SOLUTION OF MID EXAM PRC I Objective Answer Key me * zs aoaem Question No 4) Differentiate berwcen: 1. Setting and Hardening of coment Paste 2, Toughness and Hardness of Agerevates 43. Absolute Specific Gravity and Apparent Specific Gravity 4. Porosity and Absorption of Ageregates ‘5. Acid attack and Sulphate attack on conerete 16. Shrinkge and Creep of concrete 7. Effloresceace and Salt Weathering 1. Setting and Hardening of cement Paste ‘Sotting isthe term used to describe the stiffening of the cement paste. It refers to a change frm uid to a rigid stage. “Hardening refers tothe gain of strength ofa set cement paste 2. Toughness and Hardness of Aggregates ‘Toughness: Resistance of aggregates to failure by impact, Toughness is characterized by determining crushing value of aggregates Hardness:Resistance of ageregate to wear. It is an important property of concrete used in ods and in floor surfaces subjected to heavy tafe. The LOS Angeles Abrasion testis frequently performed on ‘aggregates to determine abrasion othe aggregates, 3. Absolute Specific Gravity and Apparent Specific Gravity ‘The absolute specific gravity refers to the volume of solid material excluding all pores. Hence, it can be defined as the ratio of weight of solid to the weight of an equal volume of gas free dlisilled water, both taken at tated temperature ‘The apparent specific gravity can be defined as the ratio of weight of aggregate dried in an ‘oven at 100-110°C for 24 hours tothe weight of water occupying a volume equal to that ofthe ‘solid including impermeable pores. 4. Porosity and Absorption of Aggregates ‘When al the pores in the aggregate are fll itis sal to be saturated and surface dry. I aggregate in this condition is allowed to stand free in dry air, e.g. in the laboratory, some of the water contained in the pores will evaporate and the aggregate will be les than saturated, ic. at-dry Prolonged drying in an oven would reduce the moisture content of the aggregate still further ‘uni, when no moisture whatever is left, the aggregate is sad to be bone-dry. These varions stages are shown diagrammatically in Fig. ‘The water absorption of aggregate is determined by measuring the increase in mass of an oven lied sample when immersed in water for 24 hours (the surface water being removed). The ratio of the increase in mass to the mass of the dry sample, expressed as a percentage. is termed sorption. 5. Acid attack and Sulphate attack on concrete ACID TRACK: Concrete containing Portland cement, being highly alkaline, is not resistant to attack by strong acids or compounds which may convert to acids. ‘Chemical atack of concrete occurs by way of decomposition of the products of hydration and formation of new compounds which, if soluble, may be leached out and, if not soluble,‘may be disruptive in sito. The attacking compounds most he in solution. The most vulnerable coment byte is Ca(OH) SULPHATE ATTACK: “The reaction ofthe calcium slate with hardened eement past isa follows. dum sulfate attacks COH), (€x(OH), + NaS0,101,0 —-C480,211,0 + 28401 = 81.0, 6 Shrinkge and Creep of concrete Concrete specimens slowly deform in time even in the absence of applied loads, These deformations are called shrinkage whea temperature is constant, Shrinkage of concrete consists of self dessicaton, drying shrinkage and carbonation shrinkage. Creep: ‘When a foad is applied on a concrete specimen, the specimen fist shows an instantaneous deformation which is ten followed by slow further incease of deformation. This slow increase ‘of deformation is called erep. 7. Efflorescence and Salt Weathering Efflorescence isthe formation of salt deposits, usually white, on or near the surface of concrete ‘causing a change in appearance. Calcium carbonate formed by the reaction of Ca(OH)? with loft behind inthe form of a white deposit. Calcium sulfate deposits are encountered as When concrete is repeatedly wetted by sea water, with altemating periods of drying during “which pure water evaporates, some of the salts dissolved in sea water are left behind inthe form ‘of crystals, mainly sulfates. These crystals re-hydrae and grow upon subsequent weting, and thereby exert an expansive force on the surrounding hardened cement paste. This process is called salt weathering. 1) What do you mean by compatibility of steel and concrete w.rt coefficient of thermal ‘expansion? Concrete and steel work well together in relation to temperature changes because their coefficients of thermal expansion are quite close. For stel, the coefficient is 00000065 per unit length per degree Fahrenheit, while it varies for concrete from about 0.000004 to 0.000007 {average value: 0,0000055). ©) Draw typical strain-time plot of conerete under a sustained load and afer release of toad.Se Delayed elafic recovery “Time since application of load Question No 2 Compute the allowable resisting moment of the ssction shown using transformed area if allowable stresses are fe= 1350 psi = 20,000 psi and n=8, Locating Neutral Axis: (1284)(x-2) + 19.05(4-2) + 40-4) (0-4) 2= 20:52(22-%) 8(x-2) + 19.052 38.1 + 21a? 8u+16)= 447.04. 20.328 Solving Equation gives x= 6.Sin, ‘Moment of inertia: rsostasy + 20320557 +22" 5 2.4m? ACH" = 5044.496 intny BS {fsl _ 20000 + 5844.496 oe 2845, 135.29 fe ke “Moment on tension side is 78.56 ft —k Moment on Compression side is 101,155+135.29 =236.445 fk Allowable Resisting Moment is smaller of the two Le. 78.56 ft-k Question No 3 Determine the ACI design moment capacity, Mn, of the beam if "= 4000 psi and Fy~ 60,000 Psi aa AY 460) espe’ ~ Oas~ 41D =0.85for 4000 pai concrete.FIGURE Neutral axis location ee= £9 (0003) = AS 0.003) = 0.007405 > 0.005 “Tension Contlled Failure dn= Aspy(a- Mn = 0.9+ 421.2 = 379.08 ft —ke Question Not Design rectangular secon forthe beam, load, and value shown, Beam weights wot inluded {nthe loud shown Assume conrete weighs 150 Ib/ f= 60,000 pi, and fe = 4000 pi. ‘Show sketch of eras section including har sizes, arrangement, snd spacing. Given Data: (Concrete weight= 150 bit {3 60,000 ps fe"= 4000 psiSolution: Assume beam weight= 400 Ib/mt= 0.4 kt Factored Dead load= 1 2(3+0.4) = 408 ft Factored Live load= 1.6(30)= 48 k ‘Total Factored Moment = Mu= Mp +M. = Me =1/8( wo) + (PLy/4 = 1/8°4.08(24)? + (4825) = 293.76 288 581.76 fk p= 02 fey =0.2(4Y60 = 0.0133, ‘Mlb = 704.1 psi (Appendix Table A.13) ‘Ma/(@*704.1) = 58176012/0.9*704.1) = 11016.617 in* “Trial Beam Sizes for ba = 11016.617 in? 12inx302 in 15 in 27.1 in 169 x26.24 in 18 in 24.74 in 20in x23.46 in ‘Try 15 in x30 in @= 27.5 in) eam Wie = 822. 150 = 468751 > Bsximated Weight 400 Assume beam weight litle higher than 468.75 Ibi ie. $00 Ib/t= 0.$ Kft Factored Dead load= 1.2(340.5) =4.2 Wit Factored Live load= 1,6(30)= 48 k “Total Factored Moment = Mu= My +M, = My =U/8( wp'l?}+ (PLy/4 = 1/884.2(24)" + (48424)M4 = 302.44 288= 5904 fkp02 fey =0.2(4Y'60 = 0.0133, ‘Mu/Obd = 704.1 psi (Appendix Table A.13) ‘bd? = Mu(@*704.1) = 590400"1240.9"704.1) = 11180.23 in" “Trial Beam Sizes for ba” = 11180.23 1419x2826 in 15 in x27.3 in 16 in x26.43 in ‘Try 15 in x30 in (€= 27.5 in) Beam Weight = 532 + 150 75% < Bstinated Weight. 500% “Ase gbd = 0.0133(15)(27.5) = 5.486 in” a elated = 649 (6) Minima With orem = 16a (Apentn Tale A) Asfy __6(60) ‘asyee ~ Tase aaa ~ 099" 09060 (x75 228 ‘eam Section: 15 in X 30 in with 649 bars. OK 2) rrecaitin-k cara fe-k (Note: We can also try greacr beam section by assuming greater estimated beam weight so that smaller number of bars may be provided,