Chapter 10 Vibration Measurement and Applications (101) Voltage sensitivity = V = 0-098 volt- meter/Newton thiceness= t= 2mm= 2. m output voltage = 220 volts , pressure applied = p = 2 E=vth, » 220 = (0-08) (aes) f «Pee 11224 x 108 mt (2) Pate #g» = (0000 N/m, ¢ 0 amplitude = Y= */ooo m total displacement of mass= x= (09 m relative displacement = = x-$= Yooo m Be = 08165 re @= rOns 0-965 [2922 = 15.4705 rad /sec = 18-3777 Hz ry © 2 ee Stee = a4 (errs err ne ry ry. ferye (ere Sieet Speed range: Soo rpm = 52-36 rad/sec - 1500 rpm= 157-08 rad/sec rey 2 (&,) Ja-0)* + (ary x= X wsa@t 5 cas ): Let yao Eg-(E1) gives, for 2% error, Z fie YrTeap th 2 re B= 71414 628Ons Foe = GO2— or Teak = 70-0143 or 210-0428 rpm = 11669 oF 32-5007 Hz = 77339 or 21-9957 rad/sec 2 Oye FECT He case (ii) Let ¥= a6 (Ei) gives Z v2 Feet ch YY f@eys ry 02 % orogo4 vt — 05826 1? + 0404 =O which gives y= 22562, 30546 Since the quantity E attains maximum at 1 re = 19998 for =o 23 we use T= 2-2562- Maximun @n= O/p = 500/(2.2562 x60 = 366935 Hz Error factor for vibrometer is B Maximum of E occurs at 2 + (231) For y=0, E b-r*] Since the range is 4 100 Hz, maximum errors 27%, *= 4000 N/m; Cczom% y=s0, m= 2 For vibrometer with 520, Z _——— yr? Y “Temas. = Q = TET = 102 ot Wary = 02 since + must be greater than one for higher freguencies Oe FE 414 or 631Minimum impressed Freguency = (9 = 10 Hz red Sime r= Ys = wofs, = 71414. Gy = 14-0029 He = 87-9807 rad 2 Vi76 ams ta? = 4000/67.9927F = 0.5167 Kg yz 10 Hz, Be = On Vine = os? > T= OG Let the Lowest Sreguency = W > = %, Error = 2% in the range Y,< r< oo Error= E = oz = > 0404 v4 — 015826 17 + HOFF =O 22562, 3-0546 262562: Ye@n = 2-2562 (10) = 22/562 Hz Let m= 3.0546: o= Ton = 3.0546 (10) = 30-546 Hz Lowest frequency = 22-562 Hz = 141-7616 rad/sec a r+) +(2yr)* Error focter for accelerometer = Maximum of E occurs ot r*= fi- 25 * when Sso, 4 antl Es —! hr} Since the range 's o< r < 0-65, we use r= 65? =741+— -. Elie oes [x= o ths 0-597, — 01069 At the maximum reguency, w= 27 (100) = 628.32 rad/sec Ons Ofr = 623-32 /o.7662 820-0470 rad /sec Ke m 0 = 0:05 (920.047)* = 33623-8541 N/m ERM OW = c= 2m O_y = 2(0-08)(920-047) (0-616 4) = 50:5477_ N-4/m m= orl Kg» k= 10000 N/m» e=0% S20 n= VWm = fioooe/an = 316-2278 vad /see Engine speed = w= 1000 rpm = 104-72 rad /sec r= Ws, = 104+72/s1g.2278 = 0-3312 peak-to-peak travel of mast = (0 mm 2 oY, WY, ety. 633we have, Srom Eg. (10-17), Zz _ o- 3312" Visco 7 Wer > a ovsae’ Since peak-to-peak travel of mass = lomm, Z Y= Z/or232 = Sfovizs2 = 40-5944 mm Max displacement of foundation = Y= 40-5944 mm Max velocity of foundation =@Y = 4249-9994 mm/sec Max accelrrotion of foundation = c9*Y = 445059-#291 mm/sec? 0-232 Maximum speed= 3000 tpm= SO Hz ite = os For accelerometer, 4 etvercor 0-9 © G + @yry Here ¢= 20 N-4/m 30g clonal = O01 US 2m, 2m (100x2T) 7" For r=0.5, €%.(E}) gives ¥ s0- 9198 & = E = tongs = 24-3962 N-4/m ae 24-3962 ms Se = PNA = 90194! Kg = 19-41 Grams 20, “2(toox2w) ° 3 u k= mat = 9.01241 (oxen) = 7622/7967 N/m Goan) ODS rad/sec ; Wy = Vins? = “Ys, = 4s e y= ont Sdn 2 41a hs yaa, 2; tye Osfa,= le tan” a) ir? (2 (0123) 4 — 3.4934" Te tas! AES = 4: 0675" pz= tan’ (2422be 2) = -2-6905" t= 144 (ene Gene = AA ee — V@ey+ ray x10 = 10-133) 634ic 5 = 5024 G-r)* + @rn)* Record indicated by vibrometer is given by BCE) = 21-0994 sin (AE + 8-4-9349) + lortsal sin (PET 4-0675") + 510294 sin (127 E + 26905%) mm x(t)= 20 Sin Sot + 5 Sin 150t wm () E(t) = —120(0)* sin 50% — 5 (150) Sim It mam /sec* = -50000 Sin sot — 112500 sin ISot vam / sec* 2) Wy= loo rod/see , wy = @, = 50 . _ Oe NG = Teo =F AG, i=? = 80 > ys06 = WoL Gn Teo = "5 4, = ta wt (23) = tai! ( 2xe6ne5) = aseesee" 7h 1- 0-25 om (2 west) 1 228 = 52057-9206 =55-2222" y= ten! (25 =) ao 50 000 /Q-0t)*+ @rn)* 112 500 -)*+ @rny output of the accelerometer is given by = 5335+ 6229 3H) = -52 057-9206 sin (Sot - 39-6599") — 51335-6229 sin (Sot + 55-2222") am /sec* @) It can be seen that fp. (G3) is substantially different from 6%. (E2)+ 635For given beam, A= (1.6 x 25) mm? = 40 x 10-6 m2, Falcons 1 : T= 55 (0.025) (0.0016)° = 8.53833 x 10? m‘, fe |) ——" = 0.05 m to 0.25 m. Er} For a cantilever beam, Fig. 8.15 gives w, = @, 0? ( } where (B, ,)? = (1.875104)? = 3.516015 (B, ©? = (4.694091)? = 22.03449 (B, ©)? = (7.854757)? = 61.69721 (B, ©? = (0.995541)? = 120.90192 For spring steel, E = 200 x 10° Pa, p = 7800 kg/m? 2 1 ( EL J — [(200 x 10°) (8.53333 x 10" |? _ 2.93882 (7800) (40 x 10°) ¢¢ 2 B, 08 fe 22882) e ‘The first four frequencies are given below: + 20613.88 824.6996 Hence, the range of frequencies that can be measured is given by > 131.573 rad/sec. However, for first mode only (which is easiest to excite), the range of frequencies is 131.573 rad/sec < w < 3289.33 rad/sec. 636Eye __anP Fo (l-r +(2erh = % (assume) dN a (eXe) Pree dr | Fo or {e —PyP se cathe n-(1 -f: (l=) (-2r) +2(2¢r) (2 of 0 This equation can be simplified as f-2r+(1—4¢)=0 and its solution is given by ali2¢ or r=Vi¢2ee ; Vi-2¢ Since “Sven TET @ and ae hewine rr 9 Q we note that r=R, ='V1—2¢ corresponds to a maximum and r =R; = V1+2¢ corresponds to a minimum of Xp. 637KM Laer Fo (i-ryP+4aer dN dD a (km) _ Pa “Na, w dr | Fo D aN, aD where -2(L-P)(2r4+8¢er By setting the numerator of Eq. (1) equal to zero, we obtain freet-at sagelcag-Casn{areataas + 0 which can be simplified to obtain a7 2s and dr 3r44(4¢ -2)r*-1=0 (2) The roots of Eq, (2) are given by 1-2¢-2Ve-41 | 1-2¢42Ve-e 41 @ 3 , 3 Since it is difficult to determine, from Eq. (3), the correct value of r that corresponds to the minimum of X;, we use a numerical computation. For ¢ = 0.1, for example, Eq. (3) gives v r = —0.0030 ; 0.6583 This shows that r-{isteusVe=walF 4) 3 corresponds to the minimum of Xj. For small values of ¢, ? <_1 and Eq. (4) gives ré1 (5) Thus X; attains its minimum value close tor = 1. 638Response of a single d.o.f. system with hysteretic damping is given by Eq. (3.108): er Fo k-mu +ikf X)l_ok-ms = -kB mF emma e ar’ “Ea rea ; * x x L Re E +> all * (amo + (AP ® It can be verified that Eq, (1) can be rewritten as Melos] bay Eq, (2) shows that the locus of |=] as w increases from zero is part of a circle, with , a8 shown in the following figure. ™(F) 1 1 lo, -—L, i cate, TB and radins SE 6391 ‘The peak of Bode diagram is equal to = >> 2g In the present case, peak-to-peak value is 23, 114 plotted; hence X = 243 = 5.715 pm. or €=0.1111 o Reduction in amplitude from 173 mm/s to 20 mm/s in 7 cycles or 22 ms. Eq. 2.92 gives: 1, (x 1, (173 =In||=6 or 8=—In| > | = 0.308223 7 xs 7 20 0.049055 Typical Bode plot of phase angle is shown in the figure. ; -1861 ree ° 1 2 3 4 on (2) $= 90° atr = me = 1, Hence the value of uw, can be determined from the value of r corresponding to ¢ = 90°. (b) Since wm tan! {- 25 $= tan { To we find coy -— =-1 k-mu} where «} and uw correspond to the half power points. Hence, by finding the values of w corresponding to ¢ = — 45° and = — 135°, we obtain 4, and w,. From these values, the damping ratio can be found using the relation: oy = 4 2, $ 640Characteristic Problem 10.26 Problem 10.27, Problem 10.28 | a 16 18 18 N 750 rpm 1000 rpm 1500 rpm a 15 mm 2em 10 mm D 100 mm 15 cm 80 mm a 30° 20° 40° < cos & 0.1299 0.1253 0.09576 Dominant frequency of vibration Inner race 6779.4 cycles/min | 10127.7 cycles/min | 14792.8 cycles/min defect (1078.97 Hz) (1611.87 Hz) (2354.33 Hs) Outer race 5220.6 cycles/min | 7872.3 cycles/min | 12207.2 cycles/min defect (830.88 Hz) (1252.91 Hz) (1942.84 Hz) Ball or roller 1214.6 cycles/min | 1761.7 cycles/min | 2188.1 cycles/min defect (193.31 Hz) (280.39 Hz) (348.25 Hz) Cage 326.3 eycles/min | 437.3 eye! 678.2 cycles/min defect (51.93 Hz) (69.61 Hz) (107.93 Hz) te)=4 5 1 Magnitude (a ° Phase angle 3 Fig. 0-46 642Basic cules: ort resonance, the magnitude will have w sharp peak 2 At resonance, phase will be 90° and the phase changes by 180 oS freguency crosses the natural frequency. Ustng these rules, we identify four resonant $requencies in Fig. 10-46. Resonant frequency Damping ratio (9)= 228+ 4483 Hz s= 235. 344 9— 219-8276 2 (228.4483) = 0-033962 = 474-1379 Hz Ss 482-7586 — 458-6207 2 (474.1379) = 01025454 (93> 1215-5172 He Bae 1228-4482—- 1198-2758 2 (1215-5172) = orol2yir 1448-27579 Hz Sq 1453-4483 — 1431-0345 2( 1448-2759) (os Roses of cirele t = 0-007738 FIs= Oy * oO? FIGURE 10.47Range of = 62-832 to 314-16 rad/sec = G00 to 3000 rpm Max acceleration level = 109 = 98-1 m/sec? Max weight of specimen Max vibration amplitude = 0-0025 m Frequency range: Voriable speed electric motor can be used to obtain the freguency range (for a mechanical shaxer). Vibration amplitude : TF ¥(t)= Asin wt, €) occeleration = Aw*. At w= i416 rad/sec, amplitude needed to achieve the maximum acceleration is + oN amplitude (A) = axcele ration As? = EY sige i6)® = 20-9939 x? om At @= 62-832 rad/sec , amplitude needed to achieve the maximum acceleration is: amplitude (A) = acceleration 5? = 62-932)" = o-02485 ™ (amplitude is too highs hence direct application of y(t) is not permitted ). Mechanical shaker of the type shown in Fig. 1018 can be used- Electrodynamic shaker of the type shown in Fig. 10119 (w) can also be used. 644Max force (Fax) available depends on: (@) magnetic field strength (b) number of turns @) coil diameter a) current flowing Limitations are: (a) material strength, (4) cooling provided. Max acceleration = (__Fmax ) mye mE Where z= mass of specimen and mg = mass of shaker table. Speed range: 300 - 600 rpm Frequency range: 31.416 - 62.832 rad/see Number of reeds = 12 Uniform spacing of frequencies give the reed frequencies as: M4, soy Mz = 31.416, 34.272, 37.128, 39.984, 42.840, 45.696, 48,552, 51.408, 54.264, 57.120, 59.976, 62.832 rad/sec Let each reed be considered as a cantilever beam of cross section ax b inches. Let lengths of all reeds be same and the material be aluminum for light weight. The fundamental natural frequency of a reed is given by (Fig. 8.15): 1 EI |? EI ow = (A, {Ba} = (1.8751") {2a} 1 1 = 3.516 |, iSep = 69,1142 (10*) text" QQ) 1 | By equating w, given by Eq, (1) to 1 , ..., {2, in turn, the proper value of fe | needed for different reeds can be computed. By selecting a common value of ¢ for all reeds, the cross section of any reed can then be found to achieve the required value of fa 645Iterative process is to be used. 1 Select trial values of the design parameters (material of the beam and its dimensions). Model the beam as a spring-mass system with: m = end mass = 50% of mass of beam: 1 m= pal () k = stiffness of a cantilever beam: 3EI Plas 2 # @) Equations of motion: m+k(x—y)=0 or mi+kz=—my (3) where 1 = relative displacement of end mass. Since ¥max = 0.2 g, assume a constant force of - m (0.2 g) on the right hand side of Eq, (3) and solve the equation to find 2(t). From the known maz Value, compute the maximum stress (Jmar) induced in the beam. If max is less than the yield stress of the material, the design is complete. Otherwise, go to step 1 and change one or more design parameters and repeat the procedure until a satisfactory design is found. x(t) zy t ¥(t) — Base motion, 3 646