Chapter 12 Finite Element Method As diameter h(x) = pat x20 ond sdk x=f, we hove A(zy= d+ (222 Do @) +(5 )* a (i) stiffness matrix; L V(t) = strain energy of element = 1 (ha au lo th SP Woe) = (aco (2) walt) ond thus strain erergy expression becomes v= FE (hr ahs doy nr apo 2m 24 Mt u(x) le i fo dx x Ms 422), Aes TE Efste ey 4 vltP)*t ue) ea W Teg cm opie MEY Kin ea: this gives the element stiffness matrix o4 [ek] = BE (oe de da) | “] consistent mass matrix: @eonsistent_mass Mark’ T(t) = kinetic energy of clement = > with ae Sra(3E) ale, De BE at) = (- F) HH) + (FF) ALO Substituting for A(x) om wu expression can be derived as au, at kinetic energyTee pf Fp epy whe 230 (2P)=P fa ad Weta) + 2(ihy 3b #z- svt )}p a Pe = Beh f(z ge Beye abe Be) + rly te(B + AE + BAD} oT oa yyy Me YL es a2LG Cm] uU stly %) ae mead this gives the consistent mass matrix as od fre] = Tet [+H 88) rte a 4 (3 22) eh) ree (iii) Lumped mass vada t Total mass of element = TE ff tio de l, L = TS (Spry (4o2)* at d=P) x hide [prs py e+ E2)4 = ne (9+ a? +34) pistributing the mets at the two nodes » g eos det dd SI [my] = 7 male (pty at + ddd ° (22) Ae finaan displacement meth Ate 2) ulx)= t+ X= y+ ("= 5 eo Be et a o* ae pe mree = & (4st) y L strain ened = Jif bez en AV = 4 fhe (YEE poe te ve) zo 708Mt 7 > Ee (u-uy? fo ho of) n & aso ap (WF the (te) = " EU CHU = 4 (4 we] : Ik] = Efe (ess) [4 + PROBLEM 1263 PROGRAM FOR STRESS ANALYSIS OF PLANAR TRUSSES OATA FOR PROBLEM 12410 (TEST EXEMPLED DIMENSION AC) ¥EL.(4)9GS (By 3) 9PPCBy1) 9P (Sy1) GSS (494) 2 ySTRSC4 51) 9X04) 9 ¥ C9) gLOC ES 92) 9 LFIXCAD DOUELE PRECISION OLFF(2) DATA LOC/1y¥o302302y890/ MeL DATA NX NE pND NE GNF IX9E/4 949894 944 3000E06/ DATA IFIX/1929344/ DATA X/Co e160 03009 2000/ DATA Y/3e9 20925 091090/ 00 10 1=193 10 PC 19195000 PCBy1)=-109C 00 DATA A/2ey2eplerles c END OF PROBLEM=DEPENDENT DATA CALL TRUSS (NN 2 GSS»NO2) PRINT 22 21 FORMAT (2%y20H NODAL DISPLACEMENTS» /) DO 11 T=14N0 PPCTy1)=PC E91) 11 PRINT 12 Te PCTy1) 12 FORMAT (4X 15y2% 921526) 00 45 [=1)NFIX D0 95 Jz1e4 LI=IFIXC) PP(ITyd)=065 45 CONTINUE PRINT 22 22 FORMAT (//y2Xy 21H STRESSES IN ELEMENTS#/) 00 0 K=19N DO 70 KKE HE sND NB pH 9LOC 9X s¥eEvAgELyNF IXeIFIX Pa GSyOLFFy T=LOC(K +1) JELOC(K 92) 709anaageaaeone XLE OCD =¥ CTD ZEL KD XM C1(J)=¥ C1) ZELOKD STRS(K 9 KK)=(E/EL(K) D8 (XL# (PPCTS KK “PROLLY KK) 24 xMe (PP CTS ORK) = 2 PPCLZgKKIID CONTINUE. CONTINUE Do 120 T=19Ne PRINT 130» IpLOCC 11) eLOC(Ty2) 9STRS (Ey 1) FORMAT (2X 0316 42XyZE15.B) sToP eNO SUBROUTINE TRUSS NN = NUMBER OF NODES, NE = NUMPER OF ELEMENTS NO = NUMBER OF DEGREES OF FREEOOM, NG = SEMI-BANDWIDTH M = NUMBER OF LOAD CONDITIONS, LOC = NODE CONNECTIVITY MATRIX XyY = X = AND Y= COORDINATES OF NODES £ = YOUNGS MODULUS» & = AREAS OF CROSS SECTION OF ELEMENTS EL = LENGTHS OF ELEMENTS, WFIX = NUMBER OF O.0.F» WHICH ARE FIXED IFIX = FIXED DEGREES OF FREEDOM NUMBERS, P = LOAD VECTOR SUBROUTINE TRUSS (NNeNE+NDyNByMyLOC Xo 9€ yAvCLoNFIXe IFIXP 9359 2 DIFF yGSS»NO2) DIMENSION LOC(NE92) oXCNND eT CNND yACNED pEL(NED g IFIXCNFIXD » 2 PEND 9M) 9GS (NOW NB) ¥GSS(ND2yND2) DIMENSION B(494) 9NC4) DOUBLE PRECISION OIFFEM) 00 5 T=19ND Do = NB GS(TyJ)=000 DO & I=1,NO2 Dn 6 J=1sND2 GSSCTJ)=063 DO 200 K=1yNE OC K 1) OCCK 42) ELCKD=SORT CCX CII=K CLD) #024 CC) “VCLID #82) CON=ACK)#E/EL (KD XLE CCS = XCD) ZELOD XMS CYCD D9 CT DZEL CKD BCLsLI=XL ee? BCL )ZEKL XH BC193)=-8(1 1) B194)="B (142) BC 292) 2xMee2 B¢2932==xL ex BC 294) zaKN en? B(3y3)=xLee2 fremseriersy BCb ADEM Oe DO 10 IT=198 DO iC Ju=1yII 71010 20 90 a1 100 200 110 BUI yd oo 20 1 DO 20 Jd=1e4 BCILy dd) =BC IT yJu) CON DO 90 I1=142 NCTDD2201-2011 NCL142)=20J-2611 DO 100 I1=144 DO 100 Ju=194 IK=NCIT) UKENC II) IF (IK GT. NO2 2OR. JK GT. ND2) GO TO 91 GSS (IK y JK) =GSS (IK 9K) +B (LT yd) CONTINUE INSUK=1K91. IF (IN sLEs 0) GO TO 190 GS(TKy IND =GSCIK yIND +B (IT p Ju? CONTINUE CONTINUE. DO 110 I1=1,NFIX IXsIFIXDD GS (1X91)=G5 (1X91) #10068 CALL OECOMP (NO »NBSGS) CALL SOLVE (ND »NB 9M4GS+PsDIFFD RETURN END WODAL earn STRESS! DISPLACEMENTS -04116462e-19 2232924e-03 704128993e-18 04170198e-07 0.116962e-02 04232925e-02 06514658e-01 -0.70321%e-01 ES IN ELEMENTS 3 04611180378e+08 2 0638109762e~02 % 0422360752e+08 4 -0428284324e+08 71@) Derivation of element stiffness matrix: At x; thickness = t g width = w(x= “(i T@=5 + w(x) wed Be _{e-be oe 2k (6-15 = Be? an = G- oy Be d oe, > with Deflection of beam 4 w= ENC): Wi ©) where Ni(=) ore defined by “Gye, (12-33) - (12036) Strain energy of element is given by 1 ne v= 3 H(t ya f EI(: of oF } d with (2) * dx* z Se ee een ee * ae 2 joe ane aan = +a%) >) * Where 2-4, amd peg Cg= wy Hm i dem Integration in 4 (E2) gives vette [4 et- 8%) - 22, (af ath se ra Gal rh - ety] ele (at -a,27/A) a (+ Mr. 2087s) 4 Fe (ota athe) ‘ tof *Laets) + eles - otAD1 + we LH (eit -22t%) - Cot *-2art/s) + 36 a Te v (m2 - kA) € (0, 8% - 1 L% >] 712vel (a,t- ots) - (a,f2- 204 17/3) Fla Ps ealYa)] +20 3 [3 (ek oat2) Be (wt? teak7s) — He Wt (a 13/5 — Ea apyil asl (ah a Pry 32 (a, 8? 20, 27/3) +% (ets ata) ] + ones 5 (et teh 7/2) a (ot? 20a h/s) — B (ol - 9 bY/ey] pti [Ee lost nsf HE (a £2 204272) “e (ots - oak “hy + swe Ce f-0,27%2) 25, (ont amas) — 7 (mV oat “‘My\b (es) By oe ve Swe with wet | the stigfress matrix con be identified - W3 Wy 3 g-b)t oa Defining ay, = ae, 4,2 SR 7 Ft: hed, the ebmentt of [k] com be expussel as: mee E08) ACB) oan FMB) CDP kyse Efen(Bp-aCGs)p, ter Ele G-8 (DP tar Efe (f)- A (Pp. ter ef) (PH y= Efon (fem Fe) $ > tas= © foul ga) +4 (Fa) f> Key Efn(F)- (4) Fo tem fer) +(p)} (b) stresses induced in the beam: B=o.25 ™, m, t= 0.025 m, R= 2m, Es 2:07 x10 N/nt, P= 1000 N, a= 32552-0833 Kio" oa ody 1953025 x18 stifgness matrix can be computed as ; 713wi wa ws wy Jo750 80360 -707150 60640 w [kJ= 80860 114 600 80860 41 170 we -70150 -80%60 Jo15S0 —60640 ws 60640 47170-60640 T4l20 Wy Eguilibrium eguations : [k1W =F Loe} W3 = +0387! m, Wy = 0104516 rad he F 70750 © 60640 je , [nc 74120 | (Wy the solution of these eguations is stress at root: dbx) m ¢, EI(x) “dx? trax om, 5 max = EL) “dx® "rer max ben I neo I(x) mee ee TMOD b S* “axt Flye0 = Et ~ 2 mn SUpM 74] (4:07 x10" ) (0-025) f fxoosati- Se o-oK5 te B 2 = 3.3392 x10) N/m " 714@) A® = 13 x 10 m2, i= 1, 2, 3, 4, E = 200 x 10° Nim? r Uy 0) = {1.257 + 2.507} = 2.795085 m Yt ett £2) = {1.257 + 2.507} = 2.795085 m | €0) = {3.75% + 1.257} = 3952847 m = Via.5* + 3.75%} = 4.506939 m mee [4 oles — OMe. e@ ia 1 From Eq. (12.52), the global stiffness matrix of element i is ke = HO}? 9] BO] cy) cos0, sin®, 0 0 where R= ey cosa, sind, and @, is the angle made by the element with respect to x axis. Thus (E,) gives [ cos? cos @jsin@ —-cos*0, co 8, sin 8, ro E® a® | cos @, sin 0, sin? 0, -cos@;sin®@, — -sin’ 0 Kk @ cos? 8, 88, sin®, ——cos*8, cos 8 sin —cos 0; sin 0, sin’ 0; cos 8; sin 0; sin? 0, Here 6, = 63.4349° (line © ®) 0, = 116.5651° (line © @) 0, = 18.4350" (line ® ®) 0, = 56.3099° (line @ ®) a Ao °) 13 x 104 BEAD = 200 x 10°) 13 x 107) ~ 93.0204 x 10° Nim, em 2.795085 cos 0, = 0.4472, sin 8, = 0.8944 vu Uv Us Uy 18.6041 37,2082 -18.6041 ~37.2082] U, [go] = roe] 922082 T4an6e -a7.2062 74.4162] U, k= 10" )_18.6041 -37.2082 18.6041 37.2082 | U, -87.2082 -74.4162 37.2082 74.4162 | Uy E? A® = 93,0204 x 108 N/m, cos 0, @ 0.4472, sin 0, = 0.8944 715le) - EO A® _ (200 x 10°) (13 x 104) Oo 10° Us 18.6041. 37,2082 -18.6041 37.2082 sin 0, = 0.3162 BO A® 6 Us 37.2082 74.4162 37.2082 -14.4162 3.952847 Uy U, 59.1978 19.7326 19.7326 6.57757 59,1978 -19.7326 -19.7326 6.57757 4.506939 sin 0, = 0.8321 = (200 x 10°) (13 x 10) U; 18,6041 37.2082 18.6041 -87.2082 65.7754 x 10° N/m, cos @. U; Uy 37.2082] Us -74.4162| Us -37,2082| U; 74.4162) U, Us -59.1978 -19.7326] U, -19.7326 59,1978 19.7326 -6.57757| Uy 19.7326| U, 6.57757| Us .9487, = 57.6888 x 10° N/m, cos @, = 0.5547, Us U;, Us i 26.6256 -17.7504 -26.6256] U; 26.6256 39.9384 26.6256 -39.9384| U, 17.7504 -26.6256 17.7504 26.6256] U; -26.6256 -39.9384 26.6256 39.9384] Us U 10000000 a 2 Foe |tal Jo 100000 OF | ng u,{ 0 010000 0/1, a uJ lo o01000 0)" a UL Us] fo0001000)], 3) 2 > B= [Ul -f0 9000100) 7 aang u;| [0010000 0))), 7 uJ [0001000 o}]," 716U,) [001000001], Fr = Ul _]0 901000 0/)% UJ }o0000010))5 Us Dooooca lly Us] fooooreo gy: Fru [Usl jo 9000100) wg u,; jo 000001 0)), I Us o0000003)|%| Assembled stiffness matrix of the truss is given by Eq. (12.63): i= Der [e] 86) 0 7.2082 | 18.6041 | 37.2082 | -18.6041 | 37.2082 | +18.6041 | -37.2082 | | 459.1978 | +19.7326 | 19.7326 | U, 256) 56 | 99.9384! 19.7926! 6.57757| Us { | 426.6256 | +39.9384 717Since nodes © & @ are fixed, U, = equations can be expressed as U, = 0 and the final equilibrium 2 > (K] U = F where 96.406 19.7826 -59.1978 -19.7826 U; mn a 65 2 tk} =| 19-7326 155.4100 19.7326 -6.57757| 105 Nim, = |Usl om 59.1978 -19.7326 76.9482 46.3582 U, -19.7326 -6.57757 42.3582 46.5160] Us R 0 > Ir and P= {Rte} 9 by Ry 0 F,) [+5000] (@)* U ot (4o+0) +, SO +0; (0) Wh = U, (0) + U2 60) + Us(1) w=fA]lu ur where We (M1), Usa Jur | > and wa Us Ws u, Wy ut Ve “Sing core o ° A ° DI] =] ° o ‘ ° ° e 4x6 ° ° e -sine@ ese og ° a ° ° ° 1 718For w beam element 2 6h nae bO] = ? sho 4t* ~68 wiz 6h 2 wd ch ak eh 156 aek (m7 . PAL | 28 4st 400 | 54 wh -13h 0-3" Matrices in global system (x,y FR] = cr Ce? IOI omd with degrees of freedom W, oh 2f* el ane 54 3k 32 -3h* 6-228 -22g 4h system) are given by [RO] = DIC] coal wR ut Ait dt We wie | “yt=0.65 em Q @ a late stride ne Width = 3.8 cm Be = fe] oO 12 6 -12 6° ~|6e 46 66% 2 ¢0° -12 6 12 -6¢ 6 26% 66 gee? 719E® = E = 200 x 10° Nim?; ¢@ 1 I= = 0825)" zp (0.088) (0.0825) =1tod 0.13 m;e=1to5 = 108.706 x 10-° m4 = 125 I, 1 10 = TF (0.038) (0.026)8 = 64 I, 19 = 271, 1= 81, 1o= 4 (0.038) (0.0065)! = 8.69646 x 107 m+ Assembled stiffness matrix, after applying the boundary conditions, is given by Eq. @,). Load vector: 5 0 R 0 z 0 & 0 >? F, 0 F= Ths Ky o {[N ', 0 Fo 0 Fy} |-8900 Fy 0 w, Wy, 2268-3660 —366 ¢ 756 €* -T168¢ -3846 384e 1286" EI,| ° e IKl==5*] 0 0 o ° ° ° o ° 0 ° with E = 200 x 10° Pa, I, Ws We OW, Wy ~168 384e 0 0 ° sade 1287 0 0 0 1os2 -222¢ 324 162€ 00 2220 64e? -162€ 5407 0 824 1626 © 420-114 -96 162e 54e? 114 140? 4B 0 0 -96 -48€ 108 0 0 48e 16e? ~42€ ° 0 0 0 -12 0 ° ° o 6e 8.69646 x 107° m~ and ¢ = 0.13 m 720 486 16 ¢? 426 3602 66 2e () Wi Wi o 0 ]w% o 0 |W o 0 |% o 0 |W, o oo |W, o 0 lw 12 6e |W 66 267 |W, 2 6 |W, 66 407 |W,a) Solution of equilibrium equations, [K] W = F , gives oT W = (Way Woy Was Wes Woy Wor Was Whos Wars Waal™ {- 0.002099 m, — 0.031132, ~ 0.009366 m, - 0.078424, - 0.025113 m, — 0.158496, — 0.057428 m, ~ 0.320642, - 0.136585 m, — 0.753031} Assembled stiffness matrix is given in the solution of Problem 12.8. For the assembled mass matrix, we note 15622 = 54-1 € — pM Aee |o2@ 4¢0° 1g ¢0 3 0" fm) = ATE 420 54 13e 156-22 13 -3 60” 92 © 4 ge" with p© = 7800 kg/m’, €= 1 to 5 = €=0.13 m, €=1t05 AM =5 As A®= 4A, AM =3A5 AM = 2A, AO =A, = 2.47 x 105 mt Assembled mass matrix, after applying boundary conditions, is: We Ws We W, We Wo Wig Wy Wis 1404 -220 216 -82€ 0 0 0 0 0 0 —22e 360 B2e -128 0 0 0 0 0 0 216 52€ 1092 -22¢ 162 39 0 0 0 O —52¢ -12¢7 -22€ 288 39¢ -9C 0 0 0 0 0 0 162 39€ 780 -22€ 108 -2€ 0 0 0 0 -39€ -9@ -22¢ 26 26¢ -6e 0 0 Ope OREO 0 108 26 468 226 54 -13€ 0 0 0 0 -22¢ 6 -22¢ 120 13¢ 36 0 0 0 0 0 0 54 18€ 156 -22¢ 0 0 0 0 0 0 -18¢ -3¢ -22¢ 4¢ with p = 7800 kg/m®, € = 0.13 m and A, = 2.47 x 10° m? 721element area of c/s, length Young's Modulus 6 Ae eo EO 1 18x 104 m? 1.39754 m 200 x 10° Pa 2 18x10 m? 1.39754 m 200 x 10° Pa 3 6.5x 10 m? 4.19263 m_ 200 x 10° Pa 4 65x 104 m? 3.53553 m 200 x 10° Pa element global node coordinates of BB ES e corresponding local nodes (m) direction cosines to local node 2 €, 0.8944 oO 1.25 125 0.625 2.5 0 0.8944 125 0.625 5 2.5 0.8944 25 0 5 25 0.7071 3 2 4 4 0.8 04 -0.8 -0.4)U, (43 x 10) (200 x 10°) | 0.4 0.2 -0.4 -0.2| U, 1.39754 ~08 04 08 04/U; -0.4 -0.2 04 0.2) U, [0] = Us 08 (23 x 10) (200 x 10°) |-0.4 1.39754 0.8 04 [ky = U, 0.8 0.4 -0.8 -0.4] U; 1k] (6.5 x 10“) (200 x 10°) | 0.4 0.2 -0.4 -02]U, 4.19263 08 -04 08 0.4) U, 04 -0.2 04 0.2) U, 722Us; Uy Uz Us 0.5 0.5 -0.5 -0.5] Uy (6.5 x 10-*) (200 x 10%) | 0.5 0.5 -0.5 -0.5] U, 3. 05 -05 05 0.5/U, 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5] Uy ((9] = Assembled stiffness matrix, after deleting the rows and columns corresponding to degrees of freedom U,, U,, U, and Uy is Us Us U; Us 322.471 12.4027 -24.8054 -12.4027| U; 12.4027 80.6178 -12.4027 -6.20136| Us 24,8054 -12.4027 43.1902 30.7875 | U, 12.4027 -6.20136 30.7875 24.5861 | Us [K] = 108 = > r Load vector: (F)" = {0, 0, 0,-4500 N}, (U) = (Uy, Ug. U;, Us) a Equilibrium eg. : (K] U = F Solution of these equations is Sr (3.02426 x 10, 6.04849 x 10°, 000133645, — 0.018261) m (U) = wit where r= + bhi= BEE mt (&) To incorporate the boundary conditions Wi= z= Ws=0, we delete the first two rows and columns in (Ey) amd first rowand Column in (Ez). The assembled matrix becomes 723wa M, 4 p Gree 6h | wy er er Ik] =p 2 «6h +8 Wy 3 ey 58) lia (oD(o2s) =6(0r25) = G07 : ae Gora! y(ersonne) 0-2 = (0125) 4(0-25y- 5 pe" <5 | = 86250 xto 765 or2s Load vector is re fh He iapo tT} Equilibrium eguations become [kK] iw =P ie, pee -15 pt 57-971 xe? -15 o25|l wey — ! ° { The solution is given by Wp = 18605 x10" ms Wy = 11629 wo rad. Ao) eaee ee a See hoes ™ Ws Ws. tg wet og ef t erga t e,t,p,a,£ 7 @B “7 ta ‘Ay <2 6(h ay @) ez | «(4) Ay? . (kK j= [Kk J (as 4(z) -«6(£y ty 4) | mie -(4) 2 -«(4) Eh 6) ays & «) Substituting E= 2-07x10", 226.5104 x10" amd L= 0-25, & (Er) becomes, Wy Ws uw we 3 im os -12 (K]= ernie | 775 910625 - 01750-03125 Wa Wy -12 -0-75 12 -075 Ws We 0-75 0103125 -0-75 0.0625 Wa We 724[Kk] = «Lf “] = Assembled stiffness matrix is ws we Ws We (241d Go.7540.78) -12 0-757] wz [k [Comer (2886) coos 0308] uy te S410 -l2 = 0.75 (ar 075 | Ws aoe 203125 o.75 0625] we Load vector is Ps ° F-)%([. Jo Ps 500 & o Epuilibrium eguations are (kv = P te 24 0 wiz 0-75 w3 ° eT ° ori25 0.75 0-03125 Ww (_ |e Seen eernreae eee ernee ue rrr eeenenr eran ws{ ) 500 075 0+03125 0.75 00625 We ° The solution ‘s given by + Wye 05814 xi m, y= 83724004 rad, We= 186K m, We = ie xiot rad. @) Element 1: woh" 3 T= 7p (ieee) (toss \ an o a =0:5208 x10 © mt 50x50 mm 25x25 mm EZ. Give" oszos ect) — fo25m ab 0-40 m —o e @-25)? = 07 x 107 725wi We wa We wo 12 eS 12 Vs wy J = O?x07 KP] = ora HS 92S -ns owas Wa a2 bs 12 bs ws "S025 -45 9.28 “% Ws wy 2-15 7 Ws = oT x10" after applying boundary uel Eaee, conditions Element 2: * 75 (Tos )ftoas -7 03255 x10” mt = 10-6505 x0* Ws we 24 =12 2h) ows Kk] = 6PoSxi0e’ | 24 0.64 - 2.4 9132 | wy 2 may (2-24 | ws 2H 032 2 oH | wy Ws my 2 ow ws ; a + 4 aster applying = 106805 x00 . aly 064 Wa boundary conditions Assembled stiffness matrix: Gra x07 Cros x10 + (k] = | ovzezx w7) 00256 x 10”) Gt0s x07 + (on75 x10? + 0.0256 x 107) 0+ 0068 x10?) Equilibrium eguat fons: 7 as2e2 024g ws ° i {i h- {3} oz gy 0 181F, We 10 Solution is given by Was 210446 xisc® ms Wy = 7021 x1d? vad 726= Eb [Ao (an ob + FE Gx-4b) + FRt- n+ Me (aad For element 4, W,=0, W2=0, Ws = 20446 niet ---(6) » “qs 7021 KI» Le 025, ha 0-05, Ex2-1 xis Hence &-(E\) gives Gras | g:ced end = Tran (X79) = 3°1560 x10" Fra lroaded end = For element 2, W, = 210446 x10 4, Was 1702! x18 aoe Sas | traded end = Trax (#8 = nas | ped end = Tran (*2 0-4) = 4.2467 xo” Nr f= 01028, E=21x10" N/m* or (x= 025) = 3+9929 x10” N/m? 3 2 Ws 0, %=0, + Hence &. (E,) gives 7 = 6+ 4807 X10 N/m? For element 4: er a) _ BI ay ‘7 727 es wt L 3h 4 4 Wa a] ow Ve £ fo -h | wy * aFor element 2: Ws We Ws We 2 Be -2 2 wy Ke] = 2 Bo kt | wy = Gy |- Chay F -hon -k | L eo ak att | wg “ Assembled stiffness matrix: fess (a+ 8 C264 4) 4h] s oly pele oh r self} Equilibrium “wee, [ka a Lak Lg Solution is given by Wa, = 9 PL? — 7 Ph °” jo% EF and Wy = jozy ET Ap wip [Go+h)-20L] — a a | een Yee — Phat a ie [30r+ab- sel] when a= Yy amd bz My, =~ 4s - fw Er 5 slopes 4¥an 2 ~ Pb _[az*(satb) ~exok J ax cerk ak X=, ay _ Pb cen [ee +aatb et 2] dz IB cer fh? when a= Yq amd bz 8/y, 2) ee Bp” Toaq ef Both results are same. Reasons shape functions = static deflection relations- 728of ex} ol 4 cf it? Pla -t om -c8 2 6a [kJ-k"- oh 2g? ~ct 4 [e]=(m] = 2S | -nl -702 Since node © is fired, @= @r=0. azk an wt 54 wk Bk 3st 56 one -2h 42 By dulating the first tuo rows and cdumns in [KE] amt Ci]. the eigenvalue prob becomes [tea -t ma] {ai} - Fregueney eguation is to} erp ef Fabrice 324 q] Blt «th l7 “eo bet 48) > ut ye gAttot Ogee eae cerctagee) |e 420 ET wehe etd 4th al ie go PP t- gor A+ WL 2 te = oro29tts, 2. 984571 ee gts 12.4903 Zh ; wh = t2nsige a y= 3.5327 » z= 34-8069 [Fa at 2 sho na “lL a) E (kJ=k l= Lh ahh 6h ast cm) (Es) GR hr) CoePeert ay (42%-44* ay | Ly, ° where ye wre al® 420 EL &-(E3) gives the freguency eguation 4B (i-ay £6 +130), AF (243d) Hh (64i3a) — a(i-taay Lh (-6 +222) £22432) LC6+22r) 4£°(1->) which reduces to —a (196 4* — 2436441689) 0 Roots are: _ 2436 + J @436)7— 4 (176)(1680) " ° M=05 dpa = 5 A953 21%) = 073295 6957 Thus W,=0 @,= 17 cS = 17 SHAT Ege @3= 70-0870 /—E PAlt These values can be compared with the exact values (see Fig. 8.15): ro, wpe 15-4182 Faye > Wea 49.9649 | Fayelement matrices: wy Wat ~22k wr2t 4h* | wy [m= io i ]e (mass of spring is assumed ts be 3ere) Assembled matrices: (eI = ae a Pe) na | ws rs 4a? 4 W3 Wee [= pad [ wn] Wy 420 | Haak 4] we Eigenvalue eguation: : abst se at ge -e£ | 420 |e 4 STL et 4st wer | ize Hien eke nal a eh +22hd 4ht— 4h? 731ae (eAtte? 4206 Upon expansion , the frequency eguation reduces to 3 3 35 (wer HL) A+ (r+ HEY 20 which implies that «Q? ahi, «ree me [rns (184 + 64 SE = or =)t } Where w Element matrices: wat PAPE wf Wi Wa Wy iy im 2 6h egg Tow a k°]= s 6h gk™ eh opt | we of “12 ~¢h 2 ek Ws Ch kt meh gat] wy wy We Ws Wa g | 6 22k 4 tah | ow A BP y= Se | ek att at watt | we 54 ih 56 tek | we msl -3tt -22k 4 dt] wy Ws ws ws Ws gey-+[!, ] ne , [m® ] = [: “| “ Assembled matrices (aster applying boundary conditrons wa Wa Ws 2c oer cf eee DJ~ 85] a my)" ge at ° wy -«£ u 13 -of -t 73215640 —224 ° Ws = Ah | ek att oo wl “ ° ° om Bt ws Ak 136 -a2k ° Te | -st att ° ° 420 Frequency eguation: -o CM] 4 cka| =o bes tse 22k ° 13 6k — FAhis* | | 2 er 420 22k at ol+ Pp eh al 0 ° 420, -t ° tes 156A -6h+ 22h n -t cht 220 4th 4h) ° = 0 -l ° t- 420) where a= (eAbtal 420 EE &-(E:) can be simplifred to obtain -58900 > + 173180 N*— 7128) +12 Roots of Ey.(E:) given by: A= OOOITESSS ==> od, = 0.9587 Vet frat) No= 0039951 aay = 0965 VEL/(pAlt) ge 2-90351 > 6 = ans (e1/(sAl*) 733 (&)Element matrices: wa Wo oh 4 -ol 6h 2t* gor e=4 wa oes ws We “ Ma Wy Wa ent 156 22k 54 -1f wy w3 x [m@q= PAC | ok 4h? isk att We 420 54 Bh so 228 Wa Ws wink wak* naek 4 k* Wy 6 Assembled matrices, after incorporating boundary conditions W,= Was We= We =0: ws 4 fkl= er (2412 eh seh _er [2 oF wa BY eteek at gk Blo eh] wy wz Wy pak 1564156 wtaktark gat [iz 2 wa, = ee Leateset attest? |” G20 Lo att my Eigenvalue problem : [-ermd+ CKI] =o For natural freguencies, [-o' cma + CeI| = wt pak [az Ste LSet a (24-3122) | =o ° eB (1-9) 734jes 192 7 (I-A) (I-A) = 0 Mer > 9, = 22-736 et with Lo2k PAL 319756 |=. PAL For mode shapes, [-o? oI + cea] BO = O 5 ene be (24-312 Az) ° wf) ° [ ° | wh? } - {: i For de> wl? ? o can have amy value (transverse displacement mode) Fr dpe t, we) can have any value (rotation or slope mode) wr Ws Ae =00 %y, Ly=fez tm Wy mass of wy e jotor = m From solution of problem 12-18, eats ie K-14 m —>e—_ tm —4} W3 wy ex [24 o |My, a1. ("lt «) 12M = fad fae ° Wa In]= tA, [ " | : ( When the mass of motor is added to d-o-f. W3, the mass matrix becomes 42 [w= was a2 + (4) ° () ° al? FF (1) amd (E63) yield the freguency eguation |-otom’T + Lea) = 735bees Grove aar7 va _ pak 8 aa at) 420 ° ben a4 (sia $2582 yy ° = 0 ° af? (1-2) bey waz A> (1-2) {1- (13+ ar) Apis where v= (CAfet y 420er wet = ote 42e6Z A Lazo EF ra ht PAlt Bo 420 Er (+ 3) 7% © PARE (ine 182 + pad For the steel beam, E=21x10' Pa, Leim, p= 78 x10° ky/m? 420(2+1 x10" "yx > = 10-6338 x0" E. rad/see Gamedya (ye (,) 2 _#te (aed!) £ = #8:2x00° I 7 13(7E KA (14 + 1750 (1) loleg x18? A + 1750 6 93415 x10 rad /see Ce) > ws =o (lo\qoo A +1750) Let depth = twice width for cross-section. T Then Az 2b* and r= -(b)(2b) = o.cee7 bf 4 va L Operating Apeed of motor = 2 = 1800 { am) bo = 198-496 rad /sec 736Assume G3, = smaller than os. For > 198-496, we need te have ° A to4 (10.6338) [26667 b > 188-496 2 ben b> a.07K1 om Let b= 5mm amd d= lo mm & that ~<6 - A= 50 x10° m* and r= 416.6667 x10* m4 This gives A y, -12y% tog BAIS X10 Ge. 6667 x10) 7 r= 45760 tad (101400 x 50 x10 +1750) one This violates the orginal assumption of 1, > 2. Assume G3,= smaller than 63, - For Gs, > 182-496, We need to have 49-3915 x10® (0-667 bY) froryoo (2b) +1750 3% esseng b4 9.2028 57 o.00175 >0 (ee) By setting the ineguality in&) t equality and solving for $7, we find > 188-496 7 0+00109145 or b= 003304 m Let b= 35mm amd d= 7omm, so that the tegt side of ineguality (Es) becomes (0+ 062483 —0:000 248 — 0001750) which is positive. Hence the final design is given by b= 0.035 m d= 0-070 ™ 737Boundary conditions: W)= Wy = Wy 2 Ws = Wy =Wez0 aaa wi See Ws We wy Ws We. Ws ™ we Ws 12 6h 12, [KO] = £2 | fh att ck ge “2 -6h Ia 6h at? 6 Ws We Wy We Wy Ws “i We Ws 6 22k 54 22k he ak [ m7, fab a ' d= 420 54 3h 156 Lone wal" ~228 Assembled stiffness matrix, after applying boundary conditions : we We Gli gt? 28? M%, Ik] = Fl oy a alt EL 2t Gt+4l?)| we We 6 elts4lt) a0? % pry at Ol “#20 | -3h (48+ 4Pyt We Freguency epuation: _ pad ts? Phe 38? 4 ah* 2gt =o &) 420 -3h* ah? ve 247 oh? | ‘nin pA ht cs ee J oe (Gear er *).&,- (Fi) can be expressed a6 B(I- A) (2+3d) (243) g (I-A) Gs Wat-28A 41220 y= 28ty > bg nr C) ter = 15-1357 _ os. EL 9, 5 a= 28-9928 PAL Element matrices : Wy Gee w Wows PM TEL male gah 12 ch nia Py wy (kJ EE] ch 4th -8 | we w | -w -oh iz =6k w3 ch kt ck at? | wy wy Wo, Wy Wa, 156 22k 54 13k wt 2 2 an gah 22k gh wl -ah we [x iF 420| 54 ak sg 22k “a wal -3f* -228 4h | Assembled matrices (after applying boundary conditions Wi =W2=0 ond adding mats M ak do-$- Ws): ws Cm 2 -6h 7 ows KJ= 2 [ | fk] L-l 4h) 1] wy ws we ih pak 156+ 4200 22k ws MAj= 2 ] sl -22k 4h? | wa Degining r= (tahoe sao") omy, the frequency eguation can be 739written ag (2 - 4356 a) (el + 22 had Cok +a2kay Cal?— 42? ~ 4235 M4302 A +350 2 4 this gives 4302 + ( 4302 — 4x 4235%3)* Mua 2( 4235) = 0-0006978 > 101512272 er fer = 05 A = 20 — 9 = 05414 hae 2 W = 20-6483 [7G ay Rs ect Ae © . 7 }— 4 —+— 4. 12 6 rz KO ue 4 a ek are -2 ot oH” ro cet 156 arf” -13 00 eo oe OOO 2t® age? we 3 ge? bens BO]- 0 #20 54 1 15 wn 32 2590" oa 7) Wow 102 ce 0 2 8 1000 Pp y=[o 0035 6 [P]= |e oo te ° ee 010 of» eo 0 000 1 [g]= BROT LEONLO] ‘ 740sane erfr —arfi orf e 5 Ife 40a, ~6Efy> an fy, a we [UE HOME Ceo AB) CHR i ony 28, Cee (AEs -#8) ny hfs, ° cS TREE ~6h Ae iy ~ ty ° ° « tafe 252/g, = ote 48, [m]= BROT ROTO] Isc Af, 22 ARE sHAL, HA he ° ° aan 4A? Ake 3A? ° ° ee eo 20 490 | isa 3 ALP aa CA Rta) aCe rere kt) Ate -2Aaf? ° ° 54 Aghe SALLE W6Ark, -12 Att ° ° 0A tA nt Akt 4 Ath where 12 Tp ot $M of 5 ex sz Since Q,= Q:= @g= Qe =0, vows amd columns 12,5 and é in [KJ ond [i] ome dubatid 45 obtain the sreppemcy eppolion of [eae ae hae (E+ By) MELE tor math fee Heo Bt) LE Caton) yee ie = eee 2260" Catt +As)} fet(Seo ~ Endre ty} A Roots of this eppalim give yond Wa. re Load vector: P 4 f Hoot) Ni) de Sime FOF: (HY = Lact sed Vo) fate 4 i's (xt) Ny (> dx Shinya BO y(t) Ng) dx fh nye 741Mh. *t th Sif ho ° = => ° f ies = § ae i? i ¢.2 T ae) ia Pe BWV P= y | tie Life he ° After applying the boumclary conditions, Load vector hecomes = (PA \. tifa ck a oh] eRe Pg hee [ik J= EE] of at cat Lawn woh 2 6k 0) Let af -ce 42° ee se anh 5h wk [it] =067 = SAL | ne get ok oat ~ 420 54 wh 56 wack wh nsf* ot gst Since node @ 4 pin connected amd wok @ us fixed, Q,=Q1=Qy 20. By deliting th clUutgonding rows amd cotumnt in [ic] [fe] - went] a= 0 Frequency equation is | Qe gs Las) - oF ae (ny |=e which gives «y2_ 420 ET = = 20-4939 || a 75a or 4 = 20-4939 pat 742LG, Tp 27 LG Tp (qe pey Aah pe 1q_ ete pe 2 ROTI - APT Ls SER st Ce decmy= Rates )- SEALS 2] fe J=[ «1 = ae atl = se fe wal FO] WI ag8[, \]- FLL 2] O'1-E 6 ct], pea-[t 2 4] [r]- & POT LROILOT - sigh [: : a aan T - fee ZUOT CRO IEAM] = 282 [: : ‘| a iT Freguency eguation is 26a73 -! piphoi re 1 |ss2 =! ile —z Lt 2] ( “y- ape oa ‘ ' 2 re A $2 = hee Ay= 01640 5D 11087 2 23-9360 SH pus* » OF 16-6098 aa/(r2, 8") y= 1983935 ie. = © where d= and 69, = 5:15 9372 7, PTpt 743Element matrices : © uw og ay, Wq7, ALEL Pt = Re SBE] a a uy Ue AAR) -t7 fee ur we a (i! J = Bah pe Ly peak ie is ow 4 a” J ah 2 lie 1 2 Assembled a ith : matrices (with u.= 6) ou V2 Ki-EF T] . Geepe Eigenvalue problem: [-o cm + cK]]u-3 ) For natural frequencies, Jefe de ALE ee tes Sted mtn =o cE red ) Where = (ett (3) fey ig Ma-22d4 4 a0 the gives Me oness , w= nega { Apl*)} ) Azz or9320 ©, wy = 23649 [EK eft) } (>) For eigenvectors, use of (E,) leads t (S- to) Ug — (1+ AI)Us = 0 7445-10 A: or Us = Sane *) Uz = 2-235 Uz with d,= 02289 - p 5° Wes } . {eos 59 } €,) Similarly, fora att) = = 212360 Uz with 2=0-9320 “ aes {vs Pele iI } &) Us 2+2360 orthonermalisation of normal modes with [m]-matrix: Lett GMs o, oo acne 5” (© where a amd a, are constants to be determined. gor 0) cae ae CM]U =4 gives as ¥ tml 7 i mth See GOTEmIG = (vo wassay sali dhe ° TT 2 hess} = 40784 Ah, a= ogase pA, amd =O) 4 fo ges 7 v > [pat {isa} (Es) similarly, 2 4 = Spree) o TOTEM y™ where. BOTW oe . Bio 1 io ye CMJ Ur's (v0 weane) oA [iG ye = 25879 pad on = 0-6216/VpAR , amb gM. 4 soe &.) Vpak 1+ 3700 Modal matrix: 4 0-4 952 6216 vj=-—=— : va Year je 03900 ] Eu) 745with 0 3554 ° ey cmilv}= [ | ot DT Te]= 5 |) naa Forced vibration eguations: Epalions of motion ae LmyU+lk]0=F (en) let =Ucty= LU] TH :) where [UJ= modal matrix and Te {wo} = vector of generalized coordinates e Substituting (E)3) inte (En) amd premultiplying by [UJ™ gives the uncoupled eguctions of motion: GCE) + of 1) = 9B) C= ne €,) Where the generalized foads @:(t) are given by B=" F - [ote ere They} VPAL Li0T2 = 3900 4 06216 Ss E rar {ene } P(t) Es) Hence eguations of motion become 7 13554 (5 = 226216 € a+ 4 Gr) tar °® 6) + 55921 (Fe) a = ~ 22282 rey (E17) shh) Vead Assume alk initial conditrons t be 3ero: U(t=0) = Lu] Te) =0 + a = G(t=0) = LuTF(0) = 0 ho T= TO)=F Eu) Thus the solution of gs. (Ey) and (£7) can be expressed « as nt )= a s Q(T) sin (4-7) Ae -/£ (05339) fire sin free fe (t- Hr ey 746nO= a s @,(t) sin a (t-%) ae = VE (05878) fre. fe 2. 26ye (t- >} at (E20) Po fer ot € ty P(t) = (#) {" for t > ty (21) can express the solution as > Uz (¢) 04952 (t) + 9, t Te = {4% Z 4(t) + ovsate 1,04) Yiope cy Oar] ! $1072 (4) — 13900 9, (4) which becomes, in view of &s- (Ey) - (Ea): For t = ty: Ut) = _ 0+ 3816-02271 cos (cya fF t ae O54 5 +3 [Et cs 263648 [oe 3 U3 (t) = ie ze iotena = 0:507F cos 642 [Et + 03456 cos ee } (2s) For ¢> to: ua(t) = Eb fo. 2271 cos leq Fe (t= %) = O2AT coS [61642 Since we Po E $0547 cos 23648 (t-te) a —O'I547 cos 2.3648 Ee t } Us(ty= F es {78078 cos t- ie (t- te) 05078 cos 1l642 |e t - 0/3456 wos 2-36489/E (t-t, Ph pk « > 5 7 [=e $F O3456 woS 2-3648 Fe rs } (Es) 747& E® = E®= 200 GPa, A® = A® = 0.5 x 10 m?, 40 = 0.5 m, €2 = V0.2? + 0.5% = cos 0, = cos 0 = 1, sin 0, = 0, 5385 (m) £08 0, = (Ky — X,)/E® = sin 0, = (Yq ~ Y\/€® = Element stiffness matrices: ogo fa -r a = AB [L 099 10 0 0] AOnG| @ (1 1 U, U, U; Uy fir 0 -1 olu, 0 0 0 ofU, Oy = OYTO] OY = 6 2 HO] = POY KO} HY =200%10°| 6 oly, 0 0 0 Olu, 1 6 85.7010 x 10' iF Hl 0.9285 -0.3714 0 0 RO} = 5 0.2 0 0 0.9285 -0.8714 [k} = POT (kO} 2 Us Uy Us Us 0.8621 -0.3448 -0.8621 0.3448! U, 0.3448 0.1379 0.3448 -0.1379| U, -0.8621 0.3448 0.8621 -0.3448| U; | 0.3448 -0.1379 -0.3448 0.1379) Us = 185.7010 x 10° Ky = | 200 10° + 185.7010 x 10° x 0.8621) (0 — 0.3448 x 185.7010 x 10°) i= (0 — 0.3448 x 185.7010 x 10°) (0 + 0.1379 x 185.7010 x 10°) _ 359.8886 -64.0297 = | 64.0297 25,6082 | * 1 748Load vector: F = | a Equilibrium equations: 33 {k] U=F i 359.8886 U, — 64.0297 Us = ~64,0297 U, + 25.6082 U, = -5 x 10° «@) Solution is: U, = 0.0626 x 10-* m U, = 0.3617 x 10- m Axial displacements of elements: ay Us {er} = poy B°-[ 0 0 ‘| Up=0)_ [0] _ 0 m U;, 0 0 1 Ojlu, U, |-0.0626 x 10% Us ia U,=0 U, =~) g° .9285 -0.3714 0 i) U,=0 U; oO 0 0.9285 -0.3714 Us Us Stresses in elements: once of = BO 0 = BO (YU, — Y,oyetn = 200 x 10° 0.0626 x 10°) _ 95 04 KPa 05 e rie 0 = BO e® = HOU, — U,@ye@ = 200 * 10°) 0.07250 x 10°) _ 96 9966 KPa 85 749x10" Pas 5 1253 Lz 20m, Qzoam bss 24m 4 no ne [eS (as) ] = 3489953 x1d> mt [bs0(ss0)— 320(s20)" Joa” 4 = 1103058 x10? m Lo = 78x10? kg/m st AoA © (BEY — (1S). j 2 = 0038406 ™ -é Aa = (950x550 320x520)x10 we { wy = 0r026l m* U 4 EDL gsqa.aeainw’ 5 F222 = 19gee70- Sie xn’ 5 a a 3). igs. 6523 x0" Gg Element stiffness matrices: 12 ble = 12 ele be 4d bhe Le -iz =6le 12 ~the ble le - che 482 We Ws Ws We 10+ 0480 10°0480 100480 1010G80 We q 7 7 =t0 7 “s Kk] =| eee 13-3974 lregvo 6.6987 | 8 -10+ 0480 =100480 1010480 100490) Ws to.0480 6.6907 — =lov0480 13-3974, w, 750W, We Ws We 5 1256-0052 252010 (256.0052 25-2010 Ws 25-2010 66+9869 251-2010 33-4935 w, [eye | ees we % -(256.0052 - 251-2010 1256-0052 — —251+2010 We 2Sl-2olo «33-4935 -25I- 2010 66-9869 Ws WE we Mo Wa 2Ol0B 2-129 -2-0108 2+ 4129 Wy °] _ | ae aa607 = 24129 "7303 | is We = | 20l08 = 24127 20108 = = 24127 Wo 24129 (93032-4129 3° 8607 Mia Axial stiffnesses are given by AVE! = 40.3263 xuo®, A282 . zo.e3s ni", AsEs _ 22-8375 x10? Ay A a Considering the axial stifgnesses of elements tand 2 at degree of freedom Wy, thE assembled sbijfnress malix com be derived af Wg Ws We ws We Wee Wie 24361686 ° 2427 0 o botoe 24129] W4 ° 1266-0532 241-1530 -1256-0052 25l-2ole @ elu, (kJ = 0° 2 Yl2F 241-1530 FGZYS 251-2010 33-4935 - 24129 169303 | We ° 1256-0052, ~25/- 2010 (256-0052 -25). e ° Wy B 251-2010 33-4935 -251.2010 66-1869 0 ° We -2-0108% ° 242900 ° 210108 = 24129 [Wig 24129 ° (9303 ° ° = 24/29 3+ 8607 [Wiz SAM ares, BArk Sats ty =h > Geet sozess, Sats ts x ,, “Fo +20 420 1633 Element mass matrices: 156 arte 540 tae [n@y. fre le | athe 48 ithe 2 2 ‘420 54 13 he 156 -22 be -le 3-22, 4 ge 751we. Ws Ws We 222534 62-766 77-031 = 37-089 | we a? 62-766 22-824 37-089 -i7us | Ws 77-031 37-089 = 222.534 62-766 | WS 37-08% = 17-419 62-766 22-924 | We Ws we Ws Wy 44. 5068 2-Sl06 15. Ho6D_ = =. 36 |] Ws fn] = 2+5106 0+ 1826 gee 0.1369 | We (5-4062 14836 44.5068 -2+5106 | Wy — (64836 0-136 - 25106 01826 | We “4, “6 We Ma (4748 Giedoee 62-8182 36-2950] Wy [HK] = 6 igre 26+ 8024 36-2950 -20-1018 | We 62-8192 3662950 (81-4748) -¢l.g222 | Mie -36-2950 =20: 1018 “Si-q2r2z 26.8024 | We For axial motion, PAL 199.71, fehate 39942, BA. a x ¥ le2-864. Considering mass matrix terms (corresponding to axial motion af elements (andz) at degree of freedom Wy, the attembled mass mabux can be obtained as: Me Ws egy gk 4201268 0 64222 0 ° 62-3192 36-2950 [Wy ° 267-040 —G0.2554 15-4062 - 114836 0 ° Ws 61-4222 60.2554 47-8070 14986 -o-1367 36.2750 20-1018 | We [M]=} © 15-4062 164836 44-5068 -2-5106 0 ° Wy ° H1G886 01767 -25106 01826 0 ° Wy seen 0 3625500 © AYE ~61-4222| Mo -26.2950 0 =2000018 oo © bieqeee 26-8024) Mie Once [kK] and [M] are known, the natural frequencies can be found by solving the eigenvalue problem. 752@* Force vector + v ae TRG Feo FoF sia } = fo, 0, 0, 0,0, 5000, 500} Eguilibrium equations : > = o ¥ k]wW-=F --(€) where [k] is given im the solution of Problem (2-27. The Solution of Es. (E,) is given by Wy = 0+ 2066 x10 % m, We = 0/3732 x16 4m, We = 03731 x10 rad, Wg 205224 x10 4 m, Wo 003731 x64 rad, Wig = 01046215? rad. an Fe Tone © (e) whee Bae hi Ee [wes Set Bn we C48) + We 4 B+ (-9- £9 ]-O a stress in element 1 (, -4 oO, WS? = Ws = 037532 x10 m, Wye = 021954 x10? m, Bendi wi? = wi We = 0-373 x16 rad Rztm, Hoa = odls ms Ey = atx 10 Re At xz0 (at node ©): Tran = (21x00")(0.gi5)[o-3792015 ($F) +0-s7a1x0 “(-£) ] = 16262 x0 At x= f\=2m (ak nok @): Tran = (21 x10") (0.415) [0137320 (G - B) +0.3731K 00 = 16245 x00 Py Axial stress in element { (ak rock ©): = (MM Je, = G5, =[ 2966 «ef =O, Jerrne!) = 060217 x10 Pa » wi? 753Total stress in element { = (6262+ ove2t7)io§ = 1.6479 x10 Pe 4 vad, Wi = We = 0-3732 cit my WE = We = 013730 x10” wi? = Wg = 05224 x04 m, wf") = We = 003731 x10 rad, Ags 04m, Prange OrdlSm, E,= 21x00 Pe At x=o: Trae = (2:1 x10") (0-415) [0.3732 (- Sar) + 013731 (- an) +0S224 (en — 013731 ‘Gaal! eS pp We = 0-373) x10 rad, 01046 x10 rad we? = Wie 224m, Fagg = 275m, Ege dix! B At x=0 ¢ node @): Geax = (21 xte") (0-275) [or 2066 x15"® (- 5) + 03731 xi 4 (4) to tase 10? (E ) + cote xe? (-2)] = 3672 106 Be 754Fig. 1 Fig. General beam element in a plane Pressure on the piston 1 MPa, diameter of the piston 0.3 m, the length of the crank 0.3 m, the length of the connecting rod 1.2 m. Solution: For a general beam element in XY plane, we consider four axial nodal displacements U,, U,, U, and U,, and two bending nodal displacements U, and U,. By superimposing the stiffness matrices of a bar element and a beam element, the stiffness matrix of the element shown in Fig. 2 can be found as ae oo 0 0 |U, 0 12 6€ oO 12 6¢|U, EI] 0 6¢€ 4 Ww -6e 2€\U (K=—F | oa 5 ‘ @) @|-af 0 0 af oo 0 |U, 0 -12 -6€ W NO ~6e|U, 0 6€ 20 0 -6e 46 JU, U U;, Us Uy U; Us IU, i , 6 denote the global nodal displacements, we find from Fig. 2, u, = U; cos 0 + U, sin 8 u, =—U, sin 6 + U, cos @ u, = U, &) u, = U, cos 0+ U, sin @ u, = -U, sin @ + U, cos 0 ug =U, 755Defining A = cos 0 and y= sin 8, Eq. (E,) can be expressed as V=PlU where a, u aA ~o0000 uy Up 20000 o_|ul o_ ju, 001000 ={"| Gs a ALS cE, rn u,) od 4 0002 pO a us. Us 0 00»2AO Ug Us 0000 01 Glob stiffness matrix of the general beam element can be found as {K©] = [ATP Ok) (4) €) For element [1]: E = 200 x 10° Pa, €= 1.2 m I=2 = (0.06) (0.02)* + (0.06 x 0.02) (0.04 + 0.01)? |+ 3 (0.02) (0.08)3 6.9333 x 10-6 m* A= 2 (0.02 x 0.06) + 0.02 x 0.08 = 0.004 m? 2. = cos 7.1808° = 0.9922 = sin 7.1808° = 0.1250 For element [2]: E = 200 x 10° Pa, I = 6.9333 x 10-6 m* A= 0.004 m’, € = 0.3 m, 2. = cos 330° = 0.866 = sin 330° - 0.5 Boundary conditions: W, = W, = W,=0 sin gs Load on piston = A (0.3)? (108) = 70,6858 x 103 (N) Load vector: mL = 756Element matrices in global system (given by Eq. (E,)): W, 1 Ww, Ws We OW, 5 We 6.5640 0.8149 -0.0072 -6.5640 -0.8149 ~0.0072] W, 0.1990 0.0573 -0.8149 0.1990 0.0573) W, oe 0.0462 0.0072 -0.0573 0.0231] W, symmetric 6.5640 0.8149 0.0072| W, 0.1990 -0.0573] W, 0.0462 We Ww OW; OW, Ww, OW, 2.1541 -0.8878 0.0462 -2.1541 0.8878 0.0462 1.1289 0.0801 0.8878 -1.1289 0.0801 0.0185 ~0.0462 -0.0801 0.0092 (k2] = 10? x 2.1541 ~0.8878 0.0462 1.1281 -0.0801 t 0.0185 Assembled stiffness matrix (after incorporating boundary conditions): Ww, W, W, w, W, 6 6 0.6564 -0.0007 -0.6564 -0.0815 -0.0007 0.0046 0.0007 -0.0057 0.0023 Wy 0 0 0.0462 0.0801 0.0092 0.0185, Wy Ws Ws Ws, We Wo 2.8105 0.8064 0.0469 Wa] = 10° x 1.1488 0.0743 0.0231 2 3 Solution of the equilibrium equations [k] W = F gives the following: W, = 0.0007 m W, = 0.0022 rad W, = 0.0005 m W, = 0.0008 m W, = 0.0024 rad W, = -0.0035 rad Element displacements in local coordinate system: Element 1: 0.9922, p = 0.1250 757o o uy A po 0 00 = 0.0007 m 0.0007 m Uy — A 0 0 00 0 0.0001 m Us, Seeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeay = 0.0022 rad| _ | 0.0022 rad ul ~}0 0 0 A po 0.0005 m {~ ] 0.0006 m Us 0 0 0 -w hk O = 0.0008 m 0.0007 m Ug. 0 00 0 0 1 0.0024 rad | ooze rad Element 2: 4 = 0.866, up =-0.5 oo © uy & p 0 0 0 0]” [W, = 0.0005 m 0.00003) Uy — A 0 0 00 W; = 0.0008 m 0.0009 ul _}0 0 1 0 0 06] |W, =0.0024rad | _ |-0.0024 wf |0 0 0 2 po 0 “| 0 Us 0 00 2 0 0 0 Ug 0 0 © 0 0 1) |W, =-0.0035raa} —|-0.0035) Axial stresses: Element 1: ° o@=E (2 = 20010" 6.0007 + 0.0006) € 1.2 16.67 MPa Element 2: 2 o@= 3 Cu, +0)? = moxie 0.00003 + 0) = -20 MPa Bending stresses: Element 1: Yoox = 0.05 m, €= 1.2 m. aw (x) 3) =E ) aa at x =0, 6 (0) =~7.7984 x 1077 Pa at x= 1.2 m, 0 (1.2) =~7.6463 x 107 Pa Element 2: Y,,,, = 0.05 m, € = 0.3 m. 758at x =0, 0 (0) =~7.6463 x 107 Pa at x=0,¢ (0.3) -4901 x 10-8 Pa ankpin Maximum stresses: In element 1: pax = MAX (axial + bending) = -1.667 x 107 + 7.6463 x 107 = 9.3133 x 107 Pa xee In element 2: a nas Opa = Max (axial + bending) more = -2 x 107 + 7.6463 x 107 = -9.6463 x 107 Pa m = 5000 kg, €= 12 m, d= 0.6 m, t = 0.02 m, P,,,, = 700 kPa Solution: €= 12 m, E= 200 x 10° Pa, P = 7750 kg/m? n n 4 a} = gq (d+ 20t- dy = I {(0.6 + 0.04)* — 0.64} = 0.0018738 m* A= A {d+ 2? - d}= E (0.64* ~ 0.6?) = 0.088956 m? M = 5000 kg, P,,.., = 700 kPa Pressure at x= (: Pane] Pa load at x= 7 Pryy (@+2 1) Nin 37383 x Nim Stiffness matrix: W, W, Ws Wy w 6€ -12 6¢]W, EI|6e 4@ -6e 20 tk] = oy = EF iu Oy We = @ |-12 -6 12 -6¢) W, 6e 20 -6¢ 4@| Ww, where EI _ 200 x 10° x 0.018738 So = SORTS = 216875 Nim 128 759W, Wy EL ~ 2 n= FZ [22 86). or6975 | 12 2] Ws @ \-ee 4¢ 72 576) Wy Mass matrix: w, W, Wy Wy 156 2207 54 -13¢| W, ¢ 2 2 IM] = {may = PAL 22¢ 40 13€ -3¢*| W, ~ 54 «13 € «6156-22 ¢| Wy 420 13€ -3@ -22€ 4¢ | W, pA€ _ 7.75 x 10° x 0.038956 x 12 420 420 Mass matrix after incorporating W, = W, where Wy, Wy pae_| 156 -22¢)_ 156 ~264] W; IM]= "0 [226 4€ | = 8.6260 | o¢4 576 | Wy Consistent load vector: “ f= f f(x) N, (x) dx where f(x) = distributed transverse load fo e 2 3 =f 67333. (: -35+ 2) ax=s7sss (Se o ee (20 = 806 392.8 N ‘ : ; f £08) N, (2) dx f 73839 |(s*) — 2{2) | ax : ° vo le = 37333 (24) = 1881583.2 N 20 . As there is no distributed bending moment, f, = (a) STATIC ANALYSIS = Equilibrium equations are [k]w = f _ fiz 2] Ws] _ [fs] _ [1881583, 216875 |_r2 s76||w,| [GJ 1 0 760 ie,Solution is Ww, = 2.8920 (m) 0.3615 (rad) Since w (x) = N, (x) W, +N, (x) W, +N, (x) W, +N, @) W, sousca= ME L ‘]: ipsa ve] Us OL Py, = pe SEL] (k= (ova x" Yate) Li. a ]- rey Li “J k®]= (alse Yer!) [.\ Vero LE “| De ]= Greet [1 Jo vos xe! uw Ue Us Us 4 -4 ° oy u (s]= Hosxio® | ~4 ate 2 o | & 2 attend Us ° Si all t U4. 764Us Us e -2)_ a 63 <2 ] U2 [k] = 1-05 «10? L-z 3 }7 % ber as Us Natural freqencies are given by |-ot tm]. + Eka] ° Gre — 0-312 = 21 = 0r052A | =o -2+1 - 01052 > B15 - 0-156 X where eer oncss ie 0045968 AX — 2-184 A + 15-435 =O This gives dps #6372, Azz 38-8720 or od, = 29389 xL0t vad face > (8, = 612347210" vad/rec. with lumped mass matrices: Pde AE 8] ly = Cots es x18?) (0:2) IE BO], = Gua xP yore wis?) 0-2) L 07 2 (78 x18 Morte?) 2) | [w= Geet ert ed | 4 va us 4 0 ° [i], > 0-078 | o 442 0 ° ° at Us ° ° a \ Us v2 Us 6° [m],= 0078 [: | = [ot ° ] v2 ° 3 ° 0-234 vyNatural freguencies are given by |-o'Emy, + [kq|=° hess o4ed ° 63 m2 -at | °* + | 50 ° 0-234 aes ie . 63- 0-468 <1 = 0 w24 B15 — 0-234 -2 De eee Ne oman) 0+ (09512 A* — 29484 A + 156435 = 0 es y= 7st 3» Ape 19-80% = 26675 x104 radfee , 09, = 414506 xrot rad/sec, Program Ex12_33_34.m Initialization of values- 2560-4 ; Definition of [x]-~ RIL = AL*EL/L1+A2*E2/L2 ; x12 : R13 R21 = 22 = AZVE2/L2+A3*E3/L3 ; R23 = -A3¥E3/13 ; R= KIB 32 = R23; 33 = A3*E3/L3 ; K = [ Kll R12 X13; 21 K22 R23; K31 K32 433 ] 766\- Calculation of matrix P= [00 500)" U = inv(K)*P Definition of [Ml- MIL = (2*RL*AL*L1+2#R2*A2"L2) /6; M12 = (R2*A2*L2)/6; M3 = 0; yi = Mi M22 = (2*R2*A2*L2+2*R3*AI*L3) /6; 203 = RO*A3*L3; 1 = M3; 32 = M23 283 = 2°23; Gat m2 M13; 21 w22 193; 381 192 183] Mr = invon; WM = MI*K; falculation of eigen vector and eigenvalue-. vi eig Km) Results of Ex12_33 and Ex12_34 >> 1233 K 1.086009 * 1.a667 0.1600 ° 011600 0.3400 -9.1800 0 -0.1800 0.1800 208.0000 4.1600 0 411600 1016600 7.0200 0 7.0200 14.0400 767+0253 0.6914 0.0772 018009 -0.1479 0.5712 15982 -0.7072 (0.8172 ve 1.02+007 * 9.0719 9 ° 0 (0.9178 0 0 0 0.2860 >> PROGRAML7 MODE SHAPES 1 2.3905e-004 2 -1.1061e-005 3 -2.6780e-005 4 9.61662-006 5 .5663e-005 3.3146e-004 -3.3777e-004 8.0727e-005 NATIONAL FREQUENCIES OF THE STEPPED BEAMS 8.4828e-005 9.7314e-005 4.8527e-005 2.8116e-005 1.0892e+003 3.5774e+003 7.8776e+003 1.9602e+004 -5.4254e-004 -1.1524e-004 64908e-005 5.7820¢-004 MODE SHAPES 1 0.0002390496 2 -0.0000110609 3 -0.0000267802 4 0.0000096166 000005566. 000033145: -0..00033777 0.0000807270 NATURAL FREQUENCIES OF THE STEPPED BEAM 32 0.0000848280 90 0.0000973142 31 0.0000485271 00000281164 1089.203865 3577.355406 7877.612285 19602.488436 -0.0005425426 -0.0001152391 0.0000649080 00005781958 768PROGRAM 17.F c c C PROGRAM FOR FINITE ELEMENT VIBRATION ANALYSIS OF STEPPED BEAM c c DIMENSIONS: XL(NE) , XI (NE) ,A (INE) , XMAS (NE) , BI(NE, 4) ,XM(4, 4) ,XK(4,4) AI(4,8),AIT(8,4) ,XKA(4,8) ,XMA(4, 8) ,AKA(8, 8) ,AMA(8,8) , BIGM(N,N) , BIGK (N,N) ,BM(ND, ND) , BK (ND, ND) U(ND,ND) ,UI(ND,ND) , UTI (ND, ND) , BMU(ND,ND) , UMU(ND,ND) , NE = NUMBER OF ELEMENTS N = TOTAL NUMBER OF DEGREES OF FREEDOM ND = TOTAL NUMBER OF DEGREES OF FREEDOM AFTER DELETING ZERO D.O.F. DIMENSION XL(3,XI(3),A(3) ,XMAS (3) ,BI(3,4) ,XM(4,4) ,XK(4,4), 2 AI(4,8),AIT(8, 4) ,XKA(4,8) ,XMA(4,8),AKA(8, 8), AMA(8,8) ,BIGM(8, 8, ) 3 BIGK(8,8),BM(4,4), BK(4,4) DIMENSION U(4,4), UI(4,4) ,UTI(4,4) ,BMU(4,4),UMU(4,4),XF(4,4), 2 EV(4,4) INTEGER Bo DATA XL/0.8,0.5,0.2/ DATA XI/0. 0000083333, 0. 0000034133, 0.00000052083/ DATA A/16.0,9.0,4.0/ DATA BJ/1,3,5,2,4,6,3,5,7/4,6,8/ c c c c c XF (ND,ND) , EV(ND,ND) c c c E=70E409 RHO=3000 pO 10 [=1,3 10 -XMAS(T)=A() *RHO Do 20 18 DO 20 J=1,8 BIGM(I,J)=0.0 20. —- BIGK(I,J)=0.0 DO 100 II=1,3 Do 30 4 DO 30 8 30. AT(I,J)=0.0 T1=Bd (II, 1) 12=Bg (II, 2) I3=BJ(II,3) T4=BI(II,4) AI(1,11)=1.0 AI(2,12)=1.0 AI(3,13)=1.0 AI(4,14)=1.0 XM(1,1)=156.0 XM (1, 2)=22.0*XL (II) 769XM(1,3)=54.0 XM(1,4)=-13.0*XL (II) XM(2,2)=4.0* (XL (II) **2) xM(2,3)=13.0*XL (II) XM (2, 4)=-3.0* (XL (II) *#2) XM(3,3)=156.0 XM(3,4)=-22.0*XL (II) XM(4, 4) =4.0* (XL (II) **2) XK(1,1)=12.0 XK(1,2)=6.0*XL(IT) XK(1,3)=-12.0 XK (1,4) =6.0*XL (II) XK (2,2)=4.0* (XL (II) **2) 6.0*XL(II) 0% (XK (II) **2) XK (3,4) =-6.0*XL(IT) XK (4,4) =4.0* (XL (II) **2) DO 40 I=1,4 DO 40 XM (I, I) =xM(I, J) 40 xXK(S,T DO 50 Do 50 XM (T, 3) = (XMAS (EZ) "XL (IT) (420.0) #XM (1, I) 50 -XK(Z,J)=(E*XI (IL) / (XLII) **3)) *XK (I,J) DO 60 f=1,8 DO 60 J=1,4 60 © AIT(I,J)=AT(J,T) CALL MATMUL (XKA,XK,AT,4,4,8) CALL MATMUL (XMA,XM,AT,4,4,8) CALL MATMUL (AKA, AIT, XKA,6,4,8) CALL MATMUL (AMA, AIT, XMA,8, 4,8) DO 70 I=1,8 DO 70 J=1,4 BIGM (I,J) =BIGM(I, J) +AMA(I, J) 70 BIGK(I, J) =BIGK(1,J) +AKA(I,J) 100 CONTINUE C APPLICATION OF BOUNDARY CONDITIONS C ROWS AND COLUMNS CORRESPONDING TO ZERO DISPLACEMENTS ARE DELETED Do 110 1=1,4 po 110 4 BM(I,J)=BIGM(I+2,J+2) 110 BK (I,J) =BIGK (1+2,J+2) © DECOMPOSING THE MATRIX [BK] INTO TRIANGULAR MATRICES ND=4 CALL DECOMP (BK,U,ND) 770C FINDING THE INVERSE OF THE UPPER TRIANGULAR MATRIX (U] po 120 I=1,ND DO 120 J=1,ND 120 UI(I,J)=0.0 DO 130 I=1,ND 130 UI(Z,1)=1.0/U(1,1) DO 150 J=1,ND 3) GO TO 150 DO 140 K=IP,J 140 SUM=SUM+U(I,X) *UI(K,J) UI (I,J) =-SUM/U(I,T) 150 CONTINUE DO 160 I=1,ND DO 160 J=1,ND 160 © UTE(I,5)=UI(I,1) CALL MATMUL (BMU, BM, UI,ND,ND,ND) CALL MATMUL (UMU,UTI, BMU,ND,ND,ND) CALL JACOBI (UMU,ND, EV, 1.0E-05,200) CALL MATMUL (XF,UI,EV,ND,ND, ND) po 170 I=1,ND 170 UMU(T, I) =SQRT(1.0/UMU(I,I)) PRINT 180, (UMU(I,I),I=1,ND) 180 FORMAT (//,40H NATURAL FREQUENCIES OF THE STEPPED BEAM, //, 2 4(1X,B15.6)) PRINT 190 190 FORMAT(//,12H MODE SHAPES) DO 200 J=1,ND 200 PRINT 210, J, (XF(I,J),1=1,ND) 210 FORMAT (/.14,5X,4(1X,E15.6)) STOP END SUBROUTINE MATMUL MATRIX MULTIPLICATION SUBROUTINE: A = B * C B(L,M) AND C(M,N) ARE INPUT MATRICES, A(L,N) IS OUTPUT MATRIX SUBROUTINE MATMUL (A,B,C,L,M,N) DIMENSION A(L,N) ,B(L,M) ,C(M,N) DO 10 I=1,L DO 10 J=1,N A(I,J)=0.0 DO 10 K=1," m710 A(I,J)=A(I,J) #B(L,K) *C(K, J) RETURN C SYBROUTINE JACOBI c c 120 120 130 140 150 160 170 SUBROUTINE JACOBI (D,N,E, EPS, ITMAX) DIMENSION D(N,N) ,E(N,N) ITER=0 DO 110 I=1,N DO 110 J=1,N E(I,1)=0.0 E(I,J)=1.0 22=0.0 NML=N-1 DO 130 I=1,NM1 IP1=I+1 DO 130 J=IP1,N IF (ABS(D(I,J)) .LE. 22) GO TO 130 22Z=ABS(D(I,J)) IR=T Icso CONTINUE IF (ITER .EQ. 0) Y¥=Zz*EPS IF (22 .LE. ¥¥) GO TO 210 DIF=D(IR,IR) - D(IC,IC) TANZ=(-DIF+SQRT (DIF**2+4 ,0*ZZ**2)) /(2.0*D(IR,IC)) COSZ=1.0/SQRT(1.0+TANZ**2) SONZ=COSZ*TANZ DO 140 I=1,N 22Z2=E (I, TR) E(I, IR) =COSZ*22ZZ+SINZ*E (I, IC) E(I, IC) =COSZ*E (I, IC) -SINZ*Z2Z. Is IF (I .EQ. IR) GO TO 160 Y¥¥=D(I, IR) D(Z, IR) =COSZ*YYY+SINZ*D(I, IC) D(X, IC) =COSz*D(I, IC) ~SINZ*YYY I=T41 Go To 150 I=IR+1 IF (I .EQ .IC)GO TO 180 Y¥YY=D(IR, I) D(IR, I) =COSZ*¥Y¥+SINZ*D(I, IC) D(I, IC) =Cosz*D(I, IC) -SINZ*YYY 7712180 190 200 210 c c I=T+L Go To 170 IsIC+1 IF (I .GT. N) GO TO 200 222=D(IR, I) D(IR, I) =COSZ*222+SINZ*D(IC, T) D(IC, I) =COSZ*D(IC, 1) -SINZ*222 I=I41 co 70 190 YYY=D(IR, IR) D(IR, IR) =¥¥Y*COSZ**2+D(IR, IC) *2.0*COSZ*SINZ+D(IC, IC) *SINZ**2 D(IC, IC) =D(IC, IC) *COSZ**2+Y¥Y*SINZ**2-D(IR, IC) *2.0*COSZ*SINZ D(IR, Ic) =0.0 ITER=ITER+1 IF (ITER .LT, ITMAX) GO TO 120 RETURN END C SUBROUTINE DECOMP c c 10 90 30 50 40 SUBROUTINE DECOMP (A,U,N) DIMENSION A(N,N) ,U(N,N) Do 10 aN Do 10 iN U(,J)=0.0 U(1,1) =sQRT(A(1,1)) Do 90 iN U(L,g)=A(1,g) /U (1,1) Do 40 iN IM SUM=SUM+U (K, I) **2 U(Z, I) =SQRT(A(I, I) -SUM) J=I+1 IM UM+U(K, I) *U(K, J) U(1,d)=(A(Z, J) ~SUM) /U(, 1) CONTINUE RETURN END 773NATURAL FREQUENCIES OF THE STEPPED BEAM 0.108920E+04 0.357736E+04 0.787761E+04 0.196024E+05 MODE SHAPES 1 0.239050E-03 0.556632E-04 0.848280E-04 -0.5425428-03 -0.110609E-04 0.331459E-03 0.973142E-04 -0.115239E-03 -0.267802E-04 -0.337773E-03 0.485271E-04 0.649080B-04 0.961657E-05 0.807270E-04 0.281164E-04 —0.5781196E-03 PROBLEM 12+38 GENERATION UF ASSEMBLED STIFFNESS MATRIX OF A PLANAR TRUSS. TOTAL NUNBER OF DEGREES OF FREEDOM TOTAL NUMBER OF NODES ACD) = AREA OF I TH ELEMENT EL(I) = LENGTH OF I TH ELEMENT DIMENSIONS + BIGK(N,N),XK(4,4) -ACNE) ,ELCHE) ,CX(NN) -CY(NN) -LOCCNE,2),ALC4,N), ALTON, 4) ,XKAC4)N),AKACN/ HD ananaanaananaanan ‘aeaee INDUT DATA t888 DIMENSLON BIGK(8,8),XKC4,4),AC4) ,ELCA) ,CXC4) CY(4) -LOC(4, 2), 2 ALC4,8),AITCB, 4), XKAC4, 8), AKACB, 8) DATA NE,N,UN/4,8,4/ E=2.0E+6 DATA A/2,0,2.0,1,0,1.0/ DATA CX/0.0,50,0,100,0,200,0/ DATA C¥/0.0)50.0,0.0,100.07 DATA LOC/1, 242434243, 4,47 € ##88% END OF INPUT DATA teee¥ bo 10 du 10 10 BAGK(1,3)20,0 T2=L0C(£,2) ELCL)=SORT( CCX (12)=CX (11) ) #824 (CY (12) -CY C11) )##2) 77420 30 40 50 100 120 130 0.28E+05 0,2¥E+0S =,28E+05 -.2BE+05 0.00E+00 0.00£+00 0,00E+00 =-28E+05 0,00E+00 0,00£+00 0,00E+00 0,00E+00 28E+05 0,68E+05 0.386404 -.286+05 0.286405 2BE+05 0,38Et04 0.58E+05 0.28E405 ~.28E+05 0,00E+00 0,00E+00 =, 29E+05 0.28E+05 0,35E405 =.21E+05 0,00E+00 0,00E+00 0,28E+05 -,28E+05 =.21E+05 0.35E+05 0.00E+00 0,00E+00 0,00E+00 0.00E+00 @) 0,28E+0S 0,28E+05 »28E+0S, =.28E+05 ALIIS(CX(12) CX C11) ) /ELCT) XMTUS(C¥(12)*C¥ (11) )/EL(1) XKCL,L)=XLTI¥82 ARC, 2)SXLISXMIT AKL) 3 =XKCL, 1) XKCL, 4) S°XK CL, 2) XK(2/1)=XK (1,2) XK(2,2)=XMTU#2 XK(2,4)59XK(2,2) XKC3/1)B9XKC1,1) XK (3,2) 5"XKC1,2) ¥KC3,3)8xXK (1/1) XK(3,4)=XKC1,2) XK(4,1)39XK(251) XK (4,2) 8=XK(2,2) XKC4,3)5XK (2,1) XK C44) 2XK (2,2) Do 20 11=1,4 DO 20 Ju=1,4 XKCIL, JIVSXK CIT, JJ) #AC LD FE/ELCT) DO 30 I1=1,4 DO 30 JJ=1,N AICI, JJ)20.0 TISLOC(I,1)$2-1 T2sLOC(1,1)#2 I3SLOC(I,2)$201 T4L0C(1,2)82 ALC1,11)51,0 A(2,12)21,0 ALG, 13): AX (4, TA) 00 40 II=1,8 DO 40 Ju=L,4 AITCIL,JJ)=A1( Jd, I) CALL WATMUL (XKA,XK,AI,4,4,N) CALL MATHUL (AKA, AIT, XKA,N,4,N) DO SO 11=1,N do 50 Ju=i,N BIGK(LL, JJ)=BIGK (IT, JU) +AKACII,JJ) CONTINUE 00 120 I1=1,8 PRINT 130, (BIGK(I1,JJ),JJ21,N) FORMAT (1X,10(1X,EB.2)) STOP END The general program i the program and oubput are given. 715 e11E+05 -38ET04 + TiE+04 ATLE+04 38E+04 136404 71E+04 TLE+O4 L1E+05 +.38E+04 ~.71E404 -.71E%04 0.186405 0.116405 38E+04 -.13E404 =. 71E+04 -.71E+04 1E+05 0.836104 used to solve the example of section 12.10.PROBLEM 12:39 PROGRAM FOR FINITE ELEMENT VIBRATION ANALYSIS OF STEPPED SEAM DIMENSIONS: XL(NE),XI(NE) ,ACNE) -XMAS(NE) ,BUCNE, 4) .XMC4,4) ,XK(4,4) AIC4)N) /ALTON, 4) ,XKAC4,N) /XMAC4,/N)/AKACN,N) /AMACN ND» BIGNCN,N) ,BIGK(N,N),BM(ND,ND),BK(NO,ND) UCD ,ND),ULCND,ND) ,UTL(ND» ND) ,BAUCND,ND) >UMUCND,ND), XF(ND,/ ND), EV(ND ND) NE = NUMBER OF STEPS = NUMBER OF ELEMENTS ND = NUMBER OF DEGREES OF FREEDOM (EXCLUDING THE FIXED 0.0.F.) N = TOTAL NUMBER OF DEGREES OF FREEDOM XL(L) = LENGTH OF I TH STEP OR ELEMENT X1(1) 2 AREA MOMENT OF INERTIA OF I TH STEP OR ELEMENT ACI) = CROSS*SECTIONAL AREA UF I TH STEP OR ELEMENT RHO = MASS DENSITY OF THE MATERIAL E = YOUNG'S MODULUS BJ(I,J) = GLOBAL D.O.F. NUMBER CORRESPONDING TO THE LOCAL J TH D.O.F, OF ELEMENT I seuss INPUT DATA #4585 DIMENSION XL(3),XI(3),A(3)oXMAS(3) -BUC3, 4) -XMC494) ,XK(4, 4), 2 AT(4,8),AITCG,4) /XKAC4, 8) ,XMAC4,9) ,AKA(8,8) ,AMA(B, 8), 3° BIGH(8,8),BIGK(8,8),BM(4,4) ,BK(4,4) DIMENSION UC4,4) ,UI(4, 4) ,UTI(4+4) -BMU(4,4) ,UMUC4,4) /XF(4,4), 2 EVv(4,4) INTEGER BJ NES3 DATA XL/40.0,32.0,24.0/ DATA XI/1,333333,6.75,0.083333/ DATA A/4.0,940,1.0/ DO 2 151,NE BUCT,1)51#2=1 BUCI,2)a1#2 BICI, 3) s182+1 BUC, 4)=1#242 2 CONTINUE £330.0E+06 RHO2O, 283/386.4 © $848 END OF INPUT DATA 44944 NENE#2¢2 NDSNE*2~2 DO 10 I=1,NE 10 XMASCI)=A(1)#RHO DO 20 I=1,N DO 20 U=1,N BIGM(I,J)=0.0 20 BIGK(I,J)30,0 DO 100 II=1,NE DO 30 21,4 DO 30 Jai.N 30 AICI,J)50.0 TsBdCI1,1) I2sBJ(T1,2) 135BU(II,3) ananananaaananaananaan 71614sBJ(IT, 4) ALCL, 11) 51.0 AI(2,12)21,0 ALG3,13)2) ALC4, 14. XM(1 419215660 XML, 2 x3 XML, 4 AM(2 13,0#XL (II) 2 0% (XLII) #82) XM(2,3)2130*XLCII) XMC2,4)5~3 08 (XL (11) 882) XM(3,3)=156.0 XM (3, 4)3022,08XLCIT) XMC4,4)24,0%(XL(IT) #42) XKC1,1)512.0 XK(L,2)=6,0*XLCII) XK(1, 39591240 XK(L, 4) 56, 0#XL (II) XK(2,2)54, 0% (XL( 11) #82) XK(2,3)396,08XL (11) XK(2,4)52,0%(XL(1I) 442) XK(3,3)212.0 6 4O8XL(I1) XKC4, 4) 54,08 (XL(1) #82) DO 40 121,4 DO 40 J=i,4 XMS, 1) SXM (J) 40 XK(J,1)=XK(1,d) DO 50 1=1,4 DO 50 Jz1,4 XMCI,J) 5 (XMAS CII) #XL(11)/420,0) #XM (I,J) 50 XK(IpJ)=(E*XE (11) /(XL(11) #43) ) *XK (1,0) DO 60 I31,N DO 60 Js1,4 60 ALTCL, J)@AL(J,1) CALL MATMUL (XKA,XK,AI,4,4,N) CALL MATMUL (XMA,XM,AL,4,4,N) CALL MATMUL (AKA, AIT,XKA,N,4,N) CALL MATMUL (AMA,AIT,XMA,N,4,N) DO 70 I=1,N DO 70 J21,N BIGM(I,J)SBIGM(I,J)+AMACI,J) 70 BIGK(I,J)SBIGK(I,J)+AKACI,J) 100 CONTINUE € APPLICATION OF BOUNDARY CONDITIONS C ROWS AND COLUMNS CORRESPONDING TO ZERO DISPLACEMENTS ARE DELETED DO 110 121,ND DO 110 J=1,ND BM(I,J)sBIGM(1+2,J+2) 110 BKC, J) 2BIGK(I+2,J#2) € DECOMPOSING THE MATRIX (8K) INTO TRIANGULAR MATRICES CALL DECOMP (BK,U,ND) C FINDING THE INVERSE OF THE UPPER TRIANGULAR MATRIX (U) DO 120 I=1,ND 717120 130 140 150 160 170 180 199 200 219 DO 120 Jai,ND UICL,J)=0,) DO 130 I=1,ND UICL,1)81,0/U(I,1) DO 150 Jai,ND DO 150 It=1,ND T=ND*II41 IF (¥ .GE, J) GO To 180 IPsI+t ‘SUM=0.0 DO 140 KaIP,J SUMBSUM+U (I,K) 4UI(K,J) UICL, J) =-SUM/UCT,1) CONTINUE DO 160 I=1,ND DO 160 J=1,ND UTICI,g)SUICJ,1) CALL MATMUL (BHU,BM,UI,ND,ND,ND) CALL MATMUL (UMU,UTI,BMU,ND,ND/ND) CALL JACOBI (UMU,ND,EV,1,0E=05,200) CALL MATMUL (XF,UI,EV,ND,ND,ND) DO 170 T=1,ND UMUCT,I)=SORTC1.0/UMUCI,1)) PRINT 180, (UMUCI,1),1=1,ND) FORMAT (/ 4014,E15.6)) PRINT 190 FORMAT (//,12H MODE SHAPES) DO 200 J=1,ND PRINT 210, J,(XP(I,J),121,ND) FORMAT (/,14,5X,4(1X,E15.6)) STOP END NATURAL FREQUENCIES UF THE STEPPED BEAM 0,160083E+03 = 0.617460E+03 MODE SHAPES 1 2 3 4 0.193333E=01 © 0,189147E-03 0.1418 26E-01 70.378593E-02 —-0,202976E=03 —-0,471097E-02 04167902E-03 -0,181687E=03 = -0,135672E-02 0.182648E-03 9,607247E-04 0.373775E-03 778 40H NATURAL FREQUENCIES OF THE STEPPED BEAM,//, 0.225198e+04 0, 712653E +04 0.445258€+04 0,259495E-03 0,207580E~03 0,1638696-03Program 17-F is used by replacing three lines (data XL, XI and A). The new lines are DATA XL/0.2,0.2,0.2/ DATA XI/0,133333E-07,0.133333E-07,0.133333E-07/ DATA A/0.0004,0.0004,0.0004/ The density and Young’s Modulus, from Section 12.10, are 7880 kg/m? and 200 GPa respectively. The results are given below. NATURAL FREQUENCIES OF THE STEPPED BEAM 0.205922E+04 0.495886E+04 0.134511E+05 0.212338E+05 MODE SHAPES 1 0.446568E-05 0.179093E-04 0.446568B-05 -0.179093E-04 2 -0.216519E-05 0.108159E-04 0.216519B-05 0.108159E-04 3 0.240286E-06 0.207140E-04 0.240167E-06 -0.271826E-04 4 -0.179093E-06 0.108159E-04 0.207230E-06 0.204584E-03 Exact natural frequencies (from chapter W, = 1807.6675, W, = 4982.9053, W, = 8883.9889, W, = 16147.8019 Helicopter cross section 0.02 m x 0.3 m, length 1.2 m. ae ia PE, ALL ei oS on ra -—-R—Hex tp x (Rotating beam element strain energy due to rotation: The rotation of the beam induces an axial force P in the beam due to centrifugal action. If the beam bends in xz-plane as shown in Fig. 2, the change in the horizontal projection of an element of Fig. 2 length “dz is given by the ds — dx = j(dx)? + (E,)) xSince the axial force P acts against the change in the horizontal projection, the work done by P is : iff bw iff Poo(S) dx where eos "pA P= f a 220 dl where p = weight density pAg? F = og MEHR RD @) Work done by the transverse distributed force P(x) can be expressed as a f P(x) w(x) dx where P,(w ) 0 If w, i= 1, 2, 3, 4 denote the nodal displacements of the beam element, the transverse displacement w(x) can be expressed as we, = DL Nw) wie) &) mA where N,(x) are the shape functions given by Eqs. (12.88) - (12.36). Introducing time variation of displacements, we get kinetic energy of element is: lft 2 Le m= j oa {ou euo} ax = 5 Tim @) lo ‘Total strain energy of the element is Fwy 1 ff af pi eee Face? f Pop [Smo v(t) q -f Py (x, t) = wOs, t) dx = ; WT w &) Jo Total virtual work of element is Pw aw fox, ) Swe, ) = FOdwe «) 780where f(x, t) denotes the distributed force (which is zero in the present case). Evaluation of integrals in Eqs. (E,) ~ (E,) enables us to find the mass matrix, stiffness matrix and load vector. (i) For the helicopter blade, we can model it as one beam element for simplicity. Q = 300 (2n)/60 = 31.416 rad/sec. A= 0.006 m?, I= + (0.3) (0.02) = 0.2 x 10 m4, €= 1.2 m, E=71GPa, p= 2660 kg/m? (for aluminium) Boundary conditions: W, =W, Solve the eigenvalue problem W; (1 + 1) = 7 whore w= | | for the natural frequencies and mode shapes. Electric motor mass 500 kg, Un U4 Ug girder: E = 200 GPa, a Us vy, p= 250 kg/m’, ZI columns: E = 30 GPa, p= 75 kgim? h/b = 2 ui Solution: ' { (a) Generate element matrices U, Us prey = ALE, | 1-2] 0 ate € |-1 1U, 1) Us 12 6f, -12 6€,]U, 6l, 46 -6€, 2€/U, -12 -6£, 12 -6€,/U, 6€, 20% ~6€, 44]U, 781U; Us, U, 12 6¢, -12 6€,]U, wy |6f, 46, -6€, 26 |U, @ |-12 -6@, 12 -6¢,/U, 6e, 20 -6e, 44 ]U, U, U; U, Us mAe, [2 1]U, PAs [2 1]Us (0) = y= Pee Se me) 6 [i aju MF Gh a}u, u U UY Us 156 22f, 64 -13€,] Uy, 2 2 ay = Aste 226. 4G 136, -9G | Uy 420 5413, 156 €3/U, -13€, -363 -22¢€, 463 |Us UU, Us U;, 156 22€, 54 -13€,| Uy 13 -3é py = Aves |22G 46 190, 944) U, “420 | 54 18€, 156 -22€,| Us -13¢, -3€ -22¢, 4 |U, where Py =P, = 75 kg/m’, €, 3m, n@ E, 0 GPa, A, =A, = “, py = py = 250 elm’, = 3m, E, = E, = 200 GPa, A, =A, = bh = 2b? () Find the assembled stiffness and mass matrices after applying the boundary conditions U, = Us = 0. (© Select trial values of d and b and find the fundamental natural frequency (,) by solving the eigenvalue problem cw? [M] + [K] 0 1500 (2) (@ Change d and b until a, > = 157.08 rad/see 782