

 H thong bo hiu
Trong mng in thoi tn ti nhiu loi tng i khc nhau nh: nhn
cng, in c tng nc, ngang dc, cn in t, in t tng t, in t s v.v...
Mi loi tng i c h bo hiu ring, do vy, mun ho mng th tng i in
t phi c thit b phi hp bo hiu ph hp vi h thng bo hiu hin c.
+ Bo hiu dng mt chiu, a ch thp phn: cc thng tin trao i dng
khng ch dng mt chiu, cc xung s c tc trong mt chui xung a ch
1 - 1 0 xung. Tng i in t cn c thit b thu nhn dng bo hiu ny.
+ Bo hiu dng a tn; cc hng bo hiu u s dng t hp tn hiu
m a tn thng bo trng thi v cc con s. Tng i in t cn c thit b
phi hp vi cc dng tn hiu a tn khc nhau ca cc h thng tn hiu.
Tng i in t s dng hai phng thc bo hiu;
+ Cc tn hiu c truyn dn chung trn knh ting ni hoc knh bo
hiu gn lin vi knh ting ni c gi l tn hiu bo hiu knh ring, tn hiu
ny ring bit cho mi knh truyn dn.
+ Cc tn hiu bo hiu truyn dn chung cho mi cuc gi trn mt knh
tn hiu ch cho tng i x l tt c cc cuc gi tng i v vo - ra, gi l
bo hiu knh chung. Cc h thng bo hiu knh chung, thit b c chuyn
mn ho, h thng c tc x l v truyn dn tn hiu cao, do vy lng thng
tin qua h thng ln, ngoi ra h thng ny cn truyn dn c cc thng tin iu
hnh mng li.
Ngoi vi trao oi ngi - my
Lm vic hon ton tic tp theo cc chng trnh ghi sn iit b iu khin
trung tm, h thng tng i in t cn c s can thip ca nhn vin iu hnh
thng qua cc thit b ngoi vi trao i ngi - my. Thit b ny thng l nhng
Display, Teletype, Printer tc cao. Chng c dng nhiu vo mc ch nh:
- Thay i hoc a vo cc dch v thu bao, thay i cc quy trnh to
tuyn hoc cc chng trnh vn hnh...
- Thit b trao i ngi - my cn phi hp vi thit b iu khin trung
tm nhm thc hin cc cng vic o th thng xuyn cho cc mch thu bao
trung k. Kt qu o th c in ra giy bng my in tc cao.
- Thc hin chc nng iu hnh cc thit b nh trn bng t hoc a t.
Cc s liu v lng ti, tnh cc... c tng i a ra thng qua cc thit b
ngoi vi v ghi li trn bng t, a t. Khi cn thay i phn mm ng dng th
45

cc chong trnh phn mm cn c thay i trc khi a vo b nh chnh v

c ghi trc vo a t hay bng t.
-

Thc hin chc nng cnh bo, nhn cc thng tin cnh bo v a vo

cc lnh x l sai st, hng hc thng thng m h thng t ng khng th x

l c.
1.3.4 Phn tch mt cuc gi trong tng i SPC
e m t h thng chuyn mch, tin trnh ca mt cuc gi xem nh tri
qua mi tng.
Thu bao gi

Tng i

Thu bao c gi

Tn hiu truy cp
----------------------- Nhn dng thu
bao gi
m mi quay s

Phn phi b
nh v cc thit
b dng chung

Cc ch s quay
Phn tch v
chn knh xut

Thit lp
ng dn
m hiu chung
.............

w
Ct m hiu chung
v dng chung

Tn hiu tr li
m thoi

m thoi

Tn hiu gc my

Dng in chung

Qun l

Tn hiu gc my

Ngt thit b
Hnh 1-14: Tin trnh mt CIIC gi c nh tuyn qua mt tng i ni ht.

46

1.3.4.1 Tin hiu nhc my (off - hook)

Mt thu bao mun thc hin mt cuc gi trc ht phi nhc ng nghe.
Tli tc cn thit ny pht ra tn hiu nhc my cn gi l tn hiu truy cp ng
truyn, n thng bo vi tng i chun b iu khin cuc gi. Vic nhc ng
nghe lm gii phng mt tip im, iu ny to thnh mt mch vng gia tng
i v in thoi. Khi mch ny hnh thnh, mt thit b bn trong tng i c
kch hot v mt lot cc tn hiu hng n cc phn thch hp ca tng i
c khi pht. Khi ng nghe c t xung trng thi rnh ri, tip im b
n xung tn hiu truy cp gi n tng i khng cn na, mch vng b ct v
cuc gi khng thc thi, nh vy tit kim 'c nng lng. Nng lng trn
ng dy thu bao c cp bi ngun pin trong tng i, v n yu cu mt
chiu.
1.3.4.2 S nhn dng ca liu bao gi
Cuc gi c pht hin ti n v kt cui ng dy thu bao
(SLTU Subscriber Line Terminal Unit) thc hin gi trong tng i, n v ny
c qui nh ch s thit b (EN Equipment number). Ch s ny cn c
dch sang s th mc ca thu bao (DN_Directtory number). Do , cn phi
dng cc bng dch. Trong tng i SPC, chng c gi trong cc b nh my
tnh.
H thng iu khin cng cn nhn dng thu bao v:
- Thu bao cn phi tr cc cho cuc gi.
- Cn phi tin hanh kim tra xem thu bao c c php gi ng di hay
khng. Thng tin cn thit c lu gi trong cc record m t chng loi dch
v ca thu bao.
1.3.43 S phn phi b nh v cc thit b dng chung
Khi tng i nhn mt tn hiu truy cp (off-hook signal), h thng iu
khin phi phn phi thit b dng chung cho cuc gi v cung cp ng dn
cho n bt u t ng dy gi, hnh thnh nn mt nhm cc thit b chim
dng lu, thit b ny cn thit trong sut cuc gi v loi thit b s dng ngn
hn ch cn trong giai on thit lp cuc gi m thi. Trong cc tng i tng
t, cu truyn dn phn tch ng ting mang tn hiu xoay chiu vi thanh
phn mt chiu xuyn qua tng i l mt v d v loi th nht. Trong cc tng
47

i SPC n l record ca cuc gi, l vng nh b x:him gi trong sut qu trnh

cuc gi. Loi th hai bao gm b thu v lu tr cc ch s cu thnh a ch
thu bao c gi. Trong tng i SPC th cc ch s ny c lu gi trong b
nh.
L3.4.4 Cc ch s a ch
Sau khi nhn c m hiu mi quay s, thu bao nhp vo cc ch s a
ch bng cch quay s. Cc ch s c gi di dng cc till hiu n tng i
v c lu gi ti . Hot ng bo hiu l kha cnh ht sc quan trng trong
h thng in thoi.
u .4 .5 Phn tch ch s
H thng iu khin phi phn tch cc ch s xc nh tuyn i ra t
tng i cho cuc gi. Nu cuc gi hng n thu bao thuc tng i ni b th
s c nh tuyn n ng dy thu bao c gi. Nu ng dy ang lm
vic vi cuc m thoi khc th tng i s gi tn hiu bo bn n thu bao
gi. Mt khc nu cuc gi hng n tng i xa n c th c phn phi
n bt c mt mch no trn tuyn thch hp i ra khi tng i gc. Nu tt c
cc mch u bn, tn hiu bn cng c gi n thu bao gi. Neu c mt
mch thch hp ang rnh, n s bt ly v khng th s dng cho bt k cuc
gi no khc. Trong tng i c in, vic chim gi ny tc ng n mt iu
kin v mc in p t vo thit b kt cui mch v c xem nh thao tc
nh du. Trong tng i SPC th thng tin v mch thng c lu gi trong
cc bng di dng phn mm, trong trng hp ny m ch nh trong vng d
liu cho trc ch ra trng thi ca mt mch.
1.3.4.6 Thit lp ng dn chuyn mch
Lc ny h thng iu khin bit c cc danh nh ca mch nhp v
mch xut, sau chn ng dn gia chng thng qua chuyn mch ca tng
i bng cc gii thut chn ng dn tng i thch hp. Mi im chuyn
mch trn ng chn c kim tra m bo rng khng trong trng thi
phc v cho cuc gi khc v chim ly n nu rnh. Trong cc tng i SPC
c thc hin bng cch d v chn cc entry trong cc bng c xp xp.

48

1.3.4.7 Dng chung v m hiu chung

Mt tn hiu phi c gi n u ra xa tin hnh cuc gi. Nu iu
bao c gi l cc b, iu ny c thc hin thng qua vic gi dng in
chung n kch hot chung trong my in thoi c gi. Nu thu bao khng
phi l cc b, mt tn hiu truy cp phi c gi n tng i k tip nhm
kch hot n tin hnh cc thao tc ring. Cc thao tc ny cng tng t nh
nhng thao tc trn, bao gm c cc tn hiu gi li tng i ngun. Khi tt c
cc kt ni c thit lp cho php cuc gi tin hnh trn mng ni ht hoc
mng hp ni hoc mng trung k, dng in chung c gi n thu bao u
xa v m hiu chung c gi n thu bao gi.
1.3.4.8 Tn hiu tr li
Mt tn hiu tr li nhn c t thu bao u xa hay t tng i khc,
c nhn bit bi h thng iu khin ca tng i cc b. S truyn phi c
chp thun trn ng dn chuyn mch chn xuyn qua tng i. Dng in
chung v m hiu chung phi c xo trn ng dy thu bao u xa v
thu bao gi, sau hai phn ny c ni vi nhau v cng vic tnh cc cuc
gi ny vi thu bao gi c khi ng.
1.3.4.9 Gim st
Trong khi cuc gi ang c tin hnh, cng vic gim st cng c
thc thi tnh cc v pht hin tn hiu xo cuc gi. Cng vic gim st cng
thc hin qut tt c cc dy kt cui trn tng i pht hin tn hiu truy cp
ca cuc gi mi.
1.3.4.10 Tn hiu xo kt ni
Khi nhn tn hiu xo kt ni (c pht hin bi thu bao gi hoc thu
bao c gi), thit b tng i hay b nh c dng trong kt ni phi c
gii phng v sn sng s dng cho cc cuc gi mi.

49

Thu bao gi

Tng i cc b A

n tng i k B

Hnh 1-15: Tin trnh mt cuc gi c nh tuyn qua mt tng i th 2.

50

Chng 2
K THUT CHUYN MCH KNH
2.1 TNG QUAN V CHUYN MCH
2.1.1 nh ngha
Chuyn mch l mt trong ba thnh phn c bn ca mng thng tin (bao
gm: cc thit b u cui, cc h thng truyn dn v cc h thng chuyn
mch).
Mc ch ca chuyn mch
Thit lp ng truyn dn t ngun thng tin n ch theo mt cu trc
c nh hoc bin ng thng qua cc mng v cc trung tm.
Cc phng tmc chuyn mch chnh
- Chuyn mch knh.
- Chuyn mch tin.
- Chuyn mch gi.
2.1.2 Chuyn mch knh (Circuit Swithching)
2.1.2.1 Khi nim
L loi chuyn mch phc v s trao i thng tin bng cch cp knh
dn trc tip cho hai i tng s dng.
Chuyn mach
'

i tng
s dng

y '
/

i tng
s dng

yy
y'
'

iu khin
Hnh 2-1: Chuyn mch knh.
Ty theo yu cu ca cc u vo m khi iu khin s i khin chuyn
mch iit lp knh dn vi u kia. Knh dn ny c duy tr cho n khi i tng
s dng vn cn c nlu cu. Sau khi ht nhu cu th knh dn c gii phng.
51

Vic thit lp chuyn mch knh thng qua ba giai on sau:

Thit lp knh dn: trc khi d liu c truyn i, mt knh dn im
ti im s c thit lp. u tin, tng i (node) pht hin yu cu ca di
tng, xc nh ng truyn dn n i tng kia, nu ri, bo cho i tng
kia bit v sau ni thng gia hai i tng.
Duy tr knh dn (truyn d liu): duy tr trong sut thi gian hai i
tng trao i thng tin vi nhau, trong khong thi gian ny, tng i cn
truyn cc tn hiu mang tnh bo hiu nh: gim st cuc ni v tnh cc lin
lc.
Gii phng knh dn; knh dn c gii phng khi c yu cu ca mt trong
hai i tng s dng, khi phc ii trng thi ban u.
2.7.22 c im
Thc hin s trao i thng tin gira hai i tng bns; knh dn trn trc
thi gian thc.
i tng s dng lm ch knh dn trong sut qu trnh trao i tin.
iu ny lm gim hiu sut.
Yu cu chnh xc khng cao.
Ni dung trao i khng cn a ch.
c p dng trong thng tin thoi. Khi lu lng trong mng chuyn
mch knh tng ln n mt mc no thmt s cuc gi c th bkho
(blocked), mng t chi mi s yu cu niktcho n khi ti trong
gim.
2.1.3 Chuyn mch tin (Mcssagc Swithchiiig)
2.L3.1 Khi nim

52

mng l

Loi chuyn mch phc v s trao i gia cc bn tin (nh in tn, th

in t, file ca my tnh...) gia cc i tng vi nhau c gi l chuyn
mch tin.
Chuyn mch tin khng cn thit lp mt ng dn dnh ring gia ha
trm u cui m mt bn tin c gi t ni pht ti ni thu c n nh mt
l trnh trc bng a ch ni nhn m mi trung tm c th nhn dng chng.
Ti mi trung tm chuyn mch (nodes chuyn mch), bn tin c tm lu vo
b nh, x l ri truyn sang trung tm khc nu tuyn ny ri. Phng php ny
gi l phng php tch ly trung gian - lu tr v chuyn tip hay stored and
forward'. Kh nng lu li c th trong thi gian di do i x l hay trung tm
tip theo cha sn sng nhn.
Thi gian tr gm: thi gian nhn bn tin, thi gian sp hng ch v thi
gian x bn tin.V d: thu bao A mun gi mt bn tin n thu bao E, th a
ch ca thu bao E 'c gn vo bn tin ca thu bao A v gi i n Node 4.
Node 4 gi bn tin v tm nhnh tip theo (chng hn nhnh n Node 5) v bn
tin c sp hng v ch truyn n ng ni 4-5. Khi ng ni ny l ri,
bn tin c gi n Node 5 v c nh th, n c gi n 6 v n E. Nh vy,
h thng chuyn mch tin l h thng lun gi v gi tip thng bo.
2.L3.2 Dc client
Chuyn mch tin khng tn ti s thit lp v cung cp knh dn trc tip
gia 2 trm u cui nn thi ean tr ln, Do , khng c s lin h heo thi
gian thc.
i tng s dng khng lm ch knh dn trong sut qu trnh trao i
thng tin.
Yu cu chnh xc cao.
a ch ca thu bao c gn vo bn tin v bn tin c chuyn qua mng
t node ny qua node khc. Ti mi node, bn tin c nhn, tm gi v truyn sang
node khc bi cc b m ca my tnh. Tc l ni dung c mang a ch.
Tc chuyn tin khng ph thuc vo i tng s dng. Hiu sut cao
do knh dn c th dng chung cho nhiu i tng s dng khc nhau. T ,
dung lng tng cng ca knh dn yu cu khng cao, n ch yu ph thuc
vo yu cu s dng ca-cc i tng.
53

c p dng cho truyn s liu, ch vit, hnh nh. Khi lu lng trong
mng chuyn mch tin cao, n vn chp nhn cc yu cu ni kt mi nhng thi
gian truyn dn c th di, tr ln. Mt h thng chuyn mch tin c th gi
mt thng bo n nhiu ch khc nhau. iu ny chuyn mch knh khng
thc hin c.
2.1.4 Chuyn mch gi
2.1.4.1 Khi nim
Chuyn mch gi li dng u im ca chuyn mch knh v chuyn
mch gi, ng thi khc phc c nhc im ca hai loi chuyn mch ny.
Mng chuyn mch knh khng thch hp truyn s liu, bi v n
c thit k phc v nhng yu cu tng i tha hn so vi tr s thi gian
tng i ln (trung bnh 3 n 4 pht). i vi cc bn tin rt ngn th mng
chuyn mch knh li cng khng thch hp v khng c hiu qu. Vi lu lng
truyn s liu ch m thoi vi cc h s hot ng thp th cc chc nng
chuyn mch knh khng cn ph hp na. Ch lm vic tt nht ca mng
lc by gi l khi cc yu cu phc v c a ti theo tng gi nh, do ph
hp vi mt mng chuyn mch tin ln hn l chuyn mch knh.
i vi chuyn mch tin th ton b ni dung ca bn tin u phi i qua
cc trung tm chuyn mch vi kch thc bt k, nn trung tm chuyn mch
ging nh mt im dng c chai, hu qu l tr phn hi v thng lng ca
mng d dng b suy gim khi lng thng tin n qu ln. T , vic s dng
ng dn l khng linh hot.

My thu d liu

Ngun tin

Hnh 2-3: Mng chuyn mch gi.

54

Mng chuyn mch gi hot ng ging nh mng chuyn mch tin

nhng trong , bn tin c ct ra thnh tng gi nh. Mi gi c gn cho
mt tiu (header) cha a ch v cc thng tin iu khin khc. Cc gi c
gi i trn mng theo nguyn tc tch ly trung gian ging nh chuyn mch tin.
Ti trung tm nhn tin, cc gi c hp thnh mt bn tin v c sp xp li
a ti thit b nhn s liu.
chng li, mng chuyn mch gi s dng phng thc t ng hi li,
nn cc gi truyn t trung tm ny n trung tm khc tht s khng.c li. Qu
trnh ny i hi cc trung tm khi nhn c cc gi th x l cc tn hiu kim
tra li cha trong mi gi xc nh xem gi c li hay khng, nu li th n
s pht yu cu pht li cho trung tm pht.
2.1.4.2 Dc im
c im chnh ca mng chuyn mch gi chnh l phng php s dng
kt hp tuyn truyn dn theo yu cu. Mi gi c truyn i ngay sau khi
ng thng tin tng ng c ri. Nh vy, cc ng truyn dn c th phi
hp s dng mt s ln cc ngun tng i t hot ng.
Mc s dng ca cc tuyn co hay thp ty thuc v khi lng b nh
s dng v phc tp ca cc b iu khin ti cc trung tm.
tr trung bnh ca cc tuyn truyn dn ph thuc vo ti trong mng.
Thi gian tr lin quan ti vic tch ly trung gian ca mng chuyn mch
gi rt nh so vi chuyn mch tin. Thng tin thoi c th c thit lp chnh
xc cng ging nh thit b thit lp mt knh t thit b u cui ny n.thit b
u cui khc.
Mng chuyn mch gi khng m bo cho vic lu tr thng tin ngoi
tr cc trng hp ngu nhin xut hin vic nhn li cc gi t trung tm ny
sang trung tm khc. N c thit k m bo vic kt ni qua tng i gia
hai trung tm, trong , hai trung tm u tch cc tham gia vo qu trnh thit
lp thng tin. Khng lu tr truyn nu u cui khng hot ng hay bn.
2 .U .3 u im
tin cy cao
y l mt mng truyn tin rt tin cy c th chn ng bnh thng
khc bna; n v gi c th gi thay th ngay c khi h thng chuyn mch
55

hay mng chuyn mch gi c li v c a ch ca i tc trong gi c

truyn i.
Cht lng cao
V chuyn mch gi hot ng theo ch truyn dn s biu hin bng 0
v 1, cht lng truyn dn ca n l tuyt ho. N cng c th thc hin truyn
dn cht lng cao bng cch kim tra xem c li khng trong khi truyn dn gi
gia cc h thng chuyn mch v gia thu bao vi mng.
Kinh t
H thng chuyn mch gi dng cc ng truyn tin tc cao ni
vi cc h thng chuyn mch nm trong mng nhm ghp knh cc gi ca cc
thu bao khc nhau tng tnh kinh t v hiu qu truyn dn ca cc ng
truyn dn.
Cc dch v b sung
H thng chuyn mch gi c th cung cp nhng dch v b sung nh
trao i thng bo, th in t v dch v khp kn khi cc gi c lu tr trong
h thng chuyn mch. Hn na, mt dch v la chn nhanh chng a d liu
vo cc gi yu cu cuc thoi ca thu bao ch gi, quay s tt v cc dch v
thay th tip vin c th c thc hin.
2.2 CHUYN MCH KNH
2.2.1 Phn loi
Ty thuc vo s pht trin ca lch s chuyn mch cng nh cch thc,
tn hiu m ta c th phn loi nh sau (hnh 2-4):
2.2.1.1 Chuyn mch phn chia khng gian (SDTS -Space Division Type Switch)
L loi chuyn mch c cc u ra, u vo c b tr theo khng gian
(cch qung, thanh cho). Chuyn mch c thc hin bng cch m ng cc
cng in t hay cc im tip xc. Chuyn mch ny c cc loi sau:
Chuyn mch kiu chuyn ng truyn
Thc hin chuyn mch theo nguyn tc vn hnh c tng t nh chuyn
mch xoay. N la chn dy ri trong qu trnh dn truyn v tin hnh cc chc
nng iu khin mc nht nh.
Do n gin nn n c s dng rng ri trong tng i u tin.

56

Hnh 2-4: Phn loi chuyn mch.

Nhc im: Tc thc hin chm, tip xc mau mn, thay i hns mc tip
xc gy nn s rung ng c hc.
Chuyn mch c kiu ng m
n gin ho thao tc c hc thnh thao tc m ng. Chuyn mch ny
khng c chuyn mch iu khin la chn v c thc hin theo gi thit l
mch gi v mch iu khin l hon ton tch ring nhau.
u im: Kh nng cung cp iu khin linh hot v c coi l chuyn mch
tiu chun.
Chuyn mch rle in t
C rle in t mi im ct ca chuyn mch thanh cho.
im ct c th la chn theo hng ca dng in trong rle. Do thc
hin nhanh hn kiu m ng.
Chuyn mch in t kiu phn chia khng gian
C mt cng in t mi im ct ca chuyn mch thanh cho.
Nhc im: Khng tng thch vi phng php c do khc nhau v mc
tn hiu hoc chi ph v cc c im thoi kh xu nh mt ting, xuyn m.
2.2,1.2 Chuyn mch ghp (MPTS - Multiplexing Type Switch)
L loi chuyn mch m thng tin ca cc cuc gi c ghp vi nhau
trn c s thi gian hay tn s trn ng truyn.
Chuyn mch phn chia theo tn s (FDM)
Phng php phn chia theo tn s l tch cc tn hiu c cc tn s cn
thit bng cch s dng b lc c th thay i. Phng php ny c cc vn

57

k thut nh pht sinh cc loi tn s khc nhau v trong vic cung cp ngt cc
tn s ny cng nh trong cc b lc c th thay i. ng thi n li khng kinh
t. Do phng php ny c nghin cu trong thi k u ca s pht trin
tng i nhng cha c s dng rng ri.
Chuyn mch phn chia theo thi gian (TDM)
Thc hin chuyn mach trn c s ghp knh theo thi gian, ta c th
phn thnh cc loi:
- Chuyn mch PAM.
- Chuyn mch PCM.
Chuyn mch PAM c u im l n gin, khng cn phi bin i A/D,
nhng ch thch hp trong tng i nh hay va do tp m, xuyn m ln.
Chuyn mch PCM c cht lng truyn dn hu nh khng l thuc
khong cch, tnh m v kinh k cao trong mng thng tin hin i, c kh nng
lin kt vi IDN hay ISDN . Do ta xt chuyn mch PCM phn sau.
2.2.2 Chuyn mch PCM
L loi chuyn mch ghp hot ng trn c s dn knh theo thi gian v
iu ch xung m.
Trong h thng tng i, chng ta gp phi mt s thut ng v chuyn
mch nh: chuyn mch, mng chuyn mch, trung tm chuyn mch, trng
chuyn mch. trnh s ln ln, chng ta xt cc khi nim sau:
- Chuyn mch: m t mt nguyn t chuyn mch n gin.
- Trng chuyn mch: m t s hp thnh ca mt nhm cc chuyn mch.
Trung tm chuyn mch (tng i) cha trng chuyn mch.
Mt mng chuyn mch gm cc trung tm (nodes) chuyn mch, cc
thit b u cui v h thng truyn dn.
Mt trng chuyn mch s cung cp s ni kt gia cc knh trong cc
lung PCM 32. Cc lung PCM n trng chuyn mch trn cc buses hay
highways. Nh vy, chuyn mch s bao gm s truyn dn ca cc t PCM lin
quan n mt knh trong mt khe thi gian mt bus ng vo v mt khe thi
gian bus ng ra.

58

dy t
tng ai

ng fifty
n tt\
bao

Giao 1
tip
ng
dy

&;ng
dy n
thu bao

Hnh 2-5: Tricng chuyn mch.

Vic trao i gia cc khe thi gian thc hin theo hai phne php v c
th tch bit hoc phi hp nh sau:
- Chuyn mch thi gian.
- Chuyn mch khng gian.
2.2.2.1 Chuyn mch ii gian (T)
Chuyn mch T v c bn l thc hin chuyn i thng tin gia cc khe
thi gian khc nhau trn cng mt tuyn PCM.

v mt l thuyt c th thc hin bng 2 phng php sau:

Phng php dng b tr
Nguyn tc: Trn ng truyn tn hiu, ta t cc n v tr c thi gian tr
bng 1 khe thi gian.

Mb

fv1b

TSB

TSB

lM b
TSA

Qua R -11 b tr

..->

TSA

Hnh 2-6: Phng php dng b tr.

59

Ay

(B-A)
k!ie thi
""in

Ar <

W
--

n-(B-)'.,
kie thi
-

gian

Hnh 2- 7; Chuyn mch gia hai khe thi gian A v B dng b tr.
Gi s trong khung c R khe thi gian, trong cn trao ,i thng tin
gia hai khe hi gian A v B. Ta cho mu Ma (8 bit PCM) qua n b tr th u
ra mu Ma s c mt khe thi gian TSB. V mu Mb qua R-n b tr s c mt
thi im TSA. Nh vy vic trao i thng tin c thc hin.
Nhc im: Hiu qu km, gi thnh cao.
Phng php dng b nh m
Da trn c s cc mu ting ni c ghi vo cc b nh m BM v
c ra nhng thi im mong mun. a ch ca nh trong BM ghi hoc
c c cung cp bi b nh iu khin CM.
Ghi vo

BM

oc ra

......... . r

CM

Hnh 2-8: Phng php dng b nh m.

Thng tin phn knh thi gian c ghi ln ll vo cc t bo ca BM.
Nu b l s bit m ho mu ting ni, R s khe thi gian trong mt tuyn (khung)
th BM s c R nh v dung lng b nh BM l b.R bits.
CM lu cc a ch ca BM iu khin vic c ghi, v BM c R a
ch, nn dung lng ca CM l R.log 2R bits.
Trong , log2R biu th s bit trong mt t a ch v cng l s ng
trong mt bus.
60

Vic ghi c vo BM c th l tun t hoc ngu nhin. Nh vy, trong

chuyn mch T c hai kiu iu khin l tun t v ngu nhin.
- iu khin tun t
iu khin tun t l kiu iu khin m trong , vic c ra hay ghi vo
cc a ch lin tip ca b nh BM mt cch tun t tng ng vi th t ng
vo ca cc khe thi gian. Trong iu khin tun t, mt b m khe thi gian
c s dng xc nh a ch ca BM. B m ny s 'c tun t tng ln 1
sau thi gian ca mt khe thi gian.
- iu khin ngu nhin
iu khin ngu nhin l phng php iu khin m trong cc a ch
trong BM Iding tng ng vi th t ca cc khe thi gian m chna; c phn
nhim t trc theo vic ghi vo v c ra ca b nh iu khin CM.
T , chuyn mch T c hai loi; ghi vo tun t, c ra ngu nhin v
ghi ngu vo nhin, c ra tun t.
------

A
B

...

B A

...

B A

c
B
...

A
BM

BM
CM
i___

A. iu khin ghi tun t

B. iu khin ghi ngu nhin

Hnh 2-9: iu khin tun t v ngu nhin.

+ Ghi tun t/c ngu nhin
B m khe thi gian (Time slot counter) xc nh tuyn PCM vo ghi
tn hiu vo b nh BM mt cch tun t, b m khe thi gian lm vic ng b
vi tuyn PCM vo, ngha l vic ghi lin tip vo cc nh trong b nh BM
c m bo bi s tng ln mt ca gi tr ca b m khe thi gian. B nh
iu khin CM iu khin vic c ra ca BM bng cch cung cp cc a ch
ca cc nh ca BM.
61

in

S/P

Dio chi doc

A

____ I

R-1

BM

i
out

P/S
R-1
CM

a ch ghi
m khe thi gian

Hnh 2-10: Ghi tun t, c ngu nhin.

Cc knh thng tin s c ghp vi nhau theo thi gian bi b Mx, sau
, a n b chuyn i t ni tip sang song song a ra cc t m song
song 8 bits (mi t m chim mt khe thi gian). Cc t m ny c ghi tun t
vo b nh BM do gi tr ca b m khe thi gian tng ln lt ln 1, tng ng
vi khe thi gian u vo. Xen k vi qu trnh ghi l qu trnh c thng tin t
b nh BM vi cc a ch do b nh iu khin CM cung cp. Thng tin sau khi
c ra khi BM, c chuyn i t song song ra ni tip tr li v sau c
tch ra thnh cc knh a ra ngoi.
Nh vy, vic ghi c BM thc hin hai chu trnh sau:
Ghi vo BM nh c a ch do b m khung cung cp (gi l chu trnh
ghi).
c ra t BM t nh c a ch do CM cung cp (chu trnh c).
i vi tn hiu thoi, fs = 8 kMz do c 125

is

th nh BM ghi c

mt ln.
S knh cc i Rmax=125/(TW+TR): trong TW v TR l thi gian
ghi v c ca b nh BM do nh sn xut quy nh.

62

Xt v d: hai khe thi gian A v B inun trao i vi nhau, a ch ghi

vo BM chnh l s th t ca khe thi gian (ghi vo tun t) trong mt khung.
Khi ta mun trao i thng tin gia hai khe A v B, ta cn ghi vo CM gi tr
A vo ngn nh B v gi tr B vo ngn nh A.
Ti TSA, khi b m n gi tr A' (BM n nh A); trong chu trnh
ghi, a ch c cung cp bi b m khe thi gian v chu trnh c c CM
cung cp a ch.
Qu trnh c tin hnh nh sau:
B iu khin ghi ln lt vo cc nh ca BM cng vi s tng ln 1
ca b m khung, thi im TSA, mu MA c ghi vo nh A v do
CMA c ni dung B nn nn mu Mb c c ra t nh B ca BM.
Trong thi gian TSB, mu Mb c ghi vo BMB v do nh CMB c
ni dung A nn mu Ma c c ra t nh BMA.
Nh vy, c s trao i gia cc khe thi eian A v B, qu trnh c tip
din cho n khi c s thay i ca CM.
+ Ghi ngu nhin/c ra tun t
B nh CM cung cp a ch ca cc nh ca BM trong chu trnh ghi
cn b m khe thi gian cung cp a ch cho vic c thng tin ra khi b nh
BM.
Gi s 2 khe thi gian A v B mun trao i thng tin vi nhau th nh
A trong CM lu gi tr B v nh B trong CM s lu gi tr A.
Qu trnh thirc hin c tin hnh nh sau:
B m khe thi gian qut ln It BM v CM v do , u ra ni
dung trong cc nh BM c c ra ln lt.
Trong khe thi gian TSA, Mb c c ra v do CMA c a ch B nn
mu Ma c ghi vo nh BMB .
Trong khe thi gian TSB, Ma c c ra v do CMB c a ch A nn
mu Mb c ghi vo nh BMA.
Nh vy, vic c thng tin t BM l tun t v ghi vo l do CM iu
khin v s trao i thng tin gia hai khe thi gian A v B trn cng mt tuyn
PCM c thc hin.

63

in

out

Dni khe thi gian

Hnh 2-11: Ghi ngu nhin, c ra tiin t.

1. c tnh ca chuyn mch T
Thi gian tr ph thuc vo quan h khe thi gian vo, khe thi gian ra,
tuyn PCM vo, tuyn PCM ra... Nhng n lun c gi mc thu bao khng
nhn thy c v thi gian tr ny lun nh hn thi gian ca mt khung ca
tuyn PCM.
u im ni bt l tnh tip thng hon ton. Mi knh c phn b vo
mt khe tng ng. Nh vy, bt k u vo no cung c kh nng chuyn mch
n ng ra mong mun.
Hot ng ca CM c lp vi tin tc, c kh nng chuyn i thm cc
bit chn l, bo hiu cng vi cc byte mu ting ni.
Nhc im: s lng knh b hn ch bi thi gian truy cp b nh.
Hin nay, cng ngh RAM pht trin mt cp T c th chuyn mch 1024 knh.
2. Nng cao kh nng chuyn mch T
* Ghp knh vi cc bit song song:
Vic nng cao kh nng chuyn mch ca tng T thc hin phng thc
truyn song song tn hiu s ca mt knh qua tng T.

64

Qu trnh chuyn mch qua tng T vi vic ghi c ln lt 8 bits/knh

vo b nh c thc hin nh hnh 2-12.
Ta nhn thy rng, nu thi eian truy xut cab nh l ln th dung
lng ca chuyn mch b hn ch rt nhiu.
khc phc iu ny, trc khi a votrngchuynmch, bao

gi

tn hiu cng c ghp knh v chuyn i sane song song.

TSW
Qhi

c ra
8 bte

8 bits
I

-L-..,i.i..

1 knh
1

..................... I

Hnh 2-12: Ghi/c song song 8 bits.

n gin, xt v d mt khung ch c hai knh. Nhn vo s ta thy:
Khi thc hin bin i khung t ni tip ra song sonR th 8 bit s c 7 bit trng.
Khong thi gian ny tng ng vi 7 bits c s dng truyn tn hiu cc
knh khc ca cc tuyn PCM khc.
khono trig 5 bii

n ni
ni
ni
n n
ni
nni

ni
ni
!ni
0Wi
1
ill
ni
l01

1 khuiiq

Hnh 2-13: Ghp 3 tuyn PCMS/P.

65

Qu trnh ghp su tn hiu ba tuyn PCM khc nhau cna c m t

trong hnh trn. Ti mi b s/p c mt u vo v tm u ra. Nh vy, ta c 24
u ra khi ba b s/p tng ng vi lineO, linel, line2 v c ehp b Mx.
Ti u ra ca b

Mx, su tn hiu s c

ghp nh trn. Khong thi

gian trng ng vi 5 bits.

Vic thay i khe thi gian trng hp ny c thc hin ti tng T m
ti u ra v u vo c 8 ng ni v tng T c 8 chuyn mch T. Ti mt
nhnh chuyn mch T c mt bit ca 8 bits song song trn mt knh c ghi
vo.
* Thm nhp song song vo tng chuyn mch T :
tng dung lng cho cp chuyn mch T, ngoi vic s dng phng
thc truyn s liu song song cn kt hp phng thc thm nhp song song vo
b nh. Trong phng php thm nhp ln lt th s ln thm nhp gp 2 ln s
khe thi gian trong mt khung tn hiu.
Phng php thm nhp song song vo tng T s cho php gim s ln
thm nhp gn bng na so vi thm nhp truyn thng. lm c iu ny,
b nh thng tin c chia thnh cc khi (block). Nh vy, vic c thng tin ra
khi b nh c th ng thi. RAM c chia thnh 16 khi, mi khi gm 256
a ch. Nh vy, tng dung lng ca b nh T l 256*16 = 4096 a ch.
Xt v d m t qu trnh thc hin chuyn mch qua tng T theo phng
thc: ghi tun t, c song song vi phng php truy cp b nh song song.

oc ra
ng thi
255

Hnh 2-14: Thm nhp song song.

66

^_________________ _ ___________
------------^^

1 khuria
R,

w , |A/,

Blockl
Block2

Block16

d liu c u tin
a ch 1

Hnh 2-15: D liu c ra trong truy cp song song.

Vic ghi vo RAM thc hin trong khong 15 khe thi gian theo nhng
a ch xc nh trc ca 16 biock. Khi hon thnh qu trnh ghi vo RAM
TS15, qu trnh c c thc hin ng thi cho tt c 16 khi TS16.
a ch ln c u tin cho khi 1 l a ch 1.
Tn hiu s c ra t block 1 n block 16 c sp xp ln lt trn
tuyn PCM ra ca tng T.
Tip tc khe th 17 n khe th 31 l ghi vo c iu khin v TS32 l
c ra ton b 16 block ng thi.
Nh vy, c 15 khe ghi v khe th 16 l dng c. Do , kh nng
chuyn mch ca tng ny trong mt khung l 4096* 15/16 = 3840 knh.
S ln thm nhp l 4096 ln.
i vi phng thc thm nhp truyn thng th vi 4096 ln thm nhp
th ch c kh nng chuyn mch G 2048 knh m thi, ngha l phng thc
thm nhp song song tng kh nng pht trin dung lng hn 15/32 ln so
vi phng thc thm nhp truyn thng.
2.2.2.1 Chuyn mch khng gian ( S )
Nguyn l
Nguyn l lm vic ca chuyn mch khng gian da trn c s chuyn
mch khng gian dng thanh cho. Chuyn mch khng gian s l chuyn mch
thirc hin vic trao i thng tin cng mt khe thi gian nhng hai tuyn PCM
khc nhau.
Trong s chuyn mch tip thng hon ton, ta thy rng bt k u
vo no cng c kh nng ni vi u ra mong mun, cn trong s chuyn
mch tip thng khng hon ton th ch c mt s u vo no th mi c kh
67

nng ni vi mt s u ra tng ng no m thi. Thng thng, cc s

tip thng khng ha ton c thit k vi mc ch kinh t nhru ni c nhu
cu trao i thng tin khng ng u.

....? -

<>

....1.... .... ....

<>..o ....6 ..........

1

.... t..... ' .....

-.

N u
vo

'-- ... v

N u
vo

f 4 ..1--..4 . . . . . . . . . I. . . . . . . . 1

0 0 .. . - '

j ..... .... .... .... '

M u

.'1 u

18

*a

a)

b)

Hnh 2-16: S chuyn mch khng gian

tip thng hon ton v khng hon ton:
a) tip thng hon ton; b) tip thng khng hon ton.
Khi s knh thoi ln, ta phi ghp chung nhiu tuyn PCM. Vic u ni
gia cc knh khng ch l trao i thng tin trn cc tuyn khe thi gian ca
tuyn PCM m cn trao i gia cc tuyn vi nhau. Chuyn mch khng gian
lm nhim v ni mch cho cc tuyn PCM khc nhau u vo v u ra. N
to ra mi quan h thi gian thc cho mt hay nhiu khe thi gian.
Xt mt chuyn mch khng gian PCM c ma trn inxn vi ng vo v
ng ra mang cc tn hiu PCM. S ni kt bt k gia cc khe thi gian ca bus
ng vo vi khe thi gian tng ng ng ra c thc hin qua im thng ca
ma trn chuyn mch khng gian phi c tin hnh trong sut thi gian ca
khe thi gian ny v lp li trong cc khung k tip cho n khi cuc gi kt
thc. Trong thi gian cn li trong thi gian mt khung, im thng ny c th
c s dng cho mt cuc gi khc c lin quan. Do , vic iu khin l phi
theo mt chu k no tu thuc vo thi gian cuc gi. iu ny c thc
hic nh b nh ni kt CM cc b kt hp vi mch chuyn mch khng gian.

68

V i!

a i
0
V.

B nh iu

khin CM

Hnh 2-17: Chuyn mch khng gian s.

-;o

001

010

n i<nu
u

Ux 1

on
C M -E

D10
C M --

CI- /.G

CM -h

Hnh 2-18: Chuyn mch

s ma trn 4x4.

Chuyn mch gm ma trn mxn im thng ng/m l c iu khin

bi CM. Mi a ch nh phn nh du mt im thng thch hp thit lp ni
kt gia ng ra v ns; vo trn bus. Kch thc mi t ca CM phi p ng
c yu cu ct gi a ch nh phn cho 1 trong n im thng v c th thm 1
69

i ch th hin rng mi im thng trong ct l m. Nh vy gm n+1 a

ch. Vy, mi t CM gm 0g2(n+1) bits.
Mi b nh CM phi lu c ton b a ch im thng trong mt khung
v CM lm vic mt cch ng b vi ma trn chuyn mch nn cc nh ca
CM s tng ng vi th t cc khe thi gian vo, cho nn, n phi c t nht R
nh (R l s khe thi gian trong mt khung). Nh vy, a ch ca im thng s
c ni trong khe thi gian TS1 s c lu tr trong nh u tin trong CM.
Qu trnh chuyn mch xem xt ni dung ca t bo sut khe thi gian
tng ng v dng a ch ny xc nh im thng ca khe thi gian ny.
Qu trnh c tip din nh vy cho ht khung, tip tc cho ht mt cuc gi
sau trong CM c s thay i v mi vic s c t chc li.
Gi s c mt ma trn chuyn mch PCM 4x4 vi 1 khung c 3 khe thi
gian, vy, mi CM c ba t bo. Mi t 3 bits(log2(4+l)). Ti mi im thng, ta
t cc cng AND v cng ny c m hay ng l do CM quyt nh.
a ch 000 biu th mi im thng trn ct l khng c ni.
a ch 00r biu th im thng u tin (cao nht) trn ct l ni.
a ch 010 biu th im thng th hai trn ct l ni.
a ch 011 biu th im thng th ba trn ct l ni.
a ch 100 biu th im thng cui cng (thp nht) trn ct l ni. Gi
s, cc nhu cu trao i gia cc khe thi gian nh sau:
Khe thi gian ng vo TSl/busA ni vi khe thi gian ng ra TSl/busE.
Khe thi gian ng vo TSl/busB ni vi khe thi gian ng ra TSl/busF.
Khe thi gian ng vo TS2/busA ni vi khe thi gian ng ra TS2/busF.
Khe thi gian ng vo TS2/busB ni vi khe thi gian ng ra TS2/busE.
Khe thi gian ng vo TS3/busB ni vi khe thi gian ng ra TS3/busH.
Khe thi gian ng vo TS3/busD ni vi khe thi gian ng ra TS3/busE.
Qu trnh chuyn mch trc tin hnh nh sam
Cc nh ca CM lm vic ng b vi cc khe thi gian ng vo.
- Trong thi gian ca khe thi gian TSl :
nh 1 ca CM-E c gi tr o o r nn im thng u tin ca n (A-E)
ng, cc tn hi t ng vo A c chuyn sang ng ra E trong khong thi
gian ny.

70

 nh 1 ca CM-F c ei tr 010 nn im thng th nh (B-F) ca n

ng v cc tn hiu t ng vo B c chuyn sang ng ra F.
- Trong thi gian ca khe thi gian TS2:
nh 2 ca CM-E c gi tr 010 nn im thng th nh ca n (B-E)
ng, cc tn hiu t ng vo B c chuyn sang ng ra E trong khong thi
gian ny.
nh 2 ca CM-F c gi tr 00r nn im thng th nht (A-F) ca n
ng v cc tn hiu t ng vo A c chuyn sang ng ra F.
- Trong thi gian ca khe thi gian TS3:
nh 3 ca CM-E c gi tr 01 r nn im thng th ba ca n (C-E)
ne, cc tn hiu t ng vo c c chuyn sang ng ra E trong khong ii
gian ny.
nh 3 ca C M -H c gi tr 010 nn im thng th nh (B-H) ca n
ng v cc tn hiu t ng vo B c chuyn sang ng ra H.
Nh vy bng cch s dng b nh CM , ta c th to ra 1 ma trn chuyn mch
c th l m*n hay n*n tu vo yu cu.
iii khin trong chuyn mch

Vic xc nh im chuyn mch c th thc hin bng hai cch:

iu khin theo u vo: Xc nh u ra no s ni vi u vo tng
ng.
iu khin theo u ra: Xc nh u vo no s ni vi u ra tng ng.
Trong chuyn mch s iu khin theo u ra th trn cc ct ng ra s c
cc b nh CM v ni dung trong cc nh ca CM s chn cc dng ng vo
cho ct ng ra ca n. iu khin theo u vo th mi dng s c mt b nh
CM iu khin v ni dung ca n s xc nh cc ct ng ra cho ng ng vo
ca n.
Theo nguyn Iv trn, iu kliin ne ra c th s dng cc b ghp knh
logic s. B ghp knh logic s nv cho php ni n ng ra ca n t mt trong
n ng vo ty thuc vo a ch nh phn c cung cp bi b nh iu khin
CM ca n. s bits nh phn yu cu cho n u vo l log2n. Dung lng tng
cng ca b nh CM l: CCM = R.log2n (vi R l s khe thi gian trong mt
khung).
71

N ng
i fAa

' \ f

'' 1

MUX

MUX

M UX

CM-2

CM-1

CM-N

M ng ra

Hnh 2-19: iu khin theo u ra.

Nu chuyn mch s c m u ra th dung lng b nh CM tng cng ca
n l: s CCM = m.R.losan.
iu khin theo u vo s dng b tch knh logic s, n cung cp s
ni kt gia mt ng vo vi 1 trong m ng ra theo a ch nh phn xc nh
trc trong CM n ng vo. s bit nh phn yu cu cho tng dung lng ca b
nh CM l:
E C qvi = n . R . l o g j m .

N ng vo

DEMUX

DEMX

CM-1

DEMUX

CM-1

CM-1

M
M ng ra

Hnh 2-20: iu khin theo u vo.

Chuyn mch T khng thun li trong cc h thng tng i c dung
lng ln, tuy nhin, chuyn mch s dng c lp l khng c hiu qu. Bi v

72

n ch thc hin c s trao i gia cc tuyn khc nhau c cne, khe thi eian,
iu ny khng c tnh thc t. Tron thc t, ngi ta ghp chuyn mch T v s
to nn cc trng chuyn mch c dune lnc ln.
2.2.3 Phi php cc cp chuyn mch
Thng thng, chuyn mch T ch p ng c trons h thng tng di
c dung lng ln nht l 512 knh o,iao thns, nng cao dune lns chuyn
mch, ngi ta phi phi ghp gia cp s v cp T. S kt hp khc nhau dn
n cc trng chuyn mch c tnh cht khc nhau, ng thi, chim nhng n
lm tng dung lng h thng m cn lm gim gi thnh thit b. Trong cc
tng i dung lng ln thng c trng chuvn mch ghp gia cc cp nh:
-Tng i Php EIOB : TST.
E12

:TSSST.

- Tng i Thy in AXE; T, TST.

- Tng i Nht HTX10: TST.
- Tng i Sitel: SSTSS.
2.2.3.1 Chuyn mch ghp TS
Nguyn l chuyn mch TS i khi cn ai l neuyn l nh TS v khng
c chuyn mch khng gian trnh by trn tht s c p dng.
Cc knh c to nhm theo thi gian thnh N tuyn PCM v c a
n trng chuyn mch. Trn mi tuyn PCM c mt b nh thng tin BM vi
R nh ne; bns: s knh trn mt khung mi tuyn.
Thng tin nm trong cc khe tlii gian c ghi mt cch tun t vo b
nh BM, cn c ra do b nh iu khin CM quyt nh.
B nh CM c chia thnh R khi nh, ng vi R knh mi tuyn. Mi
khi c N nh ng vi N tuyn ra. Dung lng ca CM l; CCM=R.N khi
nh.
Thng tin trong khi nh CM c qut ln lt ng thi vi khe thi
gian ni b. Nh vy, trong thi gian ca mt khe thi gian c chia lm N khe
thi gian ni b nh hn. C ngha l, trong mt khe thi gian c N nh ca b
nh iu khin chuyn mch CM c ra. Chng cho bit cn phi c thng tin
ra t nh no trong N nh ca b nh thng tin BM.

73

PCMO
iPCMC

BM-0

REGO

R-1

KLGI

PCM1

J_PCM1
PCMN
REG N-1

R-1

BM-1

iu khin tlii im
c ra

CMS
0

A
Khe hi gian
TSo

PCMN

R-1
BM-N

R-1
N-1

Kiie tlii gian ni b 0

0-

0
N-1

Khe thi gian ni b N-1

Khe thi gian

TS,

Khe thi Ciian

TS,.,

CM

Hnh 2-21: Chuyn mch TS.

Trong mt khe thi gian, cc thanh ghi u ra c np mt cch ln lt.
Tn hiu iu khin c b nh ra thanh ghi biu din nh hnh 2-22.
Nu mi tuyn PCM c R knh th rng khe thi gian l 125/R, khi c
N tuyn thi gian c b nh CM phi nh hn 125/(R *N ).
Chnh v hn ch ny m loi chuyn mch ny ch dng cho tng i c
dung lng nh. Do , phi chn CM l loi b nh c thi gian thm nhp nh,
Mun trao i thng tin gia khe thi gian 1 ca PCMO vi khe thi gian
R-1 ca PCM l, n v iu khin u ni ghi gi tr 1, R -lvo nh 0 ca vng
nh ng vi khe thi gian 1 v ghi gi tri 1 ,0 vo nh ca vng nh ng vi
khe thi gian ra R -1.
Trong mt khe thi gian, cc thanh ghi u ra c np ln lt theo N

74

khe thi gian ni b. Cc thanh ghi lm vic nh cc b m hiu chnh li ng

h ng b vi cc thng tin trn N tuyn PCM u ra.
Trong khe thi gian TSl, khi CM qut n nh 0 (ng vi khe thi gian
ni b 0); gi tr 1, R-1 trong nh ny s iu khin c thng tin trong nh
1 ca B M l, ng thi c tn hiu m cng cho php ghi s liu vo REGO.
'*-----------1 khe thi gian----------

_n_______

Np REGO
Nap REG1

ru

N apR EG N -1

Khe hi gian ni b

Hnh 2-22: Tn hiu iu khin c ra thanh ghi.

Sau , trong khe thi gian R-1, khi CM qut n nh 1 (ng vi khe
thi gian ni b 1); gi tr 0, r trong nh ny iu khin c thng tin trong
nh 1 ca BMO, ng thi tn hiu m cng cho php ghi s liu vo REGl.
Nh vy, khe thi gian ca PCMO c ra khe thi gian R -1 REG 1 v
khe thi gian R-1 ca PCM l c c ra khe thi gian 1 REGO. Vic trao
i thng tin gia hai khe thuc hai tuyn c thc hin.
B chuyn mch ny khng

xv

ra hin tng tc nghn v n lun tm ra

1 ng ri dn n mt ng ra ri. Tuy nhin, s khe thi gian ni b t l vi

dung lng chuyn mch, do , tc bit cng t l vi dung lng chuyn
mch, c ngha l vi mt h thng c dung lng ln th tc truy cp b nh
phi rt nhanh.
2.23.2 Chuyn mch STS
Trong trng chuyn mch STS, cc khe thi gian trn cc tuyn PCM
khc nhau cn trao i thng tin s uc a v cng mt tuyn nh cp chn s 1.
Sau , cp T s hon v cc khe thi gian ny cho nhau v vic phn ng li
l do cp S2 m nhim.
Chuyn mch khng gian ng vo SI s ni bus ng vo vi chuyn mch
T trong sut thi gian ca mt khe thi gian v chuyn mch khng gian ng ra
75

cng s ni kt chuyn mch T vi bus ns; ra trons sut thi gian ca 1 khe thi
gian.
Xt s trao i thng tin gia thu bao A mana tin tc Ma trong khe thi
gian TSrl vi thu bao B mana tin tc Mb trong khe thi gian TSr2 ca cc
tuyn PCMi v PCM tng ng. n gin, ta xt s chuyn mch

Cu

tuyn PCM u vo cng nh u ra.

Hnh 2-23: S trao i thng tin trong mng STS.

iu khin chuyn mch ca cp T v s, ngi ta cng s dng b nh
chuyn mch CMT v CMS nh hnh sau:

Hnh 2-24: S nguyn l STS.

76

Trn s ny, b nh thna tin BM c s dng kp. u tin, a ch

c np vo CMS, CMT a ch A, B. Gi s ti BM, nh r c np
thng tin Mb.
Trong khe thi gian TSrl, b nh CMS qut n nh li, ai tr i trong
nh ny s iu khin chuyn mch SI ni vi ng i nhn tn hiu Ma t
thu bao A v shi vo b nh BM

mt nh r nht nh. Tin tc Ma c

cha y cho n khe thi gian TSr2, lc , do nh r2 ca CMT c gi tr

r nn n ch nh c nh r ca BM v do nh r2 ca CMS c 2,i tr nn
n ch nh S2 u ni vi ne; a thna tin v n thu bao B. Cng
trong khe thi gian TSr2, do CMS c ii tr nn n ch nh ni BM vi ng
j ng vo, tin tc Mb c ghi vo nh r ca BM. Tin tc ny c lu y
cho n khe thi gian TSrl, lc , do nh rl ca CMT c gi tr r nn n ch
nh c nh r ca BM v do nh' rl ca CMS c ai tr i nn n ch nh
S2 u ni vi 'na i a thng tin v n thu bao A.
Nh vy, vic u ni thng tin Ma v Mb sia hai tuyn c thc hin.
Vic nghn mch trong s STS ph thuc vo vic tm ra 1 nh ri trong b
nh chuyn mch thi gian. Cng nhiu chuyn mch thi gian th cng gim
kh nng nghn mch.
2.2

J .3 Ch uyn mch T S r
1 -+

M odul

\
/\

\ ... r-'... I

1...

M odul

L
Thanh dn ra

Hnh 2-25;

cu tnc chuyn mch TST.

77

Cc tuyn PCM vo c gi li tng vo ca chuyn mch T, cho n

khi cn cha thy ng ri trn ng dn tng ng qua tng chuyn mch
khng gian ti tng ra tng ng ca chuyn mch thi gian. V n c gi li
cho n khi bt u khong thi gian yu cu thc hin thng tin cho.
Gi thit tng chuyn mch thi gian l tip thng hon ton, th khi thit
lp cuc ni trn tng chuyn mch khng gian c th s dng khong thi gian
bt k.
im quan trng ca tng chuyn mch STS l tna chuyn mch khng
gian lm vic vi s phn chia thi gian mt cch c lp vi cc tuyn PCM
vo.
S phong to trong s TST c th xut hin trong trng hp khng
c cc khong thi gian ri bn trong tng chuyn mch kling gian m trong
sut khong thi gian c tng ni trung gian ti cc tng ra ca chuyn mch
thi gian cng ri ng thi. Xc sut phong to s cc tiu nu s khong thi
gian ca chuyn mch khng gian ln.
Cu trc tng chuyn mch STS thng c xy dng theo modul , mi
modul c hai cp chuyn mch T vo ra v mt cp s. Cc modul lin lc vi
nhau bng cc thanh dn ra c ni vo cp s.

Hnh 2-26:

78

cu trc modul.

 u im ca phng n ny l cc liodul chuyn mch c lp vi nhau

nn vic m rng dung lng tng i c th thc hin mt cch d dng. Dung
lng ti a ca trng chuyn mch l do s lng thanh dn quyt nh.
Phng n ny s dng rng ri trong cc mng chuyn mch c dung
lng nh n trung bnh t 16 n 32 modul. Khi ni vi dung lng cao s
vp phi kh khn v truyn dn v tr truyn dn khng ng u.
khc phiic nhc im ny, ngi ta tch s ra khi modul to nn mt
cp s c lp. Tt c cc modul u thns qua 2 thanh dn ni vi cp s . Khi
tr ca cc thanh dn c coi nh ng u.
kho st s hot ng ca chuyn mch TST, ta xt s trao i tin tc
gia hai thu bao A vi tin tc Ma trn khe thi eian TSrl (thuc modul TKi) v
thu bao B mang tin tc Mb trn khe thi gian TSr2 (thuc modul TKj). S trao
i thng tin gia hai knh thuc hai modul TKi v TKj qua cp chuyn mch
SM.
Mi modul c hai b nh thng tin BM-]' v BM r ct gi thng tin pht v
Ihu. Mi b nh c b iu khin thu v pht tng ng.
Vic iu khin cp chn trons chuyn mch khng gian SM do cc b
nh CMS m nhim.
thc hin vic , cn 1 khe thi gian ni b ang ri v pha A cng
nh v pha B ca chuyn mch s. Gi s khe thi gian ri u tin c tm
thy l TSr, b iu khin u ni thc hin ghi thn tin iu khin vo cc b
nh nh sau:
Ghi gi tr rl vo nh r ca CMl i.
I

Ghi gi tr i vo nh r ca CMSj. Ghi gi tr r2 vo nh r ca

CMTj.
Gi s rl< r2, cc b nh c qut ln lt theo cc khe thi gian ni b.
Thng tin Ma, Mb c ghi ln lt b nh pht B M t v BM r j cc nh
rl, r2 tng ng.

79

SM

TKi
V

Ma

i
\

V...
/
R-1

BMtI
Mb

Svl.

JL

,1

Sk,

R-1

tR;2

r*R.2

R-1

R-1

BM
r i

CMT T

CMTp

B M -I
Ma
JL

SM;

r?

R-1

BM

r-R'2

R-1

"

c2
R-1

CMT

CMS

Hnh 2-27: Chuyn mch TST.

Trong khe thi gian ni b TSr, ng vi khe thi gian ni b ang ri r,
khi cc b nh c qut n nh r, gi tr r l trong b nh iu khin pht
C M T t

iu khin vic c thng tin trong Ma ct trong nh rl trong BMxi

sang SM. ng thi, gi tr i trong nh r ca CMSj iu khin SMj chn

ng i ly thng tin Ma ghi vo b nh thu BM|J ca TKj.

80

a ch ca BM rJ do CMT r j cung cp. Do , Ma c ghi vo nh r2

ca BMRj. N c c ra thi im ng vi khe thi gian r2, v hng thng
tin t TKi n TKj c thc hin.
Tuy nhin, khng c ng thng tin theo hng ngc li. t chc
c ng thng tin theo hng ngc li, c hai phng thc c th s dng
l:
- Thit lp ng mi hon ton c lp bng mt khe thi gian ni b ri
no .
- Vic thit lp ph thuc vi hns; ban u.
Phng thc th nht to nn mt h thng mm do hn, nhng phng
thc th hai tit kim c phn cng hn. Li dng tnh cht i xng ca
chuyn mch, nh vy, vic chn ng ch cn tin hnh mt ln l .
S dng phng thc o pha, l: nu tm c mt khe thi gian ni
b ang ri cho hng t A n B l r th ng quay v s thc hin vo ng
khe thi gian ni b na khung thi gian sau (r+R/2).
Nh vy, nu thc hin theo phng thc o pha th b iu khin u
ni thc hin ghi thng tin iu khin vo cc b nh nh sau:
- Ghi gi tr r2 vo nh r ca CMTxj.
- Ghi gi tr j vo nh r ca CMSi.
- Ghi gi tr r l vo nh r ca CMTr.
Trong khe thi gian ni b TSr+R,^2, ng vi khe thi gian ni b ang ri
r+R/2, khi cc b nh c qut n nh r+R/2, gi tr r2 trong b nh iu
khin pht CMTjj iu khin vic c thng tin trong Mb ct trong nh r2
trong BMTj sang SM. ng thi, gi tr j trong nh r ca CMSi iu khin
SMi chn ng j ly thng tin Mb ghi vo b nh thu BM r ca TKi. a ch
ca BM r do CMT r cung cp. Do , Ma c ghi vo nh rl ca BMRi. N
c c ra thi im ng vi khe thi gian rl, v hng thng tin t TKj n
Tki c thc hin.
u im ca phng php ny l hai hng thng tin c lp nhau. Sau
khi c xc nh hng t TKi n TKj th vic xc nh theo hng ngc
li l khng cn thit. Do , n thng c s dng tit kim b nh; ta ch
cn s dng 1 trong 2 b nh CMTjhay CMTaigoi chung l CMT). a ch c
81

BM t v ghi BM r c ly ra trong hai nh CMT, a ch ca chng thng

cch nhau mt khong R/2.
Kh nng nghn mch ph thuc vo vic tm cp khe thi gian ri cho
ng truyn gia hai chuyn mch thi gian. Xc sut tm cp khe thi gian ri
ny l ln nu s khe thi gian ni b l ln. Kh nng tip thng hon hon c
th c thc hin bng hai cch :
- Tng gp i tc bit ni b (tng s khe thi gian ni b).
- Thit lp thit b chuyn mch trn hai mt phng song song. Tm li, c
hai phng thc u tng gp i thit b chuyn mch.
2,2.3.4 Nhn xt
Tm li, khi xt v phng din chuyn mch v iu khin th cp T l
u im hn c. Tuy nhin, n b hn ch v dung lng. Do , i vi nhng
tng i c dung lng nh, tng i u cui, tng i c quan thng hay dng
chuyn mch T.
Vi tng i cp cao hn, thng s dng chuyn mch ghp TST hay
STS. Mng STS c kh nng chn nhiu ng ni khc nhau cho mt cuc gi.
C ngha l STS c tin cy cao hn ST. Chuyn mch STS thng dng cho
thit b chuyn mch nh, c tc ln.
Mng TST c tnh cht chuyn mch u im, kh nng chn ng ri
nhiu hn, cu trc iu khin n gin.
Da vo bng 2-1 m ta c th s dng loi no cho tng i thch
ng. i vi cc mng ln, ngi ta s dng ghp cc cp nhiu hn nh TSST,
SSTSS...
Bng 2-1. So snh chuyn mch STS v TST.
Cc m t so snh

tin cy
Gi thnh
K thut chn ng

STS

TST

(+)
+'
+

phc tp

Mi trTig ng b

82

Chng 3
K TH U T IU K H I N
3.1 TNG QUAN
i vi cc tng i in c, cc chc nng bo hiu, x l cuc gi, tnh
cc... c thc hin da vo cc s liu c ghi trn c s u ni cng cc
mch vi cc phn t logic. Nh s hot ng ca cc tip im rle m cc
chc nng logic nh trc c thc hin, nh vy, khi cn phi thay i s liu
hoc a s liu mi b sung thay i qu trnh iu khin hoc thay i cc
nghip v thu bao th cn phi thay i cch u ni cng. Vic l rt bt
tin, c khi khng thc hin c.
i vi tng i in t s SPC, mt s b vi x l c dng iu
khin cc chc nng ca tng i. Vic iu khin c thc hin thng qua vic
thi hnh mt lot cc lnh ghi sn trong b nh. Trnh t thc hin thao tc
chuyn mch c lu trong mch nh di dng lnh chng trnh sau thc
hin thao tc chuyn bng cch kch hot cc mch c s nhiu ln. V vy, cc
s liu trc tip thuc tng i nh cc s liu v h s thu bao, cc bng phin
dch a ch, cc thng tin v to tuyn, tnh cc, thng k cc cuc gi... c
lu tr li trong b nh nh n v bng t, n v a t. Cc chng trnh iu
khin trong cc b x l iu khin cc thit b ca tng i nh ngoi vi thu
bao, ngoi vi bo hiu, trng chuyn mch, ngoi vi trao i ngi my, thit b
tnh cc... cng c lu tr li trong cc b nh. Cc s liu v chng trnh
ny c th b sung, sa i hoc thay th mt cch d dng thng qua cc thit b
giao tip ngi my nh bn phm v my vi tnh. iu ny to kh nng linh
hot cao trong qu trnh iu hnh tng i.
Yu cu phn cng v phn mm iu khin
Tng i in t s SPC c iu khin bi cc b x l v cc chng
trnh, cc chng trnh phi c tnh thng minh tht s v cc b x l phi c
kh nng p ng thc hin cc chc nng iu khin.
X l d liu trong thi gian thc
V d: Mt ngi ang li xe vi mt an ton giao thng cao th mi gic

83

quan, suy ngh ca anh ta u tp trung vo vic lu thng trn ng. Tt c cc

bin c, s kin xy ra trn ng u c anh ta ghi nhn v x l trong u
c nhng thao tc thch hp nht trong tc th. Sir xc nh cc tnh hung
giao thng, x l v quyt nh thao thc, thc hin cc thao tc y ngay lp tc
gi l x l thi gian thc.
Trong tng i cng i hi nh vy, tc l phi iu khin theo thi gian
.thc nhng tc nhanh hon nhiu ln. Hng trm ngn thao tc trn mt giy
phi c thc hin. c im ca cc thao tc ny l thng n gin v c tnh
n iu nh: qut tt c cc ng dy thu bao, trung k xc nh tn hiu
nhc my. Tuy nhin, vn c mt s thao tc l phc tp nh chn ng dn
trong chuyn mch thit lp cuc gi, bo dng...
3.2 CU TRC PHN CNG H THNG IU KHIN TNG I SPC
3.2.1 Cu tr c chung
3.2.1.1 S khi

T cc thit b cn iu khin a ti

Hnh 3-:

cu trc chung h thng iu khin.

3.2.1.2 Chc nng

B phn phi lnh
Phn phi lnh thch hp thc thi trn c s cc loi thit b ngoi vi
chuyn mch, th t u tin ca chng v thng tin a vo. N a ti b nh
chng trnh a ch lnh cn thit phi x l theo nguyn tc gi m, tc l.
trong thi gian thc thi lnh ny th a ch lnh tip theo c ghi ti b nh

84

chng trnh. Ngoi ra, cc s liu cn thit lin quan n tng lnh cng c
gi i t y n b nh s liu v phin dch.
B ghi pht lnh
Lm nhim v ghi m cc lnh cn thc hin.
B nh chicng trnh
Nhim v ghi li tt c cc chng trnh cn thit cho nhim v iu khin
m n m nhn. B nh ny thng c cu trc kiu ROM. Cc chng trnh
ny c th l chng trnh x l gi hoc bo dng vn hnh.
B nh s liu v phin dch
Ghi li cc loi s liu-cn thit phc v cho qu trnh thc hin lnh. Ngoi
nhng s liu nh thu bao, trung k... cc h thng x l trong tng i in
t nh x l iu hnh v bo dng (OMP) c b nh s liu phc v cng vic
iu hnh v bo dng, b x l chuyn mch th c cc b nh s liu phin
dch, to tuyn ghi li cc bng trng thi tuyn ni, h s thu bao... di
dng bn c nh. Ngoi cc b nh ny, cn c cc b nh tm thi, n ch ghi
li cc s liu cn thit cho qu trnh x l gi, v d s liu v a ch thu bao,
s liu v trng thi thu bao bn hay ri. Cc s liu ny thay i trong qu trnh
x l cuc gi.
B ghi pht thao tc
Lm nhim v thc thi cc thao tc logic v s hc theo cc lnh v s liu
thch hp a cc lnh iu khin tng ng, qua thil b giao tip vo ra ti
ngoi vi iu khin nu lnh ny ch th ti kt qu cng vic. Trong trng hp
cc lnh sau khi thc thi y cn phi thc hin cc lnh tip theo phc v
mt cng vic th b ghi pht thao tc chuyn yu cu x l tip theo ti b phn
phi lnh v chuyn kt qu ti b nh s liu nu cn Ihit.
Thit b giao tip vo ra
Lm nhim v m v chuyn cc thng tin t thit b ngoi vi vo b nh
iu khin v chuyn lnh t b nh^ iu khin ti thit b ngoi vi.
3.2.1.3 Nguyn lm vic
Tng i s SFC thng c cu trc iu khin phn b v do c nhiu
b x l, tuy c khc nhau v chc nng x l, cng sut v lu lng nhng
chng u c cu trc tng qut nh trn.
85

 thc hin mt thao tc iu khin, thit b iu khin nhn thng tin t

thit b ngoi vi thng qua thit b vo ra ti b phn phn phi lnh. Cn c vo
tng cng vic c th v mc u tin ca n m b phn phn phi lnh a a
ch cn thit ti b nh chong trnh. Ti y, chne trnh cn thc hin c
gi ra t b ghi pht m. Thng thng, khi mt lnh c gi ra v ghi v b
ghi pht lnh th a ch lnh tip theo c chuyn giao ti b nh chng
trnh. Khi lnh lu b ghi pht lnh chuyn ti b ghi pht thao tc th lnh ng
vi a ch va lu s c a n b ghi pht lnh v a ch ca lnh tip theo
li c chuyn n b nh chng trnh. Qu trnh c tip tc nh vy.
ng thi vi vic a a ch ti b nh chng trnh, b phn phi lnh
cng a a ch s liu km theo cho lnh ti b nh s liu. Khi lnh c
a ti b ghi pht thao tc th s liu tng ng cng c a ti y. Ti y
lnh c thc thi v kt qu l mt thng s iu khin c a ra. Thng s
logic ny nu l kt qu ca mt cng vic x l th n c chuyn ti thit b
ngoi vi thc hin cng vic. Nu cha phi l mt kt qu cng vic th thng s
ny c ghi li b nh s liu cho lnh sau v thng bo vic ny cho b phn
phi lnh. B phn phi lnh s quyt nh tip tc thc hin lnh tip theo
hon thnh cng vic hay tm dng v cha s liu cn thit.
3.2.2 Cc loi cu trc iu khin
Tu theo dung lng v phng thc iu khin c phn b cc cp
iu khin khc nhau m b iu khin trung tm c th s dng l n x l hay
a x l.
3.2.2.1 Cu trc iu khin n x l
Ton b hot ng ca tng i c iu khin bng mt b x l duy
nht. Do , khi b vi x l ny b hng th dn n s ngng lm vic ca ton
b h thng. nng cao tin cy, cn phi c h thng d phng. Lin lc
gia khi vi x l vi cc modul ca tng i bng ng truyn s liu ring.
B x l lin lc vi iu khin ngoi vi bng 2 loi bus: thng tin v iu
khin. Bus iu khin bao gm bus a ch, bus iu khin thng bo. B x l
ny can thip vo mi giai on thit lp cuc gi v mi cuc gi phi x l qua
n nhiu ln trc khi kt thc.

86

 u im'.
n gin, can thip vo tng i ch mt v tr, thc hin cc chc nng
c nh trong sut thi gian hot ng ca tng i.
Nhc im:
Phn mm phc tp, phi dng nhiu lnh ngt, khng c kh nng m
rng dung lng tng i, ch thch hp tng i dung lng nh.

Hnh 3-2:

cu trc n x l.

3.2.2.2 Cu trc a x l
Phn ln cc tng i dung lng ln ngy nay u s dng cu trc a x
l. N khc phc nhng nhc im ca n x l, tuy nhin vic tng thch
gia cc b x l l gp kh khan.
Xt v mt v tr, ta c th phn loi nh sau ;
in khin tp trung
Cc b x l c cng mt cp , vai tr ca chng l nh nhau. Hot ng
ca cc b x l c iu khin bi b iu khin phi hp hot ng. Mi b
x l c b nh ring. Cc b x l lm vic theo kiu phn chia ti ng, ngha
l lu lng ca mi b x l khng c nh v mi b x l m nhim ton b
qu trnh ca cc cuc gi do n x l. Do c im tp trung nn vic iu
khin ton b hot ng ca tng i ph thuc yu t thi gian (thi gian nh
hng trc tip n dung lng).
- u im:
+ Tn dng ht nng sut.
+ Trao i gia cc b x l l nh nht.
- Nhc im:
+ Mi b x l lm ht cng vic ca tng i, nn cn rt nhiu lnh ngt,
v trong b nh cn lu tr cc lai phn mm cho b x l. Do , n rt t
c p dng hoc ch c p dng mt phn.
87

Memoiv
chunq

I/O

.....
4
E)iu khin phi hp hoat ng

. ....... 1

.... ....

^LMn

Pn

iu khin ngoi VI

Giao tip thu

bao & trung k

<

Mang chuyn
liach

Hnh 3-3: iu khin tp trung.

iu khin phn tn

Hnh 3-4: iu khin phn tn.

Trong iu khin phn tn lun tn ti mt b x l trung tm gi l Master,
gii quyt nhng nhim v c tnh cht chung ca h thng v u nhim 1 s
nhim v c tnh cht b phn cho x l s b.
phc tp v ti iu khin trung tm c th c ci thin nu khng
cn x l nhng vn n gin hoc khng yu cu v thi gian m chng
c cung cp nhng s liu c x l s b. Vic x l s b thc hin
theo nhiu cp.
Cc b x l thc hin nhng chc nng n gin hoc khng quan trng
vn thi gian th c t cp thp nht ca cu trc. Chng c nhim v
chuyn thng tin cn thit s dng cho vic x l cp cao hn. V tr cao nht
l ofn v x l trung tm.
Nhng c s cn c phn chia chc nng cc cp x l rt khc nhau.
Trong in thoi phc tp v tn sut ca cc chc nng iu khin thay i
88

trong phm vi rng (mi quan h gia ln sut v phc tp c biu din
nh hnh 3-5).
+ on 1 biu din nhng iu khin c phc tp thp, nhng hay xy ra.
V d: vic aim st ng y, chn ng ri, iu khin chuyn mch...
+ on 2 ng vi vic phn tch s liu, chn hng ri v cc chc nng
qun l cuc gi.
+ on 3 ng vi chc nn^ khai thc v x l li. Nhng vn ny rt
phc tp nhng t xy ra.

0 phc tp

.... V

So vi iu khin tp trung phn giao tip ca h thng c t duy mnh hn

v c tnh modul. Master gi vai tr iu khin h thng v mi thng tin gia
cc slaver. C th ni master l giao im ca mi lu lng, do , y cng l
im yu ca iu khin ny. Vic x l qu nhiu qu trnh song song m phi
m bo qu trnh ng b v trnh va chin l kh khn. Tuy nhin, do c tnh
modul cao, nn vic thay th, m rng v phi hp vi cng ngh phn cng mi
l thun tin.
T n n nhng c s phn chia theo chc nng cc cp khc nhau.
a) Phn theo chc nng
B nh trung tm

.....

l/
T

iu khin phi hp hot ng

Hnh 3-6:
M1

P1

M2 l-H P2 I M3 !-- P3

;' ;;

17

Giao tip thu bao v

trung k......

Trng chuyn
I
mach

Phn theo chc nng.

II

89

Mi mt chc nng ca h thng c giao cho mt nhm b x l. Cc b

x l ny n lt chng li lm vic theo b chia ti. V d:
- Pl: B x l cuc gi, m nhim khu gim st thu bao.
- P2: B x l bo hiu, hot ng nh b e,hi pht.
- P3: X l chuyn mch, iu khin mng chuyn mch.
iu khin trung tm lm nhim v iu hnh cc b x l s b, i khi
n cn lm cng vic x l vn hnh v bo dng. B x Iv trung tm c th l
n x l hay a x l.
- u im;
+ Vit phn mm c h thng, c th chuyn mn ho.
+ Kim tra cng vic d dng.
+ B x l c b nh ring v ch lu phn mm ring mnh nn vic nh
a ch l n gin.
+ Ph hp vi dung lng ln.
- Nhc im :
+ Trao i s liu gia cc b x l phi cn thn.
+ S lng cc b x l khng ph thuc vo dung lng tng i m ph
thuc vo s chc nng, khi tng i c dung lng nh th khng tn dng ht
kh nng ca b x l .
+ Khi tnh ton phi tnh n kh nng ti ln nht ca h thng,

cc b

x l khng h tr nhau.
+ Khi mt b x l hng th c th ton b h thng ngng hot ng,
b) Phn theo modul
B nh chung
....

1/0

iu khin trung tm

iu khien phoi hp hat ng

Modul Giao
tip thu bao

Mdul
Trng chuyn
4 rnnch

Modul Giao < - !--------i

tip trung k
4 -

---------

Hnh 3-7: Phn theo modiil.

90

I
I

Cc modul ca tng i (Giao tip thu bao, giao tip trung k, trng
chuyn mch...) u c b x l ring x ! hu ht chc nng ca modul,
ton b h thng ny do iu khin trung tm m trch.
- u im:
+ Vic pht trin dung lne l d dng, vic thay i, iu chnh, kim tra,
o th l thun tin.
- Nhc im:
+ Vic trao i thng tin gia cc module thng qua ng truyn s liu l
khng thun tin.
Trong thrc t, ngi ta dng phng Ihc t hp, tc l nhng vn n
gin th theo modul, phc tp th dn chc nng.
3.2.3 iu khin trung tm v s trao i gia cc b vi x l
3.2.3.1 Diu khin trung tm
Ty theo dung lng tng i v phng thc iu khin m b iu khin
trung tm c th s dng mt hay nhiu b x l.
Thng cc b x l cuc gi c mc u tin ngang nhau, c khi chn ra
mt b x l ch. N c nhim v pht hin, x l li. i khi, bn thn n
iing cn chc nng x l cuc gi. Quyn lm ch c trao cho b x l cuc
gi tip theo tng ng vi mc u tin xc nli trc. Vic iu hnh v iu
khin vo ra s dng b x l ring.
e trnh nhiu b x l tip nhn cuc gi cng mt lc, ngi ta s dng
bit c lm cho b x l thc hin chc nng trn hot ng v cm cc b x
l khc.
Phn b iu khin cc b x l trung tm theo phng thc trn c u
im l cc b x l ging nhau nn m rng tng i t tn km v h thng t
~
' ' '
b qu ti. Tuy nhin, nhc im mi b x i phi c ton b phn mm h
thng, xc sut xy ra ng nhiu hn.
Li xy ra b iu khin trung tm rt quan trng v c nhiu nguyn
nhn gy ra li. e m bo tin cy ca b iu khin trung tm, cn thc
hin cc bin php chng li thch hp, ngn chn li lan truyn v cn c h
thng d phmg. Chn kiu d phng l quan trng trong la chn cu hnh h
thng.

91

3.2.3.2 S trao i hng tn gia cc b x

S t chc v phng thc trao i thng tin gia cc b nh v vi x l
ca chng vi nhau l iu quan trng trong tng i.

Lng tin tc trao i

-Rnh 3-8: Quan h gia lng tin tc trao i gia cc b x l v t l

phn chia gia chng.
i vi iu khin phn b, phng thc trao i tin gia cc cp c tc
ng n khi lng thng tin cn truyn. N chnh l chc nng x l ca b x
l s b.
Tc ng ca phn b chc nng vo khi lng tin cn truyn th hin
th hnh 3-8.
Lng thng tin cn truyn gia cc b x l gim nu t tng t l phn
chia chc nng cho cc cp x l s b.
Khng p dng phng thc trao i thng tin trc tip trong cng mt cp.
Vic trao i thng tin gia cc cp iu khin c th c thc hin trn ng
truyn s liu ring, hoc thng qua trng chuyn mch. Khi dng ng
truyn ring, cc b x l giao tip vi nhau qua h thng bus. H thng bus
c phn cp ng vi cp iu khin ca trng chuyn mch.

92

Hnh 3-9: Truyn thng tin qua cc b x l.

Thng tin gia cc b x l c gi trn cc lung PCM vo khe thi gian
TS16.
Ka/Kb

0 ,5 S' b x l

H - - - ..

10
Hnh 3-10: Moi quan h gia t s kinh p h v b x l:
Ka : phng thc dng ng truyn s liu ring;
Kb : qua trng chuyn mch.
i vi cc tng i c dung lng nh, ngi ta dng phng thc ng
truyn s liu ring, khng qua trng chuyn mch l c tnh kinh t hn v
ngc li.
Cc vn lin quan n vic t chc b nh, xut pht t yu cu lu tr
mt khi lng ln d liu chung dng cho cc chc nng iu khin. Trong h
thng a x l, trng thi chy ua gia cc b x l l thng xuyn xy ra, v
cng mt thi im, cc b x l c th cn n mt lot d liu. Trong trng
hp ny, cc b x l phi c sp hng ch i, iu ny lm gim hiu sut
93

gia chng. Nu b iu khin trung tm thc hin phng thc phn b theo
chc nng, th xc sut xy ra va chm s nh hn, v mt phn mm ch dng
cho mt b x l hay mt nhm b x l no . Phn chng trnh ny s c
lu tr ti cc b nh ring ca cc b x l s b. s chc nng x l cp di
cng nhiu th dn n s tng ti v tng dung lng b nh ca cc b x l
cp ny.
Trong h thng phn b theo ti, tt c cc chng trnh v s liu chung
cho cc b x l, v vy, thng p dng phng php lu tr cc chong trnh
v s liu trong b nh chung. Tuy nhin, nhng chng trnh c th trang b c
lp cho tt c cc b x l.
Thi gian ch i ca cc b x l cn tip tc gim nu nh cc s iu
chung c phn thnh nhiu khi c lp, v vic truy nhp n chng c
thc hin ng thi. Cc mch iu khin phi hp hot ng bo m chc
nng ny. Vic phn chia khi nh phi tun theo quy nh; cc chng trnh hay
s liu c ghi trong cng mt khi khng c trit tiu nhau. Vic gim thi
gian ch i ca cc b x l c ngha l tng hiu sut hot ng ca cc b
x l .
3.3 CO CU D PHNG
e m bo tin cy cao v an ton trong qu trnh lm vic, mt s cp
iu khin phi trang b d phng. Tc l trang b hai hay ba b x l cho thit b
iu khin.
Cc b x l bao gm c n v x l trung tm v cc mch in h tr
nh cc loi b nh, mch in giao tip, gim st, phi hp...
3.3.1 D phng cp ng b

T a c a n x iy

Hnh 3-11: D phng cp ng b.

94

trong :
c - to nhp ng h;

M - b nh;
p - b x l;
Hai b x l Pa, Pb c x dng x l ti cho khu vc chng m
nhim;
Pa, Pb c cc b nh Ma v Mb ring c th tip cn ti ton b ti cn
x l.
Hai b x l cng m nhim 1 cng vic x l ng b vi nhau, kt
qu c so snh vi nhau. Nu khc, chng trnh phn on li s tin hnh
c th pht hin ra b x l c li trong thi gian ngn nht. B x l cn li tip
tc cng vic ca mnh.
Nhc im: Trng hp c li phn mm th khng th pht hin v lc
ny c th kt qu ca hai b x l l ging nhau. Mt khc, cng sut phi
ln x l ton b ti khu vc chng m nhim. Do , hiu sut s dng
khng cao.
3.3.2 D phng phn ti

Hnh 3-12: D phng phn ti.

Ex - C cu bo dng t ng.
Hai b x l lm 2 cng vic khc nhau, t mt s ngn ti nht nh. Nh
chc nng bo dng t ng EX ngn nga c hai tip cn mt thit b ngoi
vi v kim tra qu trnh ca chng.
Mi b x Iv c cc b nh ring gm b nh chng trnh, b nh phin
dch v b nh s liu. Trong b nh chng trnh c ni dung ging nhau.
95

Hai b x l c phn ti ngu nhin, v khng trng nhau nh b Ex

gim st. Khi xy ra s c th ton b ti tp trung vo b x l cn li, b hng
t ng tch ra.
u im: Thi gian cao im th cne sut ca hai b x l vn m bo
c lu lng ln. Thng c s dng cc cp tng i cp cao.
3.3.3 D phng nng
Ti cn x l

Hnh 3-13: D phng nng.

Hai b x l Pa, Pb c cng sut ln m nhim ton b cng vic
thuc khu vc. Trong mt trong hai b lm vic cn b kia dir phng. Hai b
ny x l c lp nhau.
Thng thng b x l d phng khng th lm vic tc thi ngay sau khi
xy ra s c. khc phc ngi ta s dng b nh chung CM m c hai b x
l iu c th tip cn. Cc trng thi tc thi ghi vo CM nh b x l d
phng c th ly thng tin mt cch tc thi hot ng ngay sau khi xy ra s
c.
Nhc im: Mt s cng vic ang thc hin trc khong chu k sao
chp ca b nh chung b xo nu s c xy ra.
3.3.4 D phng n+1
P1 n Pn lm nhim v x l ti tc thi cho h thng, b x l Pn+1
d phng. Bnh thng b x l ny c th m nhn mt s cng vic. Khi xy
ra s c th Pn+1 tip tc cng vic ca b x l c s c ny.
u im; D dng, cu trc h thng theo modul, thun tin pht trin h
thng c dung lng ln. Mt khc, gi cao im th Pn+1 c th x l bt mt
s cng vic trnh hin tng qu ti.

96

Hnh 3-14; D phng n+I.

Trong cc loi d phng trn th d phng phn ti c x dng nhiu
nht. N trnh c s gin on hot ng. Bnh thng th nng lc x l ca
n li cao hn yu cu, nh vy khne xv ra qu ti.
3.4 CU TRC PHN MM CA TNG I
3.4.1

Khi nim chung

Tnh cht quan trng ca cuc gi l khng th lu tr v lm chm li

c. Ti mt thi im li c nhiu cuc gi cn c p ng ngay, nu ch

cn c mt thao tc thiu chun xc hoc khng tc th th c th ko theo lm tr
hon hoc mt cc cuc gi khc, trm trng hn, c th lm ngng c h thng.
T , phn mn ca 1 tng i in t s SPC cn phi tha mn nhng yu cu
sau :
- Chng trnh phi c thi hnh trong thi gian thc.
- Cc qu trnh lin quan n thit lp cuc gi, duy tr, gii phng phi
c x l song song tng chnh xc.
- Phi gi vng thng tin trong mi tnh hung, thm ch chp nhn mt
mc gim cht lng no .
- Chun on v x l li cn phi nhanh chng v chnh xc. iu ny
gip h thng khi phc hot ng c nhanh chng, khng ng thng tin.
- Phn mm phi linh hat, d thay i thun tin cho vic pht trin cc
dch v thu bao.
- D liu phi c cu trc gn nh nhng y , sao cho vic truy cp tht
nhanh chng v chnh xc.

97

3.4.2 Cc vn v thit k phn mm

3.4.2.1 Cc c tnh ch yu ca phn mm
Phn mm ca tng i SPC phi c h iu hnh thi gian thc. N phi
c kh nng x l ng thi mt s lng ln cc cuc gi, ng thi, n phi c
cc c tnh ring m bo cc dch v in thoi khng b ngt khi vn hnh
hoc c khi ang m rng h thng.
Tnh thi gian thc
Phn mm phi p ng c kh nng x l lu lng nh trc v
cc c tnh ca dch v. Cc kh nng x l lu lng ca cc b x l tng i
c biu th trong s lng cuc gi c x l trong 1 giy hoc 1 gi.
Cht ieng ca dch v
c nh gi qua hai thng s;
- Phn trm cc cuc gi ri so vi cc cuc gi thnh cng ti mc ti
c nh trc v cc vn bn trong tng i nh sai li trong x l tc
nghn trong h thng.
- Phn trm cc cuc gi phi ch tn hiu mi quay s lu hn thi gian
ch nh trc.
a chng trnh
Cc b x l iu khin trong tng i SPC hot ng theo kiu a chng
trnh c ngha l nhiu cng vic c hot ha ng thi (hu ht lin quan n
x l gi). V d, trong tng i c 30000 Tig, th c th c 3000 cuc gi
ang c tin hnh tin trnh m thoi, trong khi c 500 cuc gi c
gii phng, c ngha l 3500 cng vic ang c thc hin ng thi. Ngoi ra,
h thng gim st, qun l mi cuc gi trong b nh, khi xut hin bt k
mt thay i no trong mi trng in thoi bn ngoi, c lin quan n cuc
gi th trng thi ca n cng c thay i theo.
B lu gi chng trnh
Trong phn ln cc tng i SPC, kch c tng th ca mi chng trnh
c kt hp vi nhau ln hn nhiu so vi kch c ca b nh chnh. Do ,
khng th to mi chng trnh thng tr trong b nh chnh, tuy nhin, mt
chng trnh ch c th thc hin c ch khi n thng tr trong b nh. Do ,
a ra kh nng s dng tt nht ca b nh, th ch nhng phn sng ca cc

98

chong trnh h thng v cc chng trnh p dng mi c lu gi c nh

trong b nh chnh, cn tt c cc chng trnh khc khng hot ha c lu
ngoi b nh chnh trong cc kho lu gi ngoi cn gi l cc b nh ln nh
a, bng t...
3.4.2.2 v cu trc
H thng phi c thit k theo kiu t trn xung, phn nh cc h thng
con, cc modul chc nng, cc n v chong trnh, cc th tc mt cch r rng,
sao cho ch tn ti mt con ng duy nht thm nhp vo mt khu no .
Modul ha cc chc nng
Mt phn mm c coi l modul ha tt nu n c xy dng t cc
modul c lp nhau, ng vi mt s ng dng c th la chn mt chng trnh
tng ng khc nhau. N cho php trnh c nhng va chm gia cc modul
v d dng hn trong vic chun on, pht hin cc sai st.
Khng gian vng nh xc nh
iu ny xc nh nhng yu t cn thit cho s hot ng tt ca mi
modul chc nng, chng hn nh vic phn chia s dng b nh, phng thc
trao i thng tin gia cc modul... iu ny m bo s hot ng c lp gia
cc modul, dn n s chun ha v giao din gia cc modul. Mi thng tin v
s liu, phn cng, phn mm thuc mt modul ch c th c truy cp qua giao
tip ca modul vi modul cp trn ca n. S truy nhp ny cng t cng tt.
S ghp lng ca cc modul nh vy s hn ch tc ng ca cc sai st, tc
ng ca s thay i cng ngh phn cng.
t c ti a kh nng s dng nhiu ln mt modul s tng hiu sut s
dng.
3.4.2.3 Phn chia chng trnh
Nu phn chia chng trnh theo chc nng th phn mm tng i bao gm
hai loi:
- Phn mm vn hnh;
- Phn mm h tr.
Phn mm vn hnh
L t hp cc chng trnh cn thit vn hnh tng i. N c th c
phn tip nh sau:
99

- Cc chng trnh h thng.

- Cc chng trnh p dng.
Cc chng trnh h thng hu nh tng ng vi h thng iu hnh
ca mt my tnh thng thng. Phn mm h thng gm cc chng trnh ph
hp vi cng vic vn hnh v s dng b x l theo cc chng trnh p dng.
Cc chng trnh p dng nh iu khin x l gi, qun l v bo dng
tng i.
Phm mm h tr
Gm cc chng trnh hp ng, np v m phng... chng c ci t
v tr trung tm thng gi l trung tm phn mm, phc v mt nhm tng
i SPC.
Phn ny m t t chc tng qut v cc c tnh ch yu ca phn mm
vn hnh trong tng i SPC.
3.4.2 Cc chng trnh h thng
Cc chng trnh h thng hot ng nh giao tip gia phn cng ca tng
i v cc chng trnh p dng. Chng qun tr v phi hp cc hot ng v
cc c tnh ca phn cng v cc chng trnh p dng. thc hin c iu
ny phi m bo cc chc nng khc nhau sau:
Lch trnh cng vic
Phn chia thi gian ca b x l cho nhiu cng vic p dng (chng trnh)
khc nhau ph hp vi mc u tin nh trc. Chng trnh h thng c
gi l mt lch trnh. Lch trnh l phn trung tm ca h iu hnh, n iu khin
vic thc hin cc chng trnh p dng. N quyt nh b x l s phi iu
diin chng trnh no. Sau khi chng trnh c thc hin xong, hoc
chng trnh vn cn trong hng ch, iu khin phi gi tn hiu tr li cho lch
trnh hon thnh hot ng vo/ra hoc yu cu ch.
Lch trnh thc hin chc nng ca n bng cch sp hng mi chng trnh
ang ch thc hin. My tnh l mt thit b tun t, n ch c th thc hin
mt lnh ti mt thi im, v v th ch mt chng trnh c th c hot ha
ti mt thi im m thi. Cn tt c cc chng trnh khc phi ch nhn tn
hiu t CPU. Trong thi gian ch, thng tin v trng thi hin thi ca chng
c gi trong hng ch chy.

100

 Hng ch chy
Hng ch chy c t chc nh sau:
Mi chng trnh hin thi sn sng c thc hin c mt khi gi l
khi m t trong hng ch chy. Trong khi m t ny ghi mi ni dung v
ch s cc thanh ghi, trng thi b ch th (qu ti, b ch th 0...), gi tr b m
chng trnh (hng ti lnh tip theo, c thc hin trong chng trnh v gi
tr u tin. a ch ca khi ch th u tin trong hng ch c lu trong mt t
(a ch k hiu READY). Lch trnh tip tc qut t READY bit a ch khi
cp ti nh ca hng.
T READY

a i khi u
!in

a ch kh h 2

0iachkhiM3

Ccntduricitiarih qhi

Ccnidun^anh qhi

Cc nt cunq ttianh qhi

Chthianqtlii
B m chng rinh

Chhlranq thi

Chttiianqhi

B m chi>q trnh

Bnichnq Irinh

Mcutin

Mc 1J tin

Mc u bn

Khi u tin

Khilh2

Kthc li l hng ch
ca cc khi

Hnh 3-15: Hng ch chy.

* Hng ch ca cc khi t do
Cc khi c s dng trong hng ch chy c ly t hng'ch ca
cc khi t do. Hng ch ny u tin nm gi cc khi t do cn thit cho hng
ch chy, hng ch ng h v cc hng ch khc trong h thng.
T READY

D
0a ch khi u
tin

a ch khi th 2

aclikhith3

Khi FREE utin

Khi FREE th 2

Kt thc m t hng
ch ca cc khi

Hnh 3-16: Hng ch cc khi t do.

101

a ch ca khi u tin trong hng ch c lu tr trong mt t (a ch

k hiu FREE). Khi mt chng trnh c bt u theo yu cu RUN, th mt
khi c ly ra t hng ch ca cc khi FREE. Khi c ly ra ny s ci cc
thng tin cn thit gm c mc u tin ca n, chng trnh c th chy c.
Sau , khi ny c chn vo v tr tng ng trong hng ch chy, ph
thuc vo mc u tin, mc u tin cng cao th khi cng c sp gn vi nh
hng ch.
Lch trnh s lun chn chomg trnh c mc u tin cao nht thc hin.
l chng trnh vi khi m t nm ti nh ca hng ch sn sng chy.
Trc khi bt u chng trnh, lch trnh s thit lp mt yu cu v b ch th
trng thi n cc gi tr c biu th trong khi m t. T , mt lnh nhy
c thc hin, chuyn iu khin n a ch do b m a ra trong khi m t.
Sau , chng trnh s thc hin cc lnh ca n, lnh ny tip lnh kia, cho n
khi n t ti im m to ra mt yu cu a ti h thng iu hnh.
Nu l yu cu ch th cc khi ca n s chuyn ra khi hng ng h. Nu l
yu cu chy i vi chng trnh ny th mt khi mi c chn vo trong
hng ch chy ti v tr thch hp trong hng v nu l yu cu kt thc th sau
khi mi lnh c thc hin cc khi ca n trong hng ch chy c
chuyn ra khi v c t vo hng ch cc khi t do, thng thng ti v tr
nh ca hng ch t do, do vy, khng cn tm kim ton b hng ch ca khi
cui cng.
Ngt
Khi xut hin ngt, chng trnh ang chy s ng v vng iu khin
ngt s lu gi ni dung ca cc thanh ghi... trong khi m t ti nh ca hng
ch chy. Vng ngt c th to ra mt yu cu chy, to nn khi mi
chn vo hng ch chy cng c th ti nh ca hng ch ny. Vng ngt s
chuyn s kin iu khin ti lch trnh sau khi thc hin ngt mt cch thch
hp. Lch trnh s chn chng trnh c mc u tin cao nht thc hin, tc l
chong trnh c hot ha khi xut hin ngt.
Mt chng trnh c mc u tin cao hn c th ngt chng trnh c mc
u tin thp hn, nhng khng c chiu ngc li. Cc chng trnh c cng
mc u tin khng b ngt ln nhau v hot ng theo nguyn l FIFO.

102

Khi mi chng trnh khng hot ng, hng ch s rng. Trong trng
hp ny, lch trnh s tin hnh vng ri, ti , n to cc o kim lp ti nh
ca hng ch vi t READY. Ch c mt cch thot ra khi vng ri l thc
hin ngt ng h thi gian thc hoc t thit b vo ra. Khi , mt khi m t
t hng ch ng h hoc hng ch thit b vo ra s chuyn ra hng ch chy.
Qun tr hot ng vo ra
Cc chng trnh h thng qun tr cc hot ng vo ra thng c
gi l qun tr thit b vo ra. Chng l s la chn cc vng u ni h thng
vi cc thit b ngoi vi. C mt b iu khin cho tng loi thit b ngoi vi
trong cu hnh phn cng chuyn s liu gia thit b v b nh chnh.
Cc chc nng qun tr gm:
- Phn nhim b nh v cc thit b ngoi vi hot ha cc qu trnh.
- Bo v h thng t cc sai li phn cng v phn mm.
- Qun tr thng tin ngi my.
- Cung cp vic xm nhp n s liu m t trng thi ca h thng.
3.4.2.5 Cc chng trnh p dng
Cc chng trnh p dng c th phn thnh 3 loi chnh:
Cc chng trnh x l gi
Ci' chng trnh x l gi c nhim v thit lp, gim st, gii phng v
tnh cc cho cuc gi ph hp vi cc t tnh ca dch v in thai.
Cc chng trnh qun l
Thc hin chc nng gim st, o lng lu lng, o kim ng thu bao,
trung k, thay i cc s liu bn c nh c lin quan n ng thu bao, trung
k, xc nh cu hnh phn cng ca tng i, thay i s liu trong bng phin
dch, bng to tuyn, lu gi cc s liu ca dch v nh dch v quay tt, chuyn
gi...
Cc chng trnh bo dng
Thc hin chc nng nhn bit li v v tr li bng bin php o kim phn
cng ca tng i, bao gm c bn thn ca b x l.
s.4.2.6 Cp nht phn mm hin hnh
Mc ch c bn ca mt tng i l thit lp v gii phng cc cuc gi
in thai. Chc nng quan trng nht ca phn mm vn hnh l x l gi X

103

l gi bao gm nhn bit pha ch gi, x l tn hiu, tm ne gi qua mng

chuyn mch, bin dch a ch v cc con s, tnh cc, gim st... v cui cng
l gii phng cuc gi hon thnh.
Mc d x l gi chim phn chnh thi gian x l, nhng phn mm ch
chim 15% trong tng th phn mm vn hnh.
Qun [
25%

X l g

15% '

H thng
20 %

Bo dng D H t h o n g

X t y gi D Q u n y

Hnh 3-17: T l cc chng trnh trong tng i SPC.

Cc chng trnh qun l v bo dng chim 2/3 ca tng th phn mm.
iu quan trng ca cc chc nng qun l v bo dng l kch c ca phn
mm tng ng pht trin theo tng ngy, do , tng i cng ngy cng phc
tp.
3.4.3 Cc modul chnh ca phn mm
Nu phn theo modul , phn mm c th c phn nh sau:
3.4.3.1 Modue iu khn chinh
Modul chng trnh ny c vit cho khi iu khin chnh. N c np
vo b nh ROM trn khi ny. CPU m nhim vic cnh bo h thng, bo
hiu, sa sai, qun l vic trao i thng tin v phi hp hot ng gia cc b
x l, qun l thi gian khi lp h thng, qun l trng chuyn mch, giao tip
ng dy, giao tip my tnh, iu khin cc cng vo ra, cc bus v cc b nh
trong khi.
3.4.3.2 Modiil giao tip ng dy
Modul ny c thit k cho b x l ng dy (LP) thc hin cc
chc nng sau: qun l thu bao, qut s liu v trng thi ca thu bao, trung k.
Tt c cc trng thi ca thu bao, trung k c lu tr trong b nh d liu
RAM. Thc cht cc nh ca b nh RAM l bc tranh phn nh tnh trng

104

bn ri ca thu bao, trung k na vi nhne a ch tong ng. V d thu bao

bn th nh s c gi tr 0 cn nu ri th c gi tr r . Vic qut nhn bit
trn thi c qut theo chu k qut, nn cc s liu trong b nh RAM cng b
thay i theo chu k. CPU thc hin vic thay i cc s liu ghi trong RAM
bng lnh c ghi sn troriR ROM.
Ngoi ra trong modul cn c cc chng trnh thu nhn s quay t thu bao,
phn tch v iu khin cc mch cht u ra cp cc tn hiu cho thu bao.
3.4.3.3 M odul Hn lc ni b
Khi thu bao nhc my, tng i nhn bit c trng thi ny ca thu bao
v pht m mi quay s. Sau , thu bao ch gi quay s ca thu bao b gi,
tng i nhn bit s quay, phn tch ri iu khin chuyn mch ni ti thu bao
b gi v cp tn hiu chung cho thu bao b gi, ng thi pht m hi m
chung v thu bao ch gi.
Khi thu bao b gi nhc my, tn hiu chune v hi m chung s b ct,
cuc m thoi bt u. Khi mt trong hai thu bao t my, thu bao kia s nhn
c m bo bn t tng i.
trnh li c th xy ra v gim thi gian ch i, mt chong tnh con
s m thi gian t khi nhc my n khi bt u quay s. Nu qu thi gian m
thu bao khng quay s th thu bao cng s nhn c m bo bn v mi t
my xung.
Khi thu bao b gi chung qu thi gian nh trc no , th tng i
cng s t ng ct chung v gi m bo bn ti thu bao ch gi.
3.4.3.4 M odul lin c ra ngoi
Khi thu bao mun gi ra ngoi phi quay s gi ra trung k. Nu trung k
ri, thu bao s nghe m mi quay s t tng i bn ngoi bo cho thu bao bit
ni thng c vi trung k bn ngoi. Tin trnh tip tc din ra gn ging
nh cuc gi ni ht. Khi cuc gi kt thc, chng trnh tr li trng thi ban
u.
Khi c cuc gi t bn ngoi vo, tng i xc nh xem thu bao ca n l
bn hay ri m pht nhng tn hiu bo hiu thch hp cho tng i pha thu bao
ch gi bit, tin trnh tip sau ging nh cuc gi ni ht.

105

Ngoi ra, c chng trhh phc v kim tra ng dy trung k ca in

thoi vin, trung k nghip v... in thoi vin, hoc k thut vin c th c
kh nng nghe xen khi mun kim tra 1 ng dy no .
3.4.3.5 Modui nhn bit v x l li
Hat ng da trn cu trc ca chng trnh nh gi, x l li, t sa
cha v t phc hi.
3.4.3.6 Modul giao 'tip my tnh
m nhn nhim v m phng li chc nng x l cuc gi ca tng i.

106

Chng 4
K T H U T BO H I U
4.1 TNG QUAN
4.1. Khi nim
Mt mng vin thng c nhim v ch yu l thit lp, gii ta v duy tr
knh gia thu bao vi node chuyn mch hay gia cc node chuyn mch vi
nhau.' thc hin c iu ny, cn phi c mt h thng thng tin h tr
c trao i gia h thng chuyn mch vi cc thit b u cui v gia cc h
thng chuyn mch vi nhau, h thng thng tin ny gi l h thng bo hiu.
Thng tin bo hiu c th c nhiu dns khc nhau thun tin cho vic iu
khin cc thao tc chuyn mch, x gi...
Thc cht, mt s trao i tin gia ngi s dng v cc thit b trong
mng cn phi c mt s t chc chng c th lin lc vi nhau mt cch an
ton. Cho nn, thng tin bo hiu c trc, trong v sau mt cuc gi. tng
hiu sut lm vic, thi gian lm vic ca h thng bo hiu cng nh cng tt,
n ph thuc vo cc thit b hin i trong mng.
4.1.2 Cc chc nng bo hiu
Ta c th nu cc chc nng bo hiu tng qut nh sau:
4.1.2.1 Chc nng gim st
Chc nng gim st c s dng nhn bit v phn nh s thay i v
trng thi hoc v iu kin ca mt s phn t (ng dy thu bao, trung k ..
4.1.2.2 Chc nng tm chn
Chc nng ny lin quan n vic thit lp cuc gi v c khi u bng
thu bao ch gi gi thng tin a ch ca thu bao b gi. Cc thng tin a ch
ny cng vi cc thng tin ca chc nng tm chn c truyn gia cc tng i
p ng qu trnh chuyn mch.
Chc nng ny phi c tnh hiu qu, tin cy cao m bo vic thc
hin chnh xc cc chc nng chuyn mch.
4.1.2.3 Chc nng vn hnh
Nhn bit v chuyn thng tin v trng thi tc nghn trong mng, thng
thng l trng thi ng cho thu bao ch gi.
107

Thng bo v cc thit b, cc trung k khng bnh thns hoc ang

trng thi bo dng.
Cung cp cc thng tin tnh cc.
Cung cp cc phng tin nh gi, ng chnh, cnh bo t tng i
khc.
4.1.3 c
im cc h thngo bo hiu

Mt h thng bo hiu c c im chung nh sau:

- C tnh quc t.
- Ph hp vi cc thit b m n phc v.
- Kh nng phi hp vi cc h thng bo hiu khc.
4.1.4 H thng thng tin bo hiu
H thng thng tin bo hiu cng l mt h thng thng tin in, n cng
gm;
- Ngun tt c cc tn hiu cn thit cho vic thit lp cuc gi v cung cp
cc dch v khc.

- Cng vic truyn dn chuyn tn hiu t ngun ti ch.

K^h dn
1

>1 1

Xl .........J
'

-------------------------------

Ni ung
Tn

hiu

Ni dung

Phng php boTn t- iuthu

Hnh 4-1: H thng bo hiu.

4.1.5 K thut bo hiu
Nh vy, k thut bo hiu nghin cu v;
-N i dung bo hiu.
-Phng php truyn bo hiu.
-K thut x l bo hiu.
4.2 NI DNG CA BO HIU
4.2.1 Phn tch cuc gi
Trong mng in in thoi, khi mt thu bao mun ni vi mt thu bao
khc bt k trong mng th bo hiu s thng bo cho mng chuyn mch bit
108

rng thu bao yu cu phc v, v sau trao cho chuyn mch ni ht cc s

liu cn thit nhn bit thu bao xa cn n v t nh tuyn cuc gi
mt cch chnh xc. Bo hiu cn gim st cuc gi v trao cho thu bao cc
thng tin trng thi nh mi quay s, m bo bn, hi m chung...
Phn loi
C th phn loi bo hiu theo cc cch nh sau:
PABX

PABX

(s)

0 Hook of'
Diailna

se zure
Seizure a cKnov/ledgement)

.Dkliiiifl-... .
Accress info.
Address infc.

ssizure
,
Se zure ac-knowleccement
Address info.

R ng signal

Ring b.tone

B answer

B answer
Conversation

Hook on

m
-,

disconnector!

Clear tor.yarc
Clear back

3
Hcok on

Hnh 4-2: Phn tch mt cuc gi thnh cng thng thng.

Phn theo chc nng:
- Bo hiu nghe - nhn (thng bo),
- Bo hiu trng thi (gim st).
- Bo hiu a ch (chn s).
Phn theo tng quan;
-

Bo hiu gia tng i vi thu bao.

Bo hiu gia tng i vi tng i.

109

4.2.2 Phn theo chc nng

4.2.2.1 Bo hiu nghe - nhn
L loi bo hiu nghe thy c i vi thu bao trong tin trnh cuc gi.
l cc loi thng tin ch yu t tng i n thu bao nh sau;
m mi quay s
Khi thu bao nhc t hp, tr khng ng dy gim xung t ngt. Dn
n dng in trn dy tng ln. iu ny c tng i nhn bit thu bao yu
cu thit lp cuc gi v n pht cho thu bao m mi quay s vi tn s khong
425 Hz lin tc.
m bo bn hoc thng bo
Trng hp 1 thu bao bn, hay sau khi kt thc cuc gi, thu bao ny
t my, tng i pht m bo bn cho th bao kia vi tn s 425 Hz, t l 1:1.
m bo bn cn c gi cho thu bao ch gi khi thu bao ny sau mt
khong thi gian sau khi nhn c m mi quay s m vn cha quay s.
Trng hp thu bao b gi i vng hoc c cc dch v c bit ca n th
tng i thng bo cho thu bao ch gi cc bn tin tng ng.
Dng chung
Dng chung c pht cho thu bao b gi khi thu bao ny ri vi tn
hiu xoay chiu khong 75 VAC, 25 Hz.
Hi m chung
Hi m chung c pht cho thu bao ch gi qua tuyn thoi t tng i
khi ang chung cho thu bao b gi. Tn hiu hi m chung c tn s 425
Hz, t l 1:3.
Cc bn tin thng bo khc
Nu trong tng i c cc bn tin c bit c ghi sn v cc l do cuc
gi khng thnh nh tnh trng tuyn, hng hc... th tng i pht cho thu
bao ch gi cc bn tin tng ng. Trng hp ny l do cuc gi khng thnh
khng phi bi cc l do ca thu bao b gi.
Tn hiu gi phc hi v gi my qu lu
Tn hiu ny truyn ti thu bao ch gi khi thu bao b gi t my v
tng i gi tn m bo bn m thu bao ch gi khng ngh n vic gii ta
tuyn gi. Sau mt khong thi gian tr th tuyn mi c thc s gii ta.

110

Tn hiu ny cng c pht khi thu bao duy tr trng thi chn s qu lu.
Tn hiu ny thng l sau m bo bn.
4.2.2.2 Bo hiu trng thi (bo hiu gim si)
Xc nh trng thi ng dy ca thu bao v cuc gi.
Trng thi nhc t hp
Xut hin khi thu bao nhc t hp hoc tn hiu chim, dng t mt ng
trung k gi vo; n biu th yu cu thit lp cuc gi mi. Sau khi thu c tn
hiu ny, tng i s u ni vi mt thit b thch hp thu thng tin a ch t
thu bao ch gi hoc t ng trung k.
Trng thi t to hp
Xut hin khi thu bao t t hp hoc tn hiu yu cu gii ta t ng
trung k a ti. Thng tin ny ch rng cuc gi kt thc, yu cu gii ta
tuyn gi. Khi nhn c thng tin ny, tng i gii phng tt c cc thit b
dng u ni cuc gi ny v xa cc thng tin dng thit lp v duy tr
cuc gi, ng thi thit lp thng tin tnh cc.
Trng thi ri - bn
Da vo tnh trng t hp ca thu bao b gi hoc ng trung k l ri
hay bn hoc tuyn tng i pht thng tin v trne thi ca thu bao b gi
hoc ng truyn cho thu bao ch gi.
Tinh trng hng hc
Bng cc php th tng i xc nh trnh trng ca ng dy c th
thng bo cho thu bao hoc cho b phn iu hnh v bo dng.
Tn hiu tr li v
Khi chung, ngay sau khi thu bao b gi nhc my, mt tn hiu dng
o ngun c truyn theo ng dy ti thu'bao ch gi. Tn hiu ny dng
thao tc mt thit b t thu bao ch gi nh b tnh cc hoc i vi thu
bao dng th.
4.2.23 Bo hiu a ch
Thng tin a ch gm mt phn hoc ton b a ch ca thu bao b gi,
i khi cn km theo cc s liu khc.
Sau khi nhn c m mi quay s, thu bao tin hnh pht cc ch s a
ch ca thu bao b gi. Cc ch s ny c th c pht di dng thp phn
hay dng m a tn.
111

 Tn hiu xung thp phn

Cc ch s a ch c pht di dng chui ca s gin on mch vng
mt chiu (DC) nh a quay s hoc h thng phm thp phn.
S.Sr-ii

r.A f
40mA

33.3-m:;

_r

ms

Quay

Hook

Hnh 4-3: Quay s bng xung thp phn (So 42...).

S lng cc ln gin on ch th ch s da ch tr s 0

ng

vi 10 ln

gin on. Tc gin on l 10 ln mi giy v t s xung l 1:2.

C mt khong thi gian gia cc s lin tip khong vi trm ms trc ch
s k tip tng i phn bit cc ch s vi nhau.
Ch : Phng php pht cc ch s thp phn ny khng th pht khi ang
hi thoi.
Tn hiu m a tn ghp cp (DTMF)
679Hz

770Hz

852Hz

941Hz

1G29HZ

133GHz

1477Hz

1533Hz

Hnh 4-4: Quay s bng m a tn.

Phng php ny khc phc c nhc im ca phng php trn. N s
dng 2 trong 6 tn s m tn chuyn cc ch s a ch. Khi n mt phm, ta
nhn c mt tn hiu bao gm s kt hp ca hai tn s: mt nhm ny v
mt nhm kia gi l a tn ghp cp (Dual Tone Multifrequency: DTMF).
Cc tn s c chn sao cho s phng to tn hiu l b nht.

112

Tn hiu truyn i di hay ngn ph thuc v thi gian n phm. Thi gian
ny chnh l thi gian ko di ca tn hiu.
Phng php ny c u im l:
- Thi gian quay s nhanh hn.
- C th quay s trong khi m thoi (s dng cho in thoi hi ngh).
4.2.3

Phn theo tng quan

4.2.3.1 Bo hiu gia tng i vi thu bao

Tn hiu ng dy thu bao gi
- Tn hiu a ch.
-

Tn hiu bo bn.

Tn hiu bo ri.

Hi m chung.

Tn hiu tr li v.

Tn hiu gi my qu lu.

Tn hiu ng dy thu bao b gi

-T n hiu chung.
-T n hiu tr li.
-T n hiu phc hi.
Tn hiu ng dy thu bao th 3
Ging nh tn hiu ng dy thu bao b gi. c s dng cho in thoi
hi ngh. N lm gin on thu bao ch gi trong mt khong thi gian nh hn
tn hiu gii ta gi khong 200ms n 320ms.
4.2.3.2 Bo hiu lin tng i
C th c truyn dn tn hiu bo hiu theo ng dy bo hiu ring
hoc i chung vi ng dy thai. Chng s dng tn s trong bng tn ting
ni (trong bng) hoc ngoi di tn ting ni (ngoi bng). Thng s dng hai
k thut truyn sau;
-B o hiu knh kt hp (CAS).
-B o hu knh chung (CCS),
Dng ca tn hiu:
- Dng xung: tn hiu c truyn i di dng xung, v d nh tn hiu a
ch.

113

-D ng lin tc: truyn lin tc v mt thi gian nhng thay i v trng

thi c trng nh tn s ...
-D ng p ch: tng t nh truyn xung nhng khong truyn dn khng
n nh trc m ko di cho n khi c s xc nhn ca pha thu qua mt thit
b xc nhn truyn v.
4.3 PHNG PHP TRUYN DN BO HIU
C nhiu cch phn loi phng php truyn bo hiu, nhng y, ta
phn thnh hai loi sau;
- Bo hiu knh kt hp (CAS - Chanel Associated Signalling).
- Bo hiu knh chung (CCS - Common Chanel Signalling).
Bo hiu

Bo hiu tng i - thu bao

Bo hiu in tng i
.........
CAS

C C S ___

Hnh 4-5: Phng php truyn bo hiu.

4.3.1 Bo hiu knh kt hp (CAS - Chanel Associated Signalling)

hiu

Hnh 4-6: Bo hiu knh kt hp.

Bo hiu knh kt hp l loi bo hiu m trong , cc ng bo hiu
c n nh trn mi knh thng tin v cc tn hiu ny c th c truyn theo
nhiu cch khc nhau.
4,3.L1 Phn loi
C hai loi thng tin bo hiu trong bo hiu knh kt hp l;
- Bo hiu ng dy.

114

- Bo hiu thanh ghi (a ch).

Bo hiu ng dy
Bo hiu ng dy l phng php bo hiu c truyn dn gia cc
thit b kt cui v thng xuyn kim tra ng truyn hoc tt c cc mch kt
cui, v d cc trng thi bn, ri...
Bo hiu thanh ghi
Bo hiu thanh ghi l s truyn tt c cc thng tin c lin quan n tuyn
ni cuc gi bao gm cc con s thu bao b gi, nhng c tnh ca thu bao .
43.1.2 Phng php truyn
im ni im (end-to-end)
Theo phng php bo hiu ny, thng tin lun c truyn i gia cc u
cui ca tuyn ni theo tin trin ca n. V d khi thit lp tuyn ni qua ba
tng i A-B-C, thng tin bo hiu u tin c truyn t A ti B v sau khi
qung ni B-C c thit lp th bo hiu li c truyn t A ti c .
ng tip ng (lnk-to-lnk)
Tn hiu lun c truyn i v tm lu tng qung ca tuyn ni. u tin
thng tin bo hiu c truyn i t A n B v sau khi qung ni t B n c
c thit lp th thng tin bo hiu tip tc truyn i t B n c .
Ni chung, thng tin bo hiu gim st v cc kiu thu bao c truyn dn
theo phng thc ng tip ng cn thng tin a ch th c truyn i theo
phng php im ni im hoc ng tip ng ty thuc v cu trc mng.
4.3.1.3 Cc k thu truyn cc tn lu bo hiu trong CAS
Mt cch chnh xc, bo hiu knh kt hp phi l mt s kt hp vnh vin
vi knh mang cuc gi tht s. T , ta c cc dng khc nhau ca tn hiu bo
hiu :
- Tn hiu bo hiu nm trong knh thoi (DC, trong bng).
- Tn hiu bo hiu nm trong knh thoi nhng phm vi tn s khc (ngoi
bng).
- Tn hiu bo hiu trong mt khe thi gian, m trong , cc knh thoi
c phn chia mt cch c nh theo chu k (bo hiu PCM trong TS16).
Bo hiu knh kt hp c th s dng gia cc loi tng i khc nhau.
Nh vy, k thut truyn bo hiu ny gm cc tn hiu bo hiu:
115

- Bo hiu DC.
- Bo hiu AC.
- Bo hiu PCM.
Cc tn hiu bo hiu c bn
Cc tn hiu bo hiu gia tng i vi tng i bao gm mt s tn hiu c
bn sau cho mt cuc gi hon thnh:
- Tn hiu chim dng (Seizure); Yu cu chim dng mt ng vo tng
i B (1 knh thoi) v cc thit b nhn thng tin a ch.
- Tn hiu xc nhn chim dng (Seizure aknowledgement): Thng bo cho
tng i A bit rng tng i B nhn c tn hiu chim dng t A.
- Thng tin a ch (Address Information); So a ch ca thu bao B.
- Tn hiu tr li (B answer): Tng i B bo cho tng i A bit thu bao
B nhc my.
- Xa v (Clear back): Tng i B bo cho tng i A bit B gc my.
- Xa i (Clear forward); Tng i B nhn thng bo cuc gi kt thc,
gii ta thit-b v ng dy.
Ex A

Ex B

a -- - - - - o - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - (...)- - - - - - s
Seizure

Seizure ackno'Aiedgement

Address Information
B ans>.ver

Conversation
Clear back

Clear forv/ard

Hnh 4-7: Cc tn hi bo hiu c bn ca mt cuc gi thnh cng.

Bo hiu DC
Tn hiu ny c truyn dng xung nh thay i cc tnh hoc tr khng
116

ca dy dn. Thng thng, h thng lm vic vi ba trng thi hng ti v vi

hai trng thi hng v.
Cc trng thi c s dng hng ti l;
- Tr khng ng dy thp.
- Tr khng ng dy cao.
- Cc tnh tch cc.
Cc trng thi c s dng hng v l:
- Cc tnh bnh thng.
- Cc tnh o.
Bo hiu DC c th c dng trn i dy vt l. Do thit b DC r tin,
nn h thng ny c s dng rng ri.
SsidiiQ Exchanqe

Line

ReceivmqExeharKi

^ ____ |L1
I

^
_
----------- j

Sending of:

Reception of:

Recepfonof:

Senina of:

Seizure

Seizure acknowledgement

Seizure

Seizure acknowledgemeni

IXgits

B answer

Dqits

8 answer

ear forward

Meter pulses

Cl^ r forward

Weiei pulses
Clear back

Clear back

Hnh 4-8: Bo hiu DC.

117

B
aswer

Seizure
Low res ^
Low res

[ta,-

I (ta.-b)

High res

jtses

SOms

Clear

^sg^rbsck.
j
<1--------------- 7 Q T W j r a
.........

iLflT

High res

Low res

Meier

1
!

,1

ra .-b j

.....
.......

-----------------

(a.t-b)

-V

_^
Low res

20Cu3Cjms

160ms

- ................... *

B replaces
handsel firs!
Clear
forwurd

Cieasack

A replaces
handset first

Hlnh 4-9: Bdo hieu DC : vi du ve cdc tin hieu.

Bdo hieu AC
Vai chieu dai ducmg trung ke la Ian thi tin hieu DC la khong c6 kha nang
truyen di de c6 mot do tin cay cao dirge, de eo the truyen tin hieu bao hieu di vai
hai tong dai a cach xa nhau, ngurai ta dung tin hieu AC vai tan so tin hieu nam
trong bang tan tieng noi hoac ngom bang tan tieng noi.
Cac thong tin bao hieu dugc ma hoa theo cac phuang phap khac nhau.
Pham vi cho phep cua tan so la 4 kHz.
Bdo hieu trong bang
Doi vai tin hieu trong bang, tan so thuang dugc chon la 2400 Hz, day la tan
s6 c6 xac sudt phong tao be nhdt. Vai loai bao hieu nay, c6 the c6 cac giai phap
ky thuat sau d l phan biet vai thong tin thoai:
- Thirc hien bao hieu vai tan so 0,3-3,4 kHz nhung thai gian ton tai lau han,
- Phan biet bao hieu va am thoai ve muc dien. Phuang phap nay it dugc
diing vi d l gay qua tai duang day.
- Dung nang lugng pho cua tin hieu.
- Chon t6 hgp 2 tin s6.
Bdo hieu ngodi bang
Bao hieu ngoai bang su dung tan so thuang la 3825 Hz. Cac bo Igc de dang

118

lc cc bng tn thoi v pht hin tn hiu bo hiu chnh xc. V vy khng nh

hng n knh thai. Nhng trng hp ny c th lm tng chi ph ca thit b.
idle

Seizure

SeKure
ackn

Digt

pulsas

A-B

Register
E
r-Dcy answer
::.grD

Clear

Clear
b:

TG^vard

Idle

Tone
B-A

-ZSOms

Tone

25Crns

Hnh 4-10: Vi d v h thong tin hiu AC.

Bo hiu PCM
Phng thc bo hiu knh kt hp cc h thng PCM cn phi tip cn
tng knh trong trung k v tng tuyn trung k. Nh vy, thit b bo hiu phi
c cu trc phn b. Trng hp ny, thng tin bo hiu c chuyn i trn mt
knh ring bit v n lin kt vi knh truyn ting ni. Tc ly mu ting ni
l 8 kHz nhng thng tin bo hiu khng bin thin nhanh bng ting ni nn ch
cn ly mu tc 500 Hz l s ha tn hiu bo hiu. T quan im ,
ngi ta s dng khe thi gian s 16 TS16 trong mi khung tn hiu 125

|I S

ti

thng tin bo hiu cho hai knh ting ni, mi knh s dng 4 bits.
TSO

TSl

...

TS16

F0

FAW

Chl

...

MFAW

Ch31

F2

FAW

Chl

...

1/1?

Ch31

...

...

...

...

...

FAW

Chl

...

15/31

Ch31

F15

...

TS31

FAW: T ng b khung n.
MFAW; T ng b a khung.
Hnh 4-11: Tn hiu PCM 32.
i vi h thng PCM 32 c 15 khung th ti thng tin bo hiu cho 30
knh. Ngoi ra cn mt thi gian ti thng tin ng b a khung 2 ms. Nh
vy, cc khung t F0 ti F15 to thnh mt a khung. Trong , TS16 ca khung
F0 dnh cho tn hiu ng b a khung, TS16 ca F1 ti thng tin bo hiu cho
khe TSl v TS17, TS16 ca F2 ti thng tin bo hiu cho khe TS2 v TS18, ti
119

TS16 ca F15 ti bo hiu cho khe TS15 v TS31.Cn TSO dng cho tn hiu
ng b khung n v cnh bo.
Mc d c th s dng 4 bits cho bo hiu m knh, nhng ngi ta ch s
dng 2 bits. V thng tin bo hiu chia thnh bo hiu hng i v hng v tch
bit nn cc bit bo hiu hng i gi l af v bf, cn bo hiu hng v gi l
ab v bb. Gi tr cc bit ny nh sau:
Cc bits bf trng thi bnh thng duy tr trng thi 0, gi tr 1 ch th li.
Theo phng thc bo hiu knh kt hp nh trn th mi knh ting ni
cn mt knh bo hiu chuyn dng, v vy hiu sut knh bo hiu khng cao v
chng khng c dng trong giai on hi thoi. nng cao hiu qu, ta s
dng phng thc bo hiu knh chung.
4.3.2 Bo hiu knh chung (CCS)

CCIS SIG :Thit b bo hu knh chung

Hnh 4-12: Bo hiu knh chung.
4.3.2.1 Khi nim chung
Bo hiu knh chung (Common Channel Signalling) khc phc c nhc
im ca bo hiu knh kt hp v mt hiu sut s diing knh bo hiu. i vi
bo hiu knh chung, knh bo hiu c phn pht cho knh ting ni ch trong
mt khong thi gian bo hiu. Ngi ta s dng mt tuyn ring bit cho knh
bo hiu.
Ni cch khc, h thng bo hiu knh chung c mt chm knh bo hiu.
Chm knh ny ch c cp cho knh ting ni khi c nhu cu bo hiu trc
nht. V vy, knh ting ni cn xp hng ch knh bo hiu ri. Do , dung
lng chm knh bo hiu ph thuc vo cp phc v c th chp nhn c,
ni dung bo hiu, tn sut s dng mi knh ting ni. Nh s dng k thut
120

ny, thit b c th tp trung ha v ch to gn gng hn. iu ny to ra u

im v mt kinh t v tit kim c khng gian lp t thit b.
Tuy nhin, phng thc ny ch c th s ng cho cc tng i SPC
trao i bo hiu lin tng i gia cc b x l.
Trong h thng PCM, knh bo hiu c th s dne bt k khe thi gian
no m khng nht thit phi l khe thi gian TS16. Cc bn tin bo hiu c
truyn i di dng cc gi, tc knh truyn l 64 kbps.
4.3.2.2 Cu trc bn tin CCS
Mt bn tin bo hiu CCS bao gm:
ia ch ch

a ch ngun

S gi

Trng s liu

T rng kim tra

Hnh 4-13: cu trc bn tin CCS.

a ch ch
a ch ny c phn tch ti bt k my thu no v c so snh vi a
ch ca n. Nu khng trng th bn tin c truyn n im khc cho n
khi n ch thc ca n.
a ch ngun
a ch ny gip cho my tnh bit c khi c nhu cu cp pht li bn
tin th c a ch yu cu pht li.
S gi
S gi ch ra tt c cc s liu ca bn tin c sp xp ln lt mt cch
chnh xc. s liu ny c kim tra lin tc v ch c ly ra khi c ch dn.
Trng s liu
Cha nhng thng tin ca bo hiu.
Trng kim tra loi
Cho php s liu c kim tra trc khi truyn n ch.
c im ni bt ca bo hiu knh chung l cc u cui khng ch dnh
ring cho mt cuc ni m mt bn tin tun t c th c trang b bt c u
cui no vi nhng cuc gi khc nhau v ch khc nhau.
Tt c cc bn tin ca cuc gi khng nht thit phi cng hng. Cc bn
tin tiu biu c truyn i mt cch ph hp vi nhng tuyn c nh ra bng
thut ton da trn c s ch, tnh sn sng v ti ca mch. Khi bn tin c
121

thu thp, n c truyn n nhng im chn trn mng. Khi ti ch, n

c tin hnh, so snh v iu chnh, kim tra li. Nu c li, n yu cu pht
li bn tin.
V CCS khng chuyn bo hiu trn cc trung k m thoi thit lp v
gim st, nn tuyn gi phi c kim tra lin tc mi khi cuc gi ang thit
lp. iu ny c thc hin nh b thu pht m thanh c ni ti thi im
thit lp nhm m bo s lin tc ca tuyn.
4.3.2J u im
- Kinh t.
- Nhanh.
- Tin cy.
- Dung lng cao.
- Linh hat.
4.3.3 H thng bo hiu R2 (MFC)
4.3.3.1 Khi nim chung
H thng bo hiu R2 l h thng bo hiu knh kt hp c CCITT tiu
chun ha lin lc cc tuyn quc gia v quc t. Thng tin bo hiu gm:
- Bo hiu ng dy; gm cc tn hiu v tng thi ng dy nh tn
hiu chim dng, gim st, gii ta...
- Bo hiu thanh ghi: gm cc tn hiu c lin quan n cc chc nng tm
chn, khai thc...
4.3.3.2 Bo hiu ng dy
Cc tn hiu bo hiu ng y c phn theo hng i v hng v.
Hng i gm cc tn hiu:
- Tn hiu chim dng (seizure).
- Tn hiu gii phng hng i (clear forward).
Hng v gm cc tn hiu:
- Tn hiu xc nhn chirri dng (seizure acknowlegement).
- Tn hiu gii phng hng v (clear back).
- Tn hiu tr li (Banswer).
- Tn hiu kha (blocked).
- Tn hiu gii phng/ri (canh phng nh) (disconnect/idle).
122

 Phng php s dng trong bo hiu ng dy:

- Phng php Analog dng cho h thng truyn dn tng t.
- Phng php Digital dng cho h thng truyn dn s.
Phng php Analog
S dng tn s ngoi bng (3825Hz) trnh s phng to tn hiu thoi v
truyn i theo kiu c tone khi ri v khng c tone khi bn lin tc theo c hai
hng.
Trng th ca mch

Hng

Ri

Diu kn bo hiii ca ng dy
Hng i

Hng v

Hcng i/v

C tone

C tone

Chim dung

Hng i

Kting c tone

C tone

Xc nhn chim dung

Hng v

Khns c tone

KhriQ c tone

Tr li

Hng v

Khng c tor>e

Khnp c6 tone

Hng i

C tone

C tone hoc king

Gi phng hriq v

Hng v

Khng c tone

C tone

Canh phng nh

Hng v

C tone

Khong c lone

Kha

Hng v

C lone

Khnci c lone

Khng kha

Hng v

C tone

C tone

Gii phng hng

^

Hnh 4-14: Cc tn hiu trong phng php Analog.

Ch :
Thi gian nhn bit s thay i trng thi c tone sang kling c tone l
407 ms.
Thi gian nh nht nhn bit c tn s ca tone hng i v khng c
tone hng v l TI ^ 250 50 ms.
Thi gian gii phng mch in l T2 ==450 90 ms.
Gi tr T l, T2 s dng tt cho tuyn mt t cng nh cp bin vi thi
gian tr truyn dn mt chiu cc i l 30 ms. Cn i vi knh truyn v tinh
TI = 1000 200 ms v T2 = 1600 320 ms ng vi thi gian tr truyn dn cc
i l 270 20 ms.
Phng php Digital
Trong h thng PCM 30/32 knh, h thng bo hiu ng dy cho php s
dng 4 bits bo hiu cho mt knh thoi. Trong h thng bo hiu R2, ngi ta
s dng 2 trong 4 bit bo hiu cho 1 hng: 2 bit bo hiu cho hng ti
(hng i) af, b f v 2 bits bo hiu cho hng v ab, bb. Cc bit ny to thnh
knh bo hiu, trong :
123

- Knh af; xc nh trng thi ra ca ng dy v my thu bao ch gi,

trng thi thit b bo hiu gi ra.
- Knh bf: cung cp cc thng tin cnh bo trong tuyn hng i.
- Knh ab: xc nh trng thi ng dy v my thu bao b gi.
- Knh bb: xc nh bo hiu l ri hay bn.
Ch\
-T h i gian cn thit cho vic chuyn trng thi t 0 sang 1 v ngc li l
20 10 ms.
-S a i s thi gian khi truyn ng thi cc m bo hiu trong mt hng
khng vt qu 2 ins.
iu kn bo hiu ca ng dy
Trang thi ca mch

Hng

Ri

Hng i/v

Chim dung

Hng i

Xc nhn chim dung

Hng v

Tr li

Hng v

Gii phng hng

Hng i

Gii phng hng v

Hng v

Canh phng nh

Hng v

Kha

Hng v

Hng v

Hng i

0
0
0
0

0
0

0
0

0
0
0

Hnh 4-15: Cc tn hiu trong phng php Digital.

4.3.3.3 Bo hiu thanh gh
Khi nim chung
Khi thc hin chuyn mch c lin quan n nhiu tng i, cn phi
chuyn thng tin v nhng con s gia cc tng i kt nicuc gi chnh
xc n thu bao mong mun. Thng tin bo hiu c chuyn theo

hngi,

nhng iu khin qu trnh thit lp cuc gi cn phi c mt s tn hiu bo

hiu theo hng ngc li.
- Cc tn hiu theo hng i:
+ a ch thu bao b gi.
+ Thuc tnh thu bao ch gi.
+ Thng bo kt thc gi a ch b gi.
+ Thng tin v con s ca thu bao ch gi cho tnh cc chi tit.

124

- Cc tn hiu hng v gm:

+ Tn hiu thng bo tng i b gi sn sng nhn cc con s a ch ca
thu bao b gi.
+ Cc tn hiu iu khin: xc nhn kiu ca thng tin.
+ Thng tin kt thc qu trnh tm chn: thng tin ny dng gii phng
thanh ghi v thit lp tuyn thoi, ng thi n cn a ra cc thng tin v trng
thi t hp ca thu bao b gi.
+ Thng tin tnh cc: chuyn cc thng tin cn thit phn tch tnh cc
(cho cc cuc gi quc t nht nh).
Trng s m
Bo hiu thanh ghi R2 MFC Vit Nam l kiu bo hiu b p ch (khng
ch). Ngi ta chia cc tn s bo hiu thnh 2 nhm, mt nhm 6 tn s cao cho
cc tn hiu bo hiu hng ti (hng i) v mt nhm 6 tn s thp cho cc tn
hiu bo hiu hng v. Mi tn hiu trong thanh ghi l tng hp ca 2 trong s 6
tn s ny.
Cc t hop
Ch s tn
hiu

Gi tr
trcng s

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
1

OH
Of2
U2
0+4
U4
2 4
0-7
U7
2*7
4 i7
O 11
1f11
2 11
4r11
711

f
Hnq i
Humq v
Tn s (x)
Trng s (y)
F0-F1
F0-F2
FUF2
F0-F3
FUF3
F2+F3
F0+F4
FHF4
F2+F4
F3+F4

138C
1140
F0
0

1500
120
F1
1

F0t F5

FUF5
F2tF5
F3F5
F4rF5

Tns
1620
O
F2
2

1740
780
F3
4

I860
660
F4
7

1980
540
F5
11

X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

Hnh 4-16: Trng s m.

Cc t hp t 1>10 thng c s dng cho cc thng tin bo hiu quc
gia. Cc t hp t 11>15 thng c dng cho cc thng tin bo hiu quc t.

125

 ngha cc tn hiu bo hiu

- Cc tn hiu hng i phn thnh hai nhm;
+ Nhm I: Ch yu mang thng tin v a ch thu bao b gi, tc l s
dng cc con s t 1>9.
+ Nhm II: Mang thng tin v thuc tnh ca thu bao ch gi.
- Cc tn hiu hng v

phn thnh hai nhm:

+ Nhm A: Mang cc tn hiu iu khin.

+ Nhm B: Mang thng tin v trng thi ng dy ca thu bao b gi.
Cc tn hiu hng v nhm A c s dng cng nhn tn hiu nhm I
v cc tn hiu nhm B c s dng cng nhn tn hiu nhm II v chuyn
thng tin v thu bao b gi.
Ch :
i vi cc tn hiu bo hiu hng i:
Vi cc cuc gi t thu bao ngoi v t in thoi vin tn hiu II-2 v II-5
c gi mng quc gia.
i vi cc cuc gi quc t, tng i Gate Way s thc hin bin i sau :
- Tn hiu II-1>11-4 chuyn thnh tn hiu II-7.
- Tn hiu II-5 chuyn thnh tn hiu 11-10.
- Tn hiu II-6 chuyn thnh tn hiu II-8.
i vi cc tn hiu bo hiu hng v:
- Tn hiu B-4 c gi i nu xy ra tc nghn trong mng sau khi gi
i tn hiu A-3.
- Tn hiu B-1 c gi i nu thu bao b gi c ci t dch v bt gi
cuc gi m tng i bn gi khng th cung cp s my thu bao ch gi, nu
s my thu bao ch gi bit c th c th gi B-6 hoc B-7.

126

Hnq d
Mhm
T hp
1
2
3
4

Tn
hi
1-t
1-2
-3
!4

5
6
7
8
9
10

1-5
1-6
-7
i-S
i.9
MO

11

M1

12

M2

13

M3

14

1-14
1-15

15

Nhm II

ngha ca tn hu
Ch s '
Ch s 2
Ch s 3
Ch s 4
Ch s 5
ChsG
Ch s 7

Tn
hu
11-1
li-2
!l-3
U

IM '

Thu hoo .r6no c J tin

Th j bao c u tin
Cuc qo i unq t r bo dnq
Cuc go t ung trr chn
(interceplon)
C'Jc Qoi t din thoa vn
Truvn s iu tronq nc
hu bao qucct
Truyn s5 liu cuc t
Thu bo u tn d qu 5c t
in thoa- vin c-hJC cc cuc goi di
qucc t
Cuc g-- t my cin thoa; cng cng

11-12

Lai ch gi khng c r g

!-5
!-6
l-7
ll-S
l-9
11-10

Ch s 3
Ch 309

ChoO
Truy cp dn ung tn chn (c r lici
vin phuc vu din bo;
Truy cp n cc phc v C'n DC yu
c5u khng oc chp nhn
Truy co dn ccihitb; K;r tra bio
cnq
Ch'va dnq
Ktthc

ngha ca tn hu

!M3

D phng lir lac q

gia

IM4
11-15

Hnh 4-17: Cc tn hiu hng i.

hng v
Nhm A
T hop

Tn

ngha ca tn hiu

Nhm B
Tn

hu

ngha ca tn hiu

hiu
A-t

Gi ch sc tip tnec

B-1

A -2

Gi ch s (n-1 trc chi s cui

B-2

S mv d). Qi bne c bit

-3

B-3

Dung dy hj bao bi gci bn

A -4

NKn xurvg dia chl, chuyn S n g hiU tn

hiu nhm 8
Tc nqhn onq mang quc aia

B-4

T5c nghn

5
G

A -5
A -6

G thuc tnh v 30 ihu bao ch qoi

Thu oao bi QOI ri. thit 'p lnh CL'C

B-5
B-6

So thu bao khriQ c dcinK bo

Tnu bao bi qo
tnh cc

7
8

A -7
A -8

Gi ch S n-2) tns. 2 ch 30 cui

Gi cho 50 (n-3) trc 3 ch'
cui

B-7
B-8

hu bao bi qoi m Khnq tnh cc

dna dy thu b bi goi c 2c

9
10

-9
A -10

Gi s [hg bo bi goi
G s b gi dng hp Dhn

B-9

nq dy thu boo bi chn

B-10

Ddrg c5y hu bao D gi ri->tnn

ng y thu bao b gi ri

cuc
11

A-11

12

A-12
A-13

13
14
15

B-1t
D phng chu^a 3 drg

A -14

A-15

Tc nqhn trnq narrq quc -

_

B-12
B-13
B-14

D phng chua s dng

B-15
'

Hnh 4-18: Cc tn hiu hng v.

127

4.3.4 Bo hiu s 7 (CCITT No 7)

4.3.4.1 Kh i nim ch ung
Bo hiu s 7 c quc t cng nhn l h thng CCS gia cc tng i
s dng trong mng quc gia v quc t. Thng tin bo hiu c truyn i trn
mt khe thi gian c phn pht trn mt trong cc tuyn PCM mang cc knh
thoi.
Tng i A

Tng ai B
TCM

TCM
30 knh tl a i + knh

bo hiu t'cng TS16

S/R CCS

S/R CCS

Phn h
u khn

Phn h
u cui
bo hiu

Phn h
iu khiln
bo hiu

H thng u khn ng

Tryn cc don v^oo

hiu

-. it: lbP,
hiu

Phn h
u cui
bo >u

Phn h
:u khin
l^

Phn h
ciu khiln

bo

lu

H thng ciu khin tng di

Hnh 4-19: S tiu biu h thng bo hiu s 7.

V d: Hai tng i trao i vi nhau bng 2 lung 2 Mbps, nh vy, kh
nng dung lng knh thng tin gia 2 tng i ny l 60 knh, trong , mt
lung 2 Mbps mang bo hiu s 7 trong TS16 ca n. Thng tin bo hiu c
tch, ghp qua trng chuyn mch ca tng i hoc DLTU (Digital Line
Terminal Unit).
Thng tin bo hiu c gi t tng i ny sang tng i khc c xc
nh bi h thng iu khin qua S/R CCS cho bo hiu s 7. S/R CCS bao gm
ba phn h trn c s ca cc b x l. Thng tin t h thng iu khin tng i
nhn t phn h iu khin bo hiu di dng thc thch hp. Cc bn tin c
xp hng y, cho n khi c th c truyn i. Khi khng c cc bn tin
truyn i th phn h iu khin bo hiu pht cc bn tin chn lc gi tuyn
lun trng thi tch cc.
Cc bn tin c gi qua phn h u cui bo hiu, s dng cc bit
kim tra c pht i t phn h iu khin li to thnh cc n v bo hiu
128

s 7 hon chnh. Ti tng i thu, qu trnh ngc li c thc hin.

4.3.4.2 Cc khi nim c bn
im bo hiu (SP - Signal Point)
im bo hiu l mt node chuyn mch hoc mt node x l trong mng
bo hiu, c kh nng thc hin cc chc nng bo hiu.
im chuyn tip bo hiu (STP - Signal Transport Point): L im bo
hiu m thng tin bo hiu thu c trn mt knh bo hiu v sau chuyn
giao cho knh khc m n khng x l c ni dung ca tin bo.
Knh bo hiu
Bo hiu s 7 s dng cc knh bo hiu chuyn ti thng tin bo hiu
gia hai im bo hiu, v mt vt l, knh bo hiu bao gm kt cui bo hiu
mi u knh v vi loi mi trng truyn dn (thng l cc khe thi gian
ng truyn PCM).
Mt s cc knh bo hiu u song song trc tip gia hai im bo hiu
to thnh chm knh bo hiu.
Cc phng thc bo hiu
- Kiu kt hp (Associated):
Cc tn hiu bo hiu lin quan n s kt ni cc knh giao thng gia hai
tng i A, B c truyn trn cc tuyn bo hiu trc tip gia chng.
-------------------- ng bo hiu

.........................ng thoi

Hnh 4-20: Kiu kt hp.

- Kiu khng kt hp (Non-Associated);
c

o
E

Hnh 4-21: Kiu khng kt hp.

129

Cc tn hiu bo hiu lin quan n s kt ni cc knh giao thng gia hai

tng i A, B c nh tuyn qua mt vi tuyn trung k ty thuc vo mng
nhng thi im khc nhau, trong khi knh giao thng c ni trc tip gia A
v B. Cc thi im khc nhau th s nh tuyn ca cc tn hiu bo hiu c th
theo cc ng dn khc nhau. Phng php ny t c s dng v n kh xc
nh c s nh tuyn mt cch chnh xc ca cc bn tin bo hiu mi thi
im.
- Kiu ta kt hp (QuasiAssociated):
Kiu ny l trng hp gii hn bi kiu khng kt hp, thng tin bo hiu
gia hai node A v B c nh tuyn xc nh trc qua mt tuyn bo hiu
node trung chuyn (tandem) trong khi cc knh giao thng c nh tuyn trc
tip gia A v B.
im quan trng ni bc nht ca kiu ta kt hp l tnh sao lu d phng.
B

Hnh 4-22: Kiu ta kt hp.

4.S.4.3 Phn m c trong bo hiu s 7
BnSnngudig
^

^
"V

BntinngLisdng

u ngi js dng

^''*lf|||BOTtnngsdng} UP

Bninxjsdung 'V
Mang bo hti

| | |k

Bn tinngi sdung

Mang bo hu
Tuyn d liu

'Tuyhvt
Hnh 4-23: cu trc 4 mc ca bo hiu s 7.
UP (User P a rt): Phn ngi s dng.
MTP ( Message Transfer Part): Phn truyn bn tin bo hiu.

130

 Mc 1: Mc tuyn vt l
Mc 1 l mc y ca chng phng thc. Tng quan, n l phng tin
gi dng cc bit ca thng tin t im ny n im khc trn mt ni kt vt l.
Mc ny nh ngha cc c tnh vt l, in v cc chc nng ca tuyn s liu
bo hiu v phng tin truy cp n hoc yu cu mt cu trc thng tin m
n c cung cp bi thit b truyn dn hoc tm li c kh.
Trong mi trng mng s liu, CCS7 thng c s dng khe thi gian
bo hiu TS16/PCM32 hoc TS24/PCM24 vi tc knh bo hiu 64Kbps.
Trong mi trng tng t, CCS7 c th truyn trn cc ng modem vi tc
thp khong 4,8Kbps.
Mc 2: Mc tuyn d liu
Cung cp cc chc nng v cc th tc cho vic truyn thng tin bo hiu.
Mt bn tin bo hiu c truyn trn tuyn theo cc n v bo hiu vi chiu
di thay i. Mt n v bo hiu bao gm thng tin iu khin truyn tin thm
vo trong ni dung ca bn tin bo hiu.
Chc nng bao gm:
+ Gii hn ni dung n v bo hiu bng cc c.
+ Chn thm bit chng nhm ln vi c.
+ S dng cc bit kim tra.
+ Chng li bi phng thc t ng hi li.
+ D tm ng bo hiu sai bng cch gim st tc li trn cc ng
bo hiu.
Mcc 3: Mc mng bo hiu
nh ngha cc chc nng v th tc truyn chung v c lp cc tuyn bo
hiu ring l. Cc chc nng chnh sau:
- X l bn tin bo hiu. Trong khi truyn bn tin bo hiu, nhng chc
nng ny hng ti tuyn bo hiu hoc phn ngi s dng tng ng.
- Qun l mng bo hiu : iu khin xc nh hng theo thi gian thc,
iu khin v ti to li cu hnh mng khi cn thit.
Mc 4: Mc ngi s dng
Mi phn cho ngi s dng xc nh cc chc nng v cc th tc c
trng cho tng ngi s dng ring bit.
131

4.3.4.4 n v bo hiu
Trong h thng bo hiu s 7, cc bn tin bo hiu c truyn i di
dng cc n v bo hiu.
Cc n v bo hiu c hnh thnh mc 2 v mang thng ip ca
ngi s dng t mc 4 v thng ip t phn qun l mng mc 3.
MSU (Mcssaghe Signal Unit - n v bo hiu bn tin)
L n v bo hiu c cha cc thng ip c chuyn i gia phn
ngi s dng hay gia cc khi chc nng qun l mng ca tng i. MS c
1 octet thng tin dch v SIO v di thng tin bo hiu SIF. MSU l rt qquan
trng, nn c truyn li khi c li xy ra do n mang thng tin ca ngi s
dng mun truyn i.
F

CK

SIF

16

8 n,n>2

M c 4

M c 3

M c 2

SIO
2

Hnh 4-24:

LI

FIB

FSN

B IB

BSN

cu trc bn tin MSU.

LSS (Link Status Signal Unit - n v bo hiu trng thi tuyn)

Cha cc thng tin nh gi s hot ng ca tuyn bo hiu (v d nh
ng b). LSSU c truyn qua li lp 2 gia 2 MTP k cn v n ch c
truyn khi tuyn bo hiu c li hay khng cn c dng truyn MS.
F

CK

SF

16

8,16

L1

FIB

FSN

BIB

BSN

Mc 2

Mc 3

Mc 2

Hnh 4-25:

cu trc bn tin LSS.

FISU (Fill in Signal Unit - n v bo hiu chn thm)

F

CK

16

L1

FIB

FSN%

BIB

BSN

M c 2

M c 2

Hnh 4-26:

cu trc bn tin FISU.

Cha thng tin iu khin sai v inh hn. N ch c truyn khi khng c
MSU v LSSU c truyn. FISU c truyn ti lp 2 gia 2 MTP k cn.
Cc trng:
- F (Flag - Trng c): L im bt u v kt thc ca 1 n v bo hiu.

132

- BSN (Backward Sequence Number - Dy s li): Th hin dy s ca

n v cui cng thu nhn c mt cch chnh xc.
- BIB (Backward Indicator Bit - Bit ch th li): Dng yu cu pht li
cc n v c li.
- FSN (Forward Sequence Number - Dy s tin): Th hin dy s ca dn
v bo hiu s c pht.
- FIB (Forward Indicator Bit - Bit ch th tin): Ch th vic pht li ca n
v bo hiu bng BIB.
- LI (Length Indicator - Ch th di): Ch ra s octet ca trng LI v
CK. H thng u cui b gi thc hin CRC so snh tnh trng b li ca n
v bo hiu nh gi nh trng ny.
- SF (Status Field - Trng trng thi): Th hin trng thi ca tuyn bo
hiu.
-S IO (Service Information Octet - tt thng tin ch v): Xc nh phn
ngi s dng m trong bao gm thng tin c pht i.
- SIF (Signalling Information Field - Trng thng tin bo hiu): M im
ch, m im ngun, m tuyn bo hiu v b 8 bits t 2#272 c th thay i.
4.4 X L BO HIU TRONG TNG I
4.4.1 Tng quan
H thng bo hiu c s dng nh mt ngn ng cho hai thit b trong h
thng chuyn mch trao i vi nhau thit lp tuyn ni cho cuc gi. Ging
nh bt k ngn ng no, chng cng c t vng vi nhng chiu di khc nhau
v chnh xc khc nhau. Tc l cc bo hiu cng c th thay i v kch
thc v dng c php ca n theo cc quy lut ghp ni v to thng tin bo
hiu.
X l bo hiu trong tng i l s x l cc dng tn hiu bo hiu thu
bao v tng i trn cc ng dy thu bao v trung k trong tng i.
Bo hiu trong tng i in thoi bao gm khng ch l bo hiu gia tng
i vi thu bao v bo hiu lin i m cn mang cc thng tin v trng thi
cuc gi bng cc tones v cc bn tin thng bo khc.

133

Ddy

bao tone t

Day tnu
bao
siT cap

H-

SLTU ----- 7^

D^LTU

(
Tone va
thong oao

* ythul

s ,^ a o 0 0
p

tnj cap

nh tuyn
n hiu

DLTU

B
r>g ai khc

Dy .ng

k:

DLTU

Tng ai khc b +; rrtr

kstjo'
tu'

ALTU

Tnu pna'
bao hieu

Di4u kiien tong

(3ai

DLTU (Digital Line Termination Unit)

on vi ng dy u cui s.
SLTU (Subcriblel Line Termination Unit) on v ng dy u cui thu bao.
NTU (Network Termination Unit)
n v mng u cui.
ISPBX (Intergrated services PBX)
Cc dch v tch hp tng i c quan.
Hnh 4-27: Tong quan x l bo hiu trong tng i.
Nh vy, ta thy rng: qu trnh x l bo hiu bao gm cc phn chnh sau:
- nh tuyn trong tng di.
- Cc b thu pht bo hiu.
- To tones v cc bn tin thng bo.
4.4.2 S nh tuyn trong tng i
4.4.2.1 Bo hiu tng i - thu bao
Trong tng di SPC c kh nng cho php hai loi thu bao: tng t v
thu bao s. n g vi mi lai, ta c cc tn hiu, phng pht dnh tuyn khc
nhau.
Thu bao tng t
Trn mng din thoi hin nay, v l do kinh t thng s dng thu bao
tng t. S dnh tuyn thu bao tng t nh hnh sau:

134

-S V T U
LD

V .............

SLT U
contoler
Tifi htu

i -

oChon s
l

-~Sl,TU

Tiniu

rqy'^
v c^cn s

Khi
chuyn
mch tp
trung thu
bao

S LT U
ccToller

1
B thu tn
hiu MF
4> Tin hiu da

rJii
H thng iu khin tng i

Hnh 4-28: nh tuyn bo hiu ca thu bao tng t n

thit b thu tng ng.
S nh tuyn gm hai thnh phn bo hiu:
- Tn hiu bo hiu ng dy (gim s t): mang trng thi ca mch in.
- Tn hiu bo hiu a ch (chn s): ch th s thu bao b gi.
Tn hiu bo hiu ng dy c nhim v gim st mch in ng dy
thu bao. Vi cc thu bao tng t, dng tn hiu ny dng LD, (ct mch
vng).
Tn hiu bo hiu chn s (a ch) c th c thu bao pht bng 2 cch:
LD hoc MF (m a tn).
i vi in thoi dng a quay s, c bo hiu ng dy v chn s u
c thc hin theo kiu ct mch vng (Loop - disconnection). Cc tn hiu bo
hiu ny c tch ra t ng dy thu bao bi SLT. Sau , chng c thu
thp ti khi iu khin SLT bin i t trng thi LD sang cc tn hiu
trng thi v ch s a ch ri gi n h thng iu khin tng i x l v
t a ra nhng thao tc thch hp.
i vi in thoi n phm, tn hiu ng dy c tin hnh theo kiu LD
cn tn hiu chn s theo kiu MF. Nh vy, tn hiu ng dy c tch ra
khi SLT v qua b SLTU n h thng iu khin tng i nh in thoi a
quay s. S truy cp n b thu MF thng thng qua khi chuyn mch tp
trung thu bao. B thu MF c th dng chung cho 1 s ln ng dy thu bao
vi mc ch gim chi ph thit b.

135

 Thu bao s
y l s nh tuyn bo hiu n 2 kiu thu bao s ISDN v ISPBX
trn s truy cp ng dy s cp v th cp.
Trong s truy cp s cp, 1 knh bo hiu 16 kbps kt hp vi 2 knh giao
thng 64 kbps to thnh tc 144 kbps dng (2B+D) cho mi hng. Knh bo
hiu mang thng tin bo hiu Tig dy v chn s cho c 2 knh giao thng
nh thng tin x l cuc gi v cc thng tin bo dng.
Trong s truy cp th cp bao gm 1 ng dn 2Mbps t 1 ISPBX, 1 knh
bo hiu knh chung tc 64 kbps cho 30 knh giao thng 64 kbps c mang
trong TS16.

SCSB (Subscriber Concentrator Switching Block):

D/SLTU (Digital/Subscriber Lme Terminal Unit):

Khi chuyn mch tp trung thu bao.

n v kt cui ng dy thu bao s.

Hnh 4-29: nh tuyn thu bao s.

Xt s truy cp th cp:
Knh bo hiu 16 kbps c tch ra bi D/SLTU. Cc tn hiu bo hiu c
th ni trc tip n b thu pht CCS thu bao, tuy nhin, lc ny yu cu s
lng ng ni kh ln t S/RCCS n thu bao gy ra s khng hiu qu v
mt s dng v kinh t. Do , t mt hiu qu cao, ngi ta ghp cc knh
bo hiu t 1 s cc D/SLTU.
S ghp knh c thc hin qua 2 tng. u tin, s dng b tp trung bo
hiu thu bao kt hp vi mt nhm D/SLTU. S dng mt kiu ghp knh c

136

hiu qu rt cao, l ghp knh thng k. V d, trong hnh, vic ghp knh
thng k thc hin c t s 15:1 (m i vi ghp knh phn chia thi gian th
ch t c t s n 4:1).
Trong ghp knh thng k, mt s nhnh c kt hp bi s phn chia
ng, ph thuc vo ni dung ca n. Qu trnh ghp knh thng k khng theo
quy lut no c m n ty thuc vo ni dung ca nhnh mi thi im.
Tuy nhin, nu nh mi nhnh c thi gian chim gi cao th ghp knh
thng k khng ci thin t l ghp so vi ghp knh phn chia theo thi gian.
Nhng do s lu thng ca cc knh bo hiu l thp^ khng b trn hay
mt ni dung trc khi n b thu pht bo hiu nn ghp knh thng k c s
dng khai thc trit hiu qa ca n. Tc l to mt knh bo hiu 64
kbps phi ghp 4 knh bo hiu ti u vo v nh vy, bn tin t 4 knh ny
c xen k 2 bit mt ln trong t m 8 bit. Do , nu c mt bn tin bo hiu
gm 368 bit th yu cu 184 khung. Nh vy mt 23 ms( 184x125 I^s) truyn
n. Trong sut thi gian , nu c bn tin khc xut hin thi n c th b trn
hay mt, do , cn t s tp trung cao hn. iu ny t c b ghp th hai.
B ghp th hai thc hin ghp cc khe bo hiu 64 kbps vi cc knh thoi t
15 D/SLT theo cu trc khung 32 khe thi gian vi TS16 hoc mt TS na
dng truyn dn thng tin bo hiu.
TS16
SCSB

PCM1
TS16

PCM2
2 M 3 P S

TS16

.''64K>>S

p c m

Subscriber
CCS Sin

Hnh 4-30: Ghp knh ti SCSB.

Cc lung 2 Mbps a ti b chuyn mch tp trung thu bao t cc b

Mx, mi b M x phc v 15 D/SLTU hay 30 SLTU. Khi chuyn mch tp

trung thu bao c th tin hnh vic ghp knh ln th 2 ghp cc TS16 t ti
a 31 b Mx thnh 1 bus bo hiu 2 Mbps truy nhp n b thu pht bo
hiu knh chung thu bao.
137

4.4.2.2 Bo hiu lin tng i

Cc h thng bo hiu khc nhau trn cc ng trung k c nh tuyn
n cc b thu pht bo hiu tng ng c thc hin nh b chuyn i tn
hiu hoc kt hp trong ATTU (Analogue Trunk Terminalting Unit) cho cc kiu
bo hiu LD, DC v 1VF.
H thng bo hiu 1VF l h thng bo hiu n tn trong bng, n c th
l bo hiu ng dy hoc bo hiu a ch (nhng ch yu l ng dy). S
chuyn i bo hiu trong bng sang dng thch hp a n cc b thu pht
bo hiu (thng l CAS) c th c thc hin bi mt thit b kt hp mi
ng vo tng t n 1 ATT hoc s dng mt n v n gin m n tch cc
tones t dng s 2 Mbps. Phng thc th hai thng c s dng nhiu hn
v tnh kinh t ca n. B chuyn i thc hin chia mt ng vo 2 Mbps cha 30
knh vi m bo hiu n tn 1VF thnh ng ra 2 Mbps vi bo hiu mang trong
TS16. Thit b do phi c kh nng tm kim s xut hin ca cc tones c
m ha s (v d 2280). iu ny c thc hin bi k thut lc s. i vi
hng ngc li, thit b chuyn i cc bit CAS trong TS16 thnh cc tones
tng ng chn vo lung 2 Mbps.
Bo hiu MF c nh tuyn trn c s call-by-call qua khi chuyn mch
nhm t ng dy ang gi n b thu pht MF bng ni kt thi gian gi ngn
(short-holding-time). Ni kt thi gian gi ngn mt ni kt trong thi gian rt
ngn thng vi mc ch thu nhn cc ch s a ch, ni kt ny c gii
phng ngay sau khi tn hiu a ch kt thc. Lc ny mt ng dn thoi
c thit lp qua trng chuyn mch n ng ra yu cu.

138

: ng ni bn vnh vin

: ng ni vnh vin

Hnh 4-31: nh tuyn ho hiu vi cc ng trung k.

Ty theo phng thc truyn thng tin bo hiu m c phoTig php bin
i khc nhau. truy nhp ti b thu pht bo hiu CAS l cc ng ni bn
c nh. Cn cc ng ni ti cc b thu pht MF l cc tuyn c nh thc hin
nguyn tc trao i gia cc khe thi gian T S 16 vi nhau v ni dung cc TS ny
c cha thng tin bo hiu.
i vi bo hiu knh chung, thng tin bo hiu c cha trong cc T S 16
ca cc lung 2 Mbps truy nhp n b thu pht CCS qua ng ni bn vnh
vin (semi- permanent) qua trng chuyn mch. Ni kt ny cho php cc khe
thi gian t lung 2 Mbps truy cp n CCS S/R qua mt cng 2 Mbps.
Ni kt ny l bn vnh vin v n duy tr trong mt thi gian di (c th l
vi nm) cho n khi c s c hoc c s thay i ln trong tng i th h thng
iu khin s thit lp tr li.

139

4.4.3 Cc b thu pht bo hiu

4.4.3.1 Thu phi M F
nh tuyn bo hiu MF t thu bao hoc cc ng trung k ti b thu
pht MF, yu cu mi b thu pht cn phi giao tip vi 30 knh thoi v s b
thu pht yu cu ph thuc vo tc s dng v thi gian chim dng ca mi
cuc gi.
i vi bo hiu thu bao, mt ng dn n hng c thit lp qua b
tp trung thu bao gia SLTU ang gi v mt khe thi gian ri trong ng cao
tc ti b thu pht MF, trong khi tone mi quay s c a n thu bao qua 1
ng thoi n hng khc qua b tp trung. n v MF phi c kh nng xc
nhn c ch s u trong tone mi quay s. Khi cc s quay l y , h
thng iu khin tng i s gii phng ng dn qua b tp trung thu bao ny.
Khe thi gian trong ng cao tc lc ny l ri v c th c s dng cho cc
cuc gi khc.
Qu trnh bo hiu lin i cng din ra tong r.
B thu pht MF c th s dng k thut tng t hoc k thut s.
B thu pht M F dng tirng t

^Chiryn mch

Hnh 4-32; Cc b thu pht MF tng t.

Phng php ny s dng nhiu trong cc tng i th h u v tnh kinh t
cao. 30 b thu pht MF c ni v bin i ti PMX (Mx th cp) to ra
lung s 2,048 Mbps theo cu trc khung. Trong , TSO chc tn hiu ng b
khung v TS16 bo hiu cho cc knh cn li.
B thu pht bo hiu MF dng s
B thu lm vic theo nguyn tc phn chia theo thi gian cho mt s knh
( y l 4). Cc s thu c t mi knh qua b thu n n v iu khin, ,
chng c nh dng vo trong mt bn tin ri gi n h thng iu khin tng

140

i. B pht MF th lm vic mt cch n gin hn, mnh n c s dng cho

tt c cc knh thoi v trong TS16 ca lung 2 Mbps.
Vi kiu thu pht MF s, ch cn 8 b thu MF cho 30 knh u vo v mt
b pht cho tt c cc knh. B thu MF s da trn c s b lc s. Yu cu kh
nng nhn bit v phn tch hai tone t mt t hp a tn (2 tn s), b qua cc
tn hiu ngoi bng tn 4 kHz xc nh c cc tn hiu bo hiu khc nhau,
suy ra ngha ca n. Sau , b thu s tm ra tn hiu c t hp tn s tng
ng gi n b iu khin thu pht MF a n h thng iu khin tng i
c nhng x l thch hp.

Hnh 4-33: Cc b thu pht MF s.

B pht MF c th thc hin bng cc t hp tn s c m ha v lu tr
trong ROM v c c ra cc ng vo thi im thch hp.
4.4.3.2 Thu pht bo hiu knh kt hp
H thng PCM 32 c tc 2 Mbps s dng TS16 mang thng tin bo
hiu cho 30 knh thai. Tc mi knh bo hiu l 2 kbps. Vic sp xp cc
knh bo hiu theo cu trc khung v a khung. Trng chuyn mch ni kt ti
a 31 TS16 qua cc ni kt bn vnh vin trong bus ng ra 2 Mbps ni vi b thu
pht PCM/CAS.
Bo hiu PCM/CAS trong cc TS16 ca cc lung 2 Mbps t cc ng kt
cui c ly ra ti cc b chuyn mch tp trung, sau , thc hin tp hp cc
knh bo hiu TS16 t cc lung 2 Mbps thnh 1 lung 2 Mbps vi 31 khe thi
gian c ni dung l cc TS16 ca 31 lung 2 Mbps u vo a ti b pht CAS.
141

pcm

TS16,..
TS16,

PCM2

Chuyn
mach tp
trung
TSO

TS16,

TS6,

TS16,.

TS16
PCM30

Hnh 4-34: Ghp knh tn hiu bo hiu ti chuyn mch tp tru n g .

Qu trnh xp cc TS16 thnh cu trc a khung nh sau:
TS31
ng b a
Khuna

Frame 0

TSO
ng b a
klung

S1
ng b a
khunfli

TS2
ng b a
khuffl

Frame 1

FAW

ABCD.ABCD..

ABC,ABCD,,

Ffsnie 2

Frame 3

FAW

ABCD^BCD.=
ABCD,ABCD.,

ADCD,ABCD

ABCD^BCD,:
ABCD,ABCD

fram e 4

ABCD,ABCD,,

ACD,ABCD.

ABCD,BCD..,

Frame 15

ABCD.^BCD,,

ABCD,,ABCD

ABCD)!;ABCD-(1

TSietiu ng
2Mbps th nht

TS16tiung
2Mbps th 2

2Mbps th 31

Hnh 4-35:

ACD.ABCD,.

BCD^ABCD,.

cu trc a khung trong lung bo hiu CAS

2 Mbps n S/R CAS.

142

...

-H. 0ng b a
khug

d liu CAS s\cre 1

'3Dce!'

d li^

reoet
m chu ky

mch2Ub3

'c rTi

w
l.'cdc THU

(930 ch cho 2ms)

3U

Dng b a d liu CAS Gtcre

30

khung

CAS
d li

dnp thngd
kh^n ing di

{SDcel'!'

re:e:
Dm chu ky

Sz D?

.V
1 trC'
CAS

& I khi

(930 c-el!;

chjyenjnac

^ d a i

mbh
R

ci

H th
Tg
jiu khin
ton^ di

A
Ciock :5r?2

Ph,t
CAS

r&sei m chu
k

/c

b Plit tn niu

Hnh 4-36: B thu pht PCM /CAS.

Bao gm 31 nhm TS16 (t TS1-TS31). Trong mt nhm TS16 th mt
knh c cha ni dung l ni dung ca TS16 c phn b theo nguyn tc bo
hiu (CASTSl). Do vy, mt tuyn PCM 2 Mbps c kh nng ti ti a 930
knh ti b thu pht CAS.
y, ta ch xt bo hiu knh kt hp mang trong TS16. B thu pht
PCM/CAS tin hnh 3 chc nng sau:
a. Tch/ghp knh cho 31 nhm TS16.
b. Tch/ghp cu trc a khung trong vi mi nhm TS16 thnh 15 nhm
vi 2 cp.
c. Xc nhn, gii ngha v truyn t bo hiu.
Hng t a n c cho b pht v ngc li cho b thu.
Nh vy, mt nhm c kh nng cho 30 knh bo hiu v ln nht l 31
(nhm)

30 (knh) = 930 knh bo hiu. Nu s dng mt TS16 cha thng

tin kim tra thit b th tuyn PCM c kh nng bo hiu cho 900 knh thoi.

143

Bo hiu theo hng thu

Trn hng thu, 1 trong 32 dng PCM c ngun gc khc nhau v c ng
b a khung trong TS16 ca n. Mi TS16 trong 1 bus c th mang tn hiu ng
b a khung ca tng i. Chc nng ny nh b hu pht CAS bng cch tch
dng 2 Mb/s thu c t bus vo khe thi gian 64 kb/s v a vo b m
ng khung li. Dng 2 Mb/s (TS16 mang thng tin) c lu tr trong b m,
bt u chu k ghi ti thi im khi u mu ng b a khung ca ring TS16.
Ni dung ny c c ra ti thi im bt u ca a khung. Nh vy, n nh
hng n s tr TS16 trong b m bng s li ca thi im bt u a khung
ca ring n v tng i. Tr ln nht l 128 bits (16*8 bit = 128 bit).
10

Thi^

33

ns

gian ri

200ms

67ms

ms

:0'1

1111

1111

ozv

D011

1111

r
m ch

Till h i il;

mch

s 2

bat u i

. b

ri

a. li'n hiu theo hng tiu.

m a c h b Ji

t r l i

bJ! a i

m a c h t d o

m A B C D tro iig
T S l

0111

1011
busv

free

0011
answered

1111
guard

b. tn hiu theo hng phi.

Hnh 4-37: Tn hiu theo hng thu v pht.

Trong hnh m t chun m 4 bit trong mi a khung (16*125 ms ^2 ms)
mang theo bo hiu mt knh giao thng. Khi tnh trng ng dy l ri, m
1111 tn ti trong TS16 phn tong ng ca a khung. M ny tip tc lp li
trong TS16 nu ng dy vn ri.
Tng i c th xc nhn rng mch c chim bng s xut hin ca m
mi 0011 vi thi gian khong 10 ms (c ngha l 5 ln lp li ti thiu ca m,
mi ln 2 ms). S kim tra trong khong thi gian ti thiu thit lp s iu

144

khin tch cc trong pht m li bng s phng to ca tnh trng ng dy

Da vo kim tra ny, h thng iu khin tng i bt u ch nhn s th nht
S c ch th bng 67 ms ca m 1111 v 32 ms ca m 0011 tng ng vi
tnh trng ng dy gy v bnh thng. Hnh 4-37 m t nhn s 2 v s cui
trong m 0011 trong 120 ms. Cn li ca v d m t tn hiu xo hng i v ri
ti thi im kt thc cuc gi.
Bo hiu theo hng pht
Tng t nh theo hng thu.
4.43.3 Chuyn i 1 V F sang CAS
p h t mxi n b kh u n .
B T316

chuln
mach

X n c n h n Tone I V T s
X n c n h n to n e I V F s 4
TSO

T S it

TSO

TSO + 1^30 knh rhoai

a. heo hng ihu.
TSO + J O k e n h tlioi

p h t o n e
tV T s

Lu tnr
CAS
(31
c ell 2
4
ifi)

R
M b S b oflg T SlT sl5 va T sIT .T O

re se t t d a h^
t n g d i

reset

vv

n
ch
oc

n g bo ^ t khi
a k h u n g shuyn mch

in vMg
ch
ghi

-J2ini 125H5

m %'n
b. theo hng pht.

Hnh 4-38: Chuyn i 1VF sang CAS.

Hai i tng ca chuyn i 1VF sang CAS s kt hp vi dy u cui
tofng t v s trong tng i. Chc nng chuyn i 1VF sang CAS c tch ra
t b m ho tn hiu tone n (thng thng 2280Hz) t mi knh v cy vo
trong 4 bit tng ng m ho trong TS16 theo hng thu. S tin hnh l ngc
li theo hng pht.
145

Bo hiu theo hng thu

B bin i trc tin sp xp khung dng 2Mb/s nhn c, cho php
mi knh c ng b. B nhn tone s tng t nh m t trong phn MF
v tone 2280 Hz cho mi knh. B nhn bit tone hon tt thit b. H thng kinh
t hn c th li dng bng nh thi gia s knh (mu l 8); 4 l c yu cu
chuyn i. Ng ra t b nhn tone l tn hiu ng m n theo s c mt hay
vng mt ca tone. Xc nhn ny chuyn i m t 0011 sang 1111 cho bo hiu
knh kt hp. M ny chn vo 4 bit tng ng ca TS16 thch ng ca knh.
Ni dung TS16 c t vo 30 knh thoi vo trong dng 2Mb/s bng b ghp
knh.
Bo hiu theo hng pht
4 bit c m. ho c t trong TS16 t dng 2Mb/s c ghi lin tc
vo b lu tr CAS mi mt a khung. Mi b lu tr tn hiu c c trong
khe thi gian tng ng trong mi khung. Tone c lp l on hay off trc tip
bng 0011 hay 1111 ca mu 4 bit c t mi t bo knh bo hiu. Tone s l
c chn vo khe thi gian thch hp chuyn i tn hiu 1VF cho mi knh.
N mang ra ngoi tt c cc khe thi gian trong khung tr li cung cp cho c
30 knh.
4.4.4 Cc b to tone v bn tin thng bo

Hnh 4-39: S nh tuyn cho tone v bn tin thng bo.

4.4.4.1 S nh tuyn tones v cc bn tin thng bo
Tng i cn phi bo cho thu bao v trng thi cuc gi cng nh cc tin
trnh ca n t khi bt u n khi kt thc. Tc l mt thu bao bnh thng
mun trao i thng tin th phi c p ng m xc nhn yu cu hoc yu cu
khng c chp thun v nhiu m khc nhau trong tin trnh x l cuc gi
nh thng bo, tr gip... Thng thng, thng tin trng thi c th nghe thy
c dng tones hoc li thoi thng bo.
146

Do , mi thu bao cng nh cc ng trung k v cc n v khc thuc

tng i phi c truy nhp n cc b to tone v thng bo.
t hiu qu kinh t v k thut cho vic phn phi cc m bo n tng
thu bao, cn phi phn loi theo chc nng ca tng dng m m phn b v tr
ca cc b to m. V d: cc tnh trng thng thng c bo hiu bng cc
tones, cn cc trng hp c bit th bng cc bn tin.
Trong tng i SPC, cc b m bo thng c phn b ti cc b tp
trung thu bao theo phng php mt ng phn b ti nhiu ng. Cn b
lu tr bn tin thng bo c phn b ti khi chuyn mch chnh, v cc bn
tin ny mang tnh cht dch v,. t lin quan n tin trnh x l cuc gi.
Vic nh tuyn cho cc m bo ti cc thu bao c thc hin bng lung
s PCM. Nh vy, ti u ra ca thit b to m l cc tn hiu s, mi mt m
bo khc nhau c cha trong mt TS ring v n c qua khi chuyn mch
tp trung thu bao hay khi chuyn mch nhm nh qu trnh chuyn i tn hiu
thai. S khc bit y l tn hiu t b to m phi m bo v ln n
thc hin chuyn mch ti nhiu u ra c yu cu cng lc.
Vi cc bn tin thng bo, thng thng n c truy cp ti khe thi gian
trung gian ca khi chuyn mch chnh v c thc hin chuyn mch nh tn
hiu thoi.
4.4.4.2 Cc tones x l cuc gi
Trong tng i s, c hai cch to tones x l cuc gi a vo ng
dn thoi
Pht lin tc cc tones dng tng t, ri sau a qua b chuyn i
A/D.
Pht lin lc cc tn hiu s tng ng vi cc tones bo hiu khc nhau.
Phng thc u tin c s dng cho cc h tng i trc y v n
khai thc thit b to tones trong tng i tng t m cha thay bng k thut s
c. S lai tp gia cc b pht tones c in t trong tng i in t s gy
nn s cng knh v kch thc v km hiu qu v mt kinh t. Khi k thut s
l pht trin th phng thc th 2 c s dng nhiu hn vi cc tnh nng cao
hn.

147

Cc b to tone phc v cho chuyn mch tp trung thu bao c yu cu

trong thi gian u trc thit lp cuc gi, cn b to tone phc v chuyn mch
nhm dng mang p ng ca thu bao trong thi gian thit lp cuc gi.
4.4.4.3 B to tone v cc bn tin thng bo
Dng k thut tng t
425Hz
Bo ri

osc -----------

n_n_n
1:1

Coder

Bo bn

n TCM

Coder

Hi m c lung

n _

Coder

1:3
Tao b tin thng bo

Coder

n v iu
khin

Hnh 4-40: S dng k thut tng t.

C nhiu loi cu trc b to tone. Vi cc tng i analog th ta c cc b
to tone analog vi cu trc n gin l cc b to dao ng vi cc mch iu
khin ngt nhp khc nhau nh rle hoc cc cng in t. Cc tn hiu bo hiu
ny phi c chuyn i sang dng s chn vo cc khe thi gian trong cc
tuyn PCM a n cc u cui qua trTig chuyn mch.
Nhc im:
- Kch thc ln, cng knh.
- Khng kinh t.
- Khng c tin cy cao.
Dng k thut s
- To tone:
i vi tng i SPC hin nay th cc b to m thng l b to tone s.
Cc b to tone ny c kh nng cho ra nhiu loi tone khc nhau. Vic phn bit
cho cc loi tone ny cho tin trnh x l cuc gi c thc hin bng cch thit
lp cc di ngt nhp khc nhau cho cc tone, cu trc ny ph thuc vo cch
qun l khc nhau.
148

Cc phn t b to tone s bao gm: Cc b nh ROM dng lu tr cc

loi tone tng ng bng cc tn hiu s, mch iu khin tone theo chu k, b
iu khin c ROM v cc thit b iu khin khc.
Cc b nh ROM lu cc loi tones tong ng m ha v c ra vi a
ch do bm chu k xc nh. Thi im pht tones qua trng chuyn mch do
ofn v iu khin iu khin b SELECTOR. B SELECTOR bao gm cc b
ghp knh logic s m chuyn mch gia ng vo v ng ra ph thuc vo a
ch c cung cp bi n v iu ichin.
Nh vy, cc tones khc nhau c s ha (vi tn s ly mu l 8 kHz) v
np vo ROM, sau c c ra thi im thch hp theo yu cu ca thu
bao. i vi tn hiu c chu k th ch cn np vo chu k l . i vi tn hiu
khng c chu k th phi np tt c tn hiu . iu ny lm gim dung lng
ca ROM, do , tnh kinh t phng pht ny rt cao.

Hnh 4-41: S b to m ho s.
- To cc bn tin thng bo:
Mt trong kh nng cung cp dch v ca tng i SPC l vic cung cp cc
bn tin thng bo vi nhng ni dung mang tnh cht thng bo ch dn... Cc
bn tin thng bo c lu tr trong cc thit b bng t, a t, b nh... sao
cho kh nng truy cp c d dng. Trn thc t c hai phng php lu tr sau:
+ Phong php 1; Tt c cc bn tin c s ha vi tng bit nh phn v
ghi vo thit b lu tr.
+ Phng php 2: Kiu ca bn tin thng bo c dng cc cu, cc t hp
ch ci c chung nht mt m tit, cc t vng chung c ghi vo vi mch
ROM, RAM truy xut theo mt a ch thch hp.

149

Phng php 1 n gin nhng tn km v khng gian b nh, phng

php 2 kinh t hn, nhng vn iu khin li phc tp hn rt nhiu. Cc bn
tin c nh th c th lu vo trong ROM, cn cc bn tin c th thay i hoc
cc dch v mi th thng c lu vo RAM tng tnh linh hot, thun tin
trong vic sa i b sung.

150

Chng 5
G IA O T I P K T C I

5.1 TNG QUAN

G rou Switch Unit

gnsi iirK

OL t

ti3k35U5 trjn
ATTU

D^-TJ M D^TU

DL'L

lcn=fi

CAS
W
F
g.

sin- y D.'PJ
TelFn:re

D l L

515-

CCG

DL'L

DL U

Group

S^v.

50

OL u

GBSC
conrssr

1 c r> 5 5

.
am

DL'U

SubS'Dfiber
C o n c en tra to r Unit

GZ&

ccnrr^ef
E > :c h a n g * |c o n tro i s y s te m

Hnh 5-1: Giao tip kt cui ng dy.

MDF (Main Distribution Frame); Gi phi dy chnh.
SLT (Subscriber Line Terminal Unit): n v kt cui ng y tlu
bao.

Mx (Multiplexer): Ghp knh.

DLT (Digital Line Terminal Unit): n v kt cui ng dy s.
SCSB (Subscriber Concentrator Switch Block): Khi chuyn mch tp
trung thu bao.
GSB (Group Switch Block): Khi chuyn mch nhm.
DDF (Digital Distribution Frame): Gi phi s.

sc (Subscriber Concentrator Unit): n v tp trung thu bao.

GSU (Group Switch Unit): n v chuyn mch nhm.

151

Cc h thng chuyn mch s hin nay l nhng h thng chuyn mch ln,
nn n i hi khng ch giao tip vi cc thit b mi, hin i m cn phi
c trang b kh nng giao tip vi mng tng t. Yu cu c kh nng x l
c nhiu ii trang b khc nhau k c tng t c. Do , mch giao tip n
phi giao tip c vi thu bao s ln tng t, trung k s v tng t.
Thit b giao tip ng dy l phn giao tip gia mch in ng dy
thu bao v trung k vi tng i. Mt s thit b analog li l mt trong nhng
nhn t quan trng quyt nh gi c, kch thc, mc tiu th in... Gi ca
nhng thu bao tng t chim 80% gi thnh sn xut h thg. V vy, cc nh
sn xut h thng chuyn mch s dng mch VLSI thay cho giao tip analog
gim gi thnh .
Tin tng t c a vo h thng chuyn mch s qua b MDF vi cc
b phn hn ch in th cao do st hay ngun cao th khc, cung cp cc a
im thun li cho vic chuyn mch vi cc ngun bn ngoi.
5.2 GIAO TIP NG DY THU BAO
5.2.1 Tng quan v cc kt cui ng dy thu bao
ng dy thu bao ngoi vic mang tn hiu thoi m n cn mang cc tn
hiu khc nhau ca cc h thng bo hiu vi cc yu cu v dng chung, cp
ngun, bo v v kim tra. S a dng v phc tp ca ng dy thu bao cn
th hin qua cc hnh thc ca chng cng nh khong cch t cc thu bao n
tng i lun khc nhau.
Kt cui Tig dy thu bao l phn chim t l gi thnh cao nht. Hin
nay, a s ng dy thu bao l tng t, s dng i dy xon t tng i n
thu bao. Tuy nhin, vi s pht trin ca k thut v cng ngh cng vi nhu
cu ngy cng tng ca x hi v mt h thng thng tin an ton v cht lng
nn yu cu cc tng i phi giao tip c vi cc thu bao s. Lc ny, s
phc tp trong giao tip thu bao cng tng ln.
Ta c th lit k mt s kiu kt cui ng dy thu bao nh sau:
5.2.1.1 ng dy thu bao Analogue
Ni trc tip n tng i
- Bo hiu LD.

152

- Bo hiu MF.
ng dy tng i PBX
- Bo hiu LD.
- Bo hiu MF.
in thoi dng th
Cc thit b ph tr
5.2.1.2 ng dy thu bao s
Ni trc tip n tng i
Thu bao ISDN.
ng dy tng i PBX
Truy cp 1,5 Mbps hoc 2 Mbps trn 4 dy truyn dn s.
5.2.2 Thit b giao tip thu bao tong t

Hnh 5-2: Giao tip tcng dy thu bao tng t.

5.2.2.1 Chc nng cp ngun (Battery feed)
Micro trong my in thoi yu cu phi c cung cp mt nng lng vi
dng ti a l 80mA, in p khong -50V so vi t. Do , tng i s dng
ngun mt chiu cp cho thu bao trn i dy thoi gim kinh ph, ng thi,
n cn c s dng mang cc tn hiu bo hiu nh DC, LD. Dng in
cung cp cho thu bao khong 20-^100 mA ty thuc vo tnh trng t hp.
153

 hn ch tp m, ngi ta dng mch cu cp ngun v s dng cun

chn ngn s on mch tn hiu tn s in thoi n ngun chung. Ngoi ra.
n cn c dng nhn bit tnh trng ng dy thu bao.
Dng in c xc nh bi in tr ng dy v my nh sau:
I = / (2*(RM+RD)
trong : Rii, Rd l in tr my v in tr dy.
in tr cho php ti a ca ng dy v my in thoi l 1800Q.
Do khong cch gia cc thu bao n tng i l khc nhau, do , ngi
ta s dng b n dng cp ngun cho thu bao.
in p ln nht cung cp cho ng dy l 50 VDC, ty thuc vo cc
tng i khc nhau m cc tng i cp cho thu bao cc gi tr in p sau: 50,
48, 24 VDC khi thu bao trnh trng t t hrp, cn khi thu bao nhc t hp
th gi tr in p lc khong 5 ^ 6V.
s.2.2.2 Chc nng bo v qu p (Over Voltage Protection)
Tng i yu cu c s bo v khi c in p cao xut hin trn ng dy
nh st, in p cm ng, chp ng dy thoi vi ng dy in p li...
Ngi ta s dng cc bin php sau: ng phng, ht n ni vi t, gi u
dy, diode, bin p cch ly... i hi phi c thi gian phng in nh hn 1 ms.
s.2.2.3 Chc nng rung chung (Ringging)
Tng i pht tn hiu chung cho thu bao vi in p xoay chiu, gi tr
in p ln nht khong 80VAC, dng 200mA vi tn s khong 16> 25 Hz.

rO>*-0
Nhn bit
ntic my
'sls-

'T'

Hnh 5-3: Protect Over Volt, Battery Feed and Ringging.

Pht tin hiu chung cho thu bao v pht hin thu bao tr li trong giai
on cp chung. Khi thu bao b gi nhc t hp, tng i s xc nhn trng thi
ny v ngng cp chung, ni dy thu bao vi mch thoi.
Thng thng s dng rle hay iode cp chung.
154

s.2.2.4 Gim st (Supervision)

Theo di, nhn bit tnh trng thu bao bng cch da vo in tr mch
vng nhn bit cc trng thi nh quay s, nhc, t my... ca thu bao, t
a n b iu khin c nhng x l thch ng.
S dng cc photo-diode cch ly masse tng t v s.
-A3-..

o
HSO

Te ephon

Hnh 5-4: Supervision.

Trng thi ca thu bao c qut vi chu k nh hn s bin ng ca
xung quay s (<33 ms).
5.2.2.S Gii m, m ho (Codec)
Thc hin chuyn i tn hiu thoi sang PCM v ngc li. Thc cht l
chuyn i AID. cn c cc tn hiu syn, clock vo v ra.

PCM
out

Ain

PCM
A <xit

H SO
xclk

Hnh 5-5: CODEC.

155

Trong , Txclk, Rxclk: ng h pht v thu, c tn s 2MHz. Txsyn, Rsyn :

ng b pht v thu l tn hiu c tn s 8KHz.
5.2.2.6 Sai ng (Hibrid)
Tn hiu thoi c truyn trn ng dy thu bao trn 2 tuyn dy nhng
n tng i c tch ra ring l thng tin pht v thng tin thu tin hnh gii
m v m ho. Do , n i hi phi chuyn i 2 dy sang 4 dy v ngc li.
chuyn i 2 dy sang 4 dy, oTi gin nht l s dng bin p cch ly,
loi b ting vng, thng s dng mch cu bin p, in tr cn bng hay
IC.
2yinCdec

diyu

\ z T

BALAlslCEO

2dyiDecoec
Pnt

Tuynsidy

bng

Ta54n-<jy

nj
Hnh 5-6: Hybrid.
5.2.2.7 Kim tra (Test)
tng an ton v tin cy ca tng i yu cu phi trang b cho mnh
chc nng t kim tra. Yu cu:
- Mi dy thu bao phi c kh nng kim tra.
- Kim tra c th thit lp hay gii to khi c yu cu a n.
- Truy cp gia giao tip thu bao v thit b kim tra c th qua bus hay
qua khi chuyn mch.
Cc khong o th vo bao gm: Bin dng tn s, tiu hao i v, dng
in mch vng, o nh cc, pht hin m mi quay s, ct dng chung...
156

Cc khong o th ra bao gm: o th in p xoay chiu, in p 1 chiu,

cch in, in dung gia trip - rin^ trip, ring - t v cc m thanh pht ti
thu bao ang t t hp...
5.2.2.8 Cc khi lin quan ln cn
iu khin SLTU
L thit b chung cho mt nhm SLT, cung cp mt s chc nng tp
trung cho LTU, bao gm:
- iu khin gim st.
- iu khin dng chung.
- Kim tra truy cp.
- Cp ngun...
Ghp tch cc SLTU
Mi SLT giao tip vi 4, 8, 16, 32... thu bao, do , n cn phi uc
ghp li to thnh cc lung s 2 Mbps.
5.2.3

Giao tip u cui thu bao s

dy thu boo

144te c i.__
TA

D/SLTU

C odec

&
Hvbrid

Tx

Iruyn
dnso

&

Bo
v

MUX
Nhn
cap

Kim
ra

- qy

ngun

Cp
ngn

64k

MUX
lfu/n

dn 3

Giao
tip d
liu

2Mbps

Rx

H M n g bo hiu c 16k5^s
bn

NTU

thu bao

j Buskm
trs

------- :J % i

Bus
nguon

H thng bo
hiu thu bao

Hnh 5-7: Giao tip u cui thu bao s.

157

Mc trong h thng hin nay, thit b thu bao ch yu l tng t

nhng vn c 1 vi giao tip thu bao s giao tip vi CPU.
ng dn s s cp cung cp 2 knh giao thng 64 kbps v mt knh bo
hiu 16 kbps.
Cc knh giao thng c tch ra bi D/SLT n trng chuyn mch.
D/SLTU thc hin cc chc nng T,

o,

B v MUX. Trong , khi MUX tch

tn hiu bo hiu t thu bao n h thng iu khin bo hiu thu bao.

Chc nng H v

(Hybrid v Codec) c t bn trong b tng hp kt

cui (TA - Terminal Adapter) gn vi n v u cui mng NTU (Network

Terminal Unit). NTU khng thc hin chc nng H v

v xu hng hin nay l

truyn dn s trn hai i dy thu pht ring bit.

Chc nng gim st ng dy c tin hnh trong TA. Dng chung
cng khng c cp t tng i m tng i gi mt thng bo bng bo hiu
knh chung n TA v lc ny, TA s cp dng chung cho thu bao.
i vi u cui d liu, yu cu phi c mt s phn mm ph tr trong
h thng iu khin tng i x l qu trnh gi phi thoi. NTU s dng giao
tip d liu tiu chun kt cui nh X.21, X.21 bis... v y khng c sai ng
v m ha.
5.3 THIT B TP TRUNG

Thit b tp trung lm nhin v tp trung ti t cc ng dy thu bao c

lng ti nh thnh cc ng c lng ti ln hn a vo trng chuyn
mch chnh. Nh vy, nng cao c hiu sut s dng thit b trong tng i.
Trong tng i s, thit b tp trung s tp trung ti t cc ng dy thu
bao ti trng chuyn mch s v n x l trao i khe thi gian u ni cho
cc thit b ng dy thu bao, trng chuyn mch v cc bo hiu theo s
iu khin ca thit b iu khin chuyn mch.

158

Thit bl n(
b

Cac mach
GHB
Thit b lao
m bo

. ......

'

B tp t^ung

4 -------------------

>

4 - - . _

Thi bi cnuyn

mach nhm

Tht b iu khin
ngoai vi

Thi; b giao tip

may n P ':m a tn

Thit b cih
bo

Hnh 5-8: Giao tip thit b tp trung so v cc thit b khc.

5.3.1 Giao tip thit b ng b
Cung cp cc ng h nhp cn thit cho b tp trung nh tn hiu ng b
khung, ng h nhp ghp knh PCM tc cao. h thng ghp PCM khc
nhau th tn hiu ng b cng khc nhau.
5.3.2 Giao tip thit b chuyn mch nhm
Thc hin giao tip ny bng cc tuyn truyn dn PCM t b tp trung s
ti thit b chuyn mch nhm to tuyn ni cho cc cuc gi.
5.3.3 Giao tip vi khi mch giao tip thu bao
u ra ca cc khi chuyn mch giao tip thu bao ca tng i s, tn
hiu ting ni c truyn sang dng s vi tc 64kb/s cho hng i v
chuyn i t tn hiu s sang tng t hng v. V vy giao tip ny cng l
cc tuyn truyn dn PCM c s.

s lng cc luyn truyn dn PCM tu thuc

vo dung lng mi modul in thu bao ca tng i.

5.3.4 Giao tip thit b to m bo
Cc loi m bo cung cp cho thu bao trong qu trnh x l gi c to ra
t b dao ng m bo. Chng c chuyn sang PCM trc khi phn phi cho
cc tuyn ni thu bao cc tng i s.
Cc m bo ny c th a qua b tp trung s hay qua tng chuyn mch
thi gian ra thit b chuyn mch nhm.
5.3.5 Giao tip vi thit b my in thoi chn s a tn
Giao tip ny nhm thu thng tin chn s thu bao. Ngoi ra, tn hiu ng
b khung v bit tuyn PCM c s cng c cung cp cho thit b giao tip ny.
159

5.3.6 Giao tip vi thit b cnh bo

Cc ngun cnh bo t thit b tp trung s (t cc phin mch ghp knh,
tch knh, chuyn mch, ngun...) c u ni vi thit b cnh bo thng
bo s c xy ra trong thit b tp trung.
t ch.mch
nhm
tg.tt.b

nc. m
T.B
ghp

knh

t tao m bo

T.B
chuyn
mch thi
gian

T.B
m su
hao

T.B
tch

knh

nhm

^ g . t t.b
n lo m

bo

Hnh 5-9: Tp trung s.

Qua giao tip ny, thit b iu khin b tp trung c th iu khin thit lp
v gii to cc tuyn ni m thoi, o kim...
Ngoi ra, trong tng i s thit b tp trung cn c giao tip vi thit b
o th trong u ni vi thit b o th vo v cc tuyn thoi ca mch thu
bao o th cc tham s ca tuyn thoi. y cng l cc tuyn dn PCM
xm nhp cc tuyn thoi, pht i v thu v cc tn hiu o kim cn thit.
B tp trung s thng c cu to t cc thit b chuyn i ni tip/song
song, ghp knh th cp, chuyn mch thi gian, m tiu hao v tch knh.Thit
b ghp knh bao gm 2 nhim v :
- Chuyn i ni tip/song song cho cc tuyn truyn dn PCM vo.
- Ghp cc t hp m 8 bit song song vo 1 tuyn truyn dn PCM 8 mch
dy cao tc dn ti thit b chuyn mch thi gian.
V vy, n bao gm cc khi chc nng: chuyn i ni tip song song
cho tng tuyn PCM, cht, gii m v kim tra chc nng.
Tn hiu u ra ca b gii m lm nhim v c cc t hp m 8 bit song
song cc cht ra tuyn PCM a ti b chuyn mch thi gian. B gii m
ny thng l cc b 1/4, 1/8, 1/16... a s liu t cc cht ra mt cch ln
lt, to thnh tuyn dn PCM 8 mch dy.
Modul kim tra chc nng so snh 8 bit u vo v 8 bit u ra sau khi
chuyn i ni tip song song.

160

B chuyn mch thi gian

Lm nhim v chuyn i khe thi gian s liu ting ni cng nh s liu
m bo v tn hiu a ch a tn dng PCM. Thng b chuyn mch thi gian
ny lm vic theo nguyn l iu khin theo u ra.
Khi m tiu hao
Lm nhim v nh gi tr tiu hao cho s liu tine ni dng s ph hp
vi tuyn truyn dn ti b tch knh.
B tch knh PC M
Lm nhim v tch, chuyn tn hiu s cao tc trn mch 8 dy thnh tuyn
PCM c s 32 knh (2,048 Mb/s) v chuyn i cc t hp m 8 bit song song
thnh ni tip, c u to b tch knh bao gm: b cht, gii m, chuyn i song
song/ni tip.
5.4 GIAO TIP THIT B KT CUI TRUNG K
5.4.1 Phn loi
5.4.1.1 Trung k t th ch
S dng ng truyn dn tng t 2 dy. i dy ny ch truyn tn hiu
xoay chiu. Cc tng i bo hiu vi nhau bng cc tn hiu bo hiu tng t.
Vai tr ca hai tilg i l nh nhau. Qu trnh kt ni cuc gi c thc
hin theo hai chiu.
5.4.1.2 Trung k hai dy CO-ine
y l trung k tng t. Hai tng i ni vi nhau c vai tr khc nhau.
Mt tng i xem ng dy ny l dy thu bao, cn tng i kia xem n l
ng dy trung k. Tng i th hai ng vai tr nh mt thu bao. N bo hiu
cho tng i th nht bng s chp nh ng dy. V vy, vic kt ni cuc gi,
gi xung quay s thc hin theo mt chiu. Tng i th nht c nhim v ni
kt thu bao ca n vi ng dy trung k ny mt cch my mc m khng
cn bit cuc gi c thnh cng hay khng.
thc hin tnh cc, tng i th hai to ra sn xung trn mch vng
ng dy sau khi kt ni xong cuc gi v tng i th nht s da vo
tnh cc.

161

5 .4 .U Trung k E& M (4 dy)

Loi ny c mt i dy dnh cho tn hiu thoi. Bo hiu c truyn i
trn mt cp E/M (4 dy), hai dy ny cho nhau.
Hai tng i c vai tr nh nhau v vic kt ni cuc gi c thc hin
theo c hai chiu. Tng i ny bo hiu cho tng i kia bng dy M v nhn
bo hiu bng dy E. Vic tnh cc cng c thc hin theo c hai chiu.
5.4.1.4 Trung k depart (3 dy)
Ging nh trung k E&M nhng ch c mt u pht M n u thu E ca
tng i kia. Nh vy, vic truyn bo hiu cng nh kt ni cuc gi ch theo
mt hng.
5.4.1.5 Trung k 6 dy
Ging nh trung k E&M nhng c 2 i dy cho tn hiu thoi.
5.4.1.6 Trung k s
S dng ng truyn dn s. Tn hiu truyn l cc tn hiu PCM c
ghp knh, ghp tc , m ha ng dy. Thng dng nht l s dng m
ng dy HDB3. Gia tng i ny vi tng i kia c th s dng cc h
thng truyn dn khc nhau nh: quang, v tinh, viba...
5.4.2

Giao tip thit b kt cui trung k tng t

Cha cc mch in gi ra, 'gi vo, gi chuyn tip. Chng cn lm nhim

v cp ngun, gim st cuc gi, phi hp bo hiu... ging nh thu bao tng
t.

Hnh 5-10: Giao tip trung k tng t.

5.4,11 Bo hiu
S cung cp trn dy ca b thu pht bo hiu l khng hiu qu v t tin,
t bit l cc b phn cu thnh hay cc rle logic c s dng. D vy, vic
s dng logic bn dn tc cao cng vi b iu khin trung tm cho h thng
bo hiu n gin ng b bng mt nhm ca mch. Do , vic iu khin
162

bo hiu analog trong tng i s l tp trung li trong thit b. Bo hiu DC

trong mch trung k c chuyn sang CAS TS16 trong lung 2Mb/s tin hnh
bng ATT. Bo hiu c x l ring vi CAS t trung k PCM bng s gp
chung li ca bo hiu knh kt hp cc thit

trong tng i. Bo hiu 1VF

hay MF trong trung k analog khng nh hng n b tch bo hiu DC.

s.4.2.2 Cp ngun
Thng thng, mch trung k l 2 dy hay 4 dy mang ra ngoi bng gia
tng i v thit b FDM trong trm truyn dn. Trung k analog s dng h
thng truyn dn FDM phi s dng tn hiu thoi bi v trng thi DC khng th
truyn i xa c.
s.4.2.3 Sai ng
c yu cu trong mch 2 dy trong ATTU. Bin p sai ng tofng t
nh SLT.
s.4.2.4 Ghp knh v iu khin
Ghp knh hot ng ging nh SLTU, ngoi tr ATTU gii quyt ti a l
30 knh (mt knh bt k ca h thng c th c mang tn hiu iu khin).
5.4.3 Giao tip thit b kt cui trung k s
5.43,1 S khi
T thit

To m. ng
b khung

Cy bo hiu
vo

Trit d'/0'

BghQKhi phc
ng h

u cui ti
1
n thit
------b
1 chuyn

m ng h

Nhn dng
cnh bo

iu khin ti
[p ng h

Tch bo
hiu

l^tb
iu
khin

Hnh 5-11; Trung k so.

163

 Thit b nhnh thu gm:

Khi khi phc ng h: Lm nhim v khi phc ng h v chuyn i
t m ng dy sang m nh phn.
Khi m ng h: Thit lp s ng b gia khung trong v khung ngoi.
Khi nhn dng cnh bo: nhn dng tn hiu cnh bo.
Khi iu khin ti lp khung: iu khin s hot ng ca b m ng
h.
Tch tn hiu bo hiu: Lm nhim v tch thng tin bo hiu t dy tn
hiu s chung.
Thit b nhnh pht gm:
Khi cy bo hiu: a cc dng bo hiu cn thit vo dng s.
Khi trit dy 'O'; Lm nhim v to tn hiu ra khng c nhiu s 0 lin

tip.
Khi to m khung: chuyn i tn hiu nh phn thnh ng dy.
5.43.2 Hot ng
Thng tin s t ig trung k a vo thit b chuyn mch qua thit b
giao tip nhnh thu .
Dng tn hiu s a vo c a ti mch in khi phc ng h v
dng sng ca tn hiu vo c chuyn i t dng lng cc sang mc logic
n cc tiu chun. Tn hiu n cc ny l dy tn hiu nh phn.
Thng tin a ti thit b chuyn mch c lu vo b m ng b
khung bi ngun ng h va c khi phc t dy tn hiu s. Tn hiu ly ra
t b m c ng b khung vi b chuyn mch nh ng h t b chuyn
mch.
Dng thng tin s ly ra t b chuyn mch c cy thng tin bo hiu ri
a ti thit b it '0'. Cc dy s '0' di lin tip trong dy tn hiu s mang tin
c kh ti khi chc nng ny m bo s lm vic ca b lp trn truyn dn.
, H thng bo hiu knh ring th khng c nhim v phi chn tch bo
hiu. Chc nngjct cui trung k s c m t qua tp hp cc t vit tt sau:
GAZPACHO:
G: to m khung; A:

spxp khung;

Z:Kh dy '0' lin tip; P: o nh cc;

164

A:X l cnh bo; C: Ti to ng h; H: Ti lp ng h;

O: Bo hiu lin tng i.
5.5 B TP TRUNG XA
5.5.1 C u trc
H tp trung xa bao gm 2 b phn chnh: Mt b phn t ti tng i
trung tm v mt b phn xa. Hai b phn ny u ni nhau bng cc mg
truyn PCM nh hnh v.

Hnh 5-12: S khi b tp tning x.

B phn trung tm
Bao gm b iu khin vng v mt phn chc nng ca b iu khin
trung tm iu khin b tp trung.
Khi kt cui tng i
Lm nhim v giao tip gia tng i v ng truyn. N lm nhim v
nh hnh khung v tch khung ng h, a thng tin bo hiu vo v tch bo
hiu ra cho cc tuyn PCM pht v thu.
Phn ra ca h thong tp trung
Thng c coi l b tp trung tht s. N c chia thnh khi in thoi
v khi iu khin.
-K h i in thoi gm c:
+ Cc mch in ng dy thu bao, n m nhim cng vic bo hiu

165

ng dy tl>u bao cho cc loi bo hiu khng th cp cho trng chuyn mch.
Ngoi ra, chng cn lm nhim v bin i tn hiu ting ni sang dng ph hp
vi trng chuyn mch.
+ Trng chuyn mch: Lm nhim v tp trung ti ca mt s lng
ng dy thu bao vo mt s lng knh ting ni t hon.
+ B chuyn i PCM: B chuyn i ny ch cn khi tn hiu qua mng
chuyn mch cha phi l PCM. Trng hp ny ch cn thit khi phi bin i
sang PCM v ngc li, v u cui tng i cn tn hiu PCM chun c hai
pha ng truyn v pha trfng chuyn mch.
-K h i iu khin xa bao gm:
+ B qut: Lm nhim v d th cc ng dy thu bao pht hin trng
thi nhc hay t t hp v tn hiu chp dy.
+ B iu khin u ni: Thc hin thao tc chuyn mch mng chuyn
mch.
+ B x l bo hiu: Thu cc lnh b iu khin trung tm qua knh bo
hiu, kim tra li cc tn hiu ny, nu ng th c chuyn ti cc khi chc
nng thc thi tng ng. Nu lnh c pht hin l sai th yu cu pht li.
Thng tin bo hiu theo hng ngc li cng c x l tng t.
5.5.2 Phn phi cc chc nng iu khin
C hai phoTig php phn phi chc nng cho phn xa v phn trung tm
ca h thng iu khin:
5.5.2.1 Phng php phn b
Cc chc nng iu khin lnh cn c t b phn iu khin xa. Cc
chc nng iu khin phc tp v i hi tr tu th t b phn trung tm v
b iu khin trung tm.
5.5.2.2 Phng php tp trung
Ton b chc nng iu khin t b phn tp trung ca tng i trung
tm. Phong php ny ph hp vi cc b tp trung dung lng nh. Vi b tp
trung c th dng chung 1 b vi x l. Tuy vy, h thng bo hiu gia b phn
xa v b phn trung tm rt phc tp. Phng php iu khin phn b thch hp
vi cc b tp trung dung lng ln.

166

5.5.3 Bo hiu
C hai loi bo hiu c th c truyn dn thng tin bo hiu gia b phn
xa v b phn trung tm l: bo hiu knh ring v bo hiu knh chung. Hiu
qu thng tin bo hiu s cao hn nu ta to lp cc bn tin di hn nhng lc
th thc hiu chnh li s phc tp hn v chi ph cao hn.
5.5.4 Cc c im ng dng ca h thng tp trung xa
Mng li tp trung xa cng vi tng i ch to ra nhiu u im v
hiu qu kinh t v d dng cho cng tc quy hoch mng khng ch cc vng
ngoi vi m cn cho c cc vng nng thn c mt dn c tha tht.
5.5.4.1 H thng ti 3 thu bao v cc b tp trung phn b
nng thn, do khong cch gia cc thu bao ln nn p dng mt kiu
ghp knh no . V d ti 3 thu bao: mt vi thu bao c ghp trn ng
truyn TDM hay FDM.
Nu thu bao phn b ri rc th c th s dng mt h thng ghp knh
(m c th tch ra mt ch no dc theo tuyn. Gi thnh cao do ng
truyn cao m ti thp). Khc phc bng cch dng nhiu b tp trung nh trn
ng truyn. Ci thin mc an ton cho h thng nh cc tuyn, b lm
vic theo phng php phn ti hoc d phng. Mt oTi v nng lng nh cn
phi c trang b mt mng chuyn mch khng gian hay thi gian.
Mi b tp trung cn c b iu khin t xa. Trng hp ny n gin
cho khi iu khin ta dng gii php tp trung ho phn b chc nng iu
khin.
5.5.4.2 Gi ni b
Khi nhu cu gi ni b ln, ta s dng b tp trung lm tng i c quan
PABX hoc cho tng lng xm nh tit kim ng k ng truyn v ca vo
ca b chn nhm s DGS khi c cng lu lng tng th. n gin nht l nu
s dng b chuyn mch thi gian th ta tng tn s trong b tp trung to ra
cc khe thi gian ngoi l dng ring cho u ni ni b.
c kh nng to tuyn ni ni b thi b tp trung phi c b thu a ch
kiu thp phn hay a tn v cng sut tnh ton phn tch cho c ch s,
a ch thu c. Mt khc, tng tin cy v an ton th ton b cuc gi ni

167

b phi c x l v lp tuyn khi h thng truyn dn hoc b chn nhm s

DGS b ngng tr hon ton.
KT LUN
Mch in kt cui thu bao v trung k l b phn khng th thiu ca cc
tng i in t s SPC.
Mch in kt cui thu bao ngoi nhim v BORSCHT cn lm chc nng
tp trung ti, x l bo hiu thu bao.
Mch in kt cui trung k m nhim chc nng GAZPACHO, n khng
lm chc nng tp trung ti nhng n vn c mch in tp trung trao i khe
thi gian cn bng ti, trn tn hiu bo hiu v tn hiu mu dng o th.
linh hot trong cng tc quy hoch mng v tng hiu qu kinh t cho
mng, ngi ta s dng b tp trung xa. Cc b tp trung c th s dng cho cc
khu vc nng thn, thnh th tu thuc vo mt ti m c nhng phng thc
phn b thch hp.

168

Chng 6
I H NH K HAI THC V BO D NG

6.1 TNG QUAN

Mc d tng i in t s SPC, cc chc nng chuyn mch l t ng
nhng s can thip nhn cng vn cn thit duy tr hot ng chun xc cho
tng i. Cc cng vic iu hnh ny bao gm qun l, gim st v bo dng.
Cng vic qun l: Chuyn i cc iu kin khai thc mch thu bao.
Cng vic gim st: Bao gm kim tra cc dch v cung cp nh cc php
th khc nhau trn Tig dy, o th lu lng v ti.
Cng vic bo dng: Gm cc cng vic cn li nh pht hin, nh v s
c phn cng v phn mm, duy tr h thng lm vic mt cch bnh thng.
Thc t, chc nng gim st v qun l c ghp vo mt nhm chung gi
l cng vic iu hnh. Nh vy, cc chc nng trn gi l chc nng iu hnh
v bo dTig (OM).
6.2 IU HNH V KHAI THC TRONG TNG I SPC
Bao gm ton b cc cng vic lin quan n qun l v gim st tng i,
n gm 5 nhm sau;
6.2.1 iu hnh trang thit b tng i
Ph thuc cc yu t sau:
- S liu ghi trong tng i.
- Chng trnh ghi trong b x l.
- Trng thi lm vic ca cc thit b phn cng (lm vic, khng lm vic,
o th...).
Qun l trang thit b tng i c ngha l chuyn i, thit lp hay xo i
cc s liu tng i.
6.2.2 Q un l mng thu bao
6.2.2.1 To lp thu bao m
a vo h thng tng i lnh thao tc thit lp quan h ca cc a ch
danh b ri (DN) v mt a ch thit b (EN) cha c phn phi s dng, p
169

ng cho thu bao dch v thch ng m nghip v (COS) v kiu s liu thu bao
(TOL); phn phi b tnh cc cho thu bao.
6.2.2.2 Chuyn thu bao
Thay i a ch thit b EN nhung vn lu tr DN, COS, TOL, s liu b
cc. Ngoi ra, tin hnh cng vic cn bng lu lng ca nhm mch ng
dy v b phn lin quan ca mng chuyn mch.
6.2.2.3 Thay i dch v thu bao
Thay i m dch v, s liu, kiu ng dy thu bao cn a vo h
thng cc lnh thch hp cng vi DN, EN ca b. '
6.2.2.4 nh ch thu bao khai thc
Cng vic nh ch bao gm ct mi quan h DN v EN. Tuy nhin, a ch
danh b DN c vn gi cho thu bao ny. Cc cuc gi ti thu bao ny chuyn
cho in thoi vin hay thng bo t ng. M dch v COS v s liu TOL ghi
h s thu bao b xa i. Trng hp bi b quyn khai thc ca mt ng dy
th DN v EN c th t do s dng.
6.2.3 Q un l s liu, phin dch v to tuyn
H s phin dch nh ra mi quan h gia a ch v nhm mach kt cui
lp tuyn cho cuc gi. H s gm: ch s a ch thu t thu bao ni ht hay
trung k, thng tin lin quan n thu bao ch gi, kiu to tuyn v tnh cc.
6.2.4 Q un l s liu cc
- S liu tnh cc: xc nh gi cc ca cuc gi.
- Ni dung b tnh cc: ring tng thu bao ghi li s lng n v thu
bao thc hin. Ni dung cc b tnh cc c t ng in ra mi khi cn b
iu hnh to lp mt Tig dy thu bao, thay i a ch, danh b, ph b hay
tm nh ch khai thc cho 1 ng dy thu bao.
6.2.5 Gim st, o th ti v iu lng
Chc nng gim st gi, o lu lng hon ton nm h thng chuyn
mch ca tng i. Cng vic o th thng xuyn hn, phm vi gim st hot
ng rng hn, kt qu cp nht tin cy hn.

170

6.2.5.1 Cc phng thc gim st

Gim st thng xuyn
Theo di cht lng thng xuyn ca cc dch v v ti lin lc ca cc
thit b ch yu. o th lu lng trung k: ra/vo, hin th tham s c bn. To
cnh bo khi vt gi tr cho php ca tham s.
Gim st tc thi
Lin quan ti 1 s b phn phn cng ca h thng tng i nh ng dy
thu bao, trung k, b phn chuyn mch...
Cng vic thao tc ny c th do thao tc vin khi xTig v nh ra cc
tham s cn gim st.
Khi tng i c ti cao, cng vic gim st tc thi b dng li nhng khng
nh hng n gim st thng xuyn.
6.2.5.2 Cc c ch o th
C ch m
B m c to nn di dng b nh v c iu khin bi choTig trnh
x l gi. C 2 loi b m: m tin dng ghi li s lng bin c v m ti
dng ghi li s lng trung k b chim (tin) v xo khi trung k b gii to
(li).
Chng trnh gim st lu lmg c th dng c ni dung b m nhng
khng th thay i ni dung ny.
C ch ly mu
o th ti cho cc b phn tng i bng cch ly mu. chnh xc ph
thuc vo khong cch gia cc ln ly mu.
C ch ghi chp lin tc
Mt s thit b c chn ra o th lu lng v ti, chng c khai
bo cho phn mm x l cuc gi bng cc du hiu c bit. Tng i s ghi li
cc thng tin cho cc cuc gi i qua b phn nh du ny.
6.3 BO DNG TNG I
6.3.1 Bo dng ng dy thu bao
o th mt hay mt nhm ng dy thu bao v cc thit b lin quan
thng qua giao tip ngi my.

171

Bo dng ng dy thu bao v my in thoi

Gim st ng dy thu bao: khi ng dy thu bao xy ra s c tng
i lu th chng trnh x l gi s pht hin (tr trng thi t). Chng trnh
ny tch ng dy y ra khi tng i. S kim tra l theo nh k. Khi s
lng ng dy b kho vt qu ngng th cnh bo c to. Ngng c th
thay i nh giao tip ngi my. Khi tin hnh kim tra c th nhn c cc
thng bo ch th nguyn nhn v v tr xy ra s c.
o th hng ngy
Cng vic o th l do cn b qun l quyt nh, kt qu c th nhn c
thi gian xc nh trc nhn dng hng hc ng dy.
o th c s tr gip ca ngi qun l
Xc nh ngun gc v nguyn nhn ca s hng hc. Tng php o ring
cho tng tham s, lnh thc hin php o lp li cho mt tham s vo tng
khong thi gian u n.
o th t my in thoi thu bao
Cn thit khi u ni hay kim tra k thut v hiu qu cng vic sa cha.
Gm mt in tr cch in ng dy, dng mch vng, pht chung, iu
chnh chung khi nhn chung pht t tng i.
6.3.2 Bo dng ng trung k
o kim trung k c th thc hin theo phng thc t ng v kt qu o
th c ly ra bn in. Tuy nhin, khng iu kin phn on khi phc
trng thi lm vic bnh thfng cho cc ng trung k c s c.
6.3.3 Bo dng trng chuyn mch
Bao gm vic th gi, theo di cc cuc gi, o th cc b chuyn mch,
nh v s c trng chuyn mch to tuyn thoi.
6.3.4 Bo dng dng h thng iu khin
Bo dng phn cng
Phn cng ca tng i SPC ch yu l cc tm mch in, cc b kt ni.
Tiu chun ca s c phin mch in l s lng s c phin, mch in trong mt
thng nh hn 1 cho 1000 thu bao.

172

 tin cy ca h thng
Cc thit b quan trnng thng c cu trc kp nng cao tin cy. Tuy
nhin, mt phn ln khng c cu trc kp. Do , cn phi pht hin nhanh li
v loi tr nhanh trnh xy ra hin tng li lan truyn.
6.3.5

Cc phng sch bo dng

6.3.5. l Phn cng

Cc b pht hin s c
Cc mch in c bit c hp nht vo trang b gim st, chng bao
gm:
- Cc mch in ngoi vi iu khin gim st tin tc trao i vi
cc b x l trung tm v pht quay v mt bn tin xc nhn i vi mi bn tin
thu c.
- Cc mch in kim tra ng ng kim tra s li trong lc truyo
trong tng i.
- Cc mch in thit b ngoi vi iu khin gim st qu trnh gii m
a ch, m bo ch 1 trong s n a ch c gii m.
- Cc b to nhp khi xng cnh bo nu khng phc hi nh k.
phng li vng chng trnh v li quy nh.
- Cc mch in pht hin dng in qu ln hay qu nh b iu khin
u ni v b phn phi bo hiu trong cc h thng chuyn mch khng gian.
- Cc mch in ch th mt ng b thit b giao tip vi mng ngoi
trong trng hp mng s.
- Cc mch xc nh b x l c s c trong trng hp lm vic ch
cp ng b hay d phng nng.
Thit b o kim t ng
Thit b ny c b iu khin trung tm iu khin v iu khn u ni
tc thi vo cc thit b khc ca tng i o kim s lm vic ca chng theo
phng thc phng to.
Thit b o th gim st c lp
Thng tin ly t cc thit b li c phn tch bi phn mm iu khin
trung tm. Tuy nhin, mt s s c c th nh hng n s lm vic ca b iu

173

khin trung tm. Do , m phi c thit b theo di v o kim c lp, n to ra

cnh bo n v m. Mc ch pht hin s c nghim trng. Thit b ny gm
cc mch in sau;
- Pht hin mt ngun hay ngun bt thng.
- Pht hin mt tn hiu bo hiu nh mi quay s, hi m chung, dng
chung...
- Thit b phng to cuc gi gim st tng th qu trnh x l gi.
- Pht hin s c v h thng iu ho, ho hon.
Ngoi ra, cn c mt b x l ring dng hin th cnh bo.
6.3.S.2 Phn mm
Chng trnh x l gi
Pht lnh ti cc thit b ngoi vi v thu v nhng thng tin v cuc gi. Do
, cc s c c th pht hin sm. Thng tin v s c bt thng c lu tr
nh qu trnh m cc bin c nghi vn hoc ghi cc ng cnh v chng. Cc s
liu c chng trnh bo dng s dng, n xc nhn theo di s c.
Chng trnh gim st
Chomg trnh x l gi b rng but v thi gian cht ch, nn cng vic
pht hin li khng th thc hin hon ton. V vy, n i hi phi c chng
trnh gim st, chng trnh ny xc tin qu trnh c bit nhm pht hin li m
chng trnh x l gi kh pht hin to ra iu kin ngng cho cc b m
bin c bt thng, c ch th li... Chng trnh ny thc thi nhanh v u tin
cao. Chng kim tra s lm vic ca cc thit b v c cu qu trnh, c cu vo
ra, cnh bo. Khi pht hin li, n gi ra chng trnh o kim vi th thc d
phng thch hp.
Chng trnh o kim
o kim thit b v xc tin c hiu qu mt s chc nng ca n kim
tra thao tc thit b ny. Ch yu kim tra s c ghi i vi c s liu v a
ch, kim tra cng vic gii m a ch v cng vic nhn a ch, pht hin li
ng ng. c thc hin di s iu khin ca cn b iu hnh mc u
tin thp nht. N thng c chng trnh gim st x l gi n.

174

Chng trnh tm li
Nhn dng phin mch b li c chng trnh gim st v chng trnh
o th ch th. Gm cc chng trnh con phn tch thng tin d on li v kim
tra ph tr nh li chnh xc hn. Khi pht hin li, thit b c li s t ng
tch ra khi cng vic ca n.
Chng trnh d on li cn thi gian phn tch s liu, o kim nhiu ln
hoc chy cc chng trnh khc xc nh chnh xc hn v phin mch b li.
6.4 NGUYN TC x L CHNG NGI
Khi pht hin li, chng trnh o kim khng nh th cc thit b lin
quan cn tch ra khi cng vic v khng c s dng cho cng vic x l lin
lc. Sau , chng trnh tm li tin hnh cc php o nh v modul c li.
Sau a ra thng tin cho nhn vin iu hnh.
6.4.1 T m li bng phng t h c nhn cng
Trong thc t, c s khuyt tt khng th c chng trnh x l n mt
cch c hiu qu nh sau:
- Li nm ngoi phm vi cc chng trnh x l li.
- Li xut hin dng khc vi cch xc nh khi vit chng trnh.
- X l li thiu chun xc.
loi tr cc s c ny, yu cu cn b iu hnh c kinh nghim v
hiu bit v cu trc phn cng ca n.
6.4.2 Bo dng phng nga
Phm vi bo dng phng nga kh hn ch tng i in t. S gim st
l lin tc. Mt s thit b phi kim tra nh k phng hin tng tri.
Bo dng phng nga cn tin hnh theo k hoch v quy m h thng
hng tun, hng thng...
Ch yu l:
- Kim tra in p ra, tn s ca cc b dao ng.
- Chm sc thng xuyn thit b c kh.

175

6.5 BO DTVG PHN MM

Mc d phn mm c kim tra cn thn nhng vn c th xy ra li do
iu kin lm vic m h khng xem xt khi son tho chng trnh. Chng
trnh gi by thc hin sai chc nng, khi chy chng trnh s b dng v mt
lnh phn nhnh c iu khin s c thc hin ti khi ng mt lnh no
. Nu li vn tn ti th n tip tc ri vo by. Sau vi ln c th b treo th
phi khi ng bng phng thc nhn cng.
Ni chung, bo dng phn mm bao gm cng vic qun l tng i,
trung tm iu hnh v bo dng OMC v trung tm phn mm phi thc hin
m bo chc nng nh bng thao tc ca chng trnh v s liu.
6.5.1 Cu to v nhim v
Trung tm phn mm trang b cng vi c cu phn cng hon chnh. Phn
cng ph tr, phn mm b tr xy dng chng trnh v o kim cng vi
cc chuyn gia phn mm.
- Pht trin, thay i v cp nht s liu phn mm cng nh cc chng
trnh.
- Hnh thnh cc c trng ca h thng nh s liu lu lng, cc yu cu
dch v.
- To lp c cu phn cng v phn mm pht trin dung lng.
- Duy tr th vin phn mm vi t liu thch hp.
6.5.2 Bo co v li
Khi xy ra mt li v phn mm, cn b bo dng tng i cn bo co
cho trung tm x l phn mm vi cc s liu sau:
- M t hot ng h thng lc li nhng ang chy chng trnh o kim,
thao tc vo ra.
- Trng thi trang b lin quan.
- Ni dung ghi pht, cc b m quan trng.
- S vic lin quan n vic ly hay sao trung k. Nh vy bit c thng
tin vng nh lin quan.

176

6.5.3 Lnh vc hot ng trung tm phn mm

Phn tch cc bo co nu t trung tm chuyn mch. Tu theo nhng
rng buc c th m a ra nhng gii php thch ng. Gii php thng thng l
pht trin chng trnh con. Chng trnh con ny c kim nh trung tm
phn mm v bn sao c gi ti cc on v chc nng thc hin. iu ny
m bo cht lng phn mm thng nht cho ton b tng i.
gim thiu hin tng gin on khai thc th cc chng trnh hiu
chnh hoc kiu chng trnh mi cn np vo thi gian t ti v ch mt b x
l, cn b khc vn gi chng trnh c trng thi d phng. Nh vy, nu c
li cp nht th chng trnh c vn duy tr lm vic.
6.5.4 Th vin phn mm
Trung tm phn mm cn lu tr h s nht k v th vin lu tr ton b
phn mm s dng cho h thng chuyn mch. Nh vy, cn b qun k c
th qu trnh din bin ca vic a phn mm vo tng thi k. N cn phi c
mt bn sao ca cc loi chng trnh trc y v mi nht ca n v phn
mm vo cng c lu tr li mi ln thay i.

177

Chng 7
M N G CHUYN M CH GI

7.1 C S MNG CHUYN MCH GI

l A A M hnh tng th

;
/

>

^ X"*

Ma^3

chuyn
'
chuyn
^ i-^ m c h g-

V.. ,/

Node chuyn
mch
Thit bi u
cui

Hnh 7-: M hnh tong th.

T hit b u cui: s dng cc dch v do mng cung cp.

Cc node chuyn mch gi: to tuyn cho cc gi tin gia cc tuyn ni

khc nhau ca mng m chng ni ti node chuyn mch gi ny.
7.1.2 T chc phn lp ca mng chuyn mch gi
S dng m hnh 7 lp ISO OSI m t khi nim c s dng mng
chuyn mch gi v ch yu da trn ba lp bc thp:
Lp

Hnh thc truyn

Lp 3: Lp mng

Gi

Lp 2: Lp tuyn d liu

Khung

Lp 1: Lp vt l

Bit

179

 Lp vt l
Dnh cho tuyn ni vt l gia thit b trong mng. Thng tin trao i di
dng bit, bao gm cc thng tin v s liu, bo hiu (iu khin) dng iu
khin thao tc ca tuyn ni v xc nh trng thi so th s dng ca tuyn,
ng h nhp ghp ni cc tn hiu s liu khi khi phc cu trc tin pht
my thu. Cc tn hiu ny dng trao i tin tc cp cao hn gia hai thit b.
Lp tuyn d liu
Chuyn tin gia cc thit b, theo , yu cu bn tin c chuyn i khng
bi li v theo mt trnh t chnh xc.
Pht hin li trong khung truyn bng phng php ARQ (Automatic
Repeat reQuest), bao gm ba phng thc:
- Phng thc dng v ch: bn pht pht mt khung v phi ch t pha
thu. Nu nhn c s xc nhn l;
ACK: bn pht tip tc pht khung tip theo;
NAK: bn pht pht li khung pht.
- Phng thc quay li: bn pht pht lin tc tng khung, nu nhn c
ACK th tip tc pht, nu l NAK th n s xc nh th t khung li v pht
li lin tc khung ny.
- Phng thc lp li c chn lc: pht lin tc cc khung, nu li th pht
li khung b li v tip tc cng vic ang d dang.
Mng chuyn mch gi (X.25) thng dng phng thc kch c ca s
7, tc l bn pht pht 7 khung mi cn 1 khung xc nhn t bn thu.
Lp mng
Lp tuyn lm cng vic sa li, iu khin lung theo tuyn gia hai thit
b u ni vi nhau. Lp mng to iu kin cho thng tin gia cc thit b m
chng khng c u ni trc tip vi nhau (ngha l qua mng).
thit lp tuyn ni lp mng gia hai thit b, th chng cn c kh nng
thch ng vi nhau. Thng thng, mi thit b u ni vo mng c a ch ring,
mi thit b c th da vo a ch ca thit b khc m yu cu thit lp thng tin
gia chng.
C 2 cch xy dng lp mng:

180

- Mi thit b c mt a ch ring.
- Dng tuyn ni gia 2 thit b xy dng mt a ch
7.1.3 Thit lp tuyn ni

Hnh 7-2: Thit lp tuyn ni tA n B.

Xt mt qu trnh thit lp tuyn ni t A n B nh sau:
- Yu cu gi: Thu bao A gi mt gi tin yu cu gi (Call Request) n
node chuyn mch gi S4. Gi yu cu gi cha a ch ca thit b cn gi.
Trong mt vi giao thc, gi yu cu gi lun cha a ch ca thu bao ch gi
bit c gc ca cuc gi. Gi tin xp hng trong S4 v sau chuyn n
cc node khc v cui cng n s 1.
- Gi n: Gi tin t SI chuyn n thit b ch B.
- Tip nhn cuc gi: Sau khi nhn c gi tin thit lp, thu bao B tip
nhn cuc gi bng cch gi mt gi tin tip nhn (Call Accepted), gi tin ny
c gi tr li v A cho bit B c chp nhn phng tin A yu cu hay khng.
- Chuyn tin: Ngay sau khi thit lp, u cui A nhn c gi tin chp
nhn t B, qu trnh chuyn tin bt u. Nu chiu di bn tin ln hn kch thc
mt gi tin th bn tin s c chia thnh cc gi tin c kch thc c nh ri
truyn i.
- Gii ta: Nu B t chi cuc gi, n pht i mt bn tin yu cu gii ta
(Clear Request) bo cho thu bao A bit l cuc gi khng c tip nhn.
7.1.4 Knh logic
Trong vic truyn d liu, qu trnh tuyn tin gia hai thu bao khng c
thc hin mt cch t ng ngay c khi ng thng tin c kt ni bng
181

in. Trong chuyn mch knh, ch c knh vt l c thit lp. Trong chuyn
mch gi, knh ni c thit lp l knh logic. Knh logic c th l mch o
(VC), mch o vnh vin (PVC), d liu biu (DG), chn nhanh (FS)... ty theo
t tnh dch v ca chng.
7.1.5 Cc hnh thi dch v
Mch o (VC - Virtual Circuit)
S ni logic ca mch c thit lp trc khi truyn cc gi. y l cung
on sn sng, sau l cung on chuyn s liu khi knh (mch) o c
thit lp v cui cng l cung on gii phng cuc gi o.
Nh vy, knh o c xem l knh logic sau khi c thit lp v duy
tr n khi gii phng cuc gi.
V d, thu bao A gi 1 hay nhiu gi n B, u tin, n truyn Call
Request ti node S4, ti y, S4 s dng bng to tuyn quyt nh chuyn
gi ti node k tip no (chng hn node S2). Qu trnh ny li tip tc xy ra
trong S2 n c

s1. s1 gi gi yu cu gi n B v B tr li bng gi chp

nhn cuc gi theo hng ngc li. By gi, d liu t A n B c truyn

theo con ng trn m khng phi tin hnh tm ng cho mi gi na. Knh
o ny c xa bng gi Clear Request.
Cng mt thi gian, rat node chuyn mch c th c nhiu

vc n node

chuyn mch khc.

Mch o vnh vin (PVC - Permanent Virtual Circuit)
Mch o vnh vin l phng thc thit lp mch o c nh gia hai thu
bao.
v mt logic c th so snh vi ng dy cho thu trong mng chuyn

mch knh, v kiu chuyn mch ny khng cn thit lp hay gii phng cuc
gi qua mng.
i vi nhng mng s dng vic nh tuyn theo kiu mch ny th chc
nng nh tuyn ti lp mng bao gm hai phn:
-

nh tuyn khi mch o c khi to v m bo gi tin i n tuyn

chn. Ni chung, thut ton nh tuyn s ph thuc v hnh thi dch v ca

ngi s dng.

182

- iu khin lung hay iu khin tc ngon trong trng hp ti a vo

qu kh nng phc v ca mng.
D liu biu (DG - DataGram)
Khng nh nhng knh o trc y, y l phng php khng cn thit
lp mt knh logic gia hai thu bao. Thu bao ch gi ch cn gi mt gi km
theo a ch ca thu bao b gi v da vo a ch , mng s chuyn n n
cuc gi ch. V nh vy, kh nng cc gi s truyn bng nhng con ng
khc nhau.
Phng php ny thun li cho nhng bn tin rt ngn. Tuy nhin, n c
mt s nhc im sau:
- Kh pht hin v sa li trn ng truyn.
- Khng c kh nng bo mt.
- Mi gi u phi mang a ch ch, i khi chim mt kch thc ng k.
Chn nhanh (FS - Fast Selection)
y l s kt hp gia v c v DG, vi nguyn tc sau;
- Gi u tin c truyn theo DG (c a ch ch), ng thi yu cu
thit lp knh o v c .
- Nu bn tin ngn th kt thc lun vic truyn d liu.
- Nu bn tin di th duy tr knh o v chuyn sang v c .
7.1.6 Phng thc nh tuyn trong mng chuyn mch gi
nh tuyn c nh
y l phng thc nh tuyr n gin nht, trong , thit b chuyn
mch gi ca mng cha cc bng nh tuyn c nh nhm cung cp cho chng
tt c cc thng tin cn thit phn hng cc gi qua mng.
Thc ra, bng to tuyn ny c cu to sn v c np vo cc node
chuyn mch gi khi mng c cu trc ln u. Nu c mt thit b u cui
mi c a vo mng th bng to tuyn ny phi c cp nht phn tuyn
c nh cho thit b .
Ni chung, cc bng to tuyn mi node chuyn mch l khc nhau. Do
, cc mng ln, qun l nhiu tp hp bng to tuyn tr thnh mt cng
vic kh nhc cho ngi iu khin v qun l mng.
khc phc iu ny, ngi ta chia khu vc nh trong mng in thoi.
a ch ca thit b u cui cha mt s thng tin v to tuyn.
183

 u im: ofi gin.

Nhc im: cc bng to tuyn cn c thit lp nhn cng, ng thi
qu trnh thit lp chng cn phi bit kh r v tnh hnh mng v lu lng ti.
Tuy nhin, s phn chia ti cho cc hng ghp c th to chc nng t
ng ct khi c li trong mng. Ngoi ra, ngi ta c th s diing bng to hng
ph, phng khi hng chnh c s c. Tuy nhin, gii php trn l rt phc tp.
nh tuyn ng
i vi phng thc ny, cc thit b chuyn mch gi c th a ra nhng
quyt nh to hng v da vo trng thi ca mng khi chuyn mch cho cc
gi.
Mt s mng c mc hiu dng rt quan trng, c ngha l thi gian s
dng ng ni gia cc thit b cng nhiu cng tt. Nh vy, mun tng
hiu dng th mng cn c kh nng t ng s dng tuyn ph gia cc thit b
u cui trong trng hp c s c tuyn hoc node chuyn mch.
Mt khc, s dng mng ti u, cn tch lu lng cho cc hng khc
nhau (hay cn gi l phn ti). V nh vy, phng thc to tuyn ng thun
tin cho vic iu chnh lung ti cho mi hng m bo s dng ti da cc
tuyn v thi gian t cc gi tin l thp nht. Mun vy, cc node chuyn mch
gi phi to ra cc quyt nh thng minh khi chuyn mch cho tng gi mi
tnh hung.
Phng thc to tuyn ng ny l n gin, nht l mi node chuyn
mch ca mng ch hiu bit v ti ca tuyn v tng thi ca cc tuyn u ni
trc tip vo node. Chng khng cn phi bit trng thi ca mi tuyn v cc
node chuyn mch khc trong mng.
Phng thc to tuyn ng c lu ton b trong mi node chuyn mch,
n c s dng hu hiu trong mng X.25.
7.2 MT S GIAO THC TRONG CHUYN MCH GI
7.2.1 Giao thc X.25
Khi nim chung
Giao thc l mt tp hp cc quy tc, quy c m cc thc th tham gia
truyn thng tin trn mng phi tun theo m bo mng hot ng tt.
Giao thc CCITT X.25 (84):
184

y l giao thc quan trng nht trong cc giao thc chuyn mch gi.
84 th hin nm xut bn ca ti liu khuyn ngh X.25 ny.
Tng ng vi 3 lp cp thp ca m hnh 7 lp OSI, X25 c ba cp l:
X.25 cp 1: Cp vt l.
X.25 cp 2; Cp tuyn s liu.
X.25 cp 3: Cp mng.
7.2.1.1 X.25 cp 1: c p vt l
Cp vt l ca giao thc ny xc nh cc vn nh bo hiu in v kiu
ca cc b u chuyn c s dng. N cho php 2 kiu giao tip chnh l X.21
v x .2 1 b is . N cng cho php giao tip ni tip V khi cn.
7.2.1.2 X.25 cp 2: c p tuyn s liu
Cung cp mt ng thng tin iu khin, ng thi m bo khng c li
gia hai u cui ca tuyn lin lc. N to iu kin cho cp cao hn cng nh
cp di iu khin lung.
C hai kiu giao thc X.25 cp 2:
- LAP (Link Access Procedure - Th thc thm nhp tuyn).
- LAPB (Link Access Procedure Balanced - Th thc thm nhp tuyn cn
bng).
LAPB hon thin hon LAP mt t v l kiu c s dng rng ri hin nay.
LAPB c hai kiu giao thc :
- SLP (Single Link Procedure - Th thc n tuyn): Giao thc gia DTE
v TCE dng mt tuyn thng tin.
- MLP (Multi Link Procedure - Th thc a tuyn): Cho php s dng a
tuyn lin lc gia DTE v DCE. Nu mt trong cc tuyn c s c th cc tuyn
khc c s dng m khng b mt s liu. iu ny cho php phn ti gia cc
tuyn v t ng khc phc li cho mt hoc nhiu tuyn.
Th thc khung LAPB
1^8

1^8

1^8/16

1^N.8

16^1

1-^8

INFO

FCS

01111110

8 bits

8/16 bits

N.8 bits

16 bits

8 bits

Trng c F (Flag):

185

Gm mt byte 8 bits, khi cc khung cha c pht i th cc bit c F c

chuyn i di dng t hp bit 01111110. C bt u ca mt khung v kt
thc ca mt khung khc. Vy, gia hai khung ch c duy nht mt c.
trnh s phng to tn hiu c ca thng tin, ngi ta s dng phoTig
php sau: khi pht hin thng tin c 5 bit 1 lin tip th ngi ta chn vo 1
bit 0 ngay sau bit 1 th 5 v khi thu, ngi ta pht hin ra v loi b bit
0 ny.
- Trng a ch A (Address): C kch thc. 1 byte cha a ch gi tin.
Vng ny c th l 00000011 (a ch A) hoc 00000001 (a ch B). Cc
lnh v cc p ng c phn bit nh gi tr trTig ny. Trong qu trnh o
ng, a ch lun l a ch ca trm th cp. Nu DCE pht lnh th dng a ch
A cn DTE pht lnh th dng a ch B.
- Trng iu khin

(Control): Xc nh xem khung cha nhng g, kch

thc thng thng l 8 bits, nhng nu c s thay i v giao thc th c th l

16 bit.
- Trng thng tin INFO (Information): Dng chuyn tin tc cp cao
hn (cp mng).
- Trng FCS (Frame Check Stream):
Cha dy kim ta khung pht hin li trong khung truyn. Bn thu s
ng trng ny kim tra khung chm m bo ni dung khung thu c l
khng c li.
Cc kiu khung LAPB
Kiu khung LAPB c xc nh trng iu khin.
Giao thc LAPB xc ch mt kiu khung chnh thng c dng
chuyn tin theo giao thc LAPB v giao thc cao hn.
Ch yu c hai kiu khung, l khung lnh v khung p ng. Khung p
ng dng xc nhn cng vic thu khung lnh.
V d. Khung I l khung lnh, sau khi thu c mt khung I hay nhiu
khung I th mt p ng cn c chuyn i xc nh rng khung hoc cc
khung thu l chnh xc.

186

Th
th c
Cliuyn
tin

L n h
I (tin)
RR (sn sng
thu)

Gim
st (S)

K h ng

p ng

RNR (cha sn
sng thu)
REJ (k h ng chp
nhn)
S A B M (thit lp
phng thc cn
bng khng ng
b)
DISC (gii ta
tuyn ni)

0
RR ( s n s n g
thu)
RNR (cha sn
sng thu)
RFJ (khng
c h p 'n h n )

DM (phng
thc khng u
ni)
U A (xc nhnh
khng nh s)
F R M R (khng
chp nhn
khung)

nh s
(U )

M ha
N (S)

N (R )

P/F

N (R )

P/F

N (R)

P/F

N (R)

Cc lnh v cc p ng c phn bit nh trTig A ca khung. p ng

ca lnh thu c lun c cng trng A ca lnh ny. Nu DCE pht lnh th
dng a ch A. Nu DTE pht lnh th dng a ch B v cp tuyn s liu th
y l s khc bit gia DTE v DCE.
Khung I: Khung tin, l mt khung lnh, n dng chuyn tin cho giao
thc cp cao hn.
Khung S: Khung gim s l khung lnh hoc khung p ng. N lin
quan n vic iu khin lung cho khung tin (I) v khc phc li tuyn thng tin
do hng khung.
Khung U: L khung khng nh s v chng khng cha cc a ch dy.
Cc khung ny c dng khi xng chn tuyn (SABM, SABME, DISC, DM,
A) v bo co nhng phm vi giao thc.
-

Khung lnh SABM (Set Asynchronous Balanced Mode - thit lp phng

thc cn bng khng ng b) v SABME (Set Asynchronous Balanced

187

Mode Extended - thit lp phng thc cn bng khng ng b m rng): Dng

thit lp tuyn vo trng thi chuyn tin (tc l tng thi ti cao). S khc bit
gia hai lnh ny l SABM i hi phng thc lm vic thng thng (vi kch
c ca s ti a l 7) v SABME i hi phng thc lm vic m rng (kch c
ca s ti a l 127).
- Khung lnh DISC (Disconect - gii ta): Dng a tuyn v trng thi
thp, mt chng mc no , n ngc vi SABM v SABME.
- Khung p ng DM (Disconect Mode - phng thc gii ta): Dng tr
li cho trng SABM v SABME thu nu my pht DM khng mun a
tuyn vo trng thi chuyn tin.
- p ng UA (xc nhn khng nh s): Dng khng nh lnh DISC
hoc SABM thu c.
- p ng FRMR (khng chp nhn khung): Dng ch th lnh sau cng
hoc p ng sau cng khng hp l v mt no . FRMR mang thng tin m t
l do.
Cc trng N(R) v N(S)
Cm N(R) do b pht khung s liu s dng bo cho my thu s th t
ca khung tip theo m my thu ang i. Cc khung RR v RNR dng cm ny
khng nh cng vic thu cc khung tin c th t ti N(R). Khung REJ dng
yu cu pht li cc khung tin c th t bt u t N(R).
Cm N(S) dng ch s th t ca mt khung tin.
Bit p (Poll/Final)
Bit p (Poll/final - u/cui) c s dng chung ch th mt khung
c pht li. Khi s dng mt lnh th bit ny l bit u, cn khi s dng mt
p ng th bit ny gi l bit cui. Khi mt p ng c to ra cho mt lnh th
bit cui phi bng bit u ca lnh.
Tng qut: Lc u pht mt lnh th bit u bng 0 . Khi lnh c
pht i, cn c mt p ng. Nu khng thu c p ng trong mt khong thi
gian nht nh th lnh s c pht li. Ln ny bit u c lp ( 1).
Khong thi gian xc nh ny l T l, l 1 trong cc tham s cu hnh
tuyn c bit.

188

 Thao tc cp tuyn s liu

Thao tc cp tuyn s liu c hai cung on chnh: cung on lp tuyn v
cung on chuyn tin. Cc cung on ny c chia thnh cc trng thi ty
thuc vo c im hnh thi ca giao thc. V vy, giao thc ny c xc nh
theo bng trng thi. iu ny c ngha l nu bin c xy ra theo trng thi ny
th lm nh vy v chuyn sang trng thi mi . Bng trng thi ch cn thit
cho nhng ngi thc hin trna; thi, v vy chng ta khng quan tm n bng
trng thi.
Thao tc i vi DTE v DCE l nh nhau, v vy, chng ta s dng thut
ng DXE.
Cung on lp tuyn
L cung on khi mt DXE mi c khi ng. i vi trng thi ny,
ph bin nht l pht DISC theo chu k vi ngha ti ang vo cuc. Nu
khng nhn c p ng trong khong thi gian TI th DISC c pht ln na
nhng c lp bit p. N c vit l DISC(P).
Nu mt DXE thu mt DISC hay DISC(P) mun khi ng tuyn, n tr li
bng mt UA hay A(F) (l mt A c thit lp bit cui F). DXE thu c A
hoc A(F) s ch mt khong thi gian T3. Nu trong khong thi gian ny thu
c mt SABM hoc SABME th p ng A c pht i v tuyn s liu
chuyn sang cung on chuyn tin. Nu l mt SABM(P) hay SABME(P) nhn
c th mt UA(F) c pht i v tuyn cng chuyn sang cung on chuyn
tin. Lu : nu s chm tr hn xy ra th c ngha l SABM hay SABME b
mt, v s thit lp bit u ch th rang khung c pht i.
DTE

DCE
-------------

Pht DISC

TI

Pht DISC(P)

TI
Phi DISC(P)

Hnh 7-3: Thit lp tuyn.

Cung on chuyn tin
Trong cung on chuyn tin I, cc khung RR, RNR, REJ c dng iu
khin cng vic chuyn giao s liu giao thc cp cao hn qua tuyn. Nu thu
189

c mt khung I chun xc v DXE c th tip nhn na th n tr li cho

khung I ny bng mt khung p ng RR. Nu DXE khng th tip nhn na, n
tr li bng khung p ng RNR, bo cho DXE kia bit n ang bn v khng
th tip nhn t nht trong thi im ny. p ng REJ dng yu cu pht li
mt hay nhiu khung I m n ngh l b mt (c th b loi b do li FCS sinh
ra trong khi thu).
DTE

DCE
Pht DISC

Thu DiSC

* - - - -

P h t U A ( F ) ..............

PhtSABM ............*1*

- - - >

Thu UA(F)

- - -

Thu SABU

- - - Thu UA(F)

PhtU A (F)

Trang thi chuyn tin

Pht DISC
-

Thu DISC
Pht UA

Thu UA
Trng thi thit lp

Hnh 7-4: Thit lp tuyn sau khi gii ta.

Cc khung RR, RNR, REJ dng tr li khung I v cc p ng. Dng
lnh ca cc khung RR, RNR, REJ dng hi DXE kia v trng thi hin ti
ca n, hoc bo cho n nu trng thi DXE thay i. Khi s dng l lnh th
lun c s thit lp bit u. V vy, cc p ng to ra bn kia lun thit lp bit
cui.
Gi s mt DXE tr li cho khung tin bng mt p ng RNR do n
khng th tip nhn s liu c na. Khi li c th tip nhn, n c th pht
lnh RR(P) cho DXE kia, thng bo v trng thi mi ca n. Sau , DXE thu
c th tr li bng mt p ng RR(F), RNR(F) hay REJ(F) ty thuc vo trng
thi ca n v c th pht tip tc khung I. C DTE v DCE c th chuyn sang
trng thi thit lp nh pht lnh DISC bt k lc no. Nu mt DXE i hi
190

phc hi tuyn th n pht lnh SABM hoc SABME, v iu ny cng c th

xy ra bt k lc no. Pha thu, pht mt UA tr li tuyn tr li cung on
chuyn tin.

DTE

DCE
Pht khung I

Thu khung I

----- --

Pht p ng RNR............
Pht lnh R R (P )............

* Thu p ng RNR
Thu lnh RR(P)

Pht p ng
RR(F)

Thu p ng ^
RR(F)

Pht khung I

Thu khung I

Hnh 7-5: V d s dng RR(P).

Trng thi t chi khung
Xy ra khi thu mt khung khng hp l. iu c ngha mt khung
khng c thu nhn cng vi a ch A hoc B trng a ch A v khng c
li FCS, nhng ni dung ca khung vn khng chun xc hoc khng tng ng
vi trng thi ca my thu. y l trng thi tng i trn trng, c th hin s
vi phm giao thc v cn phi ti lp tuyn. Mc d tuyn c th ti lp ngay sau
khi pht lnh SABM hoc SABME, nhng khng th bo cho DXE kia bit v
sao phi khi ng. V vy, khi mt DXE thu mt khung khng hp l th n
pht p ng FRMR bo cho DXE kia bit ci g b sai.
p ng FRMR l mt bit t bit v n l mt p ng duy nht c th
pht i tr li mt p ng tt c phi khng?. Ngay trng thi t chi
khung, tuyn c th c ti khi ng bng 1 lnh SABM hoc SABME.
Cc tham s h thng
Cc tham s h thng l cc tham s cu hnh, n xc nh cc kha cnh
no ca s thao tc cp tuyn s liu.

191

i lng TI l khong thi gian my pht khung lnh ch mt p ng

trc khi pht mt lnh c gn bit u. i khi gi l thi gian ti th. TI phi
ln hn thi gian dng pht mt khung c di cc i. N ty thuc vo
tc pht cc bit theo tuyn thng tin v khong tr x l my thu.
T2 c xc nh nh thi gian cc i cn dng khi my thu thu mt
khung v pht i mt khung xc nhn vic thu khung ny. N lun nh hn T l.
iu ny thc t thch hp pht i mt khung xc nhn vic thu mt khung
cng sm cng tt.
Khong nh thi gian T3 xc nh mt DXE phi ch bao lu i vi lnh
thit lp tuyn trc khi bt u pht i cc DISC cung on lp tuyn. Gi tr
ny lTl.N 2.
N2 l s ln cc i mt khung lnh c pht li trc khi tuyn c
ti khi ng.
Thc cht, nu TI ht N2 ln th my pht t b v ti khi ng tuyn
bng SABM hoc SABME.
NI l s bit cc i c th c trong khung I. N bao gm cc cm F,A, c ,
INFO v FCS. V d, nu kch c cm I cc i cho mt tuyn l 128 byte th NI
s l 1064. Tham s h thng k l s lng cc i cc khung I nh s tun t
m mt DXE c th pht i nhng khng c xc nhn bt c ln no, tc l
kch c ca s.
7.2.1.3 X.25 cp 3: cp mang
X.25 cp 2 to ra phng thc chuyn giao tin tc cp cao hn (trong
cc khung tin) gia hai u cui ca tuyn thng tin m bo chun xc, ng
thi n cn c nhim v iu khin lu lng chuyn s liu.
X.25 cp 3 to ra s liu c pht i trong cc khung tin. n v s liu
cp mng l gi.

Gi

Gi cp 3

Cp mng

Cp tuyn

Khung
INFO

FCS

Ninh 7-6: cp mng a gi vo khung cp tuyn.

192

Giao thc cp mng trn c s xc nh thao tc gi o qua giao thc cp

tuyn. Mi cuc gi o c lp mng to ra cho giao thc cp cao hcm l mt
tuyn c iu khin theo lung gia DXE ni ht v mt DXE xa qua mng.

DXE

Hnh 7-7; DXE giao tip ti mng.

Khung mu gi cp mng
Mt gi cp mng c cng khung mu vi phn u (header) 3 bytes.
Cm nhn dng khung mu GFI l khi 4 bits c dng ch th
khng mu chung cho phn cn li ca u .
Cm th hai ca byte u l a ch nhm knh logic (LCGN), n ko sang
c byte th hai to thnh knh logic (LCN) vi tng cng 12 bits dng nhn
dng cho tng cuc gi o ring.
Cm nhn dng kiu gi PTI: nh ra chc nog ca gi.
GFI+LCGN

LCN

PTI

Ibyte

1 byte

! byt

Phn cn li ca gi

Hnh 7-8: Khung mu gi cp mng.

Cc kiu gi cp mng
Mt gi c th gi tn khc nhau ty thuc vo DCE hay DTE pht n i.
Trong c hai trng hp, m ha cm PTI l ging nhau v khi chuyn ti th
cc gi u ging nhau.
Khc vi cp tuyn s liu, DCE y c th lm mt s vic m DTE
khng th lm, v vy, trong lp ny, s phn bit DCE v DTE l quan trng.
Cc gi thit lp v xa cuc gi
Gi gi vo v yu cu gi dng thit lp mt cuc gi o gia DXE

193

pht gi ny v DXE thu gi ny. Gi ch cuc gi c u ni hay cuc gi

c tip nhn c dng tr li cho gi yu cu gi hoc ch cuc gi vo
ch th rng cuc th ni c tip nhn v by gi, cuc gi c tin hnh.
Gi yu cu gii ta biu i gii ta c dng kt thc mt tuyn ni
ang lm vic hoc t chi mt yu cu iit lp gi (tc l tr li cho gi
yu cu gi hoc gi vo).
Gi xc nhn gii ta dng xc nhn thu c gi ch th gii to
trc hoc yu cu gii ta.
Cc bits

Nhn dang th tic chung

ia ch nhm knh logic
ia ch knh logic
Nhn ng kiu gi
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
i a ch DTE b gi
di ia ch DTE ch goi
(Cc) i ch DTE

Chiu i ma dich vu
Cc dich vu
S liu ttiu bao goi

Hnh 7-9: Gi gi vo, yu cu gi.

Cc bits

ia ch nhm knh logic

Nhn dang th thc chung
Dia clii knh logic
Nhn dang kiu gi
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
cli a cli DTE bi goi
i a ch DTE ch goi
(Cc) a ch DTE

Chiu di m dich vu
Cc dich vu
S' lu thu bi goi

Hnh 7-10: Gi ch cuc gi c u ni, c tip nhn.

194

Cc bits

Nin dang tli thc chung

0ia cli nh'm knh logic
Bia chi knh logic
v
l h n rtaiig
a n n kiu
k i i i gi
n n
Nlin

0/1

0/1

Nquyn nhn gii ta

M phn on li

Chu di a ch DTE ch goi

Chiu dt ia ch DTE bi goi
(Cc) ia ch DTE
0
0
0
0
Chiu di dich vu
Cc clich vu
S liu thu bao xa

Hnh 7-11: Gi chi th xa, gi yu cu xa/gi xc nhn xa.

Cc gi s liu v ngt
Cc bits

Cc
Bytes

6
Nhn dang th Ihc chung
a C1 nhin knh logic
Q
D
0
1
0ia ch knh locic
P(S)
0
P(R)
i
M
S liu thu bao

A. modui. 8.
Cc bits
4
3
2
1
7
6
5
Nhn dang tli thc chUig
ia chi nhm k[ih logic
Q
D
1
0
Oia ch knli logic
8

Cc
Bytes

P(S)
P(R)

0
M

S liu thu bao

B. moul 128.
D - bit xc nhn phn pht; Q - bit nh tiu chun; M - bt tng s liu.

Hnh 7-12: Gi s liu.

Cc gi s liu c dng chuyn s liu cho giao thc cp cao hn gia
2 DXE u ni vi nhau bi cuc gi o. Gi ngt c dng chuyn mt

195

phn nh s liu (ti a 32 bytes) gia 2 DXE vi u tin rt cao. Gi ngt c

kh nng nhy qua cc gi s liu v khng ph thuc vo s iu khin lu
lng cp mng.
Gi xc nhn ngt c dng xc nh vic thu mt gi ngt. Ch c th
c mt gi ngt khng c xc nhn bt k ln no.
Cc bits
8

1
Cc

Bytes

3
4

7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Nhn dang tl thc chung

ia ch lhm knh logic

a ch knh lOQic
Nhn dang kiu gi
0
0
1
0
0
0/1
S' liu tliu lQt

Hnh 7-13: Gi ngt/gi xc nhn ngt.

Cc gi iu khin lung v ti lp
Cc gi RR, RNR c dng xc nhn vic thu cc gi s liu. RR khi
my thu c th thu thm cc gi s liu, RNR khi my thu tm thi bn, khng
th thu thm.
Gi REJ c th c DTE s dng yu cu chuyn cc gi s liu. Dch
v REJ khng nht thit h tr cho tt c cc DCE v thc t n khng cn thao
tc chun ca nghi thc. S dng gi REJ vi ng l 1 gi s liu thu c
chun xc bi cp tuyn s liu b DTE lm mt v mt l do no , c th
do n b y ra khi vng nh m dnh cho gi tin thu c.
Gi ch th ti lp, yu cu ti lp dng chuyn cuc gi o v tng thi
trc ca n khi cuc gi c thit lp lc ban u. Ton b cc vic cha gii
quyt xong ca s liu b vt b,cc a ch dy c lp 0 v cc trng thi
iu khin lung b xa. Gi ny thng s dng khi li giao thc c pht hin
hoc iu g xa s liu b mc kt mt cuc gi m khng cn phi
xa cuc gi hin thi.

196

Cc bits
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Nhn dang th thc chung
a ch nhm knh logic
0
0
0
1
ia ch knl logic
Nhn dang kiu qi
P(R)
0/0/0
0/0/1
0/1/0
0/0/0
1/1/1
8

Cc
Bytes

A. modul' 8.
Cc bits
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Nhn ang h thc chung
a ch nlin knh logic
0
0
1
0
a ch knh logic
Nhn ang kiu gi
0
0
0
0
0/0/1
0/1/0
0/0/0
1/1/1
D
P(R)
8

Cc
Bytes

, moul 128.

Hnh 7-14: Gi RR/RNR/REJ.

Gi xc nhn ti lp c dng xc nhn vic thu ca gi ch th ti ip,
yu cu ti lp v nh vy, th thc ti lp c thc hin.
Cc bits
^__ 8

1
Cc
Bytes

7
6
5
4
3
2
Nhn dang th thc chung
ia ch nhm knh logic
a ch knh logic
Nhi ang kiu gi

0/1

L do ti lp
M on li

Hnh 7-15: Gi ch th ti lp, yu cu ti lp/xc nhn ti lp.

Gi ti khi ng
Gi ch th ti khi ng, yu cu ti khi ng c dng xa i tt c
cc cuc gi o ang xc tin v chuyn ton b ti cp mng v trng thi khi
u ca n. Gi ny l gi u tin c cp mng pht i khi cp tuyn s liu
chuyn sang cung on chuyn tin.

197

Cc bits
8
Cc
Bytes

7
6
5
4
Nhn danq th thc chung
0
0
0
0
0
0
Nhn dang kiu gi
1
1
1
1
1
Nguyn nlin ti khi nq
M pln on li

3
0
0

2
0
0

1
0
0

3
0
0

2
0
0

1
0
0

A. GI ch th ti khi ng, gi ysu cu ii kh ng.

Cc bits
4
7
6
5
Nhn daig th thc chung
0
0
0
0
0
0
Nhn dang kiu gi
1
1
1
1
1
8

Cc
Bytes

, Gi xc nhn ti khi ng.

Hnh 7-16: Cc gi ti khi ng.

Gi xc nhn ti khi ng c dng xc nhn cng vic thu mt gi
ch th ti khi ng, yu cu ti khi ng v ch th rng cp mng hin ang
hot ng.
Cc gi phn on li v ng k dch v
Gi phn on li do DCE pht cho DTE khi thu mt gi tin b li trm
trng.
V d. Khi thu mt gi c trng GFI khng chun xc, DCE v th pht
mt gi phn on li cho DTE, gi ny cha m phn cn li thch hp.
Khng phi ton b cc DCE u to ra gi phn on li.
Gi yu cu ng k dch v c th c DTE pht i cho DCE yu cu
c s dng hay khng s dng mt s dch v no trong khong thi gian
no .

198

Kiu gi

TDCE->DTE

Byte 3 (PTI)

Cc bits

TDTE -> D C E

Goi vo
u ni cuc goi
Ch thi gii ta
Xc nhn gii ta DCE

Yu cu goi
Tip nhn CIIC goi
Yu cu gii ta
Xc nln qii ta DTE
S liu v nqt
S liu DTE
Ngt ca DTE
Xc nhn ngt ca DTE
Oiu khi lung v ti lp
DTERR(modul 8)
DTE RR(mociul 128)
DTE RNR(moul 8)
DTERNR(modul 128)
DTEREJ(modul 8)
DTE REJ(moul. 128)
Yu cu ti lp
Xc nhn ti lp DTE
Ti khi ng

S liu DCE
Ngt ca DCE
Xc nhn ngt ca DCE
DCERR(modul 8)
DCERR(modul 128)
DCERNR(moul 8)
OCE RNR{modul. 128)

Ch thi ti lp
Xc nhn ti lp DCE

Yu cu ti khi ng
Xc nhn ti khi iiQ DTE
Phn on

Ch thi ti khi ng
Xc nhn li khi iiQ DCE
Phn on

2 1

X
0
0

X
0
1

X
1
1

X
0
X

X
0
X
0
X
0
0
0

X
0
X
0
X
0
0
0

0 T
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 1
0 1
1 1
1 1

0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1

0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1

1h l 1
1 1 11

1
1

1
1

1
1

0
1

1
1

1 11

0 10

1
1

1
1

0
0

0
1

1X

0
0
0

I 1
iiq k
Yu cu nc

Xc nhn nq k

1
1

1
1

1
1

Hnh 7-17: Cc tr s ca cm m PTI.

Gi xc nhn ng k do DCE pht cho DTE tr li cho mt gi yu cu
ng k dch v t DTE.

199

Cc bits

8
0

Nhn dang Ih tlc chung

0
0
0

4
0
0

3
0
0

Nhn dang kiu gi

1
0

Chiu di a ch DTE

2
0
0

1
0
0

Cliii di ia cli DCE

a ch DCE v DTE
0
0

Chiu di ng k
ng k

Hnh 7-18: Gi yu cu ng k/gi xc nhn ng k.

Cc a ch dy cp mng
Cng nh cp tuyn s liu, cc kiu gi xc nh u mang theo n cc a
ch dy. Cc a ch ny (ch s th t) c dng m bo cho cc gi s liu
c chuyn i khng b mt v theo mt th t chun xc. C hai loi a ch
dy c ti i, l a ch dy P(S) v a ch dy P(R).
a ch dy P(S) ch c mng cho cc gi s liu v dng nhn dng
tng gi s liu ring.
a ch dy P(R) c mang theo gi s liu, gi RR, gi RNR v gi
REJ. Vng m P(R) cc gi ny chuyn a ch dy gi s liu tip theo m
my pht s chuyn cho my thu.
Ging nh cp tuyn s liu c h thng nh s dy thng dng, n s
dng cm 3 bit cho a ch dy t 0!7 v h thng m rng 7 bit cho a ch dy
t 0! 127.
Trng nhn dng khung mu
Trng nhn dng khung mu c cha trong cm GFI. Bit Q ch xut
hin trong cc gi s liu v c dng phn bit gi s liu theo hai loi khc
nhau: cc gi s liu thng thng v cc gi s liu nh phm cht. Cc gi
s liu nh phm cht thng c s dng cho php chuyn thng tin
iu khin giao thc cp cao hn m khng nh hng ti s liu giao thc cp
cao hn m chng c pht i cc gi s liu thng thng.
Bit D l bit xc nh chuyn giao. Bit ny c th xut hin cc gi thit
lp gi nhng thc t, chc nng ca n ch lin quan n vic chuyn giao cc
gi s liu.
200

Bit 5 v 6 ca trng GFI c s dng ch h thng nh s dy no

c s dng. H thng nh s dy m rng l mt trong cc kiu t chn, gi
l kiu t trc. Tc l h thng nh s c dng phi cn c quyt nh
khi tuyn X.25 c thit lp. Ton b cc cuc gi o trn tuyn cn phi s
dng h thng nh s ny c t trc n. Nu dch v ng k c hiu
lc th n c th chuyn i h thng nh s hin thi theo hng iu kin nht
nh. Phn ln cc trng hp s dng h thng nh s thng thng v ch cn
rt t iu b sung b tr cho h thng nh s m rng.
Bte 1, cc bits
8
7
6
5
8
128
8

128

0
0
0
0

0
0
0

H thng a ch dy modu, 8
H thng a ch dy modul 128
M rng nhn dng khun mu thng thng
Dng cho cc ng dng khc

0
0
0

0
0
0

Cc gi thit lp
Gi gii ta, iu khin iung,
ngt, ti lp, ti khi ng, ng
k v phn on
Cc gi s liu

H thng a ch dy moduL
H thng dia ch dy modul,
H thng a ch dy modul
H thng a ch dy modu

I *

II

- t' _

I -

0
1
0

1
0
0

Hnh 7-19: Tr so ca cm m GFI.

7.2.2 Giao thc T C P/IP
7.2.2.I Khi qut v TCP/IP
nm c cc chc nng ca thit b mng l i, bn phi hiu r tng
th tc v cc chc nng lin quan. Th tc thng dng nht trong mng truyn
d liu ngy nay l b th tc TCP/IP, n c ng dng trong hot ng mng
v c bit n nh mt b th tc ca Internet.
TCP/IP c pht trin trong mt phn nghin cu ca B quc phng M,
sau , n tr thnh phin bn phn mm UNIX ca Berkerley.
B th tc Internet bao gm khng ch cc c tnh ca Layer3 v Layer4
(nh IP v TCP), m cn c c cc c trng cho cc ng dng chung nh
e-mail, kt ni t xa, truyn file, m phng thit b (terminal emulation).
B th tc TCP/IP c mi lin h cht tr vi m hnh OSI 4 mc thp
bao gm c tiu chun vt l v th tc kt ni d liu. Hnh v sau y minh ha
m hnh TCP/IP v mi lin h vi m hnh OSI.
201

Application
Application

Presentation
Session
Transport

< >

Host to Host

Netwwork

Internet

Data link

Network
Interface

Physical

< >

Hnh 7-20: Giao thc TCP/IP.

7.2.2.2 Lp ng dng
Ngy nay TCP/IP mang n nhiu ng dng trn mng. Cc th tc sau y
c ng dng trn nn TCP/IP:
- Truyn file ( File tranfer): TFTP, FTP v NFS;
- E-mail: SMTP, POP, IMAP;
- Ket ni t xa: Telnet, rlogin;
- Qun tr mng li: SMTP;
- Qun l tn min: DNS.
7.2.23 Lp vn chuyn
Lp vn chuyn cho php ngi s dng phn on v ti lp mt vi ng
dng ca lp ng dng mc cao vo cng mt lp vn chuyn dng d liu.
Lp vn chuyn c nhim v cung cp dch v vn ti t u cui ny ti
u cui kia (end-to-end service). N thit lp kt ni logic gia cc u cui ca
lin mng: trm gi, trm nhn.
Lp vn chuyn c 2 chc nng chnh:
- iu khin lung: bng k thut ca s trt. N cho php cc trm lin
lc vi nhau s tho thun lng d liu truyn i mi ln.
- An ton d liu: dng s th t v phc p gi tin nhn c m bo
s phn phi chnh xc cc gi d liu.
Hai th tc chnh hot ng trn mc vn chuyn l:

202

- Th tc iu khin truyn dn (TCP): th tc hng kt ni v an ton d

liu. Trong mi trng kt ni hng d liu, mt kt ni c thit lp gia 2
trm trc khi thng tin c bt u truyn ti. TCP chu trch nhim chia nh
bn tin thnh cc on (segment) v ti lp li bn tin ban u pha ngi nhn,
truyn li cc gi tin b mt trong qu trinh truyn. TCP cung cp inch o gia
cc ng dng ca u cui ngi s dng.
- Th tc datagram (UDP): ngc li vi TCP, n khng cn th tc lp kt
ni (connectionless) v th tc phc p (unacknowledged). UDP chuyn phn
nhim v an ton d liu cho lp cao hn m nhn.
nh dng phn header ca TCP/UDP
TCP c bit n nh l mt th tc hng-kt ni (connection-oriented),
c ngha l cc trm u cui kt ni vi nhau phi thit lp 1 kt ni gia chng.
Mt v d in hnh ca k thut hng kt ni chnh l cuc hi m
trn in thoi gia 2 ngi. u tin, c mt th tc xc nhn kt ni gia cc
ngi tham gia v c th bt u trao i thng tin, s xc nhn bt u cuc
m thoi l t "Hello".
UDP c bit n nh l th tc phi kt ni (connectionless), tng t nh
dch v gi th, bn cho th vo thng v hy vng n c th n c ng ni
bn gi ti.
Hnh v sau minh ho phn header ca TCP v cc nh ngha c miu t
trong hnh 4-1. Cc trng ny cung cp lin lc gia cc trm v iu khin
cuc trao i thng tin gia chng.

203

Sourse Port
(16)

Destination Port
(16)
Sequence Number
(32)

20

A cknowledgm ent Number

(32)
Reserved
(6)

Header
length (4)

Code bit
(6)

bytes
W indow
(6)

Check sum
(16)

Urgent
(16)
IP option (0 or 32 if any) '

Data (varies if any)

Hnh 7-21: nh dng TCP header.

Bng chc nng ca cc trirng trong TCP header

Source Port

S nhn dng ca cng gi ti

S lng
bit
16

Destination port

S nhn dng ca cng b gi

16

Sequence number

S dng d m bo trnh t ca d liu

gi ti
S th t ca byte tip theo gi ti

32

S ca cc t 32 bit trong phn header

Reserved

t bng 0

Code bits

Chc nng diu khin nh thit lp v

TCP header field

Acknowledgment
number
Header length

Chc nng

hu b 1 phin lm vic

204

Window

S byte m thit b sn sng nhn

Checksum
Urgent

Tnh ton tng s bit chn/l trong phn

header v data
Ch th s kt thc ca d liu khn

Option

Dung lng phn on TCP lfn nht

Data

D liu t th tc lp cao hoTi

16 bit
16
16
0/32
Bin i

Ch : di header ca TCP l 20 byte. Vic chuyn ti nhiu gi tin vi

lng d liu ln s lng ph bng thng v km hiu qu so vi chuyn ti t gi
tin nhng c di phn d liu ln hn.
Hnh v sau minh ho header ca gi UDP, UDP header lun bng 64 bit.
A
Sourse Port
Destination Port
(16)

(16)

Length
(16^)

Check sum
(16)

8 bytes

\/

Data (varies if any)

Hnh 7-22: DP header.

Bng chc nng cc trng ca UDP header
UDP header field

S lng bit

Chc nng

Source Port

S nhn dng ca cng gi ti

16

Destination port

S nhn dng ca cng b gi

16

Length

di ca DP header v d liu DP

Checksum

Tnh ton tng s bit chn/l trong phn

header v data
D liu t th tc lp cao hn

Data

16
Bin i

Cc th tc s dng giao thc UDP l TFTP, SNMP, Network file system

(NFS), DNS.
S nhn dng cng ca TCP v DP (Port number)
C 2 th tc TCP v DP u dng s nhn dng cng chuyn thng tin
ln mc cao hn. PortNumber c dng theo di cc cuc thng tin truyn
ti qua mng trong cng mt thi im. Danh sch sau y nh ngha mt vi
PortNumber c s dng bi TCP v UDP.

21

Lp vn chuyn
(Transport)
TCP

Lp ng dng
(Application)
FTP

23

TCP

Telnet

25

TCP

SMTP

53

UDP

DNS

PortNumber

205

69
520

UDP

TFTP

UDP

SNMP

DP

RIP

Ngi pht trin cc ng dng trn mng u s dng cc PortNumber

thng ng, c iu khin bi T chc ng k PortNumber ca Internet
(lANA).
V d: Bt c cuc thng tin no c lin quan n ng dng FTP u s
dng s chun l 21. Cc cuc thng tin khng lin quan ti ng dng vi
PortNumber chun c ng k vi mt s ngu nhin trong khong nh trc.
Cc PortNumber ny c xem nh cc a ch ngun v ch trong th tc TCP.
C mt s cng c dnh d tr cho c TCP v UDP nhng cc ng dng
c th khng h tr cho cc cng . PortNumber c khong ng k sau:
- S nh hn 1024 c dnh cho cc cng thng dng.
- S ln hon 1024 c ng k ng cho cc cng.
- Cc cng c ng k cho cc ng dng nh trc ca cc nh cung cp
thit b phn ln l ln hn 1024.
Hnh v sau minh ha cch cc trm u cui s dng cc s nhn dng
cng lin lc vi nhau.
SurcePDit

Dest. Port

HostZ

Host A

SP

1028

IP
23

Hlnh 7-23: Vi d PortNumber.

206

Dest. Fbrt = 23
Sent Fk:ket To
IVfy Telnet
Application.

Cc h thng u cui s dng cc PortNumber la chn cc ng dng

thch hp. Pha PortNumber ca ngun thng c ng k bi trm ngun, cc
s thng ln hn 1023.
Thit lp kt ni TCP: Three-way handshake
TCP l th tc hng kt ni, v vy n i hi phi thit lp kt ni trc
khi truyn d liu i. thit lp hay khi ng kt ni, c hai trm phi c
ng b vi cng mt s th t ban u (initial sequence number). S ng b
c thc hin khi trao i gi tin khi ng kt ni c bit iu khin (c gi
l SYN hay bit ng b) v s th t ban u. Ni ngn gn, gi tin mang bit
ng b, do , t ra mt gii php s dng k thut thch hp khi to s
th t.
S ng b yu cu mi pha phi truyn s th t ban u ca ring mnh
v nhn li mt xc nhn ca pha thu thng bo vic truyn gi tin thnh cng
(cn gi l gi phc p Acknowledgment).
Sau y l trnh t cng vic:
Bc 1: Host A -> Host B SYN - s th t ca gi tin ca ti l 100, s
ACK l 0, ACK bit khng khi to, s SYN c khi to.
Bc 2: Host A <- Host B ACK - Ti mun nhn c 101 tip theo, s
th t ca ti l 300, ACK bit c thit lp. Host B ti Host A SYN bit c
thit lp.
Bc 3: Host A -> Host B - Ti mun nhn 301 tip theo, s th t ca ti
l 101, ACK bit c thit lp, SYN bit c thit lp.
Qu trnh trao i trn c gi l Three-way handshake.

207

Host A

HostZ

m
G u iS Y N
Seq=101 Q1=SYN
SYN nhn c
Gi SYN, A C K @
Seq=300 Ack=lGl Q[=SYN, Ack
(^T hit lp
Seq=101 Ack=301
Ql=Ack
Hnh 7-24: Three way handshake.
S dng ca s iu khin lng d liu m trm thu c th nhn c
ti mt thi im trc khi gi phc p tr v l k thut iu khin lung mt
cch hiu qu. Vi kch c ca s =1, mi gi tin gi i phi c phc p tr
v trc khi truyn tip mt gi tin khc. N khng phi l phng php c hiu
qu v s tn bng thng ca ng truyn.
TCP c kh nng t th t cc gi d liu vi ACK, mi gi d liu c
nh s trc khi truyn i. Ti pha thu, TCP kt hp cc gi tin thnh ton b
message. Nu mt s th t b sai, khng theo trnh t th gi tin s phi
truyn li. Gi tin khng c phc p trong mt khong thi gian cng s
c pht li. Hnh v sau y minh ho vai tr ca s Ack khi d liu ca ngi
s dng c truyn i.

208

1028

1028

23

23

10

N gun:

ch

Seq

Ack

23

1028

11

23

1028

12

11

Hnh 7-25:

s Acknowledgment.

7.2.2J iu khin lung trong TCP/UDP

khng ch c lung d liu trao i gia cc thit b thng tin, TCP
s dng mt k thut iu khin lung. TCP pha nhn s thng bo mt ca s
ti TCP pha pht. Ca s ny ch r s byte, bt u vi s Ack m TCP pha
thu ang sn sng nhn.
Ca s ca TCP c th thay i trong sut qu trnh kt ni. Mi mt phc
p cha mt ca s thng bo c bao nhiu byte pha thu c th chp nhn. TCP
cng duy tr ca s iu khin tc nghn thng thng bng kch c ca s ca
pha thu v b ct mt na nu mt gi tin b mt (v d trong trng hp c tc
nghn). iu ny cho php ca s c th m rng hoc thu hp li nu cn thit
qun l c khong trng trong vng nh m v kh nng x l ca cc
tin trnh.
Trong hnh v 7-9, ngi gi truyn i 3 gi tin trc khi nhn c 1 phc
p. Ngi nhn ch c th x l c vi ca s bng 2, do s hu gi tin
th 3 nhn c v ch r 3 l gi tin tip theo ngi nhn pht li, ng thi xc
nh ca s bng 2. Ngi gi truyn tip 2 gi tin nhng vn ch r ca s ca

209

h bng 3 (c th x l c 3 gi tin). Ngi nhn tr li bng yu cu gi tin

th 5 v ch r ca s bng 2.

Ngi gi

Ngi nhn

Window size=3
Send 1
Window size=3
Send 1

Window size=3
Send 1
Window size=3
Send 1

Hnh 7-26: Ca s TCP.

TCP c rt nhiu chc nng c miu t trn nh t ca s, s th t...
Nhng DP khng c chc nng trn do UDP khng c trng Seq, hay
Window trong header. Cc chc nng c th c cung cp bi lp ng dng,
tuy nhin n c u im chnh l tc do khng phi x l nhiu.
7,2.2.5 Khi qut v lp Internet trong TCP/IP
Lp Internet l mt phn ca giao thc TCP/IP c nhim v nh a ch
cho cc trm trn mng v la chn ng i t cc trm n ch mong
mun. y l lp m cc b Router thc hin nhn dng cc tuyn ng i cho

210

cc gi tin trn mng, nhng ngoi ra cn c cc chc nng khc c thc hin
lp ny.
C mt vi th tc hot ng trn lp Internet ca giao thc TCP/IP tng
ng vi lp Network ca m hnh OSI. Sau y l mt vi th tc lin quan
n lfp Internet.
- Th tc Internet (IP): Truyn d liu kiu phi kt ni, cung cp kh nng
la chn cc tuyn ng cho cc gi tin. IP khng quan tm n ni dung cc
gi tin m ch xc nh lm sao chn c tuyn ng thch hp truyn cc
gi tin n c ch mt cch chnh xc.
- Th tc iu khin thng tin Internet (ICMP): Cung cp kh nng iu
khin v tin nhn.
- Th tc xc nh a ch: Xc nh a ch ca lp lin kt d liu ca thit
b nhn tng ng vi a ch IP ca ch n.
- Th tc xc nh a ch ngc: Xc nh a ch mng li ca ngun gi
n khi bit a ch ca a ch ngun ca lp lin kt d liu.
Vei-sion
(4)

Total length (16)

Header Priority& type of

Service (8)
Length (4)

Fragment Offset (13)

Rag
(3)

Identification (16)

Time to live

Protocol

( 8)

(8)

Header checksum (16)

20

bytes

Sourse IP address (32)

Destination IP address (32)
IP option (0 or 32 if any)
Data (varies if any)
Hlnh 7-2 7: Minh hoa cc trng thng tin ca IP header.

211

Bng chc nng ca cc trng trong header ca IP

Trng Header ca IP
Version

Chc nng
S ca phin bn

Header length

di header

Priority & Type of

Phng thc gi tin c x l.

Service

3 bit u tin l bit kim tra chn l

Total length

Tng s byte ca gi tin

16

Identification

S nhn dng ca gi tin

16

Flags

Ch r gi tin c b chia nh hay khng

Fragment Offset

Cung cp s phn chia gi tin ph

13

S bit
4

hp vi cc kch c ca Internet
Time to live

Thi gian tn ti ca gi tin trn mng

Protocol

M nhn dng ca cc giao thc lp cao

hn
Header checksum

Kim tra tnh chn l ca tng cc bit

16

trong header
Sourse of IP address

a ch IP ngun

32

Destination IP address

a ch IP ch

32

IP option

Tu chn chc nng an ton, pht hin

0/32

li v kim tra ca mng

Data

D liu ca th tc cao hn gi ti

Thay i

7.2.2. Tng quan v a ch TCP/IP

Nh chng ta bit Internet l mt mng my tnh ton cu, do hng
nghn mng my tnh t khp mi ni ni li to nn. Khc vi cch t chc theo
cc cp: ni ht, lin tnh, quc t ca mt mng vin thng nh mng thoi
chng hn, mng Internet t chc ch c mt cp, cc mng my tnh d nh, d
to khi ni vo Internet u bnh ng vi nhau. Do cch t chc nh vy nn trn
Internet c cu trc a ch, cch nh a ch c bit, trong khi cch nh a
ch i vi mng vin thng li n gin hn nhiu.
i vi mng vin thng nh mng thoi chng hn, khch hng cc
vng khc nhau hon ton c th c cng s in thoi, phn bit vi nhau bng

212

m vng, m tnh hay m quc t.

)i voi

mng Internet, do cch t chc ch c

mt cp nn mi mt khch hng huy mt my ch (Host) hoc Router u c

mt a ch Internet duy nht m khi e c php trng vi bt k ai. Do vy

m a ch trn Internet thc s l mt

ti

Ii;ii}n.

Hng chc triu my ch trn hng tim nghn mng. a ch khng

c trng nhau cn phi c cu trc

c!a

ch c bit qun l thng nht v mt

T chc ca Internet gi l Trunu lin tling tin mng Internet - Network

Information Center (NIC) ch tr phn plii, NIC ch phn a ch mng (Net ID)
cn a ch my ch trn mng (Hc)st I])) do cc T chc qun l Internet ca
tng quc gia mt t phn phi. (Troiii ihc t c th nh tuyn (routing)
trn mng Internet ngoi a ch IP cn can n tn ring ca cc my ch (Host)
- Domain Name). Cc phn tip theo chiig ta s nghin cu cu trc c bit ca
a ch Internet.
7.2.2.7 Thnh ph n v hnh dng ca lia ch IP
a ch IP ang c s dng hin ti (IPv4) c 32 bit chia thnh 4 Octet
(mi Octet c 8 bit, tng ng 1 b>te) cch m u t tri qua phi bit 1 cho
n bt 32, cc Octet tch bit nhau bng du chm (.), bao gm c 3 thnh phn
chnh.
class
bit

N e t ID

H o s t ID

Bit 1........................................................................... 32
Bit nhn dng lp (Class bit).
a ch ca mng (Net ID).
a ch ca my ch (Host ID).
Ghi ch: Tn l a ch my ch nhng thc t khng ch c my ch m
tt c cc my con (Workstation), cc cng truy nhp v.v...u cn c a ch.
Bit nhn dng lp (Class bit) phn bit a ch lp no.
1/ - a ch Internet biu hin dng bit nh phn:
xyxyxyxy. xyxyxyxy. xyxyxyxy. xyxyxyxy
X,

y = 0 hoc 1.

V d:
0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 . 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1.0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0.1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0

213

bit nhn dng

Octet 1

2/ - a ch Internet biu hin

Octet 2

Octet 3

dng thp phn:

Octet 4

X X X .X X X .X X X .X X X

l s thp phn t 0 n 9

V d; 146. 123. 110. 224

Dng vit y ca a ch IP l 3 con s trong tng Octet. V d: a ch
IP thng thy trn thc t c th l 53.143.10.2 nhng dng y l
053.143.010.002.
7,12.8 Cc lp a ch IP
a ch IP chia ra 5 lp A, B,
ht lp

c,

c,

D, E. Hin ti dng ht lp A, B v gn

cn lp D v E T chc Internet ang dnh cho mc ch khc

khng phn, nn chng ta ch nghin cu ba lp u.

octet 1

octet 3

octet 2

octet 4

16

24

32

net id
-V
class b
10.

-----

1
net id

host id

---

, 1
r

host id

class c
1 1 01
<

1
------------

net id

host id
--------------->< -------------- >

Qua cu trc cc lp a ch IP chng ta c nhn xt sau:

214

Bit nhn dng l nhng bil u tin - ca lp A l 0, ca lp B l 10, ca

lp c l 110.

Lp D c 4 bit u tin nhn dng l 1110, cn lp E c 5 bit u tin

nhn dng l 11110.
a ch lp A; a ch mng t v a ch my ch trn tng mng nhiu.
a ch lp B: a ch mng va phi v a ch my ch trn tng mng
va phi.
a ch lp C: a ch mng nhiu, a ch my ch trn tng mng t.
Lp
a ch

S mng ti a
s dng
126

S my ch trn
tng mng
16777214

T 128.0.0.0 n 191.255.0.0

16382

65534

T 192.0.0.0 n 223.255.255.0

2097150

254

Vng a ch l thuyt
T o.o.o.o n 126.0.0.0

B
D

T 224.0.0.0 n 240.0.0.0

T 241.0.0.0 n 255.0.0.0

Lp
a ch
A

Vng a ch s dng

Bit nhn dng

S bit dng
phn cho mng
7

T 1 n 127

T 128.1 n 191.254

10

14

T 192.0.1 n 223.255.254

110

21

T 224.0.1 n 240.255.254

1110

T 241.0.1 n 254.255.254

11] 10

Nh vy, nu chng ta thy mt a ch IP c 4 nhm s cch nhau bng

du chm v nu thy nhm s th nht nh hn 126 bit a ch ny lp A,
nm trong khong 128 n 191 bit a ch ny lp B v t 192 n 223 bit
a ch ny lp c .
Ghi nh: a ch thc t khng phn trong trTig hp tt c cc bit trong
mt hay nhiu Octet s dng cho a ch mng hay a ch my ch u bng 0
hay u bng 1. iu ny ng cho tt c cc lp a ch.

215

Chng 8
M T S C NG NGH CHUYN M CH T I N TIN
8.1 CNG NGH FRAM E RELAY
8.1.1 c im
Bc sang thp k 80 v u thp k 90, cng ngh thng tin c nhng
bc tin nhy vt c bit l ch to v s dng cp quang vo mng truyn dn
to nn cht lng thng tin rt cao. S dng th tc hi p X25 truyn a
s liu trn mng cp quang, cu tr li hu nh lc no cng nhn tt nhn .
Vn t ra y l c cn dng th tc Hi v p mt rt nhiu thi gian
ca X25 truyn a s liu trn mng cp quang hay khng (?) v th l cng
ngh Frame Relay ra i. Frame relay c th chuyn nhn cc khung ln ti 4096
byte trong khi gi tiu chun ca X25 khuyn co dng l 128 byte, khng
cn thi gian cho vic hi p, pht hin li v sa li lp 3 (No protocol at
Network layer) nn Frame Relay c kh nng chuyn ti nhanh hn hng chc
ln so vi X25 cng tc . Frame Relay rt thch hp cho truyn s liu tc
cao v cho kt ni LAN to LAN v c cho m thanh, nhng iu kin tin quyt
s dng cng ngh Frame relay l cht lng mng truyn dn phi cao.
Sau y l bng so snh gia X25 v Frame relay thy c u im ca
Frame relay:

TT

Chc nng ca mng

X25

Phc p khung thng tin nhn c

Phc p gi tin nhn c

Dch a ch ca gi tin

Ct gi gi tin vo vng m ch phc p

Pht hin gi tin sai th t

Hu gi tin b li

V
V
V
V
V
V

Fram e
relay

V
217

m bo khung tin c gi tr N(s) l hp l

Thit lp v hu b kt ni logical

Thit lp v hu b knh o

10

in cc bit c vo gia cc khung

11

iu khin lung d liu lp lin kt logic

12

To v kim tra FCS

13

To v nhn dng bit c

14

To ra khung bo cha sn sng

15

To ra khung bo sn sng

16

To ra khung bo khung b t chi

17

Qun l cc bit D, M, Q trong gi tin

18

Qun l cc khung mc lin kt d liu

19

Qun l cc b nh thi mc 3

20

Qun l cc bit Poll/Final trong khung

21

Qun l cc b m s th t ca khung v gi tin

22

Ghp cc knh logic

23

Qun l cc th tc khi ng mc 2 v 3

24

Nhn dng cc khung khng hp l

25

Tr li cc khung v gi tin bo cha sn sng

26

Tr li cc khung v gi tin bo sn sng

27

Tr li cc khung v gi tin bo t chi khung

28

nh du s ln phi truyn li

29

Chn thm v b cc bit 0 vo s liu

Bng chc nng trn cho thy Frame relay gim rt nhiu cc cng vic
khng cn thit cho thit b chuyn mch o gim gnh nng cng nh thi
gian x l cng vic cho cc nt mng, nh vy m lm gim thi gian tr cho
cc khung thng tin khi truyn trn mng.
Mt s cng vic nh sa li v truyn li gi tin khng hp l c
chuyn v pha thit b u cui ca ngi s dng.

218

8.1.2 Cu hnh mng Fram e Reiay

__
Frame
FRND
FRND Relay
Network
F.R
UNI

UNI

Hnh 8-1: Mng Frame relay.

C s to c mng Frame relay l cc thit b truy nhp mng FRAD
(Frame Relay Access Device), cc thit b mng FRND (Frame Relay Network
Device), ng noi gia cc thit b v mng trc Frame Relay.
Thit b FRAD c th l cc LAN bridge, LAN Router v.v...
Thit b FRND c th l cc Tng i chuyn mch khung (Frame) hay
tng i chuyn mch t bo (Cell Relay - chuyn ti tng hp cc t bo ca cc
dch v khc nhau nh m thanh, truyen s liu, video

V .V...,

mi t bo di 53

byte, y l phng thc ca cng ngh ATM). ng kt ni gia cc thit b

l giao din chung cho FRAD v FRND, giao thc ngi dng v mng hay gi
F.R UNI (Frame Relay User Network Interface). Mng trc Frame Relay cng
tng t nh cc mng vin thng khc c nhiu tng i kt ni vi nhau trn
mng truyn dn, theo th tc ring ca mnh.
Trong OSI 7 lp, Frame Relay ch hot ng 2 mc thp nht l Datalink
(LAP-F) v Physical.
Hot ng
Ngi s dng gi mt Frame (khung) i vi giao thc LAP-D hay LAP-F
(Link Access Protocol D hay F), cha thng tin iu khin gm a ch nhn
dng ca khung v cc thng tin iu khin nh h thng s dng thng tin
ny nh tuyn khung v chuyn n ch trn 1 knh vt l c nh c
nh ngha trc (gi l PVC-permanent virtual circuit, a ch nhn dng ca n
gi l DLCI-data link control identify) trn mne.

219

Cng ngh Frame Relay c mt u im c trng rt ln l cho php

ngi s dng dng tc cao hn mc h ng k trong mt khong thi gian
nht nh, c ngha l Frame Relay khng c nh rng bng (Bandwith) cho
tng cuc gi mt m phn phi bandwith mt cch linh hot iu m X25 v
thu knh ring khng c. V d ngi s dng hp ng s dng vi tc 64
kb, khi h chuyn i mt lng thng tin qu ln, Frame Relay cho php truyn
chng tc cao hn 64 kb. Hin tng ny c gi l bng n" -Bursting.
Sau y l cu trc khung FRME-RELAY:
FCS

FLAG

INFORMATION

ADDRESS

FLAG

- Flag: bit c, c chc nng nh cc bit nh du im bt u v kt thc

ca khung.
- FCS: Kim tra li th t ca khung.
- INFORMATION: trng thng tin, cha cc d liu cn chuyn i.
- ADDRESS: trng a ch ca khung, da vo m cc nt chuyn
mch FR bit c cn phi x l nh th no vi khung nhn c.
Sau y l cu trc ca trng a ch:

DLCI(msb) - 6 bit
DLCI(lsb) - 4 bit

FECN BECN

C/R

DE

- DLCI (data link control identify); c chc nng nh a ch nhn dng ca

mi khung. N c 10 bit nhn dng do c th t t 0 n 1023. DLCI c
coi nh l a ch nhn dng ca mi mt knh kt ni o PVC (permanent
virtual circuit), nh m cc chuyn mch c th chuyn cc khung ti ng
a ch mong mun.
- FECN (Forward explicit congestion notification); cnh bo tc nghn xy
ra cho pha thu.
- BECN (Backward explicit congestion notification): cnh bo tc nghn
xy ra cho pha pht.
- DE bit ( Discard Eligibility bit ) - Bit cnh bo khung s b hu trong
trng hp tc nghn xy ra.

220

Thc t trn mng li rng ln c rt nhiu nai s dng vi v s frame

chuyn qua chuyn li, hn na Frame Relay khng s dng th tc sa li v
iu hnh thng lng (Flow control) lp 3 (Network layer), nn cc Frame c
li u b loi b th vn cc frame c chuyn i ng a ch, nguyn vn,
nhanh chng v khng b tha b thiu l khng n gin. e m bo c iu
ny Frame relay s dng cc trng BECN, FECN iu khin lung.

Hnh v 8-2: Nguyn l s dng FECN v BECN.

8.1.3 Tnh nng ca Frame relay
1. CIR ( committed information rate ) - y l tc truyn d liu m nh
cung cp dch v cam kt s m bo cho khch hng, iu c ngha l khch
hng s c m bo cung cp ng truyn vi ng tc yu cu
Khi c lng tin truyn qu ln, mng li vn cho php khch hng truyn
qu tc cam kt CIR tu thuc vo nghn ca mng cho php. Nu tc
nghn xy ra th khch hng vn truyn c vi tc yu cu khi k kt hp
ng.
2. EIR (exceeded information rate) - y l tc vt qu tc cho
php.
Do tnh cht ca truyn s liu c tnh bng n hay cn gi l bursty, c
ngha l lng thng tin c gi i trong thi gian rt ngn v vi dung lTig
ln. Nh vy tnh trong khong thi gian di th tc gi thng tin l khng
u. Do , nu ti thi im gi thng tin khng c tc nghn xy ra th khch
hng c th truyn d liu vi tc cao hn cho php, cn nu tc nghn xy ra
th khch hng s phi gim tc bng vi quy nh trnh mt thng tin.

221

Frame c kh nng b loi b. v l m ni nu chuyn cc Frame vt qu

tc cam kt, th nhng Frame s b loi b v bit DE c s dng. Tuy
nhin c th chuyn cc frame i vi tc ln hn CIR tu thuc vo trng thi
ca mng Frame relay lc c nghn t hay nhiu (thc cht ca kh nng
ny l mn rng bng "Bandwith" ca nhng ngi s dng khc khi h
cha dng n). Neu nghn ca mng cng nhiu (khi nhiu ngi cng lm
vic) th kh nng ri ro b loi b ca cc Frame cna ln. Khi Frame b loi b,
thit b u cui phi pht li.
3.

S dng LMI (Local Manegment Interface); thng bo trng thi

nghn mng cho cc thit b u cui bit. LMI l chng trnh iu khin gim
st on kt ni gia FRAD v FRND.
8.2 CNG NGH CHUYN MCH ATM
8.2.1 Tng quan ATM
Phng thc truyn ti khng ng b ATM (Asynchronous Transfer
Mode) l mt cng ngh truyn thng mi khc rt nhiu cc cng nah truyn
thng trc . Trin vng thng mi ca n ha hn mt cuc cch mng thc
s trong ngnh vin thng cng nh truyn s liu.
Vo khong thp nin 1980, cc nh vin thng pht trin mt mng
dch v c bit gi l mng s dch v tch hp bng rng B-ISDN, khi cng
ngh ATM c la chn v pht trin nh l mt cng ngh truyn thng
cn bn cho mng B-ISDN. Tuy nhin s pht trin ATM sau , khng hn
ch vic mng B-ISDN m m rng ra rt nhiu ng dng khc nhau. Cng
ngh ATM cho php tch hp cng nh vn chuyn dng thng tin khc nhau t
d liu, m thanh n video vi mt cht lng m bo c h tr cc mc
QoS tng ng trong cc mng quy m khc nhau t mng cc b cho ti mng
din rng.
ATM hin vn ang l cng ngh c tip tc nghin cu v pht trin. B
phn chuyn trch Vin thng ca Lin minh bu chnh vin thng quc t IT
(gi tt l IT-T) hin vn tin hnh vic chun ho cng ngh ATM thng qua
mt lot cc khuyn ngh I. Ngoi ITU-T ra, mt lot cc c quan khc nh
Nhm c trch cng ngh Internet IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) hay

222

din n ATM (ATM Forum) cng ng gp rt nhiu trong vic nghin cu v

chun ho cng ngh ATM.
Trong phng thc truyn ti khng ng b ATM, n v thng tin c bn
c lu chuyn trong mng c chiu di c nh gi l cc t bo ATM. Cm t
'"truyn t r bao hm c vic truyen dn ln chuvn mch t bo. S d gi l
truyn ti ""khng ng bi v cc t bo ca cng mt kt ni c th xut
hin ti cc thi im bt k nh khi chng c to ra m khng phi chu mt
s rng buc no nh trong phng thc truvn ti ng b STM (Synchronous
Transfer Mode)
8.2.2 M hnh chun ca ATM v mng ATM
8.2.2.I M hnh A TM chun
Nh ta bit m hnh kt ni h thng m OSI l m hnh gm 7 lp, cc lp
c thit k c lp vi nhau tng ng vi cc chc nng c bn khc nhau.
Mi lp u tip ohn cc dch v cng nh tin ch cung cp bi lp di, ri
kt hp tin hnh x l sau li cung cp li cc tin ch v dch v cho lp
trn. Theo m hnh kt ni h thng m ny, m hnh ATM chun s tng ng
vi 2 lp di cng l lp vt l (physical layer) v lp lin kt d liu (data link
layer).
M hnh ATM chun c chia ra lm 3 lp; lp th nht thun tu l lp
vt l ATM, lp th hai l lp ATM, lp th ba l lp tng thch ATM. Lp vt
l ATM c nhim v thun tu lin quan ti ghp ni ATM vi h thng truyn
dn vt l. Lp ATM thc hin vai tr chuyn mch cc t bo ti cc node. Lp
th ba ng vai tr trung gian lm nhim v ghp ni gia ATM vi cc lp trn
cao hn. Hnh v 8-3 minh ho m hnh ATM chun tng ng so vi m hnh
kt ni h thng m OSI.

223

K
M hnh
OSI7 lp

Cc lp con ATM v chc nng

K
Mhinh
chun ATM

Lp bc cao

(c th khng c)
Cung cp cc chc nng b sung theo c
trng ca tng dch v

Lp con hi t
Khi to mo u v ui cho cc khung
d liu ca cc dch v khc nhau

Lp con phn on v lp rp (SAR)

Khi to mo u v ui cho cc khung
d liu ca cc dch v khc nhau

Lp ATM
Chuyn mch t bo
iu khin lung

Lp con hi t truyn dn
Thch ng tc t bo
To/Kim tra mo u t bo
m bo tng thch khung truyn dn

Lp con truyn dn
M ho truyn dn
nh thi v ng b
Truyn dn (in/quang)

Hnh 8-3: M hnh chun A TM v phn ng ng ca m hnh OS.

Lp tng thch A TM AAL
Cc lp trn cao hn cn gi l cc lp ng dng. Cc n v d liu SD
ca lp ng dng c chuyn ti im truy nhp dch v SAP (Service Access
Point) ca lp tng thch ATM (AAL). Do cc dch v c bn cht khc nhau (v
tc bit, v tr v.v...) nn cc lp tng thch AAL cng s c nhiu im
truy nhp dch v tng ng vi cc kiu AAL khc nhau m bo d liu ca
lp ng dng c truyn i ph hp v hon ho trong mng ATM. v chc
nng lp tng thch ATM - AAL s lm nhim v tip nhn cc n v d liu
SDU vi cc di khc nhau v ghp chng vo cc t bo ATM c kch thc
c nh. Lp tng thch AAL c chia ra lm hai lp con: p con Hi t c s
(Convergence Sub-layer) v lp con Phn on - Lp rp SAR (Segmentaton and
Reassembly). Lp con hi t c s c nhim v ghp knh cc gi d liu ca lp
224

ng dng, khi phc/pht hin li t bo v thc hin iu khin lung. Lp con

Phn on - Lp rp thc hin ghp knh cc n v d liu ca lp con hi t c s
PDU, phn on cc oTi v d liu PDU ghp vo phn ti trng ca t bo
ATM cng nh khi phc li cc n v d liu PD t cc t bo ATM ri
chuyn ln cho lp hi t c s . Lp con c s cn c chia thnh hai lp con na:
mt l lp con phn chung CP (Common Part) e s v hai l lp con dch v ss
(Service Specific) c s . Chc nng ca lp con CP c s ph thuc vo cc dch v
ca lp trn s dng lp AAL v d nh thc hin thm/tch cc phn mo u
(header) hay ui (tailer) cho khung AAL trc khi khung ny c chuyn cho
lp con SAR.
Lp ATM
Lp ATM hot ng khng ph thuc vo lp vt l di n cng nh lp
tng thch AAL ngay trn n. Chc nng ch yu ca lp ATM c lin quan ti
phn mo u ca t bo ATM. Ti pha pht, cc n v d liu ca SAR c
ng v rp vo trong phn ti trng ca t bo, lp ATM c nhim v khi to
phn mo u cho cc ti trng ny. Phn mo u ny c dn nhn trong
ghi nhng thng tin lin quan ti vic truyn ti t bo trong mng ATM nh gi
tr nhn dng ng o VPI, gi tr nhn dng knh o VCI v .v... Ti pha thu, t
bo c tip nhn v b tch bc phn mo u v phn ti trng c y tr
ln cho lp tng thch AAL. Nh vy c th thy rng, lp ATM hon ton
khng c bt c tc ng no ln phn ti trng ca t bo ATM.
Mt chc nng quan trng khc ca lrp ATM l nhim v ghp/tch
knh cc t bo. Ti pha pht, cc t bo ca cc ng o VP (Virtual path) hay
cc Knh o (Virtual Channel) khc nhau c ghp vo lung t bo truyn
i. Nh vy bng cch ghp knh nh vy, nhiu kt ni c lp khc nhau
c ghp knh c th truyn i trn mt ng truyn vt l. Ngoi ra, lp
ATM cn thng dch cc gi tr VPI v VCI thc hin nhim v chuyn mch,
cc nhim v khc lin quan n iu khin lung, kim sot tc nghn v qun
l mng.
Lp vt l
Lp vt l cng c tch lm hai lp con: mt l lp con hi t truyn dn
TC (Transmisin Convergence) v lp con ph thuc mi trng truyn dn PM
(Physical Medium).

225

Lp con TC thc hin cc chc nng cn thit cho vic chuyn cc lung t
bo thnh mt lung bit m cc thit b lp vt l c th thu pht c. Chc
nng ny bao gm c vic khi to cng nh tip nhn khung truyn dn, pha
thu phi m bo np thch hp cc lung t bo vo phn ti trng ca khung
tryn dn cn pha pht s lm nhim v tch lung t bo ra t khung truyn
dn nhn c. Khi tc truyn dn ln hn s lng t bo c thc truyn,
TC s chn (hoc tch pha thu) cc t bo c bit gi l t bo rng (idle cell)
vo khung truyn dn m bo c tc truyn dn hp l. Lp con cng
phi c kh nng nhn bit tng t bo t lung t bo thu c (thc cht l mt
chui bit c bc tch t khung truyn dn). N cng c nhim v khi
to/kim tra chui kim tra HEC ca cc t bo.
Lp con P M cung cp cc kh nng truyn dn cc bit vt l. Chc nng
ny ca n ph thuc rt nhiu vo mi trng truyn dn c s dng (SDH,
PDH v.v...). N c th thc hin cc nhim v nh m ho ng hay nu cn
thit, thc hin chuyn i in/quang v ngc li.
s.2.2.2 Cc cu hnh giao hc chun
ATM c la chn lm cng ngh truyn thng c bn cho mng
B-ISDN, mt lot cc cu hnh giao thc chun ATM u da theo mng
B-ISDN.
Cu trc tng quan ca mng A TM
Hnh v 8-4 minh ho mt cu trc tng quan v mng ATM. Nh trong
hnh v, hon ton c th tn ti nhiu mng ATM tch ri nhau gi l cc mng
cng cng (Public ATM Network) hay mng ATM dng ring (Private ATM
Network). Thng thng cc mng ATM cng cng c kh thng (throughput)
cao hn rt nhiu so vi cc mng ATM dng ring.

226

Hnh 8-4:

cu trc tng quan mng ATM.

Phn t quan trng nht ca mng ATM l cc chuyn mch ATM, cc

chuyn mch ny s thc hin vic vn chuyn cc d liu di dng t bo
trong mng ATM, chng s c gi tng ng l c chuyn mch ATM cng
cng (public ATM switch) hay chuyn mch ATM dng ring (private ATM
switch) tu theo mng ATM ca chng. Cc chuyn mch ATM trong cng
mng ATM cng cng kt ni vi nhau thng qua giao tip NNI (Network Node
Interface). Cc im cui ATM (ATM endpoint) l cc thit b ca ngi dng
c ghp ni vi mng ATM. Vic ghp ni ca cc im cui ca ngi dng
vi mng ATM cng cng thng qua giao tip ngi dng - mng UNI (User
Network Interface), cu trc ca giao tip ny hon ton tng ng vi giao tip
UNI ca mng ISDN. Tuy nhin i vi chuyn mch ATM dng ring (Private
ATM network) khi kt ni vi chuyn mch ATM cng cng th khng dng
giao thc NNI m lc n c coi nh l mt im cui ATM v s phi hot
ng thng qua giao tip NI cng cng (Public UNI). Trong bn thn cc mng
ATM dng ring th cc im cui ATM phi kt ni vi chuyn mch ATM
dng ring thng qua giao tip UNI dng ring (Private NI).
<NI> <NNI>
227

8.2.3 Knh o v ng o

Knh i a

VC

- ^ =

(Virtual Chanel)

------ n i t n n n

n t r i * ^ * M

^ * B

VP

------ (Virtual Path)

/n/ 8-5: Knh o

vc, irng o VP v knh vt l.

8.2.3.1 Knh o
Knh o v c (Virtual Channel) c hiu l tp hp truyn n hng cc
t bo ATM trn mt knh vt l v c cng mt gi tr nhn dng gi l nhn
dng knh o VCI (VC Identifier). rng knh o v c khng ch c nhn
dng bi duy nht gi tr VCI m cn bi mt gi tr nhn dng khc l VPI (s
c trnh by trong phn tip sau).
8.2J.2 ng o
ng o VP (Virtual Path) l tp hp cc nhiu knh o khc nhau trn
mt knh vt l c cng c nhn dng bi mt gi tr nhn dng chung gi
nhn dng ng o VPI. Nh vy trn mt knh truyn vt l c th c nhiu
knh o c cng mt gi tr nhn dng VCI nhng cc knh o s c phn
bit vi nhau thng gi tr nhn dng VPI ca knh .
Nh vy i vi tng node ATM th c th c rt nhiu knh vt l.
Trong mi knh vt l c th c nhiu ng o, cc ng o ny c phn
bit thng qua gi tr nhn dng ng o VPI. s lng ng o tu thuc
theo s lng bit dnh cho VPI trong phn mo u ca t bo (8 bit hoc 12 bit).
Trong mi ng o li tn ti rt nhiu knh o c phn bit thng qua cc
gi tr nhn dng knh o VCI. s knh o c trong mt ng o ti a l 2 '^.
8.2.4 Nguyn l chuyn mch ATM
Mng ATM thc hin nh tuyn cc d liu trn mng da trn "nguyn
tc hon i gi tr nhn dng logic". Cc gi tr nhn dng logic y chnh l
hai gi tr nhn dng knh o VCI v gi tr nhn dng ng o VPI. Mt
chuyn mch ATM phi nht thit nhn hiu c c hai gi tr.

228

Tp hp cc knh o c cng mt gi tr VCI gi l lin kt knh o VCL

(VC Link). Nhiu lin kt knh o lin tip nhau ca cng mt kt ni c gi
l kt ni knh o v c c (Virtual Channel Connection).
Tp hp cc ng o c cng mt gi tr VPI gi l lin kt knh o VPL
(VP Link). Cn tp hp cc lin kt ng o lin tip nhau gi l kt ni Tig
o VPC (VP Connection).

V P vo

1
2

yci
1
2
3
4
5

BngVP vVC

1 1
2
3
4
5

nr
2

u ra

5
5

2
3

3
4
5

12

VCI
u ra
vo Link VPI VGI

Link 1 (u vo)

VCI

u ra
vo Link VPI VCI

Link 4 (u vo)

BngVP

L ......

Hnh 8-6: Nguyn l chuyn mch VPI v VCI.

Chuyn mch ATM s lu gi bng cc gi tr VPI, VCI v cng vt l
cng vi con tr xc nh cng ra vt l tip theo i vi cc gi tr VPI, VCI
nu trn ca cng vt l vo. Bng ny c hiu nh l bng nh tuyn. Khi
mt t bo c tip nhn, chuyn mch ATM s phn tch cc gi tr VPI, VCI
cng nh cng vt l m t bo xut hin, thc hin so snh vi bng nh
229

tuyn nu trn, t xc nh c gi tr VPI, VCI mi cng vi cng ra vt l

tong ng phi c ca t bo. T bo khi s c truyn ra ngoi theo cng
vt l mi vi cc gi VPI v VCI thch hp c thay i. Chuyn mch m
gi tr VPI thay i gi l chuyn mch VP cn chuyn mch m VCI thay i
gi l chuyn mch v c .
Hnh 8-7 minh ho chuyn mch VP, trong cc t bo xut hin ti Link
4 vi gi tr VPI l 1, thng qua tra cu bng nh tuyn VP s c chuyn sang
Link 5 vi gi tr VPI i thnh 2. ng tc ny lm cho ton b cc knh d
liu ti ca mt ng o s b i hng sang mt ng o ra mi. y chnh
l mt chuyn mch VP. Lin kt knh o VPL (VP Link) ni phn trn
xut hin gia node chuyn mch m gi tr VPI c gn v node chuyn mch
m gi tr VPI thay i (c gn gi tr mi hay chm dt). Chuyn mch
VP rt li khi gia hai u cui mun thit lp nhiu kt ni o, c th coi cc
kt ni o ny nh cc knh o, khi ch cn nhm chng li thnh mt ig
o v truyn i m khng cn phi quan tm ti tng knh n l.
Khc vi chuyn mch VP ch cn quan tm ti VPI, chuyn mch

vc

phi xem xt v x l c hai gi tr VPI ln VCI. Trong hnh v mt t bo khi

vo Link 1 vi VPI=^1, v VCI=5, chuyn mch ATM sau khi tra cu bng nh
tuyn VP v

vc,

lin tr ti Link 2 vi hai gi tr nhn dng mi tr thnh

VPI=3 v VCI=12. Tng t cc t bo ca Link 1 vi VPI=2 v VCI=3 s c

tr ti Link 3 vi cc gi tr mi l VPI=1 v VCI=5.
Hnh v sau minh ho v cc lin kt cng nh kt ni knh o
ng o VP.
vcc

VP Link

vc Unk

vc Link

VPC

VPC

VP Llnk

VP Link

C huyn m ch

vc

EK9

C huyn m ch VP

Hnh 8-7: Cc lin kt (VP, VC) v cc kt ni (VP, VC).

Cc kt ni knh o

230

vcc

v VPC c dng trong nhiu ng dng:

Gia ngi s dng vi ngi s dng;

vc

Gia ngi s dng vi mng;

Gia mng vi mng.

Cc kt ni knh o v c c c c tnh chung sau;

Khch hng s dng v c c c kh nng yu cu cht lng dch v xc

nh bi cc tham s nh t l mt t bo, gi tr thay i tr t bo;

v c c c cung cp trn c s yu cu trc tip hoc (bn) cnh;

i vi tng v c c , cc tham s v dung lng s c tho thun

gia khch hng v mng khi kt ni c thit lp, trong qu trnh s dng sau
ny c th ti tho thun li.
Cc kt ni knh o v c c c thit lp v gii phng ti giao din khch
hng - mng UNI theo cc phng thc sau:

Thng qua cc knh ginh sn m khng cn s dng cc th tc bo

hiu chnh l trng hp ca kt ni bn c nh hay c nh;

Qua th tc bo hiu trao i (meta signaling);

Qua th tc bo hiu gia ngi s dng v mng;

Qua th tc bo hiu gia ngi s dng vi ngi s dng.

Cc gi tr VCI trong qu trnh thit lp cuc gi c th c gn t thit b

u cui khc hng, t mng hay theo tho thun gia khch hng v mng v.v...
Cc kt ni chuyn bit dng cho vic trao i gia u cui v mng thng
thng c gn cc gi tr nh trc ti giao tip UNI.
8.2.5

Cu tr c t bo ATM

8.2.5.1 T bo A T M
Theo khuyn ngh ca I.l 13 ca lUT-T th t bo c hiu nh sau:
T bo l mt khi thng tin c chiu di c nh. Mi t bo c xc
nh bi mt nhn ng vi lp ATM.
^ ------------- 0 UC16------------- ^ ........ .

'

*tO 'UUlxl

.......^
Ti trng

M o u

Hnh 8-8:

cu trc t bo.

T bo ATM c phn mo u di 5 byte cn phn ti trng 48 byte. Tng

cng chiu di ca t bo ATM l 53 byte. Tu theo vai tr, chc nng cng nh

231

d liu lu trong phn ti trng ca t bo ATM m n c chia ra thnh nhiu

loi khc nhau:
T bo rng (idle cell): t bo ny c dng chn/tch bi lp vt l v
cng ch xut hin trong lp vt l. T bo rng xut hin ti min bin gia lp
ATM v lp vt l, n nhim v m bo tng thch gia lung tc t bo
vi tc truyn dn vt l.
T bo hp l (valid cell): l cc t bo c phn mo u hp l khng c
li hoc c khc phc li bi thng qua c ch kim sot li mo u HEC
(Header Eor Control).
T bo li (invalid cell): l cc t bo c phn mo u b li hoc khng
th khc phc li bi c ch HEC. Cc t bo li s b hu ti lp vt l. C t
bo li ln t bo hp l u l cc khi nim ch s dng trong lp vt l ATM
m thi.
T bo dch v (assigned cell): l t bo c s dng cung cp dch v
cho cc ng dng ca lp ATM.
T bo v nh (unassigned cell) l cc t bo khng phi l t bo dch v.
T bo dch v ln t bo cha gn c truyn t lp vt l ln lp ATM.
8.2.5.2 Cu trc t bo A T M
Cu trc t bo cp ti phn ny chnh l ca t bo c s dng trong
lp ATM. Cu trc t bo ti gio tip NI khc vi cu trc t bo ti giao tip
NNI trong vic s dng 4 bit t bit 5 n bit 8 ca octet th nht phn mo u.
Ti giao tip NNI, cc bit ny l mt phn ca trng VPI, trong khi ti giao
tip NI nhm bit ny to nn mt trng mi c lp gi l trng GFC. Hnh
8-9 minh ho cu trc t bo tcmg ng vi hai giao tip NI v NNI.
Bit

Bit

GFC

VP

VPI

VCI

VPI
VPI

3 Octet

VCI
HEC

HEC
HEC

3 Octet

VCI
HEC

CLP

VCI

HEC

CLP

HEC

__________ /

Hnh 8-9: Cu trc mo au t bo ti UNI (tri) v NN (phi).

232

Trng iu khin lung chung GFC (Generic Flow Control)

Trmg ny c chiu di l 4 bit, nhim v ca n l to ra mt c ch gip
kim sot lu lng cc kt ni ATM ti giao tip B-ISDN NI. GFC s gip
loi b tnh trng qu ti tm thi c th xy ra trong mng ca ngi dng. Khi
khng c s dng cho tnh nng ny n c gi tr mc nh l 0000. Hin ti
th cc chc nng ca GFC vn ang c chun ho. i vi mng ATM, gi tr
GFC khng p dung cho giao tip NNI nn n ch c ngha logic i vi im
cui ATM, ngha l thc hin vic kim sot u cui kt ni vo mng.
Gi tr nhn dng ng o VPI v nhn dng knh o VCI
y l hai gi tr quan trng v c ngha nht trong phn mo u ca t
bo. C hai gi tr ny gip xc nh ng truyn cho chng k tip ca t bo.
i vi mng ATM, khng tn ti ci gi l a ch mng ch bi v t bo
ATM vi kch thc 53 Byte l qu nh c th cha thm a ch. Ti cc
chuyn mch ATM, cc gi tr VPI v VCI s c xem xt tm hng truyn
tip theo, khi chuyn sang hng truyn mi, cc gi tr VPI v VCI c th b
thay i
C s khc bit v gi tr nhn dng ng o VPI ca t bo ti hai giao
tip NNI v NI. Ti giao tip NNI, gi tr VPI c chiu di tng cng l 12 bit
cn ti giao tip NI, gi tr VPI c chiu di l 8 bit (4 bit trc dnh cho
trng GFC).
Khng phi tt c cc gi tr VPI v VCI u c s dng nh nhau, c
mt s gi tr dnh ring c nh trc cho mt s chc nng c bit nh bo
hiu, bo dng cng nh l qun l ti nguyn

V.V ....

Chng hn nh, cc gi tr

VCI t 0 ti 15 c dnh cho s dng sau ny theo yu cu ca IT-T. Cn

cc gi tr VCI t 16 ti 31 c s dng bi ATM Forum dng cho cc VCI
trong cc ng o VP. Cn t bo m c c hai gi tr VPI v VCI u bng 0 l
cc t bo cha gn
<empty cell IBM 25>

(1 )

Ti mi chuyn mch s lu gi cc bng nh x gia cc cp gi tr (VPI, VCI) c sang cp gi tr

(VPI.VCl) mi. T bo sau khi sang tuyn mi t bo s nhn cp gi tr mi ny trong phn mo u.

233

Trng loi ti trng P T (Payload Type)

Loi ti trng s gip phn loi ti trng ca t bo hin thi c th ang
cha thng tin ca ngi dng hay cha thng tin mng v.v...
Thng thng bit 0 ch ra t bo c dng cho d liu ngi dng (khi c
gi tr 0) hay cho cc chc nng OAM (khi c gi tr 1). Trong trng hp bit 0
c gi tr 0 tc phn ti trng cha thng ngi dng, gi tr bit 1 s phn nh c
hin tng tc nghn mng trn cc ng truyn qua ca t bo, bit ny cn
c gi l bit CI (Congestion Indication). Bit 2 c dng cho cc lp cao hn,
v d khi ng vi AAL5 th bit 2 bng 1 c ngha l t bo ny nh du phn kt
thc ca khi d liu ngi dng.
<table ATM implemetation>
Trng u tin tn tht t bo CLP (Cell Loss Priority)
Trng ny c chiu di 1 bit, bit ny ch ra kh nng hu t bo mc
nht nh no . Nu bit ny c gi tr l 1, khi t bo ny n c u
tin thp, do vy chng hn nu cn phi hu cc t bo khi c hin tng tc
nghn th t bo ny s c u tin hu trc tin. Vic hu t bo ny khng
nh hng ti tham s cht lng dch v QoS bi v khi cn c th thit lp bit
CLP gi tr 0, c ny cc ti nguyn mng s c cp pht y m bo
QoS.
Gi tr ca bit CLP ny c th c thit lp bi ngi dng u cui hay
bi nh cung cp dch v mng.
Trng kim sot li mo u HEC (Header Error Check)
TrTig ny nm trong phn mo u t bo lp ATM tuy nhin lp ATM
li khng s dng chng. N l mt chui 8 bit c x l bi lp vt l pha
di. HEC gip pht hin li bit a bit trong phn mo u hoc cho php thc
hin sa cc li bit n trong phn mo u ca t bo .
<IBM 26>
8.2.6 Bo hiu v nh a ch
8.16.1 Bo hiu A T M
ATM l cng ngh chuyn mch hng kt ni (connection oriented), tc l
cc kt ni s phi c thit lp trc khi d liu ca cc cuc ni c th
truyn qua. thc hin nhim v nht thit phi s dng th tc bo hiu
234

cn thit. Th tc bo hiu ATM bao gm nhiu qu trnh vi cc thng bo khc

nhau dng trao i thng tin bo hiu gia ngi s dng v mng. Bi v
ATM h tr rt nhiu loi hnh dch v khc nhau cho nn cc th tc bo hiu
cng phi linh hot cho php cc kt ni c thit lp p ng c cc
yu cu phong ph ca ngi dng cng nh i hi ca mng. Th tc bo hiu
ATM phi c kh nng thc hin:

Thit lp, duy tr cng nh gii phng cc kt ni;

Thng lng (hay ti thng lng) cc c tnh ca kt ni.

Trong mng ATM, c hai loi kt ni chnh tn ti l kt ni o chuyn

mch

svc (Switched Virtual Connection) v kt ni o c nh PVC (Permanent

Virtual Connection). Cc kt ni o c nh PVC l cc cuc ni c thit lp

nh trc thng thng bi nh qun tr mng. Cn kt ni o chuyn mch

svc l kt ni ch c thit lp khi cn. Th tc bo hiu ch yu s c s

dng cho vic thit lp cc kt ni o svc ny. Khi cc kt ni VPC hay vcc
c thit lp bi th tc OA&M, cc tham s c tnh ca cc kt ni s
c xem xt, cc tham s c tnh l cc yu cu v cht lng dch v QoS,
n cng c th phn nh kt ni l kt ni im-im hay kt ni im-a
im v.v...
i vi cc cuc gi a kt ni (multi-connection) vi d cc ng dng a
truyn thng, nhiu kt ni ng thi c thit lp truyn ti thng tin cho
mt cuc gi, mi kt ni l mt dng thng tin khc nhau hnh hnh nh, ting
ni v.v... Lc ny bo hiu ATM phi c kh nng b sung mt hay nhiu kt ni
vo mt cuc gi hoc hu b mt hay nhiu kt ni khng cn thit na ca mt
cuc gi. i vi cc cuc gi a im (multi-party) v d nh dch v hi ngh
t xa (teleconference) s yu cu nhiu hn hai im kt ni, khi bo hiu
ATM phi c kh nng b sung mt (hay nhiu) kt ni t 1 im no hay
hu b ton b cc kt ni t mt im khc v.v...
Th tc bo hiu m ATM s dng l bo hiu ngoi bng. Ngha l qu
trnh bo hiu xy ra trn knh o ring bit vi knh o chuyn d liu ca kt
ni sau ny, ging nh trng hp mng N-ISDN s dng knh D cho bo hiu.
Knh o ring bit ny cng c gi l cc knh bo hiu. Trong ATM c nhiu
knh bo hiu khc nhau c phn bit qua gi tr VCI v VPI ca knh .

235

VCI=1, (VPI bt k): knh s dng cho bo hiu meta (meta -

signaling). Bo hiu meta c s dng kim sot cc knh bo hiu khc.

VCI=2, (VPI bt k): knh s dng cho bo hiu qung b (broadcast

signaling).

VCI=5, VPI=0: knh s dng cho bo hiu im-im v im-a

im gia cui ATM ti mng ATM a phng.

VCI=5, VPI ?O: Knh s dng cho bo hiu im-im vi im khc

ca mng khc ATM khc.

Bng sau minh ho 4 loi knh bo hiu ch yu ti giao tip NI:
Loi kcnh
bo hiu
Meta

2 chiu

Qung b chung

n hng (mng ti ngi dng)

Chicu

S lng (knh)

Qung b chn n hmg (mng ti ngi dng)

lc

2 chiu

> 1
mi im mt knh

im-im
Cc loi knh bo hiu ti giao tip UNI
Knh bo hiu meta: Ti mi giao tip ch c duy nht mt knh bo hiu
meta m thi. Knh bo hiu ny l 2 chiu v c nh. N l mt dng knh
qun l giao tip c s dng thit lp, kim tra cng nh gii phng knh
bo hiu qung b v knh bo hiu im-im. Bo hiu meta khng c s
dng trong bo hiu mng-mng.
^Knh bo hiu m-im: Trong khi knh bo hiu meta l c nh th knh
bo hiu im-im c cp pht cho ngi dng khi c nhu cu bo hiu.
Knh bo hiu ny cng l knh 2 chiu, n c s dng thit lp, kim sot
v gii phng cc kt ni knh o

vcc

cho ngi dng.

Knh bo hiu qung b chung/chn lc: y l knh bo hiu n hng

(t pha mng v pha ngi s dng), chng c s dng gi cc thng ip

(2)

Cc kt ni knh o VPC v kt ni ng o

vcc

ng k (subscription) m khng cn ti cc th tc bo hiu.

236

cQng c th c thit lp thng qua th tc

bo hiu ca mng cho tt c (i vi qung b chung) hoc mt s nht nh

(i vi qung b chn lc) ngi dng.
Hnh v sau minh ho mt v d qu trnh thit lp v hu cuc gi trong
ATM.
Mng
ATM

'

im cui ATM
ATM Endpoint

Ninh 8-10: Qu trnh thit lp v gii phng cuc gi ATM.

8.2.6.2 nh a ch
cc thng ip bo hiu c th c trao i gia node mng cng nh
cc u cui ATM, ATM phi c mt c ch nh a ch hp l sao cho mi
thit b c gn duy nht 1 a ch ATM. a ch trong ATM c c im sau:
a.

Mi a ch phi c lp v duy nht trong khng gian a ch.

b. Mng ATM cng cng v dng ring s dng c ch nh a ch khc

nhau.
c.

Cc a ch ATM phn nh mt cu trc phn cp. iu ny s gip lm

n gin ho qu trnh nh tuyn cng nh th tc qun l trong mng ATM,

C 3 khun dng a ch c s dng:
ITU-T (E.164): Khun dng ny chnh l khun dng a ch ca mng
in thoi, n c ITU khuyn khch s dng cho mng ATM cng cng.
DCC (Data Country Code): Khun dng ny lu gi a ch mng cc b
LAN theo chun IEEE 802.
ICD (OSI): y l khun dng a ra bi t chc chun quc t ISO
dng trong h thng OSI.

237

Khun dng ITU-T E.164

20

AFI

ia c h ISDN
E .1 6 4

RD

A REA

E S!

S el

Khun dng IEEE802 -DCC

z:
AFI

D CC

DFI

AA

)e d n h
re s e rv e d

RD

A REA

ESI

Sel

AA

O dnh
re s e rv e d

RD

AREA

E SI

S el

Khun dng OSI -ICD

AFI

ICD

DFI

AFI
RD
AREA
ESI

A u th o rity & F o rm a t Identifier

R o u tin g D o m a in
A re a Identifier
E n d s y s te m Id en tifier

Sel
D CC
DF!
AA

N S A P S e le c to r
D a ta C o u n try C o d e
D o m a in S p e c ific p a r t Id en tifier
A d m in istra tiv e A u th o rity

Hnh 8-11: Cc khun dng a ch ATM.

C 3 khun dng ny u nh a ch di ti 20 byte tc l s c th vo
ti lo'* a ch khc nhau. Theo khuyn ngh ca din n ATM, th cc thit b
ca mng ATM dng ring cn phi h tr vic s dng c 3 khun dng a ch
ny. Cn cc thit b ca mng ATM cng cng th ch cn h tr khun dng a
ch E. 164 ca IT.
8.2.7 K ctlun
Qua nhng phn trnh by, ta c th tm tt li nhng c im chnh
ca mng ATM nh sau;
Hng kt ni
Mng ATM l mt h thng hng kt ni. S khng c cch no gi d liu
qua mng ATM nu khng thit lp trc cc kt ni knh o v c c . Mng ATM
s dng 2 loi kt ni (bn) c nh v kt ni chuyn mch. L mt h thng
hng kt ni nhng khng c ngha l cc ng dng phi kt ni (connectionless
operation) s khng th chy qua mng ATM. Vic p dng ng dng phi kt ni
ny s ph thuc vo phn lp mng pha trn ca mng ATM.

238

Qung b v truyn chn lc

ATM h tr c hai c ch truyn qung b v truyn c chn lc (a truyn).
Truyn c chn lc c th hin dng cc kt ni im-a im, m bo thc
hin cc kt ni t gc (root) n cc nhnh khc nhau. Truyn qung b v truyn
chn lc c ng dng rt phong ph trong mng ATM nh trong th tc bo
hiu hay cc ng dng video theo yu cu (video on-emand) v.v...
Th t truyn
D liu c truyn trong mng ATM di dng cc t bo, i vi mt kt
ni, th th t truyn cc t bo c m bo. Ngha l pha thu s tip nhn t
bo ng y th t nh khi th tt bo cpha phttruyn i. iu ny rt
quan

trng, v khi pha thu khngcn phi sp xp li th t cct bo nn

tit kim c rt nhiu b m, lm n gin ho qu trnh tip nhn t bo.

m bo tham s cht lng dch v QoS
Mi khi cc kt ni knh o v c c c thit lp th ng thi mt lot cc
tham s cht lng dch v QoS cng c gn cho kt ni . Cc tham s ny
ch ra mc bng thng trung bnh cng nh mc bng thng nh tc thi m kt
ni c chim. Nu c tnh trng qu ti lin tc th mng c th hu b cc t bo
c u tin thp duy tr cc cht lng dch v ca cc kt ni ra.
Cc tham s cht lng dch v QoS hay dng trong mng ATM gm c;
Tr truyn t bo;
Sai khc tr truyn t bo;
Kh nng truyn t bo nh: tc truyn trung bnh v tc nh;
T l li t bo;
T l mt t bo;
T l chn nhm t bo.
Hu v mt t bo
Cc t bo c th b hu hoc b mt trong qu trnh truyn qua mng ATM.
Tuy nhin, mng ATM s khng c trch nhim pht hin ra hin tng ny v
n cng khng thng bo vic hu t bo cho ngi dng. C ch pht hin ra t
bo b mt hay truyn li t bo hay khng ph thuc vo cc lp ng dng cao
hon bn trn cc lp ATM. V d nh vi cc ng dng video hay m thanh c
tc bit thay i, th cc bit d liu s phi chia lm thnh 2 nhm bit.
239

 Nhm bit chnh: lun tr cc thng tin cn bn nhm m bo tnh lin

tc ca dch v. Nhng bit ny s c u tin cao v s khng b hu.
Nhm bit ph: cha nhng d liu gip ci thin cht lng dch v.
Nhng bit ny c nh du mc u tin thp v s b hu i khi mng
trng thi tc nghn.
Vic khi phc hay truyen li cc bit b hu c thc hin bi lp ng
dng cao hn nhng thng thng n s c thc hin vi mt khi cc t bo,
ch khng ch mt t bo ring l.
Kim sot lung (flow control)
Thc t trong mng ATM, khng tn ti c ch kim sot lung ch thc
s dng cc giao thc kiu ca s trt ging nh trong cc mng truyn thng
khc. Tuy nhin mng ATM thc hin c ch gim st d liu ti cc im vo
mng theo cc tham s cht lng dch v QoS ng k. Mng s ngn chn
khng cho php truyn qu nh mc cho php.
Tnh ton vn d liu
Mng ATM khng m bo tnh ton vn d liu ca cc kt ni gia hai
u ngi s dng. Thit b cng nh cc ng dng ti cc pha ngi s dng s
phi c trch nhim m bo tnh ton vn ny. Mc sa li do lp tng
thch AAL em li l hn ch v n s khng c trch nhim khi phc cc d
liu do vic hu t bo gy nn.
8.3 CNG NGH CHUYN MCH MPLS
8.3.1 Lch s pht trin MPLS
tng u tin v MPLS c a ra bi hng Ipsilon, mt hng rt nh
v cng ngh thng tin trong trin lm v cng ngh thng tin, vin thng ti
Texas. Mt thi gian ngn sau , Cisco v mt lot cc hng ln khc nh IBM,
Toshiba... cng b cc sn phm ca h s dng cng ngh chuyn mch c
t di nhiu tn khc nhau nhng u cng chung bn cht l cng ngh
chuyn mch da trn nhn.
Thit b CSR (Cell switch router) ca Toshiba ra i nm 1994 l tng i
ATM u tin c iu khin bng giao thc IP thay cho bo hiu ATM. Tng
i IP ca Ipsilon v thc cht l mt ma trn chuyn mch ATM c iu
khin bi khi x l s dng cng ngh IP. Cng ngh Tag switching ca Cisco
240

cng tng t nhng c b sung thm mt s im mi nh FEC (Forwarding

equivalence class), giao thc phn phi nhn, v.v... Cisco pht hnh n bn u
tin v chuyn mch th (tag switching) vo thng 3 nm 1998 v trong thi gian
gn y, nhm nghin cu IETF tin hnh cc cng vic a ra tiu chun
v khi nim v chuyn mch nhn a giao thc MPLS.
S ra i ca MPLS c d bo l tt yu khi nhu cu v tc pht trin
rt nhanh ca mng Internet yu cu phi c mt giao thc mi m bo cht
lng dch v theo yu cu ng thi phi n gin v tc x l phi rt cao.
Tn ti rt nhiu cng ngh xy dng mng IP, nh IPOA (IP qua ATM),
IPOS (IP qua SDH/SONET), IP qua WDM v IP qua cp quang. Mi cng ngh
c u im v nhc im nht nh. Cng ngh ATM c s dng rng ri
trn ton cu trong cc mng IP xong sng do tc cao, cht lng dch v
QoS, iu khin lung v cc c tnh khc ca n m cc mng nh tuyn
truyn thng khng c. N cng c pht trin h tr cho IP. Hn na, trong
cc trng hp i hi thi gian thc cao, IPOA s l s la chn s mt.
IPOA truyn thng l mt cng ngh lai ghp. N t IP (cng ngh lp th
3) trn ATM (cng ngh lp th 2). Cc giao thc ca hai lp l hon ton c
lp. Chng c kt ni vi nhau bng mt lot cc giao thc (nh NHRP, ARP,
v.v...). Cch tip cn ny hnh thnh t nhin v n c s dng rng ri. Khi
xut hin s bng n lu lng mng, phng thc ny dn n mt lot cc vn
cn gii quyt.
Th nht, trong phng thc lai ghp, cn phi thit lp cc kt ni
PVC cho tt c cc nt ngha l thit lp mng vi tt c cc kt ni nh c
biu din trong hnh I-l. iu ny s to ra hnh vung N. Khi thit lp, duy tr
v ngt kt ni gia cc nt, cc mo u lin quan (nh s knh o, s lng
thng tin iu khin) s ch th v ln ca hnh vung N ca s cc nt. Khi
mng m rng, mo u s ngy cng ln v ti mc khng th chp nhn c.

Phng thc lai ghp phn chia ton b mng IPOA thnh rt nhiu cc

LIS (Mng con IP Logic), thm ch vi cc LIS trong cng mt mng vt l. Cc

LIS c kt ni nh cc b nh tuyn trung gian c biu din trong hnh 1-2.
Cu hnh multicast gia cc LIS khc nhau n mt mt v gia cc b nh
tuyn ny s tr nn hn ch khi lung lu lng ln. cu hnh nh vy ch p
241

dng cho cc mng nh nh mng doanh nghip, mng trng s, v.v... v khng
ph hp vi nhu cu cho cc mng xng sng Internet trong tng lai. C hai
u kh m rng.
Khng phi tt c mi cn nhc c a ra trong qu trnh thit k IP v
ATM. iu ny to nn s lin kt gia chng ph thuc vo mt lot cc giao
thc phc tp v cc b nh tuyn x l cc giao thc ny. S phc tp s gy ra
cc hiu ng bt li n tin cy ca cc mng xng sng.
ATM
Switching j
System I

Router

Hnh 8-12: S m rng mng IPOA.

Cc cng ngh nh MPOA, v LANE c hnh thnh gii quyt cc
tn ti ny. Tuy nhin, cc gii php khng th gii quyt c tt c cc tn
ti. Trong khi y, ni bt ln trn mt lot cc cng ngh IPOA khc vi phng
thc lai ghp l chuyn mch nhn theo phng thc tch hp. Chng cung cp
gii php hp l gii quyt nhng tn ti ny. Cc kh nng c bn m MPLS
cung cp cho vic phn phi cc dch v thng mi IP bao gm:
H trV PN .
nh tuyn hin (cng c bit n nh l nh tuyn c iu tit hay
iu khin lu lng).
H tr cc b cho nh tuyn IP trong cc tng i chuyn mch ATM.

242

R u u ic r A

Li l i e r n i Cs I iii t C'

I\

^li I c f

R o u ic r R

>\ <2. ( \ A. y

Hnh 8-13: Nt c chai trong mng IPOA.

Khi nim chuyn mch nhn xut pht t qu trnh nghin cu hai thit b
c bn trong mng IP: tng i chuyn mch v b nh tuyn. Chng ta c th
thy rng ch xt trong cc yu t tc chuyn mch, phng thc iu khin
lung, t l gia gi c v cht lng th tng i chuyn mch chc chn tt hn
nhiu so vi b nh tuyn. Tuy nhin, cc b nh tuyn c cc chc nng nh
tuyn mm do m tng i khng th so snh c. Do , chng ta khng th
khng ngh rng chng ta c th c mt thit b c kh nng iu khin lung,
tc cao ca tng i cng nh cc chc nng nh tuyn mm do ca b nh
tuyn. l ng c then cht pht trin chuyn mch nhn.
Nguyn tc c bn ca chuyn mch nhn l s dng mt thit b tng t
nh b nh tuyn iu khin thit b chuyn mch phn cng ATM, do vy
cng ngh ny c c t l gia gi thnh v cht lng c th snh c vi
tng i. N cng c th h tr thm ch rt nhiu chc nng nh tuyn mi
mnh hn nh nh tuyn hin v.v... Cng ngh ny do kt hp mt cch hon
ho u im ca cc tng i chuyn mch vi u im ca cc b nh tuyn,
v tr thnh im nng thu ht s tp trung ca ngnh cng nghip.
8.3.2 Qu trnh pht trin v gii php ban u ca cc hng
8.3.2.1 IP over ATM
Mc d cc ng dng MPLS hon ton khng gii hn bi IPOA, s ci
tin IPOA u tin sinh ra MPLS. Cng vic tiu chun ho ATM bt u rt
sm vo khong nm 1980, v ngay sau phm vi ng dng ca IP dn ti vic
nghin cu xem vic trin khai IP trn ATM nh th no. Mt s nhm lm vic
IETF gii quyt cu hi ny, v a n kt qu trong hai ti liu RFC l RPC
1483 v RFC 1577 vo nm 1993 v 1994.
243

RFC 1483 m t cch ng gi bn tin IP trong cc t bo ATM trong khi

RFC 1577 nh ngha CIPOA v ATMARP (ATM Address Resolution Protocol).
CIPOA thit k ATM bng cng ngh mng con IP logic, my ch v cc
b nh tuyn IP t trong cc LIS khc nhau. Khi c hai phn lin lc u nm
trong cng mt LIS ging nhau, chng c th lin lc trc tip. Nu khng chng
khng th lin lc trc tip vi nhau v cn s dng thit b router trung gian.
V nhng nhc im ca CIPOA dc cp trn, trong khi n li c
s dng rt rng ri, cc nh nghin c i ang xc tin tm kim mt cng
ngh IPOA hiu qu hn.
8.3.2.2 Toshiba's CSR
Toshiba a ra m hnh chuyn mch nhn da trn cng ngh CSR (Cell
Switching Router). M hnh ny u tin xut tng t cu trc chuyn
mch ATM di s iu khin ca giao thc IP (nh giao thc nh tuyn IP v
giao thc RSVP) m khng phi l giao thc ATM (Q.2931). Bi vy m hnh
ny c th loi tr ton b th tc bo hiu cuc gi ATM v vic xp xp a
ch phc tp. Mng CSR c th chp nhn tng i chuyn mch ATM v cc
tng i chuyn mch CSR ti cng mt thi im. CSR c th thay th cc b
nh tuyn gia cc LIS trong CIPOA, do gii phng nhu cu cho NHRP.
CSR xem nh l cng ngh chuyn mch nhn u tin c trnh ti
cuc hp IETF BOF vo cui nm 1994 v u nm 1995. Tuy nhin, khng c
nhng nghin cu chuyn su vo m hi nil ny. nh ngha ca cng ngh ny
khng r rng v hon chnh. V cc sn nhm thng mi cha c.
8.3.2J Cisco's Tag Switching
Ch mt vi thng sau khi Ipsion thng bo v cng ngh chuyn mch IP,
Cisco ph bin cng ngh chuyn mch th ca mnh. M hnh ny khc rt
nhiu so vi hai cng ngh trn. V d, n khng s dng iu khin lung
nhng s dng phong thc iu khin theo s kin trong thit lp bng nh
tuyn, v n khng gii hn vi cc ng dng trong h thng chuyn mch
ATM. IChng ging nh Ipsilon, Cisco tiu chn ho quc t cng ngh ny. Cc
ti iu RFC c ban hnh cho nhiu kha cnh ca cng ngh, v cc n lc
ca Cisco mang li kt qu trong vic thit lp nn nhm lm vic MPLS
lETpKChnh Cisco l nh i tin phong v thit lp nn mng cho cc tiu chun
MPLS. Cc sn phm MPLS ch yu ca Cisco vn tp trung trong dng cc

244

Router truyn thng. Cc h thng Router ny h tr ng thi 2 giao thc TDP

(Tag Distribution Protocol) l LDP (label Distribution Protocol).
8J.2.4 IBM's ARIS v NorteVs VNS
Ngay sau khi Cisco thng bo v cng ngh ca mnh, IBM bt kp vi
ARIS (aggregate Route-based IP Switching) ca mnh v ng gp vo cc tiu
chun RFC. Mc du ARIS kh ging vi chuyn mch th, chng cng c rt
nhiu cc im khc bit. Cc cng ty ln khc trong cng nghip, nh Nortel,
cng s dng chng trong cc sn phm VNS chuyn mch nhn ca mnh. C
th thy rng nghin cu v chuyn mch nhn nhn c s ch rng ri
trong cng nghip.
Khng ch c mt s hng hng u v cng ngh thng tin quan tm n
MPLS m cc nh sn xut thit b vin thng truyn thng nh Alcatel, Eicsson,
Siemens, NEC u rt quan tm v pht trin cc sn phm MPLS ca mnh. Cc
dng sn phm thit b mng th h mi (chuyn mch, router) ca h u h tr
MPLS.
8.3.2.S Cng vic chun lo MPLS
Vi s h tr t nhiu cng ty, IETF triu tp cuc hp BOF trong nm
1996. y l mt trong nhng cuc hp thnh cng nht trong lch s IETF.
MPLS i vo con ng chun ho mt cch hp l, mc du n cn c cn
nhc xem liu c nhng b nh tuyn nhanh hay cng ngh ny liu c cn
cn thit. Trong thc t, khng c mt b nh tuyn no m bo c tc
cao hofii v cc cng ngh chuyn mch nhn cn phi c chun ho.

Vo u nm 1997, hin chng MPLS c thng qua.

Vo thng 4 nm 1997 nhm lm vic MPLS tin hnh cuc hp u

tin.
Vo thng 11 nm 1997, ti liu MPLS c ban hnh.
Vo thng 7 nm 1998, ti liu cu trc MPLS c ban hnh.
Trong thng 8 v ing 9 nm 1998, 10 ti liu Internet b xung dnc
ban hnh, bao gm MPLS LDP (Label Distribution Protocol), Mark Enco I ilg,
cc ng dng ATM, v.v... MPLS hnh thnh v cn bn.

IELF hon thin cc tiu chun MPLS v a ra cc ti liu RFC trong

nm 999.

245

Chng ta c th thy rng MPLS pht trin rt nhanh chng v hiu qu.
iu ny cng chng minh nhng yu cu cp bch trong cng nghip cho mt
cng ngh mi.
Hu ht cc tiu chun MPLS hin ti c ban hnh di dng RFC.
Cc tiu chun MPLS c xy dng trn c s mt tp cc RFC, khi ton
b cc RFC c hon thin chng s c tp hp vi nhau cho php xy dng
mt h thng tiu chun MPLS.
8.3.3

Cc thnh phn MPLS

8.3.3.1 Cc khi nim c bn M PLS

Nhn: Label
Nhn l mt thc th di ngn v c nh khng c cu trc bn trong.
Nhn khng trc tip m ho thng tin ca mo u lp mng nh i ch lp
mng. Nhn c gn vo mt gi tin c th s i din cho FEC (Forwarding
Equivalence Classes - Nhm chuyn tip tng ng) m gi tin c n
nh.
Thng th mt gi tin c n nh cho mt FEC (hon ton hoc mt
phn) da trn a ch ch lp mng ca n. Tuy nhin, nhn khng bao gi l
m ho ca a ch .
Dng ca nhn ph thuc vo phng tin truyn m gi tin c bc v.
V d cc gi ATM (t bo) s dng gi tr VPI/VCI nh nhn, FR s dng
DLCI lm nhn. i vi cc phng tin gc khng c cu trc nhn, mt on
m c chn thm s dng cho nhn. Khun dng on m 4 byte c cu
trc nh trong hnh sau:
Ti

Nhn

Mu u
IP

(2 0 )

c o s (3)

m
MPLS

S (l)

M o u lp
2

TTL (8)

Hnh 8-14: Khun dng nhn cho cc gi khng c cu trc nhn gc.

246

i vi cc khung ppp hay Ethernet gi tr nhn dng giao thc P-Id (hoc
Ethertype) c chm thm vo mo u khung tng ng thng bo khung
l MPLS unicast hay multicast.
Ngn sp nhn (Label stack)
Mt tp hp c th t cc nhn gn theo gi truyn ti thng tin v nhiu
FEC m gi nm trong v v cc LSP tng ng m gi s i qua. Ngn xp
nhn cho php MPLS h tr nh tuyn phn cp (mt nhn cho EGP v mt
nhn cho IGP) v t chc a LSP trong mt trung k LSP.
LSR-. Label Switch Router: l thit b (Router hay Switch) s dng trong
mng MPLS chuyn cc gi tin bng th tc phn phi nh. C mt s loi
LSR c bn sau: LSR bin, ATM-LSR, ATM-LSR bin.
FEC\ Forwarding Equivalence Classes, l khi nim c dng ch mt
nhm cc gi c i x nh nhau qua mng MPLS ngay c khi c s khc bit
gia cc gi tin ny th hin trong mo u lp mng.
Bng chuyn mch chuyn tip nhn: Label Switching Forwarding Table, l
bng chuyn tip nhn c cha thng tin v nhn u vo, nhn u ra, giao din
u ra v a ch im tip theo.
ng chuyn mch nhn (LSP)
L tuyn to ra tr u vo n u ra ca mng MPLS dng chuyn tip
gi ca mt FEC no s dng c ch chuyn i nhn (label-swapping
forwarding).
C s d liu nhn LIB
L bng kt ni trong LSR c cha gi tr nhn/FEC c gn v cng ra
cng nh thng tin v ng gi phng tin truyn.
Gi tin dn nhn
Mt gi tin dn nhn l mt gi tin m nhn c m ho trong . Trong
mt vi trng hp, nhn nm trong mo u ca gi tin dnh ring cho mc
ch dn nhn. Trong cc trng hp khc, nhn c th dc t chung trong
mo u lp mng v lp lin kt liu min l y c trng c th dng

247

c cho mc ch dn nhn. Cng ngh m ho c s dng phi ph hp vi

c thc th m ho nhn v thc th gii m nhn.
n nh v phn phi nhn
Trong mng MPLS, quyt nh kt hp mt nhn L c i vi mt FEC
F c th l do LSR xui thc hin. LSR xui sau Idii kt hp s thng bo vi
LSR ngc v kt hp . Do vy, cc nhn c LSR xui n nh v cc kt
hp nhn c phn phi theo hng t LSR xui ti LSR ngc.
s.3.3.2 Thnh phn c bn ca M PLS
Thit b LSR
Thnh phn quan trng c bn ca mng MPLS l thit b nh tuyn
chuyn mch nhn LSR (Label Switch Router). Thit b ny thc hin chc nng
chuyn tip gi thng tin trong phm vi mng MPLS bng th tc phn phi
nhn.
Cn c vo v tr v chc nng ca LSR c th phn thnh cc loi chnh
sau y:
LSR bin: nm bin ca mng MPLS. LSR ny tip nhn hay gi i cc
gi thng tin t hay n mng khc (IP, Frame Relay,...). LSR bin gn hay loi
b nhn cho cc gi thng tin n hoc i khi mng MPLS. Cc LSR ny c th
l Ingress Router (router li vo) hay egress router (router li ra).
ATM-LSR: l cc tng i ATM c th thc hin chc nng nh LSR. Cc
ATM-LSR thc hin chc nng nh tuyn gi IP v gn nhn trong mng iu
khin v chuyn tip s liu trn c ch chuyn mch t bo ATM trong mng s
liu. Nh vy, cc tng i chuyn mch ATM truyn thng c th nng cp
phn mm thc hin chc nng ca LSR.
Bng 8-1 sau y m t cc loi LSR v chc nng ca chng:

248

Bng 8-1: Cc loi LSR trong mng MPLS.

Loi LSR

Chc nng thc hin

LSR

Chuyn tip gi c nhn

LSR bin

Nhn gi IP, kim tra li lp 3 v t vo ngn xp tihn trc

...... ..

khi gi gi vo mng LSR.

Nhn gi tin c nhn, loi b nhn, kim tra li lp 3 v
chuyn tip gi IP n nt tip theo.
ATM-LSR

S dng giao thc MPLS trong mng iu khin thit lp

knh o ATM. Chuyn tip t bo n nt ATM-LSR tip
theo.

ATM-LSR

Nhn gi c nhn hoc khng nhn, phn vo cc t bo

bin

ATM v gi cc t bo n nt ATM-LSR tip theo.

Nhn cc t bo ATM t ATM-LSR cn k, ti to cc gi t
cc t bo ATM v chuyn tip gi c nhn hoc khng
nhn.

8.3.4

Hot ng ca MPLS

8.3.4.1 Cc ch hot ng ca M PLS

C hai ch hot ng tn ti vi MPLS: ch khung (Frame- mode) v
ch t bo (Cell-mode). Cc ch hot ng ny s c phn tch chi tit
trong phn sau y:
Ch hot ng khung MPLS
Ch hot ng ny xut hin khi s dng MPLS trong mi trng cc
thit b nh tuyn thun nht nh tuyn cc gi tin IP im- im. Cc gi tin
gn nhn c chuyn tip trn c s khung lp 2.
C ch hot ng ca mng MPLS trong ch hot ng ny c m t
trong hnh di y.

249

1: nhn gi
bin LSR

Bc 5: kim
nhn, xo nh
chuyn gi IP
router ngoi ti

B c 2: kim tra
lp 3, gn nhn.
chuyn gi IP n
LSR li 1
nhn, chuyn i
nhn, chuyn gi
IP n LSR li 3

Bc 4: kim tra
nhn,chuyn i
nhn, chuyn gi
IP n LSR bien 4

LSR
POP
G i IP

LSR bin 3
POP

LSR li 2

Hnh 8-15: Mng MPLS trong ch hot ng khung.

LS
PO

Cu trc ca LSR bin c th hin trong hnh di y.

Mng iu khin ti nt
Giao thc, nh tuyn JP

Bng nh tuyn IP

Trao i thng tin

nh tuyn vi
Router khc

Trao i gn nhn
vi Router khc

C s d liu chuyn tip

(F1B)
Mng s liu ti nt
/s S l

Hnh 8-16:

cu trc LSR bin trong ch hot ng khung.

Cc hot ng trong mng s liu

Qu trnh chuyn tip mt gi IP qua mng MPLS c thc hin qua mt
s bc c bn sau y:

LSR bin li vo nhn gi IP, phn loi gi vo nhm chuyn tip

tng ng FEC v gn nhn cho gi vi ngn xp nhn tng ng FEC xc

nh. Trong trng hp nh tuyn mt a ch ch, FEC s tng ng vi mng
con ch v vic phn loi gi s n gin l vic so snh bng nh tuyn lp 3
truyn thng.

LSR li nhn gi c nhn v s dng bng chuyn tip nhn thay i

nhn ni vng trong gi n vi nhn ngoi vng tng ng cng vi vng FEC
(trong trng hp ny l mng con IP).
251

Khi LSR bin li ra ca vng FEC ny nhn c gi c nhn, n loi

b nhn v thc hin vic chuyn tip gi IP theo bng nh tuyn lp 3 truyn
thng.
Mo u nhn MPLS
V rt nhiu l do nn nhn MPLS phi c chn trc s liu nh nhn
trong ch hot ng khung. Nh vy nhn MPLS c chn gia mo u lp
2 v ni dung thng tin lp 3 ca khung lp 2 nh th hin trong hnh di y:

Gi IP khng
nhn trong khung
lp 2

Gi IP c nhn
trong khung lp 2

Khung lp 2
S liu lp 3 (Gi P)

Mo u lp

Khung lp 2
S liu lp 3 (Gi P)

Nhn

Mo u lp

Hnh 8-11: V tr ca nhn MPLS trong khung lp 2.

Do nhn MPLS c chn vo v tr nh vy nn router gi thng tin phi
c phng tin g thng bo cho router nhn rng gi ang c gi i khng
phi l gi IP thun m l gi c nhn (gi MPLS). n gin chc nng ny,
mt s dng giao thc mi c nh ngha trn lp 2 nh sau:

Trong mi trng LAN, cc gi c nhn truyn ti gi lp 3 unicast hay

multicast s dng gi tr 8847H v 8848H cho dng ethemet. Cc gi tr ny

c s dng trc tip trn phQg tin ethemet (bao gm c fast ethemet v
Gigabit ethemet).

Trn knh im-im s dng to dng ppp, s dng giao thc iu

khin mng mi c gi l MPLSCP (giao thc iu khin MPLS). Cc gi

MPLS c nh du bi gi tr 828IH trong trng giao thc ppp.

252

Cc gi MPLS truyn qua chuyn dch khung DLCI gia mt cp

router c nh du bi nhn dng giao thc lp mng SNAP ca chuyn dch

khung (NLPID), tip theo mo u SNAP vi gi tr 8847H cho dng ethemet.

Cc gi MPLS truyn gia mt cp router qua knh o ATM Forum

c bc vi mo u SNAP s dng gi tr cho dng ethemet nh trong mi

trng LAN.
Chuyn mch nhn trong ch khung
Chng ta xem xt qu trnh chuyn i nhn trong mng MPLS sau khi
nhn c mt gi IP

Sau khi nhn khung ppp lp 2 t router bin LSR bin s 1, LSR li 1

lp tc nhn dng gi nhn c l gi c nhn da trn gi tr trng giao thc

ppp v thc hin vic kim tra nhn trong c s d liu chuyn tip nhn
(LFIB).

Kt qu cho thy nhn vo l 30 c thay bng nhn ra 28 toTig ng

vi vic gi tin s c chuyn tip n LSR li 3.

Ti y, nhn c kim tra, nhn s 28 c thay bng nhn s 37 v
cng ra c xc nh. Gi tin c chuyn tip n LSR bin s 4.
Ti LSR bin s 4, nhn 37 b loi b v vic kim tra a ch lp 3
oc thc hin, gi tin c chuyn tip n nt router tip theo ngoi mng
MPLS.
Nh vy qu trnh chuyn i nhn c thc hin trong cc LSR li da
trn bng nh tuyn nhn. Bng nh tuyn ny phi c cp nht y
m bo mi LSR (hay router) trong mng MPLS c y thng tin v tt c
cc hng chuyn tip. Qu trnh ny xy ra trc khi thng tin c truyn
trong mng v thng thng c gi l qu trnh lin kt nhn (label binding).
Cc bc chuyn mch trn c p dng i vi cc gi tin c mt nhn
hay gi tin c nhiu nhn (trong trng hp s dng VPN thng thng mt
nhn c gn c nh cho VPN server).
Qu trnh lin kt v lan truyn nhn
Khi xut hin mt LSR mi trong mng MPLS hay bt u khi to mng
MPLS, cc thnh vin LSR trong mng MPLS phi c lin lc vi nhau trong

253

qu trnh khai bo thng qua bn tin Hello. Sau khi bn tin ny c gi mt

phin giao dch gia 2 LSR c thc hin. Th tc trao i l giao thc LDP.
Ngay sau khi LIB (c s d liu nhn) c to ra trong LSR, nhn c
gn cho mi FEC m LSR nhn bit c. i vi trng hp chng ta ang
xem xt: nh tuyn da trn ch unicast, FEC tng ng vi prefix trong
bng nh tuyn IP. Nh vy, nhn c gn cho mi prefix trong bng nh
tuyn IP v bng chuyn i cha trong LIB. Bng chuyn i nh tuyn ny
c cp nht lin tc khi xut hin nhng tuyn ni vng mi, nhn mi s
c gn cho tuyn mi.
Do LSR gn nhn cho mi IP prefix trong bng nh tuyn ca chng ngay
sau khi prefix xut hin trong bng nh tuyn v nhn l phng tin c LSR
khc s dng khi gi gi tin c nhn n chnh LSR nn phng php gn v
phn phi nhn ny c gi l gn nhn iu khin c lp vi qu trnh phn
phi ngc khng yu cu.
Vic lin kt cc nhn c qung b ngay n tt c cc router thng qua
phin LDP. Chi tit hot ng ca LDP c m t trong phn sau.
Ch hot ng t bo MPLS
Khi xem xt trin khai MPLS qua ATM cn phi gii quyt mt s tr ngi
sau y:
Hin ti khng tn ti mt c ch no cho vic trao i trc tip cc gi
IP gia 2 nt MPLS cn k qua giao din ATM. Tt c cc s liu trao i qua
giao din ATM phi c thc hin qua knh o ATM [2],
Cc tng i ATM khng th thc hin vic kim tra nhn hay a ch
lp 3. Kh nng duy nht ca tng i ATM l chuyn i

vc

vc

u vo sang

u ra ca giao din ra
Nh vy cn thit phi xy dng mt s c ch m bo thc thi MPLS

qua ATM nh sau:

Cc gi IP trong mng iu khin khng th trao i trc tip qua giao
din ATM. Mt knh o

vc

phi c thit lp gia 2 nt MPLS cn k trao

i gi thng tin iu khin.

Nhn trn cng trong ngn xp nhn phi c s dng cho cc gi tr
VPI/VCI.
254

Cc th tc gn v phn phi nhn phi c sa i m bo cc

tng i ATM khng phi kim tra a ch lp 3.

Trong phn tip theo mt s thut ng sau y c s dng:
Giao din A T M iu khin chuyn mch nhn (LC-ATM)
L giao din ATM trong tng i hoc trong Router m gi tr V PW C I
c gn bng th tc iu khin MPLS (LDP).
ATM-LSR
L tng i ATM s dng giao thc MPLS trong mng iu khin v
thc hin chuyn tip MPLS gia cc giao din LC-ATM trong mng s liu
bng chuyn mch t bo ATM truyn thng.
LSR da trn khung
L LSR chuyn tip ton b cc khung gia cc giao din ca n. Router
truyn thng l mt v d c th ca LSR loi ny.
M nATM -LSR
L tp hp cc ATM-LSR kt ni vi nhau qua cc giao din LS-ATM.
ATM-LSR bin
L LSR da trn khung c t nht mt giao din LC-ATM.

255

B c I : g i y u cu
c h o g i tr n h n X n
n t cn ke

B c 3 :A T M -L S R li 3
g i y u cu g i tr nhn X
n L S R b in 4

LSR bin 3

POP

Hnh 8- 8: Phn b nhn trong mng ATM-MPLS.

Kt ni trong mng iu khin qua giao din LC-ATM

Cu trc MPLS i hi lin kt thun IP gia cc mng iu khin ca cc
LSR cn k trao i lin kt nhn cng nh cc gi iu khin khc. C cu
trao i thng tin c th hin trong hnh 8-19.

LSR

.L S R

Mng iu khih

Trao i thng
tin nh tuyn
Bng nli'tuyn

Bng nhtun IP,

Trao i lin kt
nhn

nhn i

------
B ng chuyn
tip nhn

Cc gi nhn
Bng chuyn tip
nhn

Hnh 8-19: Trao i thng tin gia cc LSR cn k.

Trong ch hot ng MPLS khung yu cu ny c p ng mt
cch om gin bi cc router c th gi, nhn cc gi IP v cc gi c nhn qua
bt c giao din ch khung no d l LAN hay WAN. Tuy nhin, tng i
ATM khng c kh nng . cung cp kt ni thun IP gia cc ATM-LSR
c 2 cch sau y:

Thng qua kt ni ngoi bng nh kt ni Ethernet gia cc tng i.

Thng qua knh o qun l trong bng tng t nh cch m giao thc

ca ATM Forum thc hin. Phng n ny c cu trc nh hnh 1-8 di y.

Knh o iu khin MPLS v c thng thng s dng gi tr V PW C I l
0/32 v bt buc phi s dng phng php bc LLC/SNAP cho cc gi IP theo
257

chun RFC 1483. Khi trin khai MPLS trong tng i ATM (ATM-LSR) phn
iu khin trung tm ca tng i ATM phi h tr thm bo hiu MPLS v giao
thc thit lp knh v c . Hai loi giao thc ny hot ng song song (ch ny
c gi l ch hot ng con thuyn trong m Ships-in-the-night). Mt s
loi tng i c kh nng h tr ngay cho nhng chc nng mi ny (nh ca
Cisco), mt s ioi khc c th nns cp vi phn sn (firmware) mi. Trong
trng hp ny, b iu khin MPLS bn ngoi c th c b sung vo tng i
m ng chc nng mi. Lin lc gia tng i v b iu khin ngoi ny
ch h tr cc hot ng n gin nh thit lp knh v c cn ton b bo hiu
MPLS gia cc nt c thc hin bi b iu khin bn ngoi.

Knh o iu
khin MPLS

A TM -LSR

A TM -LSR

M ng iu
khin MPLS
trong tng i

Mng iu
k h in MPLS
tron g tng i
ATM -LSR bin

ATM -LSR bin

Mng iu
khin MPLS

ATM
switching
matrix

ATM
switchirii

M n g s liu

Mng s liu
ATM

ATM

matrix

Mng iu
khin M PLS

Hnh 8-20: C ch thit lp knh o iu khin MPLS.

Chuyn tip cc gi c nhn qua min ATM-LSR
Vic chuyn tip cc gi nhn qua min ATM-LSR c thc hin trc tip
qua cc bc sau:
ATM-LSR bin li vo nhn gi c nhn hoc khng nhn, thc hin
vic kim tra c s d liu chuyn tip FIB hay c s d liu chuyn tip nhn
LFIB v tm ra gi tr V PW C I u ra s dng nh nhn li ra. Cc gi c
nhn c phn chia thnh cc. t bo ATM v gi n ATM-LSR tip theo. Gi
tr V PW CI c gn vo mo u ca tng t bo.
Cc nt ATM-LSR chuyn mch t bo theo gi tr V P W C I trong mo
u ca t bo theo c ch chuyn mch ATM truyn thng. C ch phn b v
phn phi nhn phi bo m viG chuyn i gi tr VPI/VCI ni vng v ngoi
vng l chnh xc.
258

ATM-LSR bin li ra (khi min ATM-LSR) ti to li cc gi c nhn

t cc t bo, thc hin vic kim tra nhn v chuyn tip t bo n LSR tip
theo. Vic kim tra nhn da trn gi tr V PW C I ca t bo n m khng da
vo nhn trn nh ca ngn xp trong mo u nhn MPLS. Bi v ATM-LSR
gia cc bin ca min ATM-LSR ch thay i gi tr V P W C I m khng thay
i nhn bn trong cc t bo ATM. Lu rng nhn nh ca ngn xp c lp
gi tr bng 0 bi ATM-LSR bin li vo trc khi gi c nhn c phn chia
thnh cc t bo.
Phn b v phn phi nhn trong min A TM-LSR
Vic phn b v phn phi nhn trong ch hot ng ny c th s dng
c ch ging nh trong ch hot ng khung. Tuy nhin, nu trin khai nh
vy s dn n mt lot cc hn ch bi mi nhn c gn qua giao din
LC-ATM tng ng vi mt ATM v c . V s lng knh v c qua giao din
ATM l hn ch nn cn gii hn s lng v c phn b qua LC-ATM mc
thp nht. m bo c iu , cc LSR pha sau s m nhn trch nhim
yu cu phn b v phn phi nhn qua giao din LC-ATM. LSR pha sau cn
nhn gi gi n nt tip theo phi yu cu nhn t LSR pha trc n. Thng
thng cc nhn c yu cu da trn ni dung bng nh tuyn m khng da
vo lung d liu, iu i hi nhn cho mi ch trong phm vi ca nt k
tip qua giao din LC-ATM.
LSR pha trc c th n gin phn b nhn v tr li yu cu cho LSR
pha sau vi bn tin tr li tng ng. Trong nt s trng hp, LSR pha trc
c th phi c kh nng kim tra a ch lp 3 (nu n khng cn nhn pha trc
yu cu cho ch). i vi tng i ATM, yu cu nh vy s khng c tr li
bi ch khi no n c nhn c phn b cho ch pha trc th n mi tr li
yu cu. Nu ATM-LSR khng c nhn pha trc p ng yu cu ca LSR
pha sau th n s yu cu nhn t LSR pha trc n v ch tr li khi nhn
c nhn t LSR pha trc n. Hnh 8-18 m t chi tit qu trnh phn b v
phn phi nhn trong min ATM-LSR.
Hp nht

vc

Vn hp nht v c (gn cng v c cho cc gi n cng ch) l mt vn

quan trng cn gii quyt i vi cc tng i ATM trong mng MPLS. ti
u ho qu trnh gn nhn ATM-LSR c th s dng li nhn cho cc gi n

259

cng ch. Tuy nhin, mt vn cn gii quyt l khi cc gi xut pht t

cc ngun khc nhau (cc LSR khc nhau) nu s dng chung mt gi tr v c cho
ch th s khng c kh nng phn bit gi no thuc lung no v LSR pha
trc khng c kh nng ti to ng cc gi t cc t bo. vn ny c gi
l xen k t bo. trnh trng hp ny, ATM-LSR phi yu cu LSR pha
trc n nhn mi mi khi LSR pha sau n i hi nhn n bt c ch no
ngay c trong trng hp n c nhn phn b cho ch . Mt s tng i
ATM vi thay i nh trong phn cng c th m bo c rng 2 lung t bo
chini cng mt v c khng bao gi xen k nhau. Cc tng i ny s tm lu cc
t bo trong b m cho n khi nhn c t bo c bit kt thc khung trong
mo u t bo ATM. Sau ton b cc t bo ny c truyn ra knh v c .
Nh vy b m trong cc tng i ny phi tng thm v mt vn mi xut
hin l tr qua tng i tng ln. Qu trnh gi k tip cc t bo ra knh
v c ny c gi l qu trnh hp nht knh o
Chc nng hp nht knh o
v c ny gim ti a s lng nhn phn b trong min ATM-LSR.

vc.

8J.4.2 Hot ng ca M P LS khung trong mng ATM -PVC

Vic thay i cng ngh mng s tc ng n rt nhiu mt trong mng
ang khai thc t nhng vn k thut ghp ni mng, nhng giai on chuyn
i n quan nim v cch thc vn hnh khai thc ca con ngi. Qu trnh
chuyn i sang MPLS c th thc hin qua mt s giai on nht nh hoc
c trin khai ng lot ngay t u (i vi cc nh khai thc mi), tuy nhin,
khng th trnh khi vic phi hp hot ng hoc chuyn tip thng tin MPLS
qua cc mng khng phi MPLS. Trong phn tip theo chng ti s trnh by mt
trng hfp c th s dng MPLS trong mi trng ATM-PVC.
Nh trnh by trong phn trn, MPLS c 2 ch hot ng c bn l
ch t bo v ch khung. i vi c s h tng mng nh FR hay ATMPVC rt kh trin khai ch hot ng t bo ca MPLS. Thng thng ch
khung s c s dng trong cc mi trng nh vy thc hin kt ni MPLS
xuyn sut qua mng.
Trong mt s iu kin nht nh nh trong giai on chuyn dch sang
mng hon ton IP+ATM (MPLS) hoc chuyn mch ATM chuyn tip khng
h - MPLS th cn thit phi s dng ch hot ng diung qua mng ATMPVC. Cu hnh ny hon ton tt tuy nhin n cng phi chu mt s vn nh
khi s dng IP qua ATM trong ch chuyn dch (do s lng ln cc VC).
260

Kt ni LSR qua mng ATM-PVC th hin trong hnh sau y:

A T M Switch
LSR bin

LSR bin 2

A TM Switch

Hnh 8-21: Kt noi MPLS qua mng A T M -P V C .

Nh vy kt ni gia 2 LSR c thit lp bns knh PVC xuyn sut. Cc
phin LDP c thc hin thng qua kt ni PVC ny. Qu trnh phn phi nhn
c thc hin theo kiu phn phi nhn chiu i khng yu cu. cn lu , vic
s dng MPLS qua mng ATM-PVC yu cu to v bng AAL5SNAP trn knh
PVC o.
Vic s dng ch khung qua mng ATM-PVC l rt cn thit trong qu
trnh chuyn dch sang mng ch MPLS.
8 .3 .5 C c g ia o th c s d n g trong m n g M P L S

Tham gia vo qu trnh chuyn thng tin trong mng MPLS c mt s giao
thc nh LDP, RSVP. Cc giao thc nh RIP, OPSF, BGP s dng trong mng
router nh tuyn cc gi IP s khng c cp n trong phn ny.
8.3.5.1 Giao thc phn phi nhn
Giao thc phn phi nhn c nhm nghin cu MPLS ca IETF xy
dng v ban hnh di tn RFC 3036. Phin bn mi nht c cng b nm
2001 a ra nhng nh ngha v nguyn tc hot ng ca giao thc LDP.
Giao thc phn phi nhn c s dng trong qu trnh gn nhn cho cc
gi thng tin yu cu. Giao thc LDP l giao thc iu khin tch bit c cc
LSR s dng trao i v iu phi qu trnh gn nhn/FEC. Giao thc ny l
mt tp hp cc th tc trao i cc bn tin cho php cc LSR s dng gi tr
nhn thuc FEC nht nh truyn cc gi thng tin.

261

Mt kt ni TCP c thit lp gia cc LSR ng cp m bo cc bn

tin LDP c truyn mt cch trung thc theo ng th t. Cc bn tin LDP c
th xut pht t trong bt c mt LSR (iu khin ng chuyn mch nhn LSP
c lp) hay t LSR bin li ra (iu khin LSP theo lnh) v chuyn t LSR
pha trc n LSR bn cnh pha sau. Vic trao i cc bn tin LDP c th c
khi pht bi s xut hin ca lung s liu c bit, bn tin lp d tr RSVP
hay cp nht thng tin nh tuyn. Khi mt cp LSR trao i bn tin LDP cho
mt FEC nht nh th mt ng chuyn mch LSP t u vo n u ra c
thit lp sau khi mi LSR ghp nhn u vo vi nhn u ra tng ng trong
LIB ca n.
Cc tnh cht c bn ca giao thc phi nhn LDP
LDP c cc tnh cht c bn nh sau;

Cung cp c ch nhn bit LSR cho php cc LSR ngang cp tm kim

nhau v thit lp kt ni.

nh ngha bn lfp bn tin:
- Cc bn tin DISCOVERY.
- Cc bn tin ADJACENCY, gii quyt vn khi to, duy tr, hu b
cc phin gia hai LSR.
- Cc bn tin LABEL ADVERTISEMENT, gii quyt thng bo, yu cu,
thu hi v loi b kt hp nhn.
- Cc bn tin NOTIFICATION, s dng cung cp cc thng tin tr gip
v thng tin li tn hiu.

Chy trn TCP cung cp phng thc phn phi bn tin ng tin cy

(ngoi tr cc bn tin DISCOVERY).

Thit k cho php kh nng m rng d dng, s dng cc bn tin c
xc nh nh mt tp hp cc i tng m ho TLV (kiu, di, gi tr).
M ho LTV ngha l mi i tng bao gm mt trng kiu biu th v
loi i tng ch nh, mt trng di thng bo di ca i tng v mt
trng gi tr ph thuc vo trng kiu. Hai tning u tin c di c nh
v c t ti v tr u tin ca i tng cho php d dng thc hin vic loi
b kiu i tng m n khng nhn ra. Trng gi tr c mt i tng c th
gm nhiu i tng m ho TLV hn.
262

8.3.5.2

Pht hin L SR ln cn

Th tc pht hin LSR ln cn ca LDP chy trn UDP v thc hin nh

sau:
1. Mt LSR nh k gi i bn tin HELLO ti cc cng DP bit trong
tt c cc b nh tuyn trong mne con ca nhm multicast.
2. Tt c cc LSR tip nhn bn tin HELLO ny trn cng UDP. Nh vy,
ti mt thi im no LSR s bit c tt c cc LSR khc m n c kt ni
trc tip.
3. Khi LSR nhn bit c a ch ca LSR khc bng c ch ny th n
s thit lp kt ni TCP n LSR .
4. Khi phin LDP c thit lp gia 2 LSR. Phin LDP l phin hai
chiu c ngha l mi LSR hai u kt ni u c th yu cu v gi lin kt
nhn.
Trong trng hp cc LSR khng kt ni trc tip trong mt mng con
(subnet) ngi ta s dng mt c ch b sung nh sau:

LSR nh k gi bn tin HELLO n cng DP bit ti i ch IP

xc nh c khai bo khi lp cu hnh. u nhn bn tin ny c th tr li li

bng bn tin HELLO khc truyn mt chiu ngc li n LSR gi v vic thit
lp cc phin LDP c thc hin nh trn.
Thng thn? trng hp ny hay c p dng khi gia 2 LSR c mt
ng LSP cho iu khin lu lng v n yu cu phi gi cc gi c nhn qua
ng LSP .
1- Giao thc truvn ti tin cy
Vic quyt nh s dng TCP truyn cc bn tin LDP l mt vn cn
xem xt. Yu cu v tin cy ! rt cn thit: nu vic lin kt nhn hay yu cu
lin kt nhn c truyn mt cch khng tin cy th lu lng cng khng c
chuyn mch theo nhn. Mt vn quan trng na i th t cc bn tin phi
bo m ng. Nh vy, liu vic s dng TCP truiyn LDP c bo m hay
khng v c nn xy dng lun chc nng truy e ti ny trong bn thn LDP hay
khng?
Vic xy dng cc chc nng bo m tin cy trong LDP khng nht
thit phi thc hin ton b cc chc nng cai TCP trong LDP m ch cn dng
263

li nhng chc nng cn thit nht v d nh chc nng iu khin trnh tc

nghn c coi l khng cn thit trong LDP ... Tuy nhin, vic pht trin thm
cc chc nng m bo tin cy trong LDP cng c nhiu vn cn xem xt.
V d nh cc b nh thi cho cc bn tin ghi nhn v khng ghi nhn, trong
trng hp s dng TCP ch cn 1 b nh thi ca TCP cho ton phin LDP.
Thit k mt giao thc truyn ti tin cy l mt vn nan gii. c rt
nhiu c gng ci thin TCP nhm lm tng tin cy ca giao thc truyn
ti. Tuy nhin, vn hin nay vn cha r rng v TCP vn c s dng cho
truyn ti LDP.
2. Cc bn tin LDP
C 4 dng bn tin c bn sau y:
Bn tin Initialization
Bn tin KeepAlive
Bn tin Label Mapping
Bn tin Release
Bn tin Label Withdrawal
Bn tin Request
Bn tin Request Abort
Dng bn tin Initialization
Cc bn tin thuc loi ny c gi khi bt u mt phin LDP gia 2 LSR
tao i cc tham s, cc tu chn cho phin. Cc tham s ny bao gm:

Ch phn b nhn;

Cc gi tr b nh thi;
Phm vi cc nhn s dng trong knh gia 2 LSR .
C 2 LSR u c th gi cc bn tin Initialization v LSR nhn s tr li
bng KeepAlive nu cc tham s c chp nhn. Nu c mt tham s no
khng c chp nhn LSR tr li thng bo c li v phin kt thc.
Dng bn tin KeepAlive
Cc bn tin KeeepAlive c gi nh k khi khng c bn tin no c
gi m bo cho mi thnh phn LDP bit rng thnh phn LDP khc ang
hot ng tt. Trong trng hp khng xut hin bn tin KeepAlive hay mt s

264

bn tin khc ca LDP trong khong thi gian nht nh th LSR s xc nh i

phong hoc kt ni b hng v phin LDP b dng.
Dng bn tin Label Mapping
Cc bn tin Label Mapping c s dng qung b lin kt gia FEC
(Prefix i ch) v nhn. Bn tin Label Withdrawal thc hin qu trnh ngc li:
n c s dng xo b lin kt va thc hin. Bn tin ny c s dng khi
c s thay i trong bng nh tuyn (thay i Prefix a ch) hay thay i trong
cu hnh LSR lm tm dng vic chuyn nhn cc gi trong FEC .
Dng bn tin Label Release
Bn tin ny c s dng bi LSR khi nhn c chuyn i nhn m n
khng cn thit na. iu thng xv ra khi LSR gii phng nhn thy nt
tip theo cho FEC khng phi l LSR qung b lin kt nhn/FEC .
Trong ch hot ng gn nhn theo yu cu t pha trc, LSR s yu
cu gn nhn t LSR ln cn pha trc s dng bn tin Label Request. Nu bn
tin Label Request cn phi hu b trc khi c chp nhn (do nt k tip trong
FEC yu cu thay i), th LSR yu cu s loi b yu cu vi bn tin Label
Request Abort.
Cc ch phn phi nhn
Chng ta bit mt s ch hot ng trong vic phn phi nhn nh:
khng yu cu pha trc, theo yu cu pha trc, iu khin LSP theo lnh hay
c lp, duy tr tin tin hay bo th. Cc ch ny c tho thun bi LSR
trong qu trnh khi to phin LDP.
Khi LSR hot ng ch duy tr bo th, n s ch gi nhng gi tr
Nhn/FEC m n cn ti thi im hin ti. Cc chuyn i khc c gii
phng. Ngc li trong ch duy tr tin tin, LSR gi tt c cc chuyn di m
n c thng bo ngay c khi mt s khng c s dng ti thi im hin ti.
Hot ng ca ch ny nh sau:
LSRl gi gn kt nhn vo mt s FEC n mt trong cc LSR ln cn
(LSR 2) n cho FEC .
LSR 2 nhn thy LSRl hin ti khng phi l nt tip theo i vi FEC
v n khng th s dng gn kt ny cho mc ch chuyn tip ti thi im
hin ti nhng n vn lu vic gn kt ny li.
265

Ti thi im no sau ny c s xut hin thay i nh tuyn v

LSRl tr thnh nt tip theo ca LSR2 i vi FEC th LSR2 s cp nht

thng tin trong bng nh tuyn tng ne v c th chuyn tip cc gi c nhn
n LSRl trn tuyn mi ca chng. Vic ny c thirc hin mt cch t ng
m khng cn n bo hiu LDP hay qu trnh phn b nhn mi.
u im ln nht ca ch duy tr tin tin l kh nng phn ng
nhanh hn khi c s thay i nh tuyn. Nhc im ln nht l lng ph b nh
v nhn. iu ny c bit quan trng v c nh hng rt ln i vi nhng
thit b lu tr bng nh tuyn trong phn cng nh ATM-LSR. Thng thng
ch duy tr bo th nhn c s dng trong cc ATM-LSR.
8.3.5.3 Giao thc CR-LDP
Giao thc CR-LDP c s dng iu khin cng bc LDP. Giao thc
ny l phn m rng ca LDP cho qu trnh nh tuyn cng bc ca LSP.
Cng ging nh LDP, n s dng cc phin TCP gia cc LSR ng cp gi
cc bn tin phn phi nhn.
1.

Khi nim nh tuyn cng bc

c th hiu c khi nim nh tuyn cng bc, trc ht chng ta

xem xt c ch nh tuyn truyn thng c s dng trong mng IP nh trong

mng Internet chng hn. Mt mng c th c m hnh ho nh l tp hp cc
h thng c lp (AS), trong vic nh tuyn trong mi AS tun theo giao
thc nh tuyn ni vng (intradomain) cn vic nh tuyn gia cc AS tun
theo giao thc nh tuyn lin vng (interdomain). Cc giao thc nh tuyn ni
vng c th l RIP, OSPF v IS-S, cn giao thc ng tuyn lin vng c s
dng ngy nay l BGP. Trong phn cn li ca chng ny chng ta tp trung
vo nh tuyn ni vng.
C ch tnh ton xc nh ng trong cc giao thc nh tuyn ni vng
tun theo thut ton ti u. Trong trng hp giao thc RIP th l ti un s
nt mng trn ng. Chng ta bit rng bao gi cng c th la chn nhiu
ng i n mt ch, RIP s dng thut ton BeIlman-Ford xc nh sao
cho ng i s qua s lng t nht nt mng. Trong trng hp OSPF hoc
IS-IS th l thut ton tm ng ngn nht. Nh qun tr mng ng vi giao
thc OSPF (hoc IS-IS) s n nh cho mi knh trong mng mt gi tr toTig
266

ng vi di ca knh . OSPF (hoc IS-IS) s s dng thut ton tm ng

ngn nht Dijkstra la chn ng ngn nht trong s cc ng c th kt
ni n ch, vi nh ngha di ca mt ne l tng di ca tt c cc
knh trn ng .
v c bn chng ta c th nh ngha nh tuyn cng bc nh sau. Mt

mng c th c biu din i dng s theo V v E (V,E) trong V l tp

hp cc nt mng v E l tp hp cc knh kt ni gia cc nt mng. Mi knh
s c cc c im ring. ng kt ni gia nt th nht n nt th hai trong
cp phi tho mn mt s iu kin cng bc. Tp hp cc iu kin cng bc
ny c coi l cc c im ca cc knh v ch c nt u tin trong cp ng
vai tr khi to ng kt ni mi bit cc c im ny. Nhim v ca nh
tuyn cng bc l tnh ton xc nh ng kt ni t nt ny n nt kia sao
cho ng ny khng vi phm cc iu kin cng bc v l mt phong n ti
u theo mt tiu ch no (s nt t nht hoc ng ngn nht). Khi xc
nh c mt ng kt ni th nh tuyn cng bc s thc hin vic thit lp,
duy tr v truyn trng thi kt ni dc theo cc knh trn ng.
im khc nhau chnh gia nh tuyn IP truyn thng (nh c cp
n u phn ny) v nh tuyn cng bc l: thut ton nh tuyn IP
truyn thng ch tm ra ng ti u ng vi mt tiu ch (v d nh s nt nh
nht); trong khi thut ton nh tuyn cng bc va tm ra mt ng ti u
theo mt tiu ch no ng thi phng n phi khng vi phm iu kin
cng bc. Yu cu khng vi phm cc iu kin cng bc l im khc nhau
c bn phn bit gia nh tuyn cng bc v nh tuyn thng thng.
Trn y chng ta cp n vic tm ng khng vi phm cc iu
kin cng bc, tip theo chng ta s tm hiu th no l cc iu kin cng
bc.
Mt iu kin cng bc phi l iu kin gip ta tm ra mt ng c cc
tham s hot ng nht nh. V d nh chng ta mun tm mt ng vi
rng bng tn kh dng nh nht. Trong trng hp iu kin cng bc s
c a vo thut ton nh tuyn tm ng v s liu u vo t nht phi
c l rng bng tn kh dng ca tt c cc knh dc theo ng. c im
ca knh cn quan tm y l rng bng tn kh dng. Lu rng cc
267

ng khc nhau trong mng c th c iu kin cTig bc v rng bng tn

khc nhau tng ng. iu c ngha l i vi mt cp nt, mt ng t nt
u tin trong cp n nt th hai c th yu cu mt gi tr ca rng bng tn
kh dng nh nht, trong khi mt cp nt khc th li yu cu gi tr khc ca
rng bng tn kh dng nh nht.
Mt iu kin cng bc khc c th l qun tr. V d nh mt nh qun
tr mng mun ngn khng cho mt lu lng loi no khng c i qua
mt s knh nht nh trong mng, trong cc knh c xc nh bi cc c
im c th. Trong trng hp iu kin cng bc s c a vo thut
ton nh tuyn xc nh ng cho lu lng khng c i qua cc knh
c loi ra. Hoc nh qun tr mng li mun mt lu lng loi no ch
c i qua cc knh nht nh trong mng v cc knh cng c xc nh bng
cc c im c th. Khi iu kin cng bc s c a vo thut ton nh
tuyn xc nh ng i cho lu lng ch c th i qua cc knh c c im
tho mn iu kin. Lu rng cng ging nh iu kin cng bc l kh nng
ca knh, iu kin cng bc l qun tr ng vi cc ng khc nhau cng c
th c cc iu kin cng bc l qun tr khc nhau. V d nh i vi mt cp
nt, ng t nt th nht trong cp ti nt th hai c th bao gm mt tp hp
knh c mt s c im nht nh b loi ra, trong khi i vi mt cp khc th
li c mt tp knh khc b loi ra.
nh tuyn cng bc c th kt hp c hai iu kin cng bc l qun i
v tnh nng ca knh ch khng nht thit l ch mt trong hai iu kin. V d
nh nh tuyn cng bc phi tm ra ng va phi c mt rng bng tn
nht nh va phi loi tr mt s knh c c im nht nh.
Cu hi t ra l liu phng php nh tuyn IP n gin c th h tr
c phng thc nh tuyn cng bc trong cc iu kin cng bc c th
l tnh nng hoc qun l hoc cng c th l c hai? Cu tr li l khng v c
rt nhiu nguyn nhn l gii cu tr li ny. Nguyn nhn chnh l nh
tuyn cng bc yu cu tuyn (hay ng) phi c tnh ton v xc nh t
pha ngun. chnh l v cc ngun khc nhau c th c cc iu kin cng
bc khc nhau i vi mt ng n cng mt ch. Cc iu kin cng bc
torng ng vi b nh tuyn ca mt ngun c th ch c bit n bi b nh

268

tuyn m thi, khng mt b nh tuyn no khc trong mng c th bit cc

iu kin ny. Ngc li i vi phng php nh tuyn IP n gin, mt tuyn
(ng) c tnh ton xc nh bi tt c cc b nh tuyn phn tn trong ton
mng.
Mt nguyn nhn khc phng php nh tuyn IP n gin khng th
h tr nh tuyn cng bc l: khi mt ng c xc nh bi ngun th m
hnh chuyn tip ng c s dng trong phng php nh tuyn IP n gin
li khng c h tr bi phng php nh tuyn cng bc. i vi phng
php nh tuyn cng bc cn c mt s kh nng nh tuyn explicit (hoc
ngun) v cc ngun khc nhau c th tnh ton xc nh cc ng khc nhau
n cng mt ch; v vy, ch c thng tin v ch l khng c th xc
nh ng truyn cc gi tin.
Nguyn nhn cui cng, i vi phng php nh tuyn cng bc th
vic tnh ton xc nh ng phi tnh n cc thng tin v c im tng ng
ca tng knh trong mng, y phi c mt vi cch truyn cc thng tin
ny trong mng. Hin nhin l phng php nh tuyn IP n gin khng h tr
yu cu ny; cc giao thc nh tuyn truyn thng da vo trng thi knh (v
d nh OSPF, IS-IS) ch truyn i duy nht cc thng tin (bn/ri) ca tng knh
v di ca tng knh v cc giao thc nh tiiyn vct khong cch (Distance
Vector Routing Protocols) (v d nh RIP) ch truyn i cc thng tin a ch nt
tip theo v khong cch.
nh tuyn cng bc khng c ho tr bi cc phng php nh tuyn
IP n gin khng c ngha l nh tuyn IP n gin khng th b sung thm
h tr cc chc nng tng ng; trong thc t c th thc hin c vic ny.
Hn na bng cch nng cp nh luyn IP n gin chng ta c th xy dng
c mt h thng nh tuyn c kh nng kt hp v h tr c nh tuyn IP
n gin v nh tuyn cng bc. V d nh i vi h thng nh tuyn kiu
ny th mt vi kiu lu lng c th c inh tuyn da trn phng php nh
tuyn n gin trong khi mt vi kiu lu lng khc li c nh tuyn da
trn phng php nh tuyn cng bc.
Mt trong nhng c tnh quan trng nht ca h thng nh tuyn kt hp
c nh tuyn IP n gin v nii tuyn cng bc l cc h thng loi ny phi
cung cp nhiu kiu thng tin cho cc ng dng nh tuyn.

269

2. Cc phn t nh tuyn cing bc

bit c chng ta cn b sung nhng chc nng no vo h thng nh
tuyn IP n gin sao cho n c th h tr nh tuyn cng bc, trc ht
chng ta hy lc li cc c im chnh ca nh tuyn cng bc cn h tr.
c im u tin l kh tnh ton v xc nh ng ti pha ngun,
vic tnh ton xc nh ny phi xem xt n khng ch cc tiu ch ti u m
cn phi tnh n cc iu kin cng bc khng c vi phm. iu c
ngha l pha ngun phi c y cc thng tin cn thit tnh ton xc nh
ng.
Cc thng tin m pha ngun s dng tnh ton xc nh ng c th l
mt phn thng tin c sn trong c s d liu ca ngun v cc thng tin m pha
ngun c th c c t cc b nh tuyn khc trong mng. Cc thng tin c sn
trong ngun l cc thng tin v iu kin cng bc ca cc ng khc khau
xut pht t ngun. Cc thng tin m ngun c th c c t cc b nh tuyn
khc trong mng bao gm thng tin v cu trc mng cng nh cc thng tin v
c im ca cc knh tng ng trong mng. Tt c cc nt trong mng u c
th l ngun khi pht lu lng nh tuyn theo phng thc cng bc v vy
cc nt trong mng u phi c c cc thng tin ny khi cn. V vy c im
th hai l cn phi c kh nng phn phi thng tin v cu trc mng v c im
cc knh ti tt c cc nt trong mng.
Khi tnh ton xc nh ng, chng ta cn bit phng thc truyn thng
tin dc theo ng. V vy c im th ba l h thng phi h tr nh tuyn
hin.
Cui cng khi xc nh mt tuyn cho mt nhm lu lng c th yu cu
d phng ti nguyn trn tuyn v vy n c th lm thay i cc c im
tng ng ca cc knh tng ng trong mng. V d nh nu rng bng tn
kh dng l mt trong nhng iu kin cng bc ca knh th khi chng ta
mun truyn mt lu lng qua mt tuyn m lu lng yu cu c d phng
rng bng tn dc theo tuyn th n s lm thay i gi tr rng bng tn
kh dng ca cc knh dc theo tuyn. V vy c im th bn l ti nguyn
mng c th d phng v cc thng s ca knh c th thav i c khi truyn
lu lng tng ng trn tuyn.

270

a) iu kin cng bc "chn ng ngn nht

Nh cp trn, nh tuyn cng bc phi tnh ton xc nh c
ng tho mn cc iu kin sau:
L ti u theo mt tiu ch no (v d nh ng ngn nht hoc s
nt t nht).
Khng vi phm cc iu kin cng bc.
Mt trong cch tho mn tiu ch ti u l s dng thut ton trc tin l
ng ngn nht (SPF). Quay tr li thut ton SPF ne vi nh tuyn IP n
gin, vic tnh ton xc nh ng phi ti u theo mt tiu ch no (v d
nh khong cch). V vy tnh ton xc nh ne khng vi phm cc iu
kin cng bc chng ta cn sa i thut ton sao cho n tnh n cc iu kin
cng bc. Chng ta hy xem xt mt thut ton loi ny l: iu kin cng
bc ''chn ng ngn n h r (CSPF).
hiu c lm cch no sa i SPF n c th tnh n cc iu
kin cng bc, trc ht chng ta tm hiu hot ng ca SPF n gin. Thut
ton SPF n gin hot ng khi u ti mt nt c gi l gc v bt u tnh
ton xy dng ng ngn nht ng vi gc l nt . Ti mi vng ca thut
ton s c mt danh sch cc nt ng c (khi u danh sch ny ch c nt
gc). Thng thng, ng t nt gc n cc nt 'ng c khng nht thit phi
l ngn nht. Tuy nhin, i vi nt ng c ngay k nt gc th ng ni ti
nt ny phi l ngn nht. V vy ti mi vng, thut ton s tch nt c ng
ngn nht ti nt gc t danh sch nl ng c. Nt ny s c b sung vo
cy ng ngn nht v loi b khi danh sch cc nt ng c. Khi m nt ny
c b sung vo cy ng ngn nht, th cc nt khng nm trn cy ng
ngn nht nhng lin k ngay nt ny cng c kim tra b sung hoc sa
i danh sch nt ng c. Sau thut ton li c thc hin lp li. Trong
trng hp tm ng ngn nht t mt ec n tt c cc nt khc trong mng
th thut ton s dng khi no danh sch cc nt ng c l rng. Trong trng
hp tm ng ngn nht t mt gc n mt nt c th th thut ton s dng
khi no nt c b sung vo cy ng ngn nht.
Thut ton SPF tnh ton xc nh ng ngn nht t nt s (ngun) n
mt s nt D (ch) c th c m t di dng cc bc nh sau;
271

Bc 1 (khi to): t danh sch cc nt ng c bng rng. t cy

ng ngn nht ch c gc s . i vi mi nt lin k gc t di ng bng

di knh gia gc v nt. i vi tt c cc nt khc, t di ny bng v
cng.

Bc 2: t tn nt b sung vo cy ng ngn nht l V. i vi mi

knh ni vi nt ny, kim tra cc nt pha u kia ca knh. nh du cc nt

ny l

w.
Bc 2a; Nu nh nt

w ny c trong danh sch cy ng ngn

nht th kim tra tip i vi cc knh cn li ni vi nt V.

Bc 2b: Trong trng hp ngc li (W khng nm trong danh sch
cy ng ngn nht) th tnh di ca ng ni t gc n nt

w ( di ny

bng tng di ca ng ni t gc n nt V cng vi di t nt V n

wkhng nm trong danh sch cc nt ng c th b sung w

vo danh sch ny v gn di ng t gc n nt w bng khong cch ny.

nt W). Nu nh

Nu nh w nm trong danh sch cc nt ng c th gi tr di ng hin

thi ln hn gi tr di ng mi tnh v gn di ng t gc n nt

bng di mi tnh.

Bc 3: Trong danh sch nt ng c, tm mt nt vi di ng

ngn nht. B sung nt ny vo cy ng ngn nht v xo nt ny khi danh

sch nt ng c. Nu nh nt ny l nt D th thut ton kt thc v ta c
cy ng ngn nht t nt ngun l s n nt ch l D. Nu nh nt ny cha
phi l nt D th quay tr li bc 2.
T cc bc ca thut ton SPF n gin trn y, chng ta d dng sa i
n tr thnh CSPF, Tt c vic chng ta phi lm l sa i bc thc hin
vic b sung/sa i danh sch nt ng c. C th l bc 2, khi chng ta
kim tra cc knh ni vi nt V, i vi mi knh trc ht chng ta kim tra
xem knh c tho mn iu kin cng bc khng? Ch khi iu kin ny
c tho mn, sau chng ta mi kim tra nt w u kia ca knh. Thng
thng chng ta hay gp bi ton tm ng t s n D tho mn mt s iu
kin cng bc l C l, C2,... Cn, khi ti bc 2 chng ta s kim tra tt c cc
knh ni vi nt V, i vi mi knh trc ht chng ta kim tra xem n c tho

272

mn cc iu kin C l, C2,..., Cn. Ch khi knh tho mn tt c cc iu kin

cng bc th chng ta mi kim tra nt w pha u kia ca knh.

v tng qut, th tc kim tra xem knh c tho mn mt iu kin cng

bc c th l c im ca nh tuyn cng bc. V d nh, nu iu kin
cng bc cn tho mn l rng bng tn kh dng, khi chng ta cn kim
tra rng bng tn kh dng ca knh c ln hn mt gi tr rng bng tn
c ch ra trong iu kin cng bc; ch khi tho mn chng ta mi kim tra
nt w u kia ca knh.
e kim tra knh c tho mn mt iu kin cng bc c th no th
chng ta phi bit trc cc thng tin ca knh tng c lin quan n iu kin
cng bc. V d nh khi iu kin cng bc cn tho mn l rng bng tn
kh dng th thng tin cn c l rng bng tn kh dng ca tng knh.
Lu rng thut ton tnh ton xc nh ng s dng trong CSPF, yu
cu b nh tuyn thc hin vic tnh ton xc inh ng phi c cc thng tin
v tt c cc knh trong mng. iu c ngha l ch mt s loi giao thc nh
tuyn c th h tr nh tuyn cng bc l cc giao thc nh tuyn theo
trng thi knh (v d nh IS-IS, OSPF). Cn cc giao thc nh tuyn theo vct
khong cch (v d nh RIP) khng h tr nh tuyn cng bc.
LSR7

Hnh 8-22: V d v CSPF.

minh ho cho CSPF, chng ta hy xem xt v d trn hnh 8-22. Chng
ta gi s rng di tt c cc knh u bng nhau v c gi tr l 1. Chng ta
'ng gi s rng tt c cc knh u c rng bng tn kh dng l 150 Mb/s,
273

ngoi tr knh ni t LSR2 n LSR4 c rng bng tn kh dng l 45 Mb/s.

Nhim v ca chng ta l tm ng t LSRl n LSR6 sao cho c di ngn
nht v rng bng tn kh dng phi ln hn hoc bng 100 Mb/s. y, iu
kin cng bc cn tho mn l rng bng tn kh dng.
Khi u cy ng ngn nht (c gc LSR l) ch c nt LSRl. Tip theo
chng ta kim tra hai nt bn cnh LSRl l LSR2 v LSR3 vi lu rng
rng bng tn kh dng ca knh (LSR1-LSR2) v (LSR1-LSR3) u ln hn
gi tr cn thit l 100 Mb/s. Kt lun, khng knh no vi phm iu kin cng
bc, v vy, chng ta b sung LSR2 v LSR3 vo danh sch ng c. Tip theo
chng ta tm nt c khong cch ngn nht n LSRl trong danh sch cc nt
ng c. Nt ny l LSR2 ( y c hai nt LSR2 v LSR3 u c khong cch
nh nhau n LSRl v vy c th chn ngu nhin l LSR2), chng ta b sung n
vo cy ng ngn nht (LSRl, LSR2) v xo n khi danh sch cc nt ng
c. Kt thc mt vng ca thut ton.
Vng th hai chng ta kim tra nt cnh nt LSR2 l LSR4. Vi nt ny
chng ta thy rng rng bng tn kh dng trn knh (LSR2-LSR4) nh hn
rng bng tn yu cu. V vy, knh ny khng tho mn iu kin cng bc
v chng ta khng b sung LSR4 vo danh sch nt ng c. Chng ta vn cn
LSR3 trong danh sch nt ng c, v vy, ta b sung n vo cy ng ngn
nht (LSRl, LSR3) v xo n khi danh sch ng c. Kt thc vng th hai
ca thut ton.
Ti vng th ba ca thut ton, chng ta kim tra nt cnh nt LSR3 l nt
LSR5. Vi nt ny chng ta thy rng rng bng tn kh dng trn knh
(LSR3-LSR5) ln hn rng bng tn yu cu. V vy, knh ny tho mn iu
kin cng bc v ta b sung n vo danh sch nt ng c . Tip theo chng ta
tm trong danh sch cc nt ng c nt c khong cch ngn nht ti LSRl l
nt LSR5. V vy, ta b sung LSR5 vo cy ng ngn nht (LSRl, LSR3,
LSR5) v xo LSR5 khi danh sch ng c. Kt thc vng th ba ca thut
ton.
Ti vng th bn ca thut ton, ta km tra nt cnh nt LSR5 l LSR4.
Vi nt ny chng ta thy rng rng bng tn kh dng trn knh (LSR5LSR4) ln hn rng bng tn yu cu. V vy knh ny tho mn iu kin

274

cng bc v ta b sung n vo danh sch nt ng c. Tip theo chng ta tm

trong danh sch cc nt ng c nt c khong cch ngn nht ti LSRl l nt
LSR4. V vy ta b sung LSR5 vo cy ng ngn nht (LSRl, LSR3, LSR5,
LSR4) v xo LSR4 khi danh sch ng c. Kt thc vng th bn ca thut
ton.
Ti vng th nm ca thut ton, ta km tra nt cnh nt LSR5 l LSR6 v
LSR7. Vi nt ny, chng ta thy rng rng bng tn kh dng trn cc knh
(LSR4-LSR6) v (LSR4-LSR7) ln hn rng bng tn yu cu. Vi vy, knh
ny tho mn iu kin cng bc v ta b sung LSR6 v LSR7 vo danh sch
nt ng c. Tip theo chng ta nhn thy rng trong danh sch cc nt ng
c c nt LSR6 c khong cch ngn nht ti LSRl. V vy, ta b sung LSR6
vo cy ng ngn nht (LSRl, LSR3, LSR5, LSR4, LSR6) v xo LSR6 khi
danh sch ng c. Ti y chng ta nhn thy, cy ng ngn nht c cha
nt LSR6 l nt ch ca ng cn tm. V vy, thut ton kt thc y. Kt
qu ng ngn nht t LSRl n LSR6 l (LSRl, LSR3, LSR5, LSR4, LSR6).
Chng ta c th nhn thy ng ny khc vi ng c xc nh theo thut
ton SPF c th l (LSR l, LSR2, LSR4, LSR6).
b) S dng MPLS lm phng tin chuyn tip thng tin
Nh cp phn trn, h tr nh tuyn cng bc ngoi mt s
iu kin trn cn cn c kh nng nh tuyn hin (hoc nh tuyn ngun).
Trong phn ny chng ta xem xt vic s dng kh nng nh tuyn hin ca
MPLS.
C hai l do s dng MPLS. Trc ht, MPLS cho php tch cc thng
tin s dng chuyn tip (nhn) t cc thng tin c trong mo u ca gi IP.
Th hai l vic chuyn i gia FEC v LSP ch c gii hn trong LSR ti mt
u ca LSP. Ni mt cch khc, vic quyt nh gi IP no s nh tuyn hin
nh th no hon ton do LSR tnh ton xc nh tuyn. V nh trnh by
trn, y chnh l chc nng cn thit h tr nh tuyn cng bc.
Cng nh cc chc nng khc ca MPLS, chc nng nh tuyn hin ca
MPLS cng c chia lm hai phn; iu khin v chuyn tip. Phn t iu
khin chu trch nhim thit lp trng thi chuyn tip (nhn) dc theo tuyn
hin. Phn t chuyn tip s dng trng thi chuyn tip c thit lp bi phn

275

t iu khin cng nh cc thng tin c trong cc gi tin truyn cc gi tin

dc theo tuyn hin.
83.5.4 Giao thc R SV P
Sau khi xem xt nhng thnh phn chnh trong cu trc dch v tch hp,
trong phn ny chng ta s tp trung vo giao thc bo hiu RSVP l giao thc
bo hiu ng vai tr rt quan trng trong MPLS. RSVP l giao thc cho php
cc ng dng thng bo cc yu cu v QoS vi mng v mng s p ng bng
nhng thng bo thnh cng hoc tht bi. RSVP phi mang cc thng tin sau:

Thng tin phn loi, nh n m cc lung lu lng vi cc yu cu

QoS c th c th c nhn bit frong mng. Thng tin ny bao gm a ch IP

pha gi v pha nhn, s cng UPD.

Ch tiu k thut ca lung lu lng v cc yu cu QoS, theo khun

dng TSpec v RSpec, bao gm cc dch v yu cu (c bo m hoc ti iu

khin).
R rng l RSVP phi mang nhng thng tin ny t cc my ch ti tt c
cc tng i chuyn mch v cc b nh tuyn dc theo ng truyn t b gi
n b nhn, v vy, tt c cc thnh phn mng ny phi tham gia vo vic m
bo cc yu cu QoS ca ng dng.
RSVP mang cc thng tin trong hai loi bn tin c bn l: PATH v RESV.
Cc bn tin PATH truyn t b gi ti mt hoc nhiu b nhn c cha TSpec v
cc thng tin phn loi do b gi cung cp. Mt l do cho php c nhiu b nhn
l RSVP c thit k h tr multicast. Mt bn tin PATH bao gi cng c
gi ti mt a ch c gi l a ch phin, n c th l a ch unicast hoc
multicast. Chng ta thng xem phin i din cho mt ng dng n, n c
xc nhn bng mt a ch ch v s cng ch s dng ring cho ng dng.
Trong phn tip theo chng ta s thy rng khng c l do no xem xt mt
phin theo cch hn ch nh vy.
Khi b nhn nhn c bn tin PATH, n c th gi bn tin RESV tr li
cho b gi. Bn tin RESV xc nhn phin c cha thng tin v s cng dnh
ring v RSpec xc nhn mc QoS m b nhn yu cu. N cng bao gm mt
vi thng tin xem xt nhng b gi no c php s dng ti nguyn ang c
cp pht. Hnh 8-23 biu din trnh t bn tin trao i gia b gi v nhn, y
276

chng ta lu rng, cc cng dnh ring l n cng. Nu cn s dng cc cng

dnh ring song cng (v d nh phc v cho thoi truyn thng) th phi c cc
bn tin b sung theo chiu ngc li. Cng ch rng, cc bn tin c nhn v
chuyn tip bi tt c cc b nh tuyn dc theo ng truyn thng tin, do ,
vic cp pht ti nguyn c th c thc hin ti tt c cc nt mng cn thit.
Khi cc cng dnh c thit lp, cc b nh tuyn nm gia b gi v b
nhn s xc nh cc gi tin thuc cng dnh ring no nh vic kim tra nm
trng trong phn mo u ca IP v giao thc truyn ti l: a ch ch, s
cng ch, s giao thc (v d UDP), a ch ngun v cng ngun. Chng ta gi
tp cc gi tin c nhn dng theo cch ny gi l lung dnh ring. Cc gi tin
trong lung dnh ring thng b khng ch (m bo cho lung khng pht sinh
lu lng vt qu so vi thng bo trong TSpec) v xp vo hng i ph hp
vi yu cu v QoS. V d mt cch c dch v bo m l s dng cc hng
i c trng s (WFQ), y mi cng dnh ring khc nhau c xem nh mt
lung i vi cc hng i, v trng s c n nh cho mi lung ph hp vi
tc dch v yu cu trong RSpec ca n.
i vi cc lung unicast th RSVP l kh n gin. N tr nn phc tp
hofn trong mi tm ng multicast, bi v c th c rt nhiu b nhn dnh ring
cng cho mt phin n v cc b nhn khc nhau c th yu cu cc mc QoS
khc nhau. Hin nay, MPLS ch yu tp trung vo cc ng dng unicast ca
RSVP, chng ta s khng i su vo kha cnh multicast ca RSVP.
RESV
<------

----------

-------- Thit b nhn

Thit b gi PATH

Hnh 8-23: Cc bn tin PATH truyn t b gi ti b nhn v cc bn tin

RESV truyn theo hng ngc i.
im cui cng phi ch v RSVP l n l giao thc trng thi mm.
c tnh phn bit giao thc trng thi mm vi cc giao thc loi khc l
277

ng thi s t ng ht hiu lc sau mt thi gian tr khi n c lm ti lin

tc theo chu k. iu c ngha l RSVP s nh k gi i cc bn tin PATH
v RESV lm ti cc cng dnh ring. Nu chng khng c gi trong mt
khong thi gian xc nh th cc cng dnh ring t ng b hu b.
MPLS h tr RSVP
Trong phn ny chng ta ch tp trung vo vai tr ca RSVP trong mng
MPLS v kha cnh h tr QoS, cn vai tr ca n trong iu khin lu lng s
c cp trong phn iu khin lu lng.
Mc tiu u tin ca vic b sung h tr RSVP vo MPLS l cho php cc
LSR da vo vic phn loi gi tin theo nhn ch khng phi theo mo u IP
lihn bit cc gi tin thuc cc lung ca cng dnh ring. Ni cch khc, cn
phi to v kt hp phn phi gia cc lung v cc nhn cho cc lung c cc
cng dnh ring RSVP. Chng ta c th xem mt tp cc gi tin to ra bi cng
dnh ring RSVP nh l mt trTig hp ring khc ca FEC.
iu ny tr nn kh d dng kt hp cc nhn vi cc lung dnh ring
trong RSVP, t nht l vi unicast. Chng ta nh ngha mt i tng RSVP mi
l i tng LABEL c mang trong bn tin RSVP RESV. Khi mt LSR mun
gi bn tin RESV cho mt lung RSVP mi, LSR cp pht mt nhn t trong tp
nhn ri, ti mt li vo trong LFIB ca n vi nhn li vo c t cho nhn
cp pht, v gi i bn tin RESV c cha nhn ny trong i tng LABEL. Ch
l cc bn tin RESV truyn t b nhn ti b gi l di dng cp pht nhn
xui.
Khi nhn c bn tin RESV cha i tng LABEL, mt LSR thit lp
LFIB ca n vi nhn ny l nhn li ra. Sau n cp pht mt nhn s
dng nh l nhn li vo v chn n vo bn tin RESV trc khi gi n i. R
rng l, khi cc bn tin RESV truyn ln LSR ngc th LSP c thit lp dc
theo tuyn ng. Cng ch l, khi cc nhn c cung cp trong cc bn tin
RESV, mi LSR c th d dng kt hp cc ti nguyn QoS ph hp vi LSP.
Hnh II-2 minh ho qu trnh trao i ny. Trong trng hp ny chng ta gi s
cc my ch khng tham d vo vic phn phi nhn. LSR R3 cp pht nhn 5
cho cng dnh ring ny v thng bo n vi R2. R2 cp pht nhn 9 cng cho
cng dnh ring ny v thng bo n ti R l. By gi c mt LSP cho lung
dnh ring t RI ti R3. Khi cc gi tin tng ng vi cng dnh ring ny (v

278

d gi tin gi t HI ti H2 vi s cng ngun, ch thch hp v s giao thc

giao vn thch hp) ti R l, RI phn bit n bng cc thng tin mo u IP v lp
truyn ti to ra QoS thch hp cho cng dnh ring v d nh c im v
hng i cc gi tin trong hng i li ra. Ni cch khc, n thc hin cc chc
nng ca mt b nh tuyn tch hp dch v s dng RSVP. Hn na, RI a
mo u nhn vo cc gi tin v chn gi tr nhn li ra l 9 trc khi gi chuyn
tip gi tin ti R2.
Khi R2 nhn gi tin mang nhn 9, n tm kim nhn trong LFIB v tm
tt c cc trng thi lin quan n QoS xem kim sot lung, xp hng i gi
tin, v.v... nh th no. iu ny tt nhin khng cn kim tra mo u lp IP hay
lp truyn ti. Sau R2 thay th nhn trn gi tin vi mt nhn li ra t LFIB
ca n(mang gi tr 5) v gi gi tin i.
RESV
Nhn =9

RESV
Nhn =5

RESV
<

HI

..

PATH

RI

------- R2

------- R3

------- H2

Hnh 8-24: Nhn phn phi trong bng tin RESV.

Lu rng, do vic to ra nhn kt hp c iu khin bi cc bn tin
RSVP v vy vic kt hp c iu khin nh trong cc mi trng khc ca
MPLS. Cng ch , y l mt v d chng t vic mang thng tin kt hp nhn
trn mt giao thc c sn khng cn mt giao thc ring nh LDP.
Mt kt qu th v ca vic thit lp mt LSP cho mt lung vi cng dnh
ring RSVP l ch c b nh tuyn u tin trong LSP m trong v d trn l RI
lin quan ti vic xem liu cc gi tin thuc lung dnh ring no. iu ny cho
php RSVP c p dng trong mi trng MPLS theo cch m n khng th
thc hin c trong mng IP truyn thng. Theo qui c, cc cng dnh ring
RSVP c th to ch cho nhng lung ng dng ring l, tc l nhng lung
c xc nh nh nm trTig mo u nh m t pha trc. Tuy nhin, c th
t cu hnh R I la chn cc gi tin da trn mt s cc tiu chun. V d, RI
c th ly tt c cc gi tin c cng mt tin t ng vi mt ch v y chng
279

vo LSP. V vy, thay v c mt LSP cho mi lung ng dng ring, mt LSP c

th cung cp QoS cho nhiu lung lu lng. Mt ng dng ca kh nng ny l
c th cung cp ng ng vi bng thng m bo t mt Site ca mt cng
ty ln n mt Site khc, thay v phi s dng ng thu bao ring gia cc Site
ny. Kh nng ny cng hu ch cho mc ch iu khin lu lng, y mt
lu lng ln cn c gi dc theo cc LSP vi bng thng ti lu lng.
h tr mt vi cch s dng tng cng ca RSVP, MPLS nh ngha
mt i tng RSVP mi c th mang trong bn tin PATH l: i tng
LABEL REQUEST. i tng ny thc hin hai chc nng. Th nht, n c
s dng thng bo cho mt LSR ti pha cui ca LSP gi RESV tr v
thit lp LSP. iu ny hu ch cho vic thit lp cc LSP Site-to-Site. Th hai,
khi LSP c thit lp cho mt tp cc gi tin, khng ch l mt lung ng dng
ring, i tng cha mt trng xc nh giao thc lp cao hn s s dng
LSP. Trng ny c s dng ging nh ethertype hoc tng t nh m
phn knh, xc nh giao thc lp cao hn (IPv4, IPX, v.v...), v vy, s khng
c trng phn knh trong mo u MPLS na. Do vy, mt LSP c th cn
c thit lp cho mi giao thc lp cao hn nhng y khng gii hn nhng
giao thc no c h tr. c bit, khng yu cu cc gi tin mang trong LSP
c thit lp s dng RSVP phi l cc gi tin IP.
RSVP v kh nng m rng
Mt trong nhng iu chc chn v RSVP l n c th chu tn tht v kh
nng m rng mt mc no y. Trong thc t, c tnh ny khng chnh xc
hon ton. RSVP khi u c thit k h tr d tr ti nguyn cho cc
lung ng dng ring v y l nhim v vi nhng thch thc v kh nng m
rng vn c. Bt c giao thc no c gng d tr ti mc granuaiarity ny s
phi i mt vi vn tng t.
Chnh xc th kh nng m rng l g? Ni chung thut ng ny c s
dng ch gii hn s dng ti nguyn tng nhanh nh th no khi mng ln
hn. V d trong mng IP quy m ln nh mng xng sng nh cung cp dch
v Internet, chng ta c th quan tm n liu mt bng nh tuyn s chim b
nh ca b nh tuyn ln n mc no, kh nng b x l v bng thng lin
kt. V th, bng nh tuyn tng chm hn nhiu so vi s ngi s dng kt ni
vo mng.

280

D tr ti nguyn cho cc lung ng dng ring r rng l nh hng xu

n kh nng m rng. Chng ta c th cho rng mi ngi s dng s d tr ti
nguyn ti mt vi tc trung bnh, v th s ti nguyn d tr c to ra qua
mng ln c kh nng tng nhanh bng s ngi s dng ca mng. iu ny s
dn n chi ph ln nu mi b nh tuyn phi lu tr trng thi v tin trnh
mt vi bn tin cho mi ti nguyn d tr cho lung ng dng ring.
Ni tm li, s chnh xc hn nu ni rng mc d tr ti nguyn cho cc
lung ng dng l km hn so vi RSVP. S khc nhau ny c bit quan trng
khi chng ta xem xt rng RSVP khng nhng i hi cho vic d tr ti nguyn
cho cc lung ng dng ring m cn d tr ti nguyn cho lu lng tng hp.
8.3.5.5 So snh CR-LDP v R SVP
S khc bit c bn gia hai giao thc trn nm tin cy ca giao thc
ti tin v ph thuc vo vic d tr ti nguyn c thc hin theo chiu thun
hay ngc.
Bng sau m t mt s khc bit c bn gia hai giao thc ny.
Bng 8 - 2: So snh CR-LDP v RSVP
CR-LDP

RSVP

Truyn ti

TCP

IP thun

Bo an

C (khng c kh nng
s dng IPSec)

a im-im

H tr Multicast

Khng

Khng

Hp nht LSP

Trng thi LSP

Cng

Mm

Lm ti LSP

Khng cn

Chu k, t nt n nt

Kh dng cao

Khng

nh tuyn li

nh tuyn hin

Cht ch

Cht ch

Gi tuyn

C, bng ghi ng

Gi trc LSP

C, trn c s C, trn c s u
u tin

tin

281

CR-LDP

RSVP

Bo v LSP

Chia s d tr trc

Khng

Trao i tham s lu lng

iu khin lu lng

ng i

ng v

iu khin iu khon

An

Hin

Ch th Giao thc lp 3

Khng

Cng bc loi ti nguyn

Khng

8.3.6 So snh M PLS v M PO A

Cc tiu chun MPLS c rt nhiu nh khai thc, ch to thit b IP trc
y h tr, ng gp nn tha k c rt nhiu u im ca cc gii php cho
IP trc y. Tuy nhin, ging nh cc tiu chun khc, cc tiu chun v MPLS
cng phi chp nhn nhng tho hip nht nh trong qu trnh la chn gii
php. Trong phn ny chng ta s xem xt so snh mt s u nhc im ca
MPLS vi MPOA (gii php cho IP qua ATM c ATM-Forum pht trin v
tiu chun ho).
S khc bit c bn u tin gia hai giao thc ny l mi trng ca
hai giao thc khc nhau. MPOA xut pht t gii php cho mng trng hc
(khu vc hp) kt ni my ch v cc thit b bin thng qua cc ng dn
knh v c trong mng ATM. N h tr dch v router o chy trn mng ATM.
hu dng ca n ph thuc vo s lng cc chuyn mch ATM trong mng
trng hc. Ngc li MPLS c thit k s dng trong mi trng WAN
khng ch c cc tng i ATM m cn cc thit b s dng cng ngh knh s
liu khc na. N cung cp c ch n gin cho iu khin lu lng qua mng
v trong mt s trng hp, n nng cao kh nng m rng ca h tng c s. C
hai gii php trn u cung cp cht lng cao hn so vi nh tuyn IP truyn
thng v c hai gii php trn u c th s dng ti nguyn mng trc ng
hoc t nht cng h tr kh nng s dng ti u. MPOA thc hin chc nng
vi bo hiu PNNI, MPLS th s dng k thut lu lng.
Bng sau so snh mt s c tnh chc nng gia MPOA v MPLS.

282

Bng 8- 3: So snh M PLS v M POA

M POA

c tnh

M PLS

Mi trng hot ng

Campus, WAN

WAN

Router

Router o

LSR

M hnh

Chng ln

Ngang cp

nh a ch

Tch bit, IP, ATM

Ch nh a ch IP

Giao thc nh tuvn

Unicast, Multicast IP,

PNNI

Unicast, Multicast IP

Thit lp knh chuyn

mch

Theo lung thng tin

Theo cu trc (c th h
tr theo lung hoc d
tr trc)

Giao thc iu khin

IP, MPOA, NHRP, giao

thc ATM-Forum

IP v LDP

Thit b

Host, thit b bin, Router

Router v chuyn mch

H tr ATM gc

Khng nhng c th
cng tn ti

La chn ng s

PNNI pha 1

nh tuyn ng IP
hoc tuyn hin

liu
Tiu chun

ATM Forum

IETF

Cc knh s liu phi

ATM
Li ti 1 im

Qua thit b bin

C, MPOA Router Server

Khng

283

T I LIU THAM KHO

1] FJ. R edm ill and AR. Valdar. SPC Digital Telephone Exchapges. Peter
Peregrinus Ltd, 1990.

[2] John c. M cD onald. Fundam entals o f Digital Switching. Plenum

Press,

1983.
[3] N guyn H ng Sn. C s k thut chuyn m ch v tng i s. NXB
Gio Dc, 2001.
[4] Tng cc B u in. K thut chuyn mch (LG H n Quc). NXB Bu
in, 1990.
[5] N guyn T hanh K, Phm Vn Dng. Chuyn m ch s cc h thng
qun l m ng. N X B K hoa hc v K thut, 1997.
'6] N guyn Thc Hi. M ng m y tnh v cc h thng m. N X B Gio Dc,
1999.
[7] Chuyn m ch s (song ng). NXB Khoa hc v K thut, 2000.
'8] D ng V n Thnh. C ng ngh ATM v m ng a dch v bng rng
B - ISDN. N X B H c vin Cng ngh Bim chnh Vin thng, 1999.

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