Chapter 14 Random Vibration ; elsewhere Solution: k(1-2);20< x < 30 P&)= Normalization: a ary fv ak | (.-3] aee(s = k=06 - 0 x) «) E x) dx = 1-4) ax=k[x-% Pe228)= [PO ax ef Aja i(: ala =«(4)=00(4] =o04 60) (e) tone fF 5 OS2E52, os xe elsewhere Normalisation: S Spon ay. fi aH zap = Lf F “(zy x0 y=0 zee BFe t fi xdx = (2) Bt (satesfied ) x50 840(@) Marginal density functions : 4 = f Per) y= Efe ee ye 4) = Lope) te = ¥fne 22 Sy x=0 O) hak ftons 2 4 tte -i(8). -# he Te fiers 4 « fr AY ier e848) 22 ye = 47h %*= EL(a-m)*] = [02-6 )* pe) = Joss ae ay = (Eee ayy a4 OY = 0.7071 © Fy = lle 9-49) = Lf Se Plo-5 22 de dy cape * fet Fe (oe ny -e Say =9 841ele] = 2= J" x p@ ue [ose ax = £0 etd Se ple) ax = fos2 ae = 103393 “f° (x- =) pe 4x = Li (x19 (8) dx =e" ‘fe tx +!) ax = 03333 2 oy 5015773 gexey os ELF] = ety] = eLate yt rzy] sELe)+E Ly] + 26 [xe] Since xand y are independent, ECxyx]= eCx)-Ely] e(yvi d= EC< 1+ ely']+ ze lebelyl (us) R(t) = 20+ ra E[x*] = R(0) = 20+5 = 25 Ra(T) = A cos wt S@= fee 6°?" ae Was © oF am ff cos wr (cos wt smar) de -The A pte ar f (astwr-< F sin 2092) dt ~ "hes The . # ELFeas « vesoe] EC oery”™ 842@) *(t)= % dint , x(t+T)= x tm O(t+?) w) XE) x(E+t) = Xb (ar eot HOT + sd tet ot. Ae OT) R(t) Ty 2E [A [ecet2et yor + senrat gg ot] at T h z z = km 3 [ basor +(e) mur]= x usar toe SLT = R(t) 2 % sort t 843(2%. tf 5 osts = ena int $ frwe dt = Me 4 cine 2Ret @ ae a 2 r + [steer #] 7A = Fe _ smist og . = fe G eg LB -inat xe (inet z a bee Fe SOT ae Bee dt te cinwt or (cnet) + grat] . (a) [e°r** mos er], ts 2k (oS ( eine) ee a x 2M tine oe axeipeinw wind wr ‘I = [e""-e : = 2x. Serene ame con ME 4 280 sin EF - 2% = 2% 2x “eer wa] +t a = Cor +i Coe a ; na even z@)- Sc einet ra-* aears 2%o 2 elt . 5 % : g 2x, t ie SONS en? nena Cre even) 4m BoP er v n=-@ (nzedd) 844For x(t)= X en cot, R(?) = x cob ct [from Problem 14.7] For square wave: x2) wa shaded area = A A Saute). x(t42) ot ot (a) 1 { eal Mi tee 1 t = 7 = w= IM(MON, = 188.496 rad/sec = (Bi) = (a-a510%s 0-225 x10) Nm a Ee distributed ) Ve a = [EB = © rdfece oe =) = P(e = w*] = P[k > too(tse-496)°] = P[e> 355 3074-202] ©,) Defining standard normal variate 3 af Re (= =), Ey. (Er) can be rewritten as P[w>o]=p[ tok » Eesstewt sete) Se 0225 x08 =PL32> 5.7916] = oss x10? Srom standard normal distribution tables [+ee, for example, Reg. 145 J A 3; -as (e waal 5 t9~ 0-4. v)*} forog V+ (w+ 0+ For paved 2 " surface T= 16, X= 0-3, Prore S, (8) = (03) v (0-56) [Wt 0:36 ve 40:09 v~ ™ 0-07 94 (ig cv Ffootv?+ (9+ ¥)*t 851+ 2 = 024446 V Sao {0-09 v* + (u9—0-6v)* } {0-09 V+ (w+0-cv) } For gravel surface: Been state ates eaniatess 5, (6)= Petal t+ o-910'+ 015 ¥™ 1 {0.25 v*+ (1s 0-9)" }fo25 v>+ (9 + 0.99)" F. 2+ 106 vt ee les V+ (= 0.90)*} fo25 ¥*+ (wo + 2-9)? F (12) Fm Fells). RCE) = Fo w) eM ao 2% fe dw = a = am S-8(t) where §(r) is the Dirac Qlte fumefion 54(3) b,(e)= 29 &-8(c) Sol “3 >? n 3 © S,(0)= STR (e) 8 ae S82 [Ree ae ao a -- @) oad L ioe gang R= tf sey eto oo Rylr)= f 54) ag ~e +n am where $,(f) is the two-sided power spectral density function Sie -a < § < 0+ Noting that SelB) 2 SCF) and R(T) = Re TDs (6) and %) am be written os (4) 22 [Fea (e) former ~E Ka infTb dt py -e Fee a --- Gs) Ry (tea f° SF) fet ember i se aw pe pat fo ow | (e- mes* + ctes* * Let a and + «9 denote finite lower and »pper bounds to be used for integration in Ep (61) [OX amd co) should be sufficiently large ]. We can use trapezoidal rule of integration for simplierty. In this method, we divide the interval (694035) inte (n-1) s @s) a 24 (m-ae = o then oo oa me Ely] = Paw) de = St [A(%) + AC] -o pet = RCo”) + aco] 22 + = A (#4) -4.-) i The computer program listing is given below. tm this program, the following notation is used: a) om4= os! omz= w® , omp= Oy , Sk S,(#), Hom= |yw)|*, sum= eC¥?]. 853REAL Mm, kK, C DATA OM, k,C/.-- Z# DATA ome, ome /.-- / N=- Ni= No14 Dom = (om2+om1)/REAL (N1) omit = —omt CALL PSD (omit, Sxt, Hom4) CALL PSD Comz,sx2, Hom2) Sum = [(sx1/Homs)+ (sx2/Hom2)] * 20m/2-0 Do 1 f= 2, NI omp= -om1 + REAL (I-41) * Dom CALL PSD (Comp, SxP, Homp) 11 Sum= sum + (SX P/HomP) » DOM PRINT 12, sum 12 FORMAT (+++) STOP END © SUBROUTINE To EVALUATE POWER SPECTRAL DENSITY AND Hom SUBROUTINE PSD (om, $x, Hom) SX meee Homs--- RETURN END m = 900 kg, k = 7 x 10° Nim, ¢ = 185 N- m/s ‘Mean square response of the machine is given by Eq. (14.95): Nea epa=f_ lie|? so ax= 2 neo -mo, +ico, +k 2 where @,=n0)=n (2) =2nnrad/see «,) and ? are given in the solution of problem 14.17 Eq, (E,) can be rewritten as E [y")= Dy azo ) 854Computations 0 0 49 1 On 4.8504 2 4n 4.7030 3 6n 4.4625 4 84 4.1364 5 10" 3.7353 6 120 3.2729 7 40 2.7657 8 16 2.2336 9 18% 1.6991 ‘Thus Eq, (E,) gives the mean square of the response as E [y"] = 3.0513 x 10-° m? Equation of motion is (2) ma + c% = FCE) (es) Lye Let yod = velocity. then (&) becomes m+ ex = Flt) ) ay, Let the excitation be Fe)= 5 let F(t) and the velocity response be ¥(t)= y eft ; Hence (Ee) yields | mio Ye? bacco) | or 855S($) = orocos wi/cycle per second for 10 Hg < F < 1000 Hy = 2 zt = (o-0001) (1000-10) = 0-099 m S(s) Rms value= x? = 0-3146 m os Vx -G)* = [e089 — ocerd gots ow (2) fae mya,t dt = pen ae 0-000 [5 (n-my aye Say [sin Ga-m)t + sin (n= ™)T J 20 forall oe since T= 2%, Wy tr W fre (n-myen,t dé = —4 __ [eos (nm) ut] ese -% 4 ~ Gon) Oy - Tidy airy [cos (n-m)™ = cos(n~m) mw] 25 for off men ” % fered = (#) =t for man -% te ; Ye f trode =o for man “Ye a &. (14-45) becomes in cot 7 -ingt [xe dt= yt > cet [x(t)e ° dt c -% “y * --- (14-46) 856« This system can be modeled at ow single do-f-. system with random base excitation. The epuations of motion are given by: mz+ CFtkya—me% €) where 32 y-z.- $4 The freguency response function of the system x(t) can be derived ae follows: Let x(ty2 ef Wt cotf © 3(t)= HO) e Substitution of (Ez) into (E,) gives fe cot Cotm + ice +*) Hi) e eae bes mo* o* H@) = are atae (wea) +i 2500, : wt hes a [H@} = Pays aratae (>) The power spectral density of the response 3(t) is given by 53() = [He] * 5, cw) (&) In the present case, S,(W)= S, and Ey. (&,) reduces to $509) = So [u(e>]? (Es) The mean spuare value of the relative displacement of the mass can be found os e[s*J Sy dio = 5, £ mori + LEE cy sot ent - 7a «) Ge) f 25% 857Eersr eres SF --- @) This gives Sp() S.(6) = 4, {ot ty + 4 stat tP (e2) Sp(w) do eleqy- 4? nies f Gias avoie --- @) For small damp ee ings (Es) becomes Fed = 4 5,6). 2 ; =-- 236) Lov te Saye at x (BY re Fw) = A’ Ea GESF (2+ EH --- &s) Pye ey | ©) = undamped natural frepuency = | *¢4/mep or key = 37 mey “© (= damped natural freguency = co, AIR Fame. Be ES or G) 858Mean syuare value of the displacement of the wing (me) =6. eee s TS e =>— = 5 cv] ep Sy "My Ae (Es) Egs (€1) and (E3) give = —Ts_ iG Sy > Sar me, 0 Eguating (£2) and (E4)> T So 2 (E2) 4) ee Fatag me, = [—7 2 7% % las o3* (w= wry? | (Es) Eps: (Et) and (E2)> in view of a yield cases (ee) eg = aan 28 os) oo © So 2 Con = 2 (W/- O, —-——-—___ eae oy 28 02 (3h ae] 4 2m So (wr- wr)” 7? («) S97 In case of structural damping, the uncoupled equations of motion are given by Gt) +0 +14) oF a(t) = Q(t) 5 1=1,2,..,0 (1) where # denotes the structural damping coefficient. The mean square values of ‘x;,(t) are given by Eq. (14.113): —__ Ne 20-5 bey ST tcl? sao @) i Ee where, from Eq. (3.108), 8591.4) | Fae @) +h For § <1, Eq. (2) can be approximated as z=. 2 N? 2 HO~5 PY sia) J (yl aw mt wt <0 a 2 =H fx)" = 8,(44) > «) Using the computational details of Example 14.7, we can obtain (using g = 0.01 in place of 2 ¢ = 0.04): 24(8) =0.0021253 m? (5) 80) = 0.0055983 m? (6) lt) = 0.0086582 m? i) S(u) = BS 6-002 ae radfec * § Since the natural frequencies (rad/see) are given by u; = 14.0734, u, = 39.4368, and uy = 57.0001, we can approximate S(u,) for use in Eq. (14.118) as 1 S,( = ——— = 0.0049490 1 a) 4+ 14.0734? 0) 1 8, ( = ——_—— = 0.0006413 (2) {o) 4 + 39.4368? @ S,(04) = ——__ = 0.0003074 (3) 4 +57.00017 and hence the mean square values of the relative displacements of the various floors can be computed as (using Eq. (E.18) of Example 14.7): wx [o gay af SE s+ ff SE stay =—_— = [ou 0001058 (0.004949) -+ 0.000243 (0.0006413) + 0.000052 (0.0003074)} = 42, ad (107°) m? (4) 40-35 fey * ME stan + (ee) SF sua) + for) My ste ) 860= a [0.003436 (0.004949) + 0.000048 (0.0006413) + 0.000080 (0.0003074)] = 133.9971 (107°) m? (5) —_— 2 2 HO =F |) S stays 9)’ 3 sin) +f 3 S(ur) = a {0.005340 (0.004949) + 0.000156 (0.008413) + 0,0000016 (0.0003074)] = 208.3902 (10-°) m? (6) & mad 33.0 for i x(i) = £) end plot (x, £ xlabel (’x'); ylabel ("£ (0) ') 101, 7444 * (i-1)/200; nxp(-0.5* x(i)*2) /sart (2*pi) ; on 0.38 0s} 0.25 to) & on on 0.085 ion, wa_pi(i) = -7 +14 * (4-1)/100; xAa(i) = (4/(pit2)) * (L/wa_pi(i))*2 * (sim (wa_pi (i) *pi/2.0))*2; end - plot (wa_pi, x xlabel (*wa/pi ylabel('X/Aa’ 861or) 05] 07] os| 0} 0s| 02| 01 ae & & ® & mad as.n £ = [0 20 40 60 80 100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0]; x for j=i:N sumc + £(j+1) *complex(cos(2*pitn*3/N), -sin(2*pi*n*j/N)) /N: cn = sumc; sumz = sumE + ( abs(cn)*2 )/( (k - méwn*2)*2 + (c*wn)*2 ); end sumz Results: sumE = 1.3760e-006 862Let d= inner diameter of column t = wall thickness t. t 1=height = 12 m T E = 200 x 109 N/m? tollow k = stiffness of column (cantilever) a cular 12m _ SEI o column Se ye) e fa@+yt—ay € 128 Let tank be a thin-walled cylindrical vessel with = a D = mean diameter pecker b= axial length of shell water volume = 40 m3 LOSSES thickness of shell (top & bottom) T b & A 4 A A y Beer 2 Volume of tank = a b= 40m? 7 (,) Max pressure in tank = pg, = Yh; where y = weight density of water = 9810 N/m? Max tangential stress in the tank = Poe P Let permissible stress in tank = o, x = 200 x 10° Tank 2 = 100 x 108 N/m? (Ey Equating (E,) and (E,), 100 x 10° = sen (E,) L a Weight of empty steel tank = y, x D ab, where y, = weight density of steel = 7800 g N/m* = 76 518 Nim® (g = 9.81 mis?) m, = mass of empty steel tank = 7800 x Dab ,) m,, = mass of water = (40) (1000) = 40 000 kg (E,) Natural frequency of empty tank = ry pan (E,) [m, + my Natural frequency of full tank = J""T-"* > 22 ,) where m, m, and k are given by (B,), (E,) and (E,) 863Due to ground acceleration with power spectral density $ («), the mean square of relative displacement of tank is given by Eq. (E,,) of example (14.6): 2 E [a2] = Somme’ ke where c= 0.1, c, = 0.2 Yk m and S, = 0.0002/m%cycle/sec when empty 2 E (22) = SoM 100 x 10-4 m? x(o2 k m,) and when full, bey - —2So m+ my = $100 x 10-4 m? x(o aye (m, + m,)) 864 Ey) €,) (E,.) We need to find the values of d, t, D, a and b to satisfy the inequalities (E,), (E,), G,) and (E,,).