B GIO DC V O TO

TRNG I HC LC HNG
***

NGUYN HU NAM

PHT HIN NH K THUT S GI MO

DNG CT/DN

Lun vn Thc s Cng ngh Thng tin

NG NAI, 2011

B GIO DC V O TO
TRNG I HC LC HNG
***

NGUYN HU NAM

PHT HIN NH K THUT S GI MO

DNG CT/DN
Chuyn ngnh: Cng ngh Thng tin
M s: 60.48.05

Lun vn Thc s Cng ngh Thng tin

Ngi hng dn khoa hc:
PGS. TS NNG TON

NG NAI, 2011

LI CAM OAN
Ti xin cam oan lun vn thc s cng ngh thng tin: Pht hin nh
k thut s gi mo dng ct/dn l kt qu ca qu trnh hc tp, nghin
cu khoa hc c lp, nghim tc.
Cc s liu trong lun vn l trung thc, c ngun gc r rng, c
trch dn v c tnh k tha, pht trin t cc ti liu, tp ch, cc cng trnh
nghin cu c cng b, cc website,
Cc phng php nu trong lun vn c rt ra t nhng c s l lun
v qu trnh nghin cu tm hiu ca tc gi.
ng Nai, thng 11 nm 2011.
Tc gi

Nguyn Hu Nam

LI CM N
Li u tin ti xin gi li cm n Thy PGS. TS Nng Ton tn
tnh gip ti trong sut thi gian hc tp va qua, c bit l nh hng
nghin cu v tn tnh hng dn cho ti trong sut qu trnh lm lun vn.
Nu khng c s gip tn tnh ca thy, ti kh c th hon thnh lun
vn ny.
Bn cnh , ti chn thnh cm n cc thy c Trung tm Thng tin
T liu, trng i Hc Lc Hng, ni ti cng tc v nghin cu to
iu kin v h tr ti trong sut thi gian qua.
Ti cng xin chn thnh cm n cc thy c Khoa Cng ngh Thng
tin tn tnh ging dy, ch bo v cung cp cho ti nhng kin thc cn
thit trong sut thi gian hc v cng xin gi li cm n chn thnh n
nhng ngi thn, bn b v ng nghip gip v ng vin ti trong
sut thi gian hc tp cng nh trong thi gian thc hin lun vn.
Chn thnh cm n !
Bin Ha, ngy 01 thng 11 nm 2011

Nguyn Hu Nam

MC LC
Trang
LI CAM OAN ............................................................................................... i
LI CM N ....................................................................................................ii
MC LC ........................................................................................................ iii
DANH MC CC T VIT TT ..................................................................iv
DANH MC HNH ........................................................................................... v
DANH MC BNG BIU ..............................................................................vi
PHN M U ............................................................................................... 1
CHNG 1: KHI QUT V X L NH V NH GI MO ................ 3
1.1. X l nh v mt s vn c bn trong x l nh. ................................. 3
1.1.1. X l nh l g ? ............................................................................. 3
1.1.2. Biu din nh s .............................................................................. 3
1.1.3. Mt s khi nim c s trong x l nh ......................................... 5
1.1.4. Cc giai on trong x l nh ...................................................... 10
1.1.4.1. Thu nhn nh ........................................................................ 10
1.1.4.2. Tin x l ............................................................................ 10
1.1.4.3. Phn on nh ..................................................................... 11
1.1.4.4. H quyt nh ...................................................................... 12
1.1.4.5. Trch chn c im ............................................................. 12
1.1.4.6. Nhn dng............................................................................. 13
1.1.5. Bin v cc phng php d bin ................................................. 14
1.1.5.1. Bin v cc kiu bin c bn trong nh ............................... 14
1.1.5.2. Vai tr ca bin trong nhn dng ......................................... 15
1.1.5.3. Cc phng php d bin trc tip ...................................... 17
1.1.5.4. Mt s phng php d bin ................................................ 19
1.1.5.4.1. Phng php Canny ................................................... 19

1.1.5.4.2. Phng php Shen Castan ....................................... 21

1.1.6. Pht hin v so khp cc c trng bt bin ................................. 21
1.1.6.1. im bt ng v c trng bt bin ................................... 21
1.1.6.2. So khp c trng ................................................................ 24
1.2. nh gi mo v pht hin nh gi mo .................................................... 25
1.2.1. Gii thiu nh gi mo .................................................................. 25
1.2.2. Cc dng nh gi mo c bn ........................................................ 28
1.2.3. Mt s nh ni ting c pht hin l nh gi mo [18] ........ 30
1.2.4. Hng tip cn bi ton pht hin nh gi mo ............................ 35
1.2.4.1. Da vo hnh dng .............................................................. 35
1.2.4.2. Da vo phn tch ngun sng ............................................ 36
1.2.4.3. Da vo bin i mu sc ................................................... 36
1.2.4.4. Da vo c s d liu.......................................................... 36
1.2.4.5. Da vo du vt ca qu trnh iu chnh t l ................... 37
1.2.4.6. Da vo phn tch nh sng ................................................ 37
CHNG 2 : MT S K THUT PHT HIN NH K THUT S GI
MO................................................................................................................ 38
2.1. Pht hin nh gi mo da vo Thut ton Exact Match [3] .................. 38
2.2. Pht hin nh gi mo da vo k thut thay i kch thc [3] ............ 40
2.3. Pht hin nh gi mo da trn s khc bit hng ngun sng ............. 42
2.3.1. Cc dng ngun sng .................................................................... 42
2.3.1.1. Ngun sng v tn (3-D) ................................................... 43
2.3.1.2. Ngun sng v tn (2-D) ................................................... 45
2.3.1.3. Ngun sng gn (b phn) (2-D) ..................................... 46
2.3.1.4. Nhiu ngun sng ................................................................ 47
2.3.2. Phng php c lng hng chiu ngun sng ....................... 48
2.3.2.1. c lng hng chiu ca ngun sng............................. 48

2.3.2.2. Tm nhng ng c kh nng l bin khut ....................... 49

2.3.2.3. c lng hng chiu sng cho tng ng bin tm c
........................................................................................................... 50
2.3.2.4. S dng mng Bayes tm c lng tt nht ...................... 50
2.3.3. Phng Php da trn s khc bit hng ngun sng ............... 50
2.3.4. Phng php xc nh hng nh sng theo ng bin ............ 53
2.3.4.1. Loi b cc i tng nh, nhiu v lm mnh bin .......... 56
2.3.4.1.1. Loi b cc i tng nh v nhiu .......................... 56
2.3.4.1.2. Lm mnh bin v ni nt t ................................... 56
2.3.4.2. La chn cc on bin lin thng ca i tng dng c
lng hng ngun sng ................................................................... 59
2.3.4.3. Xy dng thut ton xc nh hng nh sng trn mi
ng bin ......................................................................................... 60
2.3.4.4. Kt qu thc nghim ............................................................ 61
2.4. Pht hin nh k thut s gi mo dng ct/dn da vo thut ton SIFT.
......................................................................................................................... 64
2.5. So snh mt s k thut pht hin nh gi mo ...................................... 84
CHNG 3: CHNG TRNH THC NGHIM........................................ 85
3.1. Bi ton .................................................................................................... 85
3.2. M hnh bi ton pht hin nh gi mo .................................................. 86
3.3. Chng trnh pht hin nh k thut s gi mo FImage 1.0 .................. 86
3.3.1. Ci t chng trnh ..................................................................... 86
3.3.2. Kt qu thc nghim .................................................................... 87
PHN KT LUN ......................................................................................... 90
TI LIU THAM KHO

CC THUT NG V CC T VIT TT
2D
3D
ADC
CPU
DoG
H
IC
LoG
RAM
RANSAC
SIFT
SVD

2 Dimensions (Khng gian 2 chiu)

3 Dimensions (Khng gian 3 chiu)
Analog to Digital Converter
Control Processing Unit
Difference of Gaussians
Homography
Inconsistency Coefficient
Laplacian of Gaussian
Random Access Memory
RANdom Sample Consensus algorithm
Scale Invarian Feature Tranorms
Singular Value Decomposition

DANH MC HNH NH

Trang
Hnh 1.1- Biu din nh bng hm f ( X , Y ) ....................................................... 3
Hnh 1.2 - Ma trn 8 lng ging ........................................................................ 6
Hnh 1.3 - Cc bc c bn trong x l nh s .............................................. 10
Hnh 1.4 - Cc thnh phn c bn ca mt h x l nh ................................ 14
Hnh 1.5 - S phn tch nh ...................................................................... 15
Hnh 1.6 Lm trn nh ................................................................................. 20
Hnh 1.7 - Minh ha v vic gi mo nh [3] ................................................. 26
Hnh 1.8 - Ghp nh t 2 nh ring r [3] ....................................................... 28
Hnh 1.9 - nh che ph v b i i tng [16]............................................. 29
Hnh 1.10 - nh b sung i tng [16]......................................................... 29
Hnh 1.11 - Bc nh gi chnh sa nhm tng mnh ca thng tin chin
tranh [18] ......................................................................................................... 30
Hnh 1.12 - nh gi ca John Kerry v Jane Fonda c ct/dn t hai nh
ring l. [16] .................................................................................................... 31
Hnh 1.13 - nh gi mo Tng thng Bush c sch ngc [18] .................. 31
Hnh 1.14 - Dn khoan du, bo v st [18] ................................................... 32
Hnh 1.15 - nh gi ca Holmes vi nam din vin Tom Cruise c ct/dn
t tp ch bao gm hin th Kimo vi n din vin Katie Holmes [16] ......... 33
Hnh 1.16 - C mp tn cng trc thng [18] ................................................. 33
Hnh 1.17 - Con mo trng khng l [18]....................................................... 34
Hnh 1.18 - Sng Thn Thi Lan [18] ......................................................... 35
Hnh 1.19 - S vic pht hin gi mo da vo c s d liu [3] ............. 36
Hnh 1.20 - S khc bit ca cc hng ngun sng khc nhau [8]. ............. 37

Hnh 2.1 - Minh ha cho vic tm kim khi bao ca thut ton Exact Match
......................................................................................................................... 38
Hnh 2.2 - M hnh nh x cc im nh t nh gc sang nh ch [3] ......... 40
Hnh 2.3 - Minh ha hng ngun sng v php tuyn b mt ca i tng
......................................................................................................................... 45
Hnh 2.4 - Hai i tng c chiu bi 1 ngun sng gn [8]. ................. 47
Hnh 2.5 Qu cu hin th 3 ngun sng khc nhau trong khong t 200
ti +200 ............................................................................................................ 48
Hnh 2.6 Hng ngun sang t bn tri sang .............................................. 50
Hnh 2.7 - nh ghp gia cn nh v cy thng c ngun sng khc nhau ... 51
Hnh 2.8 - S chc nng pht hin nh gi mo ........................................ 52
Hnh 2.9 - Kt qu o hm theo 2 hng x v y ........................................... 54
Hnh 2.10 - Kt qu minh ha tnh ln bin .............................................. 54
Hnh 2.11 Hng php tuyn ....................................................................... 55
Hnh 2.12 - Minh ha cc lin thng theo 4, 8, 6 lng ging ........................ 56
Hnh 2.13 - Minh ha cc im c nh du xa [2]. ........................... 56
Hnh 2.14 - Ln cn 8 ca im p1 ................................................................. 57
Hnh 2.15 - Minh ha cc im c nh du ni nt t [2] ................. 58
Hnh 2.16 - nh minh ha xem c gi mo khng .................................... 61
Hnh 2.17 - nh minh ha kt qu xc nh hng nh sng trn bc nh l
khc nhau nn y l nh gi mo dng ct/dn ............................................. 61
Hnh 2.18 Ch ra hng ngun sng khc nhau bng mi trn ................... 62
Hnh 2.19 Hnh gc cha ct/dn, ch c 1 ngun sng duy nht 1250 ....... 62
Hnh 2.20 Hnh gc cha ct/dn, ch c 1 ngun sng duy nht 800 ......... 63
Hnh 2.21 - Minh ha kt qu xc nh hng nh sng trn bc nh gi mo
c sn [15]. ...................................................................................................... 63
Hnh 2.22 - Xy dng mt khng gian t l [9] ............................................. 65

Hnh 2.23 - Cc gi tr cc i v cc tiu ca cc nh DoG ......................... 66

Hnh 2.24 Hnh nh ban u xc nh im kha ................................... 70
Hnh 2.25 - Minh ha m t 4099 im kha tm c. ................................ 70
Hnh 2.26 Trc khi nh v im hp dn .................................................. 71
Hnh 2.27 - Sau khi nh v im hp dn ..................................................... 72
Hnh 2.28 - Tnh ln v hng ca gradient.............................................. 74
Hnh 2.29 - B m t im kha ..................................................................... 75
Hnh 2.30 Kt qu thu c t thut ton Sift v kt hp vi nhiu im
kha ................................................................................................................. 78
Hnh 2.31 - Gn cho mi im kha cho mt nt (cluster). ........................... 79
Hnh 2.32 Tch im kha thnh cc cm Agglomerative ......................... 79
Hnh 2.33 - Cch nhm cc cm li vi nhau [15] ......................................... 80
Hnh 2.34 K qu thu c l hnh b gi mo ............................................ 83
Hnh 2.35 Kt qu thu c l hnh b nhn bn ln thnh 3 i tng
ging nhau [16] ............................................................................................... 83
Hnh 3.1 - S chc nng pht hin nh gi mo [16] ................................ 86
Hnh 3.2 - nh minh ha xem c gi mo khng ...................................... 87
Hnh 3.3 - nh minh ha kt qu xc nh hai i tng l ging nhau nn
y l nh gi mo dng ct/dn ..................................................................... 87
Hnh 3.4 - nh minh ha xem c gi mo khng ...................................... 88
Hnh 3.5 - nh minh ha kt qu xc nh hai i tng l ging nhau nn
y l nh gi mo dng ct/dn ..................................................................... 88
Hnh 3.6 Hai hnh gi mo trong cuc thi Worth1000 Photoshop. Mi
hnh nh c ct/dn cng mt ngi [16]. .................................................. 89

DANH MC BNG BIU

Trang
Bng 1- So snh u, nhc im ca mt s k thut pht hin nh gi mo ... 27

PHN M U
Vi s pht trin ca khoa hc cng ngh, ngy cng c nhiu k thut
ca khoa hc cng ngh c ng dng vo thc t v nh s chnh l mt
trong nhng thnh qu . nh s ngy cng d sa cha v hiu chnh do
sc mnh ca cc phn mm son tho v x l nh m in hnh l
PhotoShop. Ngy nay, cc chng trnh x l nh c th thm vo hoc b i
cc c trng ca nh m khng li cc du hiu v s gi mo. iu
c ngha vic pht hin ra nh gi mo l vn phi t ra ngy cng cp
bch v cng tr nn kh khn.
Mc d nhu cu v vic pht hin cc gi mo nh s c cng nhn
bi cng ng cc nh nghin cu, nhng hin nay rt t ti liu c gi tr v
lnh vc ny. Nht l trong iu kin Vit Nam, cha c nhiu nhng nghin
cu ny, trong khi thc t t ra nhng nhu cu, i hi.
Xut pht trong hon cnh , lun vn la chn ti Pht hin nh
k thut s gi mo dng ct/dn nhm nghin cu mt s k thut pht hin
nh k thut s gi mo c to ra bi vic s dng cc chng trnh x l
nh thng dng, thng qua vic ct/dn t chnh mt nh v c s thay i v
kch thc i vi cc i tng b ct/dn. y cng chnh l cch thng
c cc i tng s dng trong qu trnh to nh s gi nh
k thut ct/dn.
* Ni dung chnh ca lun vn gm:
- Phn m u.
- Chng 1: Khi qut v x l nh v nh gi mo: Chng ny
cp n cc khi nim c bn v x l nh s, qu trnh x l nh v cc khi
nim c bn v nh gi mo.

- Chng 2: Mt s k thut pht hin nh gi mo: Chng ny

gm cc khi nim c bn v cc bi ton v mt s phng php pht
hin nh k thut s gi mo.
Trn c s cc thut ton tm hiu v p dng thut ton pht
hin nh k thut s gi mo dng ct/dn.
- Chng 3: Xy dng chng trnh thc nghim: Tin hnh xy
dng chng trnh thc nghim pht hin nh k thut s gi mo dng
ct/dn.
- Phn kt lun.

CHNG 1: KHI QUT V X L NH V NH GI MO

1.1. X l nh v mt s vn c bn trong x l nh.
1.1.1. X l nh l g ?
Con ngi thu nhn thng tin qua cc gic quan trong th gic ng
vai tr quan trng nht v 80% thng tin c thu nhn bng mt tc l
dng nh. Mt khc vi s pht trin mnh m ca phn cng my tnh, x l
nh, ho ngy cng c nhiu ng dng thc tin phc v cuc sng. Nh
vy, x l nh ng mt vai tr rt quan trng trong s tng tc gia ngi
v my.
Cng nh x l d liu bng ho, x l nh s l mt lnh vc ca
tin hc ng dng. X l d liu bng ho cp n nhng nh nhn to,
cc nh ny c xem xt nh l mt cu trc d liu v c to ra bi cc
chng trnh. X l nh s [2] bao gm cc phng php v k thut bin
i, truyn ti hoc m ho cc nh t nhin.
1.1.2. Biu din nh s
i vi nh n gin (nh en trng) th nh c biu din bng mt
hm cng sng hai chiu f ( X , Y ) , trong
gian v hm gi tr ca f ti mt im

X ,Y

( X , Y ) bt

l cc gi tr to khng

k s t l vi sng hay

mc xm ca im nh ti im ny. [2,3]

* P(X,Y)

Hnh 1.1- Biu din nh bng hm f ( X , Y )

Trong mt s trng hp hm nh cn c biu din vi mt trc th 3
gi l hm cng sng (vi hnh 1.1, trc th 3 bng 0).

Mt nh s l mt nh f ( X , Y ) c gin on theo khng gian v

cng sng. Mt nh s c xem nh mt ma trn vi hng v ct biu
din mt im trong nh v gi tr im ma trn tng ng vi mc xm ti
im . Cc phn t ca mt dy s nh th c gi l cc im nh.
nh sng c dng nng lng f ( X , Y ) phi khc 0 v hu hn:

0 f ( X ,Y )

(1.1)

Con ngi c kh nng nhn cc hnh nh t nh sng phn x qua cc

vt th. C s ca f ( X , Y ) c c trng qua hai thnh phn:
- S lng nh sng ngun ri trn cnh vt c nhn thy.
- S lng nh sng ngun phn x t vt th ( trong cnh vt).
Chng c gi gn ng l s pht sng v cc thnh phn phn x, v
c biu din tng ng l i( X , Y ) v r ( X , Y ) . Bn cht ca i( X , Y ) c xc
nh bng ngun sng v ca r ( X , Y ) c xc nh bng cc c trng ca
vt th. Hm i( X , Y ) v r ( X , Y ) kt hp vi nhau cho hm f ( X , Y )

f ( X , Y ) i( X , Y ) r ( X , Y )
Vi:

(1.2)

( 0 i( X , Y )
0 r( X ,Y ) 1 )

y ta gi cng sng ca mt nh en trng ti ta ( X , Y ) l

mc xm (l ) ca nh ti im . T (1.2), (1.3), (1.4) , l nm trong khong:
Lmin l Lmax

(1.3)

Trong l thuyt, ch cn Lmin 0 v Lmax hu hn. Trong thc t:

Lmin imin rmin

(1.4)

Lmax imax rmax

S dng cc gi tr chiu sng v phn x c tng kt qua thc
nghim hoc xem l cc gi tr c bn Lmin 0.005, Lmax 100 cho x l
nh.

Khong Lmin , Lmax c gi l thang xm. Ta c th dch khong ny

n 0, L , trong l 0 l en v l L l trng trong thang xm. Gi tr tc
thi l cc dng mc xm thay i lin tc t en n trng.
1.1.3. Mt s khi nim c s trong x l nh
c th x l bng my tnh in t th nh cn phi c s ha. l
qu trnh bin i nh t tn hiu lin tc sang tn hiu ri rc thng qua vic
ly mu v lng t ha. Trong qu trnh ny ngi ta s dng khi nim
pixel. Mi pixel c c trng bi mt cp ta ( X , Y ) v mu sc ca
n.[4]
nh: L mt tp hp cc pixel c cu trc, ta c th coi nh l mt
mng hai chiu I ( n, p ) c n dng v p ct, nh s c n p (pixel). Ta k
hiu I ( X ,Y ) ch im nh c to ( X , Y ) .
im nh:
Gc ca nh l nh lin tc v khng gian v sng. x l bng
my tnh, nh cn phi c s ho.
S ho nh l s bin i gn ng mt nh lin tc thnh mt tp im
ph hp vi nh tht v v tr (khng gian) v sng (mc xm). Khong
cch gia cc im nh c thit lp sao cho mt ngi khng phn bit
c ranh gii gia chng.
Mi mt im nh vy gi l im nh (PEL: Picture Element [20])
hay gi tt l Pixel. Trong khun kh nh hai chiu, mi pixel ng vi cp ta
(x,y).
im nh (Pixel) l mt phn t ca nh s ti to (x, y) vi xm
hoc mu nht nh. Kch thc v khong cch gia cc im nh c
chn thch hp sao cho mt ngi cm nhn s lin tc v khng gian v mc

xm (hoc mu) ca nh s gn nh nh tht. Mi phn t trong ma trn c

gi l mt phn t nh.
Cc im 4 lng ging:
Gi s (i,j) l mt im nh, khi cc im 4 - lng ging l:
N4 = {(i-1, j); (i+1, j); (i, j-1); (i, j+1)}
Cc im 8 lng ging:
N8 = N4 {(i-1,j-1); (j-1, j+1); (i+1, j-1); (i+1, j+1)}
P3

P2

P1

P4

P0

P5

P6

P7

Hnh 1.2 - Ma trn 8 lng ging

i tng nh:
Ta ch xt ti nh nh phn v mi nh u c th a v dng nh phn
bng k thut phn ngng. K hiu F l tp cc im vng, F l tp cc
im nn.
F: l im en
F : l im trng
Quan h K lin thng (K = 4, 8) l mt quan h phn x, i xng, bc
cu, l quan h tng ng. Mi lp tng ng ca n biu din mt
thnh phn K lin thng ca nh. V sau ta gi mi thnh phn K lin thng
ca nh l mt i tng nh.
K thut phng to, thu nh nh:
Khi nh qu ln chng ta mun nhn ton b nh th chng ta phi thu
nh nh li v ngc li khi ta mun xem chi tit mt b phn no ca nh
th ta phi phng to n ln.

+ K thut phng to nh:

Khi phng to nh vi mt t l k no ta thu c nh mi to gp k
ln nh c (k l phng ca nh) nh th nh mi s c kch thc l :
Height = Height * k
Width = Width * k
Vic tnh cc im nh tng ng ca nh mi s c tnh theo
cng thc:
xp=x/k
yp=y/k
+ K thut thu nh nh:
Tng t nh phng to nh, khi thu nh nh ta thu c nh mi ging
nh c nhng c kch thc nh hn nh c. Kch thc ca nh mi l :
Height=Height/k
Width=Width/k
Vic tnh cc im nh tng ng ca nh mi s c tnh theo
cng thc:
xp = x*k
yp = y*k
Mc xm (Gray level): l kt qu ca vic m ha, cho tng ng
mt cng sng ca mi im nh vi mt gi tr s, c th l
16, 32, 64 mc.
Biu din nh: Trong biu din nh ngi ta thng s dng cc phn
t c trng ca nh l pixel. Mt hm hai bin cha cc thng tin nh mt
biu din nh. Mt s m hnh thng dng biu din nh l m hnh ton
(biu din nh nh cc hm c s), m hnh thng k (nh coi nh mt phn
t ca mt tp hp c trng bi k vng ton, hip bin, phng sai,
moment).[2]

Tng cng nh: y l mt bc quan trng bao gm cc k thut

lc tng phn, kh nhiu, ni mu.
Bin i nh: Thao tc ch yu trn mt tp cc ma trn v s dng
cc k thut bin i nh qua ma trn: Bin i Furie, Sin, Cosin, tch
Kronecker.
Phn tch nh: Lin quan ti vic xc nh cc o nh lng ca
mt nh a ra mt m t y v nh. C nhng k thut c bn h
tr phn tch nh: D bin, lc vi phn, d theo quy hoch ng, phn
vng nh [2]
Nhn dng nh: Qu trnh ny lin quan n cc m t i tng m
ngi ta mun c t n. Nhn dng nh thng i sau cc qu trnh trch
chn cc c trng ch yu ca i tng.
Nhn dng t ng (automatic recognition), m t i tng, phn loi v
phn nhm cc mu l nhng vn quan trng trong th gic my, c ng
dng trong nhiu ngnh khoa hc khc nhau. Tuy nhin, mt cu hi t ra l:
mu (pattern) l g? Watanabe, mt trong nhng ngi i u trong lnh vc
ny nh ngha: Ngc li vi hn lon (chaos), mu l mt thc th
(entity), c xc nh mt cch m h (vaguely defined) v c th gn cho
n mt tn gi no . V d mu c th l nh ca vn tay, nh ca mt vt
no c chp, mt ch vit, khun mt ngi hoc mt k tn hiu
ting ni. Khi bit mt mu no , nhn dng hoc phn loi mu
c th:
Hoc phn loi c mu (supervised classification), chng hn phn tch
phn bit (discriminant analyis), trong mu u vo c nh danh nh
mt thnh phn ca mt lp xc nh. Hoc phn loi khng c mu
(unsupervised classification hay clustering) trong cc mu c gn vo

cc lp khc nhau da trn mt tiu chun ng dng no . Cc lp ny cho

n thi im phn loi vn cha bit hay cha c nh danh.
H thng nhn dng t ng bao gm ba khu tng ng vi ba giai on
ch yu sau y:
- Thu nhn d liu v tin x l.
- Biu din d liu.
- Nhn dng, ra quyt nh.
Bn cch tip cn khc nhau trong l thuyt nhn dng l:
- i snh mu da trn cc c trng c trch chn.
- Phn loi thng k.
- i snh cu trc.
- Phn loi da trn mng n-ron nhn to.
Trong cc ng dng r rng l khng th ch dng c mt cch tip cn
n l phn loi ti u do vy cn s dng cng mt lc nhiu phng
php v cch tip cn khc nhau. Do vy, cc phng thc phn loi t hp
hay c s dng khi nhn dng v nay c nhng kt qu c trin vng
da trn thit k cc h thng li (hybrid system) bao gm nhiu m hnh
kt hp.
Vic gii quyt bi ton nhn dng trong nhng ng dng mi, ny
sinh trong cuc sng khng ch to ra nhng thch thc v thut gii, m cn
t ra nhng yu cu v tc tnh ton. c im chung ca tt c nhng
ng dng l nhng c im c trng cn thit thng l nhiu, khng
th do chuyn gia xut, m phi c trch chn da trn cc th tc phn
tch d liu.

10

1.1.4. Cc giai on trong x l nh

Bi ton x l nh bao gm cc giai on tng qut nh sau:

Thu nhn
nh

Biu din

Phn on

Scanner,
Camera

Tin x l

C s tri thc

Nhn dng
v ni suy

Kt qu

Hnh 1.3 - Cc bc c bn trong x l nh s

1.1.4.1. Thu nhn nh
y l bc u tin trong qu trnh x l nh. thc hin iu ny,
ta cn c b thu nh v kh nng s ho nhng tn hiu lin tc c sinh ra
bi b thu nh . B thu nh y c th l my chp nh n sc hay mu,
my qut nh, ... Trong trng hp b thu nh cung cp cha phi l dng s
ho ta cn phi chuyn i hay s ho nh.
Qu trnh chuyn i ADC (Analog to Digital Converter) thu nhn
dng s ho ca nh. Cc thng s quan trng bc ny l phn gii,
cht lng mu, dung lng b nh v tc thu nhn nh ca cc thit b.
Mc d y ch l cng on u tin song kt qu ca n c nh hng rt
nhiu n cng on k tip.
1.1.4.2. Tin x l
bc ny, nh s c ci thin v tng phn, kh nhiu, kh
bng, kh lch,v.v vi mc ch lm cho cht lng nh tr nn tt hn
na, chun b cho cc bc x l phc tp hn v sau trong qu trnh x l
nh. Qu trnh ny thng c thc hin bi cc b lc.

11

+ Kh nhiu: Nhiu c chia thnh hai loi: nhiu h thng v nhiu

ngu nhin. c trng ca nhiu h thng l tnh tun hon. Do vy, c th
kh nhiu ny bng vic s dng php bin i Fourier v loi b cc nh
im. i vi nhiu ngu nhin, trng hp n gin l cc vt bn tng
ng vi cc im sng hay ti, c th kh bng phng php ni suy, lc
trung v v trung bnh.
+ Chnh mc xm: y l k thut nhm chnh sa tnh khng ng
u ca thit b thu nhn hoc tng phn gia cc vng nh.
+ Chnh tn x: nh thu nhn c t cc thit b quang hc hay in
t c th b m, nho. Phng php bin i Fourier da trn tch chp ca
nh vi hm tn x cho php gii quyt vic hiu chnh ny.
1.1.4.3. Phn on nh
Phn on nh c ngha l chia mt nh u vo thnh nhiu phn khc
nhau hay cn gi l cc i tng biu din phn tch, nhn dng nh. V
d: nhn dng ch (hoc m vch) trn phong b th cho mc ch phn
loi bu phm, cn chia cc cu, ch v a ch hoc tn ngi thnh cc t,
cc ch, cc s (hoc cc vch) ring bit nhn dng.
y l phn phc tp kh khn nht trong x l nh v cng d gy li,
lm mt chnh xc ca nh. Kt qu nhn dng nh ph thuc rt nhiu
vo cng on ny.
Mc ch ca phn on nh l c mt miu t tng hp v nhiu
phn t khc nhau cu to ln nh th. V lng thng tin cha trong nh rt
ln, trong khi a s cc ng dng chng ta ch cn trch mt vi c trng no
, do vy cn c mt qu trnh gim lng thng tin khng l . Qu
trnh ny bao gm phn vng nh v trch chn c tnh ch yu.

12

1.1.4.4. H quyt nh
nh l mt i tng kh phc tp v ng nt, sng ti, dung
lng im nh, mi trng thu nh phong ph ko theo nhiu.
Trong nhiu khu x l v phn tch nh ngoi vic n gin ha cc
phng php ton hc m bo tin li cho x l, ngi ta mong mun bt
chc quy trnh tip nhn v x l nh theo cch ca con ngi. Trong cc
bc x l , nhiu khu hin nay x l theo cc phng php tr tu con
ngi. V vy, y cc c s tri thc c pht huy.
1.1.4.5. Trch chn c im
Vic gii quyt bi ton nhn dng trong nhng ng dng mi ny sinh
trong cuc sng khng ch to ra nhng thch thc v gii thut, m cn t
ra nhng yu cu v tc tnh ton.
c im chung ca tt c ng dng l nhng c im c trng
cn thit thng l nhiu, khng th do chuyn gia xut, m phi c
trch chn da trn cc th tc phn tch d liu.
Vic trch chn hiu qu cc c im gip cho vic nhn dng cc i
tng nh chnh xc, vi tc tnh ton cao v dung lng nh lu tr
gim xung.
Cc c im ca i tng c trch chn tu theo mc ch nhn
dng trong qu trnh x l nh. C th nu ra mt s c im ca nh
sau y:
- c im khng gian: phn b mc xm, phn b xc sut, bin ,
im un v.v..
- c im bin i: cc c im loi ny c trch chn bng vic
thc hin lc vng (zonal filtering). Cc b vng c gi l mt n c
im (feature mask) thng l cc khe hp vi hnh dng khc nhau (ch
nht, tam gic, cung trn v.v..)

13

- c im bin v ng bin: c trng cho ng bin ca i

tng v do vy rt hu ch trong vic trch chn cc thuc tnh bt bin c
dng khi nhn dng i tng. Cc c im ny c th c trch chn nh
ton t Gradient, ton t la bn, ton t Laplace, ton t cho khng
(zero crossing) ..
1.1.4.6. Nhn dng
Nhn dng nh l qu trnh xc nh ni dung nh.
Qu trnh ny thng thu c bng cch so snh vi mu chun
c lc (hoc lu) t trc.
y l bc cui cng trong qu trnh x l nh.
Nhn dng nh c th c nhn nhn mt cch n gin l vic gn
nhn cho cc i tng trong nh. V d nh khi nhn dng ch vit, cc i
tng trong nh cn nhn dng l cc mu ch, ta cn tch ring cc mu ch
ra v tm cch gn ng cc k t ca bng ch ci tng ng cho cc mu
ch thu c trong nh. Gii thch l cng on gn ngha cho mt tp cc
i tng c nhn bit.
Chng ta cng c th thy rng, khng phi bt k mt ng dng x l
nh no cng bt buc phi tun theo tt c cc bc x l nu trn, v
d nh cc ng dng chnh sa nh ngh thut ch dng li bc tin x l.
Mt cch tng qut th nhng chc nng x l bao gm c nhn dng
v gii thch thng ch c mt trong h thng phn tch nh t ng hoc bn
t ng, c dng rt trch ra nhng thng tin quan trng t nh, v d
nh cc ng dng nhn dng k t quang hc, nhn dng ch vit tay v.v
x l cc qu trnh trn th cn mt h thng x l nh bao gm mt
s thnh phn c bn sau y:

14

B nh nh

Mn hnh ha

Camera

B x l tng t

B nh ngoi

My ch

B x l nh s

Mn hnh

Bn phm

My in

Hnh 1.4 - Cc thnh phn c bn ca mt h x l nh

B x l tng t thc hin cc chc nng:
- Chn Camera thch hp nu c nhiu Camera
- Chn mn hnh hin th tn hiu
- Thu nhn tn hiu video bi b s ha. Thc hin ly mu v m ha
- Tin x l nh khi thu nhn
B x l nh s bao gm nhiu b x l chuyn dng: X l lc, trch
chn c trng, nh phn ha nh.
My ch ng vai tr iu khin cc thnh phn khc.
B nh ngoi: Lu tr d liu nh cng nh cc kiu d liu khc
c th chuyn giao cho cc qu trnh c nhu cu.
1.1.5. Bin v cc phng php d bin
1.1.5.1. Bin v cc kiu bin c bn trong nh
Cc c trng ca nh thng bao gm cc thnh phn nh: mt
xm, phn b xc sut, phn b khng gian, bin nh [2]. Bin l mt vn
ch yu v c bit quan trng trong phn tch nh v cc k thut phn on
nh ch yu da vo bin.

15

Hin nay c nhiu nh ngha v bin nh [1] v mi nh ngha c

s dng trong mt s trng hp nht nh. Song nhn chung, ta c th hiu
l: mt im nh c th coi l bin nu c s thay i t ngt v
mc xm.
V d: i vi nh en trng, mt im c gi l im bin nu n l
im en c t nht mt im trng bn cnh.
Tp hp cc im bin to thnh bin, hay cn gi l ng bao ca
nh (boundary). Chng hn, trong mt nh nh phn, mt im c th c
gi l bin nu y l mt im en v c t nht mt im trng nm trong
ln cn im .
Mi mt bin l mt thuc tnh gn lin vi mt im ring bit v
c tnh ton t nhng im ln cn n. l mt bin Vector bao gm hai
thnh phn:
- ln ca Gadient.
- Hng c xoay i vi hng Gradient .
1.1.5.2. Vai tr ca bin trong nhn dng
Mt cch tng quan c th ni rng bt k mt h thng x l nh no
cng tun theo mt s giai on sau:
nh u vo cho
qu trnh tin x l

Phn tch
c trng

Phn on
nh

Phn
loi

Phn
loi

Hnh 1.5 - S phn tch nh

Con ngi thng nhn nhn s vt theo hai cch hoc l da vo bin
hoc l da vo xng ca chng. Chng hn, ta da vo bin khi quan st
cc i tng nh ao, h hoc mt ci xe t. Nhng nu phn bit mt
khc sng vi nhng i tng khc trn bn a hnh th ta li da vo

16

xng ca n. V vy, cng vi xng th bin c mt tm quan trng c

bit trong phn tch v nhn dng hnh nh.
Bin l mt vn ch yu trong phn tch nh v cc k thut phn
on nh ch yu da vo bin. C th thy tm quan trng ca bin khi ta
theo di mt kin trc s lm vic. Gi s anh ta mun thit k mt phng
khch sang trng, nt u tin c phc ha chnh l ng bin hay tng
ca cn phng sau mi n cc chi tit ni tht bn trong. Nh vy, mi
ch nhn bin ca s vt ta cng hnh dung t nhiu v n v c th phn
bit c n vi cc s vt khc.
Nhn chung v mt ton hc, c th xem im bin ca nh l mt im
m c s thay i t ngt v sng. Xut pht t c s , ngi ta
thng s dng hai phng php pht hin bin sau:
Phng php pht hin bin trc tip l lm ni bin da vo s bin
thin v sng ca nh. K thut ch yu c dng l da vo o hm.
Nu ly o hm bc nht ca nh ta c phng php Gradient, nu ly o
hm bc hai ta c phng php Laplace.
Phng php pht hin bin gin tip. Nu bng mt cch no ta
phn bit c nh bng cc vng th ng phn ranh gii gia cc vng
chnh l bin. Hai k thut d bin v phn vng cc i tng l hai bi ton
i ngu nhau. Tht vy, d bin phn lp mt i tng nh, nhng nu
phn lp xong th c ngha l phn vng c cc i tng nh v ngc
li, khi phn vng c cc i tng nh th cng phn lp c cc i
tng nh v ta c th pht hin bin.
Phng php pht hin bin trc tip t ra kh hiu qu v t chu nh
hng ca nhiu, song nu s vt c s bin i sng khng t ngt
phng php ny t ra rt km hiu qu.

17

Phng php d bin gin tip tuy kh ci t nhng li p dng tt

cho nhng nh c s bin thin sng t.
1.1.5.3. Cc phng php d bin trc tip
Phng php Gradient
Phng php Gradient l phng php d bin cc b da vo cc i
ca o hm. Theo nh ngha, Gradient l mt vector biu th tc thay i
gi tr ca im nh theo 2 hng x v y. Cc thnh phn ca Gradient c
tnh bi:
fx

f ( x, y) f ( x dx, y) f ( x, y)

x
dx

fy

f ( x, y ) f ( x, y dy ) f ( x, y)

y
dy

(1.5)

Vi dx, dy l khong cch gia cc im theo hng x v y (c tnh

bng s im nh). Trong h to cc ta c:
f(x,y) = f(r.cos, r.sin)

(1.6)

x = r.cos, y = r.sin.

f f x f y

fxcos + fysin
r x r y r

f
f x f y

r.fx.sin + r.fy.cos.
x y

(1.7)

Trong thc t, khi ta ni ly o hm ca nh thc ra ch l m phng

v xp x o hm bng cc k thut nhn chp hay php cun. Do nh s l
tn hiu ri rc nn o hm khng tn ti.
* K thut PreWitt: K thut ny s dng 2 mt n theo hai hng x v
y nh sau:

Hx =

-1 0 1
-1 0 1
-1 0 1
dx = dy = 2

Hy =

-1 -1 -1
0 0 0
1 1 1

18

Qu trnh tnh ton c thc hin qua 2 bc:

* Bc 1: Tnh I Hx v I Hy
* Bc 2: Tnh (I Hx ) + (I Hy)
* K thut Sobel: Tng t nh k thut PreWitt, k thut Sobel s
dng 2 ma trn mt n nhn chp l:
-1 0 1
-2 0 2
-1 0 1

Hx =

Hy =

-1 -2 -1
0 0 0
1 2 1

Phng php Laplace

Cc phng php nh gi Gradient trn lm vic rt tt khi sng
thay i r nt. Tuy nhin, khi mc xm thay i chm, min chuyn tip tri
rng, phng php Gradient li km hiu qu so vi phng php o hm
bc 2 Laplace [11]. Theo nh ngha, ton t Laplace nh sau:

2 f 2 f
f= 2 2
x
y

(1.8)

2 f
( f ( x 1, y) f ( x, y))
f
Ta c: 2 ( )
x x
x
x

[f(x+1,y) - f(x,y)] - [f(x,y) - f(x-1,y)]

= f(x+1,y) 2f(x,y) + f(x-1,y).
2 f
Tng t: 2 f(x,y+1) - 2f(x,y) + f(x,y-1).
y

Mt n nhn chp:

H =

(1.9)

0 1 0
1 -4 1
0 1 0

Trong thc t, ngi ta thng s dng mt s bin dng khc ca ton

t Laplace bng cch s dng mt s mt n sau:
H1 =

0 -1 0
-1 4 -1
0 -1 0

H2 =

-1 -1 -1
-1 8 -1
-1 -1 -1

H3 =

1 -2 1
-2 4 -2
1 -2 1

19

1.1.5.4. Mt s phng php d bin

1.1.5.4.1. Phng php Canny
Phng php ny do John Canny [6] phng th nghim MIT khi
xng vo nm 1986. Canny a mt tp hp cc rng buc m mt
phng php pht hin bin phi t c. ng trnh by mt phng
php ti u nht thc hin c cc rng buc . V phng php ny
c gi l phng php Canny.
* tng ca phng php ny l nh v ng v tr bng cch cc
tiu ho phng sai 2 ca v tr cc im ct "Zero" hoc hn ch s im
cc tr cc b ch to ra mt ng bao.
Cc rng buc m phng php pht hin bin Canny thc hin
c l: mc li, nh v v hiu sut. Trong :
+ Mc li: c ngha l mt phng php pht hin bin ch v phi
tm tt c cc bin, khng bin no c tm b li.
+ nh v: iu ny ni n chnh lch cp xm gia cc im trn
cng mt bin phi cng nh cng tt.
+ Hiu sut: l lm sao cho khi tch bin khng c nhn ra nhiu
bin trong khi ch c mt bin tn ti.
Rng buc mc li v nh v c dng nh gi cc phng php
pht hin bin. Cn rng buc v hiu sut th tng ng vi mc li
dng.
Canny gi thit rng nhiu trong nh tun theo phn b Gauss v
ng thi ng cng cho rng mt phng php pht hin bin thc cht l
mt b lc nhn xon c kh nng lm mn nhiu v nh v c cnh. Vn
l tm mt b lc sao cho tho mn ti u nht cc rng buc trn.
y l mt thut ton tng i tt, c kh nng a ra ng bin
mnh, v pht hin chnh xc im bin vi im nhiu.

20

Thut ton
+ Bc 1: Lm trn nh
Tnh I H, vi:
2
4
1
5
H
115
4
2

4 5 4 2
9 12 9 4
12 15 12 5

9 12 9 4
4 5 4 2

(1.10)

Gi G l kt qu lc nhiu: G= I H
Hnh 1.6 Lm trn nh
+Bc 2: Tnh gradient ca nh bng mt n PreWitt, kt qu t vo
Gx,Gy.
Gx = G Hx, Gy = G Hy
+ Bc 3: Tnh gradient hng ti mi im (i,j) ca nh. Hng ny s
c nguyn ha nm trong 8 hng [0..7], tng ng vi 8 ln cn
ca mt im nh.
+ Bc 4: Dng rng buc loi b nhng im khng phi l cc i
xa b nhng im khng l bin. Xt (i,j), l gradient hng ti (i,j). I1,
I2 l hai im ln cn ca (i,j) theo hng . Theo nh ngha im bin cc
b th (i,j) l bin nu I(i,j) cc i a phng theo hng gradient Nu
I(i,j) > I1 v I(i,j) > I2 th mi gi li I(i,j), ngc li xa I(i,j) v
im nh nn.
+ Bc 5: Phn ngng. Vi cc im c gi li, thc hin ly
ngng gradient bin ln cui xc nh cc im bin thc s.

21

1.1.5.4.2. Phng php Shen Castan

Shen v Castan [6] c cng quan im vi Canny v mt mu chung
trong vic tch cc ng bin. l: nhn xon nh vi mt mt n lm
mn, sau tm ra im bin. Tuy nhin, trong nhng phn tch ca h li to
ra mt hm khc ti u, l vic xut cc tiu ho hm sau trong
khng gian mt chiu:
(1.11)
Ni mt cch khc, hm m lm cc tiu trn l b lc mn ti u cho
vic tch bin. Tuy nhin, Shen v Castan li khng cp n vic thut
ton s nhn ra c nhiu cnh trong khi ch c mt cnh tn ti.
1.1.6. Pht hin v so khp cc c trng bt bin
1.1.6.1. im bt ng v c trng bt bin
im bt ng trong ton hc
nh x f:AB, A, B P
im x* A c gi l im bt ng (im bt bin hnh hc) khi v
ch khi f(x*)=x*. Nu f l nh x co th x* l duy nht.
Vi cch tip cn ton hc, hm f thng l mt hm lin tc trong ln
cn ca im x*.
tm im bt ng, ngi ta thng dng cc phng php xc nh
trc mt khong [a,b] tha mn tnh cht no m cha im x*, sau
dng cc phng php lp (nh Newton, Leibniz) tnh gn ng im
bt ng. Sau mt s bc, php lp s hi t v im bt ng.
im bt ng trong x l nh
Trong x l nh, ngi ta cng thng s dng nh x f:AB, vi A l
tp cc im nh, hay ni cch khc f l php bin i nh. Cc php bin i

22

nh thng thy l php bin i affine (php quay, php t l, php tnh
tin), php thay i cng sng. Ta gi cc php bin i l f: II,
bin nh I thnh nh I.
Bng mt cch no , ta s trch ra t nh I cc im c trng (x,y)
tha mn tnh cht H. Nu sau php bin i A, nh II, im (x,y) ca nh
I tr thnh (x,y) ca nh I, v im vn tha mn tnh cht H i vi nh
I th c th coi im (x,y) l im bt ng i vi php bin i f.
c trng bt bin nh c xy dng da trn c s ca im bt ng.
Mt tp cc im bt ng cng vi cc c trng bt bin c to ra t n
c th c xem nh l cc c tnh biu din cht liu nh hay i tng
nh. Nh vy, tm cc c trng bt bin nh: u tin ta xc nh cc im
bt ng trong nh i vi php bin i hnh hc no , sau tnh ton
cc m t da vo cc im bt ng tm c, cc m t ny chnh l cc
c trng bt bin biu din nh.
C nhiu phng php trch chn cc c trng bt bin, ty thuc vo
tng ng dng c th m cc c trng ph hp s c trch chn. Bi bo
ny cp n cc c trng bt bin t l (scale) v bt bin quay (rotation).
Trong [9] xc nh cc im bt ng i vi php bin i t l (SIFT), cc
im ny cn gi l cc im kha (keypoint), cc im kha (keypoint) c
tm ra trn c s xy dng cc pyramid Gaussian, n chnh l nghim ca cc
phng trnh khai trin Taylor ca DoG D(x,y,) trn khng gian t l, c
thay i sao cho gc ta trng vi im ly mu (sample point):
D( X ) D

D T
1
2D
X XT
X
X
2
X 2

Trong : X=(x,y,) v

(1.12)

23

D(x,y,) = (G(x,y,k)-G(x,y,))*I(x,y)
= L(x,y,k) - L(x,y,)
G ( x, y , )

1
2

( x2 y 2 )

2 2

I(x,y) l nh cng , L(x,y,) chnh l nh Pyramid ca nh

I(x,y) ti t l .
D v cc o hm ca n c nh gi ti mt im trung tm (gia)
trn nh sau khi ly mu bng hm Gauss.

Gii phng trnh D(X)=0 ta s tm c cc nghim: X

2 D 1 D
,
X 2 X

v cc im X n nh khi v ch khi 0.03 D( X ) 0.5 . Theo Taylor

1 D T
D( X ) D
X.
2 X

Sau bc ny, ta xc nh c v tr ca cc im kha (keypoint) ng

thi t l c chn. Cc im im kha (keypoint) ny thc cht bt
bin t l. By gi, xy dng c trng bt bin quay t cc im kha
(keypoint) ny da trn vic tnh ton ln v hng gradient nh quanh v
tr ca cc keypoint, cc gi tr ny thng c tnh ton so vi im lng
ging bn cnh [9], chng hn i vi c trng khong cch ta c:
m( x, y) ( L( x 1, y) L( x 1, y))2 ( L( x, y 1) L( x, y 1))2

(1.13)

Hay c trng gc:

( x, y) tan 1 (( L( x, y 1) L( x, y 1)) /( L( x 1, y) L( x 1, y))) (1.14)

24

L(x,y) chnh l gi tr im nh ca nh Pyramid c c chn. Hn

na, y chng ti k hiu L(x,y) l v thc cht vic tnh cng thc trn ch
l php tr nh ch chng ti khng tnh ton tng L(x,y, ) c th.
Vi mi im kha (keypoint) chng ti xy dng c trng hng v
ln gradient trn mt ln cn kch thc (4x4) theo 8 hng theo cng
thc (1.13) v (1.14), cui cng s thu c mt vector c trng 128 chiu.
Vic so khp cc vng nh c thc hin sau trn c s i snh
hay so khp cc c trng.
1.1.6.2. So khp c trng
Pht hin i tng hay vng nh ging nhau, c thc hin ch yu
bng vic so khp mi c trng mt cch c lp vi nhau. Vic so khp
c tin hnh da vo vic tnh ton khong cch, mt khong cch thng
dng l khong cch Euclid.
Gi s cc c trng c m t di dng cc vector trong khng gian
Euclid Rn th khong cch Euclidean gia hai c trng P = (p1, p2, ..., pn)
v Q = (q1, q2, ..., qn) c nh ngha nh sau:
d ( P, Q )

p1 q1 2 p2 q2 2 ... pn qn 2

p
i 1

qi

(1.15)

Ngoi ra, ngi ta cng thng s dng khong cch Mahalanobis

la chn cho mi c trng trong nh th nht v mt c trng tng t nht
trong nh th hai. Nu khong cch ny nh hn mt ngng no th so
khp c chp nhn.

25

Khong cch Mahalanobis t mt nhm gi tr vi gi tr trung bnh =

(1, 2, , p)T v ma trn ng bin cho mt vector a bin x= (x1,x2,,
x3)T c nh ngha nh sau:
DM ( x)

x T 1 x

(1.16)

Khong cch Mahalanobis cng c th c nh ngha nh o tnh

khng ng dng gia hai vector ngu nhin x v y ca cng phn phi vi
ma trn ng bin :

d x y

x y T 1 x y

(1.17)

Nu ma trn ng bin l ma trn n v th khong cch Mahalanobis s

dn ti khong cch Euclidean. Nu ma trn ng bin l cho th o
khong cch kt qu c gi l khong cch Euclidean chun ha:

d x y

xi yi 2

i 1

i2

(1.18)

Khong cch Mahalanobis thng c dng trong phn tch cm v cc

k thut phn lp.
So khp hai vng nh da trn cc c trng bt bin ngha l so khp
cc vector. Nu cc so khp nh hn mt ngng no th ta xem hai vng
nh l ging nhau.
1.2. nh gi mo v pht hin nh gi mo
1.2.1. Gii thiu nh gi mo
nh gi mo c xem l nh khng c tht, vic c c nh l do s
ngy to bi cc chng trnh x l nh hoc qu trnh thu nhn. Sc mnh

26

ca cc chng trnh x l nh s nh Photoshop gip vic to ra cc nh gi

mo t mt hay nhiu nh khc nhau tr nn d dng. Mt trong nhng v d
cho vic gi mo ny l Hnh 1.7. Hnh nh c to lp t 3 bc nh: Nh
trng, Bill Clinton v Saddam Hussein. Hnh nh Bill Clinton v Saddam
Hussein c ct/dn vo bc nh Nh trng Cc hiu ng v bng v nh
sng cng c to ra lm cho bc nh c v nhn hon ton nh tht.

Hnh 1.7 - Minh ha v vic gi mo nh [3]

Gi mo nh nhm vo nhiu mc ch trong c vic vu co, to ra
cc tin git gn, nh la i th, lm sai lch chng c phm ti v.v.. Vic
pht hin v chng gi mo nh l mt ch ngy cng c quan tm bi
cc nhm nghin cu trn th gii nh: TS. Chung-Sheng Li IBM T. J.
Watson Research Center, TS. Jessica Fridrich Department of Electrical and
Computer Engineering, SUNY Binghamton, Binghamton, NY 13902-6000
hay TS. David Rosenthal Odyssey Research Associates, Inc. v.v..

27

Trong vic chng gi mo nh, ngi ta nghin cu cc k thut v

to bn quyn nh trn c s giu cc thng tin cn thit vo bc nh trc
khi pht hnh trnh tnh trng sao chp bt hp php hoc tin cho vic
pht hin sa i hoc ct/dn sau ny. Theo cch tip cn ny, cc thit b
my nh s v camera ngy nay thng b sung cc tnh nng bn quyn
ngay trong qu trnh thu nhn nh. Da vo , sau ny ta c th bit c
ngun gc ca bc nh. Nh m c th bit c c phi l nh gc hay
khng? Pht hin nh gi mo l mt vn kh hn, nh gi mo thng
chia lm hai loi chnh. nh gi nhng tht, y hin trng c dng tht
v sau vic thu nhn nh l tht. Loi th hai l nh gi c to lp trn
c s cc phn ca nh gc tht nh hnh 1 hoc c ct/dn thm vo
hay che i cc chi tit trn nh.
Trong bo co ny chng ta quan tm n mt dng ca gi mo thuc
loi th hai. Phn tip theo ca bo co c trnh by nh sau: Phn 2 l cc
dng nh gi mo loi hai c bn. Phn 3 l cc cch tip cn chnh trong vic
pht hin nh gi mo loi hai v cui cng l kt lun v nh gi mo v pht
hin nh gi mo ni chung.

28

1.2.2. Cc dng nh gi mo c bn
Trong dng nh gi mo th hai c th chia ra lm cc loi: Ghp nh,
che ph i tng, b sung thm i tng. Hnh 1.8.a minh ha nh ghp t
2 nh ring r vi cng t l. R rng l nu ch ra y l nh tht hay nh gi
mo th cng c ngha l chng minh c mi quan h gia h.
Hnh 1.8.b l nh ghp t hai nh c s thay i t l. Hnh nh ny nu
khng chng minh l gi to th s phi c cch nhn khc v tin ha ca
loi ngi.

a) nh ghp t hai nh ring r

b) nh ghp t hai nh c thay i

t l

Hnh 1.8 - Ghp nh t 2 nh ring r [3]

Mt dng khc thng thy na ca nh gi mo loi hai l vic bt i
cc i tng trong nh, vic bt i cc i tng trong nh c th c xem
nh l che ph i tng hoc xa i i tng. Hnh 1.9.a l nh gc vi 2
chic t, mt xe con v mt xe ti. Hnh 1.9.b l hnh 1.9.a gi to vi vic
che ph chic xe ti bi mt cnh cy cng ly t chnh trong nh. Trong khi
hnh 1.9.c l nh gc vi chic trc thng nh cn hnh 1.9.d chnh l nh gc
hnh 1.9.a c b i i tng l trc thng. Trong c hai trng hp gi
mo ny u c thc hin t mt nh nn tng ng v nh sng v
bng l nh nhau. Do , bng mt thng rt kh xc nh.

29

a) nh gc

b) nh che ph i tng

c) nh gc

d) nh b i i tng

Hnh 1.9 - nh che ph v b i i tng [16]

a) nh gc

b) nh b sung i tng

Hnh 1.10 - nh b sung i tng [16]

Hnh 1.10 th hin mt dng khc thng thy ca gi mo nh, l
vic b sung thm i tng. Hnh 1.10.a l nh gc ch c mt chic my
bay trc thng, nhng trong hnh 1.10.b c b sung thm thnh 3 chic

30

trc thng cc v tr khc nhau. Cc trc thng ny chnh l c copy t

trc thng gc nn gc v hng l ging nhau, do kh cho vic
xc nh.
1.2.3. Mt s nh ni ting c pht hin l nh gi mo [18]
Thng 8/2006, mt bc nh minh ha ca Hng tin Reuters xut hin
trn cc trang bo ln nh trn khp th gii. Ni dung ca bc nh l nhng
ct khi ta ln t mt s ta nh cao tng sau mt t khng kch ti Beirut.
Nhng sau h pht hin ra mt phn ca bc nh b ngi ta sao
chp (copy), ri ct/dn lp li nhiu ln trong bc nh, c l tc gi nh
mun cho ngi xem cm nhn c s tn ph v hi hng v... khi.

Hnh 1.11 - Bc nh gi chnh sa nhm tng mnh ca

thng tin chin tranh [18]
Mt nh gi khc c to lp t 3 bc nh: Nh trng, Bill Clinton v
Saddam Hussein. Hnh nh Bill Clinton v Saddam Hussein c ct/dn vo
bc nh Nh trng. Cc hiu ng v bng v nh sng cng c to ra lm

31

cho bc nh c v nhn gn ging nh tht, rt kh nhn bit bng mt

thng.
- Mt bc nh khc m l hnh ghp gia hai bc nh khc nhau xut
hin trong chin dch tranh c tng thng M nm 2004, cho thy ng vin
John Kerry ni chuyn vi cu n din vin Jane Fonda ti mt cuc biu
tnh phn chin vo nhng nm 60 ca th k trc, bn di c ng nhn
hiu cu chng l The Associated Press.

Hnh 1.12 - nh gi ca John Kerry v Jane Fonda c ct/dn

t hai nh ring l. [16]
Mt s cu binh M thi chin tranh Vit Nam phn ng mnh bng thi
gin d khi thy mt ng vin tng thng li chia s din n vi mt n
din vin tch cc chng chin tranh
nh gi mo Tng thng Bush c sch ngc

Hnh 1.13 - nh gi mo Tng thng Bush c sch ngc [18]

32

Cc i th ca Tng thng Bush chc hn rt hi lng trc bc nh

chp ng ch Nh Trng ang cm mt quyn truyn tranh theo chiu ln
ngc trong chuyn thm ti mt trng hc nm 2005.
Trn thc t, ng Bush cm sch ng chiu. Nhng k gi mo
s dng cng c xoay ngc nh trong Photoshop chnh sa.
Dn khoan du, bo v st

Hnh 1.14 - Dn khoan du, bo v st [18]

Cnh tng mt cn bo kinh hong ny xut hin trn internet vi
nhiu d bn khc nhau qua nhiu nm. Bo v gi xoy l mt bc nh c
tht, do mt nhip nh gia nghip d chp c Flordia nm 1993. Nhng
dn khoan du c ct vo t mt bc nh ring bit.
nh gi ca Holmes vi nam din vin Tom Cruise c ct/dn t tp
ch bao gm hin th Kimo vi n din vin Katie Holmes

33

Hnh 1.15 - nh gi ca Holmes vi nam din vin Tom Cruise c ct/dn

t tp ch bao gm hin th Kimo vi n din vin Katie Holmes [16]
- C mp tn cng trc thng

Hnh 1.16 - C mp tn cng trc thng [18]

Bc nh gy ch ny c to nn nh vic kt hp 2 tm nh ring
bit - mt bc nh l trc thng ca Khng qun M trong ln din tp ti San
Francisco v tm nh kia l con c mp trng khng l ang nhy ln khi
mt nc Nam Phi.

34

Bc nh ny xut hin nm 2001 v c pht tn qua email vi li

ch thch: Mt con c mp tn cng cc thy th ca Hi qun Anh ti
Nam Phi. Nhng ngi ta c th d dng nhn ra trong nh c s xut hin
ca chic cu Golden Gate ti San Francisco.
- Con mo trng khng l

Hnh 1.17 - Con mo trng khng l [18]

Bc nh v mt con mo khng l c pht tn khp th gii qua
email nm 2000, i khi cn i km vi mt cu chuyn ni rng m ca con
mo ln ln gn mt phng th nghim ht nhn Canada.
Nhng 1 nm sau , ngi n ng trong nh th nhn rng ng lm
gi bc nh trn my tnh. Cordell Hauglie gi bc nh cho bn b to
nn ting ci, nhng khng ng n li c pht tn rng ri khp th gii
nh vy. Con mo trong nh l c tht v l mo cng ca con gi Hauglie
nhng n ch nng 9,6kg ch khng phi 40kg nh ngi ta n thi.

35

Sng thn chu chp t chu M

Hnh 1.18 - Sng Thn Thi Lan [18]

Bc nh ny c pht tn khp th gii ngay sau v sng thn nm
2004, cng vi ch thch rng n c thc hin ngay trc khi mt cn sng
ln p vo thin ng du lch Phuket, Thi Lan. Nhng bc nh ny hon
ton l gi mo. Th nht, trong nh l b bin ca thnh ph Antofagasta,
Chile v sng do con ngi v thm trn my tnh.
Nh vy nh hng ca nhng thng tin t nhng bc nh l rt ln,
thng tin hnh nh lun c tc ng mnh v trc tip ti con ngi. Do vy,
nh c coi l cng c biu din v truyn t thng tin rt ph bin v hu
dng.
1.2.4. Hng tip cn bi ton pht hin nh gi mo
1.2.4.1. Da vo hnh dng
Vic phn tch xc nh tnh gi mo c th da vo hnh dng v vic
ct/dn nh thng c thc hin da theo cc ng bin, ni c s thay
i khng lin tc ca cng sng ca cc im nh.

36

1.2.4.2. Da vo phn tch ngun sng

Vic ghp cc nh khc nhau hoc b sung thm i tng khng phi
thc hin thao tc sao chp c th c thc hin bng vic phn tch ngun
sng i vi tng i tng, cc i tng c ghp thng c hng ca
ngun sng khng cng vi cc i tng trong nh gc.
1.2.4.3. Da vo bin i mu sc
nh gc thu nhn thng c thc hin bi mt thit b. Do tnh cht
bin i ca ng knh bao gm gc chp, m v.v.. nn nh thu c
thng b bin dng theo cc tnh cht c trng ca cc nh sn xut. Phn
nh c ghp vo hay b sung thng khng c s bin i tng ng v
sng.
1.2.4.4. Da vo c s d liu
Vic gi mo nh thng da vo cc nh c, tc l cc nh c
xut bn bi mt ni no nh: Bo ch, trang Web, tp ch v.v.. Cc nh
ny c lu tr nn khi xut hin mt nh nghi l gi mo ngi ta c th
tm nh ny vi cc phn trong ngun nh nm trong c s d liu nh.

Hnh 1.19 - S vic pht hin gi mo da vo c s d liu [3]

37

1.2.4.5. Da vo du vt ca qu trnh iu chnh t l

Khi ct/dn cc i tng t hai hay nhiu bc nh c mt bc nh
gi ngi ta phi quan tm ti vic iu chnh kch thc, mu sc ca cc
i tng trn cc bc nh gc c ct ra cho ph hp vi nhau khi c
ghp trn cng mt bc nh.
1.2.4.6. Da vo phn tch nh sng
Qua phn tch s ng u ca nh sng phn b trn cc phn khc
nhau ca bc nh c th thc hin bng hai cch. Cch th nht l phn tch
bng tm ra hng ca ngun sng.

Hnh 1.20 - S khc bit ca cc hng ngun sng khc nhau [8].
Cch th hai l nghin cu cc chm sng trong con ngi mt ngi.
Mt l mt phn tm gng soi vo th gii n cha ch th c chp.
Ngoi ra, mu ca nh sng c th xc nh bng trng chnh xc ca cc
chm sng. Mt nh tng hp t nhiu nh khc nhau s c bng sc thay i
t ngi ny sang ngi khc.

38

CHNG 2 : MT S K THUT PHT HIN

NH K THUT S GI MO
Hin nay c rt nhiu nhm nghin cu trong vic pht hin nh gi
mo. Mt vi thut ton thng c s dng nh:
2.1. Pht hin nh gi mo da vo Thut ton Exact Match [3]
Gi s bc nh c kch thc M N , vi B l kch thc nh nht ca
khi bao m ngi dng nh ngha i snh vi mi im nh ta xc nh
c mt khi bao ma trn B B im nh. Nh vy vi bc nh M N ta xc
nh c (M B 1) ( N B 1) khi bao. Vi mi khi bao, ta lu cc phn
t thuc khi bao vo mt hng ca mt ma trn A. Vy duyt trn ton b
bc nh ta s c mt ma trn A vi (M B 1) ( N B 1) hng
v B B ct.
Hai hng ging nhau trong ma trn A tng ng vi 2 khi bao ging
nhau trong nh. Chng ta sp xp cc hng trong ma trn A theo th t, yu
cu ny s c thc hin trn MN log 2 (MN ) bc. Sau , ta d dng tm
kim bng cch duyt MN hng ca ma trn qua sp xp A v tm kim hai
hng ging nhau lin tip.
Kt qu thut ton s tm kim v a ra c tp cc vng bao ging
nhau l bng chng chng minh nh b ct dn.

Hnh 2.1 - Minh ha cho vic tm kim khi bao ca thut ton Exact Match

39

Thut ton
Thut ton Exact Match nhm tm ra cc khi bao ging nhau trn cng
mt nh, bao gm cc bc sau:
Bc 1: La chn kch thc khi bao nh nht.
Bc 2: Xc nh tp cc khi bao da trn kch thc khi bao nh
nht.
Bc 3: a mi khi bao vo mt hng ca mng lu xc nh.
Bc 4: Sp xp cc hng trong mng lu bc 3 theo th t tng
dn.
Bc 5: Kim tra hai hng lin tip trong mng lu sau khi sp xp,
nu chng ging nhau th a ra 2 tp khi bao ging nhau tng ng.
2.2. Pht hin nh gi mo da vo Thut ton ci tin Exact match* [3]
Khi thay i kch thc nh, PhotoShop thng s dng 1 trong cc k
thut ni. Da vo , ta tm kim cc cp vng trong nh c mi quan h
tng quan theo mt phng php ni suy xc nh. Mt vng c gi l
vng tng quan nu n tn ti t nht mt vng v mt php bin i,
tng ng khc sao cho :

f :

Trong l h s t l, v php nh x theo mt phng php ni suy

xc nh l mt trong cc k thut ni suy. Khi cp vng (, ) c gi
l cp tng quan.
Thut ton Exact match *
Trn c s tng trn, thut ton thc hin cc bc sau:

40

Bc 1: La chn cc thng s u vo bao gm : Kch thc khi

bao nh nht B, cc t l co gin theo chiu ngang v chiu dc l p,q v mt
phng php ni suy f.
Bc 2: Xc nh 2 tp hp cc khi bao, bao gm mt tp hp cc
khi bao c kch thc ti thiu B B v mt tp hp cc khi bao c
kch thc pB qB trn ton b nh.
Bc 3: Bin i tp cc khi bao c kch thc B B sang tp cc
khi bao mi theo php bin i ni suy v cc thng s v t l co gin theo
chiu ngang v chiu dc cho trong bc 1.
Bc 4: i snh cc cp khi bao, mi cp khi bao gm mt khi
bao thuc tp hp cc khi bao sau khi bin i bc 3 v mt khi bao
thuc tp hp cc khi bao c kch thc pB qB trong bc 2. Nu chng
ging nhau th a ra c cp hai khi bao tng ng gm : mt khi bao
thuc tp cc khi bao c kch thc B B to ra bc 2 v mt khi bao
thuc tp cc khi bao c kch thc pB qB to ra trong bc 2.
2.2. Pht hin nh gi mo da vo k thut thay i kch thc [3]
Vic thay i kch thc mt vng nh thng s dng k thut ni suy
tuyn tnh xc nh nh x nh t min khng gian ny sang min khng
gian khc. Cc k thut ni suy c s dng trong PhotoShop l: Lng ging
gn nht (nearest neighbor), ni suy tuyn tnh (bilinear interpolation) v
Bicubic.

(x,y)

X= fx(x,y) hocY= fy(x,y)

Hnh 2.2 - M hnh nh x cc im nh t nh gc sang nh ch [3]

41

Nearest-neighbor
K thut ny c din t nh sau: vi mi im nh t nh gc s
tng ng vi mt v tr ph hp trong nh ch (nh c thay i kch
thc). Cc gi tr mu v tn hiu ca mt im nh trong nh mi s c
gn bng gi tr mu ca im nh gn nht (lng ging gn nht) thuc nh
gc tng ng.
Hu ht cc phn mm hin th v sa cha nh s dng kiu ni suy
ny trong vic phng to mt nh s, mc ch khoanh vng kim tra nh, bi
v n khng lm thay i thng tin mu sc trong nh v li cc ng nt
rng ca trong nh. Vi l do tng t, n khng thch hp phng to mt
s bc nh do n lm tng tnh r nt ca cc ng rng ca.
Bilinear interpolation
y l phng php phc tp hn nearest neighbor. Phng php ny
xc nh gi tr ca mt im nh mi da trn trung bnh trng s ca 4 im
nh lng ging gn nht 2x-2 ca im nh thuc nh gc.
Chng ta miu t chi tit phng php ni suy bilinear nh sau: Gi s
vi mi im (x,y) thuc nh gc ta xc nh c cc gi tr nh x tng
ng (X,Y) thuc nh ch theo php bin i sau:
X f x ( x, y) v Y f y ( x, y) , vi f x , f y l cc hm tuyn tnh.

Gi s u v v ln lt l cc phn nguyn ca X v Y.Thut ton ni suy

bilinear c nh ngha nh sau:
I ( X ,Y ) Wu,v I (u, v) Wu 1,v I (u 1, v) Wu ,v1 I (u, v 1) Wu 1,v1 I (u 1, v 1)

Trong :
Wu,v (u 1 x)(v 1 y) ,

W u 1,v ( x u)(v 1 y)

Wu ,v1 (u 1 x)( y v) ,

Wu 1,v1 ( x u)( y v)

(2.1)

42

Cch ly trung bnh trng s ca cc im nh lng ging loi b cc

chi tit rng ca trong nh kt qu v do bc nh kt qu s c cc ng
bin mn v sc nt. Mt khc, y l phng php ni suy lm thay i thng
tin v mu sc ca nh gc, tt c cc im nh thuc nh gc u gp phn
to ra gi tr ca im nh mi.
Bicubic interpolation
Vi phng php ny bc nh s c chia lm cc khi hnh vung
kch thc 4x4. Phng php ny c th c tnh theo m hnh hnghng (row-by-row) v sau l ct-ct (column-by-column).
Chng ta gi s rng cc cng ti u-1, u, u+1, u+2 ln lt l I(u-1),
I(u), I(u+1), I(u+2) , Cng ti 0<X<1 s c c lng t phng
trnh sau:
f ( X ) I (u 1) f 1 I (u) f 0 I (u 1) f1 I (u 2) f 2

(2.2)

Trong :
1
1
3
5
f 1 t 3 t 2 t , f 0 t 3 t 2 1,
2
2
2
2

3
1
1
1
f1 t 3 2t 2 t , f 2 t 3 t 2
2
2
2
2

Ni suy Bicubic phc tp v cho ra chi tit cc ng bin mn hn ni

suy Bilinear. y l phng php c s dng ph bin nht trong cc phn
mm x l nh do n cho cht lng nh sau khi ni suy l tt nht. Mt
khc, phng php ny cng lm thay i cc thng tin v mu sc ca
nh gc.
2.3. Pht hin nh gi mo da trn s khc bit hng ngun sng
2.3.1. Cc dng ngun sng
tng pht hin nh gi mo trn l da vo ngun sng, tuy nhin
thut ton ny khng p dng ging nhau cho tt c cc loi ngun sng c.

43

Trong ngun sng n, chng ta li chia thnh hai loi: ngun sng rt
xa (xa v hn) v ngun sng gn.
2.3.1.1. Ngun sng v tn (3-D)
Hng chun ha cho vic c lng hng ngun sng bt u t vic
xy dng mt s gi thuyt n gin:
+ B mt ca i tng phn x nh sng ng hng (b mt
Lambertian)
+ B mt ca i tng c mt hng s phn x
+ B mt c chiu bi ngun sng im xa v hn
+ Gc gia b mt v hng ca ngun sng trong khong t 0
n 90 .
Di y gi thuyt cng im nh c biu din bng
phng trnh:

I ( x, y) R N ( x, y).L A

(2.3)

Trong :
+ R l gi tr hng s phn x b mt,
+ L l vector biu din hng ngun sng,
+ N ( x, y) l vector biu din php tuyn b mt ti im nh (x,y)
+ A l bin nh sng cn gi l hng s gii hn nh sng xung quanh
Nu ch quan tm n hng ngun sng L th h s phn x R c th
a v gi tr n v .T phng trnh (2.3) qua bin i tuyn tnh ta c th
tnh L v A theo N ( x, y) v I(x,y).
gii quyt bi ton ny chng ta xt ti t nht 4 im c cng h s
phn x b mt v c cc vector php tuyn b mt khc nhau . Hng ngun
sng v bin A c th c tnh thng qua c lng bnh phng cc tiu

44

(least squares estimation). u tin, mt hm sai phn bc 2 s thay th cho

phng trnh (2.3) nh sau:

Lx I ( x1 , y1 )

L y I ( x2 , y 2 )
E ( L, A) M
.......
L

z
A I (x , y )
p
p

= Mvb

(2.4)

Vi l k hiu chun vector, Lx,Ly,Lz l k hiu cc thnh phn ca

hng ngun sng L . V
N x ( x1 , y1 ) N y ( x1 , y1 ) N z ( x1 , y1 ) 1

N x ( x2 , y2 ) N y( x2 , y2 ) N z ( x2 , y2 ) 1
M
...
...
...
....

N (x , y ) N (x , y ) N (x , y ) 1
y
p
p
z
p
p
x p p

(2.5)

Vi Nx(xi,yi),Ny(xi,yi) v Nz(xi,yi) l k hiu cc thnh phn ca php

tuyn b mt N ti im (xi,yi).
Hm sai phn bc 2 (2.4) t nh nht tng ng vi vector v c tnh
bng c lng bnh phng cc tiu:

v MTM

MTb

(2.6)

Trong v ( Lx , Ly , Lz , A) .
Ch : trn b mt 3-D bi ton ny c gii quyt ti t nht 4 im
(p 4 ), cc i tng trong nh c hnh dng khng xc nh (khng thuc
cc hnh bit nh: hnh cu,).

45

2.3.1.2. Ngun sng v tn (2-D)

Vic xc nh hng nh sng trong nh 2-D ch cn c lng n 2
thnh phn ( Lx , Ly ) t mt bc nh n. Ti cc b mt thnh phn z ca trc
to b trit tiu. N z 0 .thm vo cc thnh phn php tuyn b mt v
cc thnh phn ca vector hng nh sng c th tnh t bc nh. (hnh 2b)

Ngun sng v tn (3-D)

Ngun sng v tn (2-D)

Ngun sng cc b (2-D)

Hnh 2.3 - Minh ha hng ngun sng v php tuyn b mt ca i tng

vi gi thuyt ny hm sai phn ca phng trnh (2.4) c vit li nh sau:

46

I ( x1 , y1 )

Lx
I ( x1 , y1 )
E ( L, A) M Ly

A .......
I (x , y )
p
p

= Mvb

(2.7)

Vi:
N x ( x1 , y1 ) N y ( x1 , y1 ) 1

N x ( x2 , y2 ) N y ( x2 , y2 ) 1
M
...
...
...

N (x , y ) N (x , y ) 1
y
p
p
x p p

(2.8)

Hm sai phn ny t cc tiu, do s dng c lng bnh phng ti

thiu ging nh phng trnh (2.7), nhng vi ma trn M c biu din
trong (2.8).Trong trng hp ny, bi ton yu cu phi bit c cc vector
php tuyn ti t nht 3 im phn bit ( p 3 ,cc vector php tuyn khc
nhau) c cng hng s phn x b mt.
Cng I ( xi , yi ) ti im bin (xi,yi) khng th tnh c mt cch
trc tip t nh ti b mt Occluded. Cc tc gi trong [2] a ra cch c
lng cng bng cch ngoi suy cng dc theo mt tia trng vi
php tuyn b mt 2-D ti im nhng theo hng ngc li vi php
tuyn, vic tnh ton ny s c chng ti miu t phn tip theo.
2.3.1.3. Ngun sng gn (b phn) (2-D)
Vi cc phn trn, gi nh ngun sng xut pht t v tn. Vi ngun
sng b phn, cc cng thc trn khng cn ph hp.

47

Hnh 2.4 - Hai i tng c chiu bi 1 ngun sng gn [8].

2.3.1.4. Nhiu ngun sng
Trong nhng phn trn ta gi nh rng ch c nh sng pht ra t mt
ngun sng duy nht chiu ln vt th v cc ngun sng khc coi nh khng
ng k v c xem xt vi hng s gii hn nh sng xung quanh (A), iu
ny thng ph hp vi nh sng ngoi tri. Nhng xy ra trng hp i
tng c chiu ri bi nhiu ngun sng.

48

nh sng c thuc tnh rt c bit l tuyn tnh. Gi s c 2 ngun

sng chiu ln i tng, khi hm mt nh c dng.

I ( x, y ) R(( N ( x, y ) L1 ) ( N ( x, y ).L2 )) A
R( N ( x, y ).( L1 L2 )) A

(2.9)

R( N ( x, y ).L ) A

(3.31)

Khi ta x l vi gi nh rng hai ngun sng kt hp li v cho ta

mt ngun sng chung duy nht.

Hnh 2.5 Qu cu hin th 3 ngun sng khc nhau

trong khong t 200 ti +200
2.3.2. Phng php c lng hng chiu ngun sng
2.3.2.1. c lng hng chiu ca ngun sng
Phn ny trnh by thut ton c lng t ng hng chiu ca ngun
sng i vi mt nh n. Thut ton gm ba bc. u tin, tm ra nhng
ng c kh nng l bin khut vi xc sut cao nht. Sau , vi mi
ng bin khut chng ta s c lng vector ch hng chiu ca ngun
sng theo m hnh bng . Cui cng, cc c lng c a vo m
hnh mng Bayet tm mt c lng thch hp nht cho hng chiu ca
ngun sng. iu kin l i tng phi c b mt Lambertian, ng thi ton
b b mt c h s phn chiu l hng s.

49

2.3.2.2. Tm nhng ng c kh nng l bin khut

Nhim v ca bc ny l tm ra nhng ng c kh nng l bin
khut. C th khng tm ra chnh xc bin khut nhng cng phi a ra
nhng ng tt cho bc tip theo.
Thut ton pht hin cnh Canny gm 6 bc nh sau:
Bc 1: Bc u tin trong thut ton pht hin cnh Canny l kh
nhiu v lm phng nh ban u trc khi c gng xc nh v nh v bt k
mt cnh no .
Bc 2: Sau khi lm phng v kh nhiu nh, bc tip theo l phi tm
ra di ca cnh bng vic ly hng ca nh.
Bc 3: Tm hng ca cnh. Mt khi chng ta bit hng ca cnh
theo trc x v trc y th hng ca cnh s d dng tnh c
Bc 4: Khi hng ca cnh c tm ra, bc tip theo l lin kt
hng c th ln ra nh.
Bc 5: Sau khi bit hng cnh, thut ton tip tc nh sau: i dc
cnh theo hng cnh, nu gp bt k im nh no m khng lin quan n
cnh th kh im nh i (tc l cho gi tr im nh bng 0). Vic ny s
cho chng ta mt ng mnh nh kt qu.
Bc 6: Cui cng l kh s to thnh vch. S to thnh vch s ph
v cnh, gy ra do s dao ng gia ngng trn v ngng di.
l thut ton pht hin cnh Canny. Sau khi trch ra c cc
cnh, chng ta s nhm cc cnh thnh chui theo lut sau:
+ Vng tip theo cnh s ng mu.
+ Mu s ging vi mu ca cnh k trc trong chui.
+ Vng tip theo cnh khng cha cnh khc.
+ Trong chui khng to nn nhng ch gp khc.
+ Vic ny c thc hin trn c cc mt phng ca cc cnh.

50

2.3.2.3. c lng hng chiu sng cho tng ng bin tm c

Khi chng ta tm ra cc ng bin khut chng s dng m hnh bng
cho cc ng bin ny tm ra hng chiu sng cho tng ng bin.
o cng sng trn bin khut
Theo cch trn mun c lng c hng chiu ca ngun sng
chng ta cn phi c cng sng trn bin khut. Tt nhin iu ny l
khng th, chng ta khng th o trc tip cng sng trn bin khut, m
phi ngoi suy t cc im xa bin.
2.3.2.4. S dng mng Bayes tm c lng tt nht
Sau bc 2, chng ta c mt tp hp cc c lng v hip phng sai
ca n chui cnh m c th hoc khng l bin khut. c th tm ra bin
khut chnh xc t tp hp n chui ta cn ch mt iu l i vi ng
bin khut chnh xc, ni chung s c hip phng sai nh hn v ph hp
vi m hnh hn l nhng ng khng chnh xc.
2.3.3. Phng Php da trn s khc bit hng ngun sng
Vn c lng hng ngun sng l mt lnh vc nghin cu ln ca
th gic my tnh. Trong phn ny s m t bi ton, xut gii php v sau
s trnh by cch thc loi b cc yu t ngoi cnh, lm n gin ha
cc iu kin hn ch nhng phc tp trong qu trnh x l.

Hnh 2.6 Hng ngun sang t bn tri sang

51

Hnh 2.7 - nh ghp gia cn nh v cy thng c ngun sng khc nhau

Mt tm nh chng ta c th nhn thy c l do ngun sng. S sng
ti l do kh nng phn x hay hp th nh sng ca vt th. Mt b mt nhn
bng ca kim loi, v mt b mt sn si ca tm vi s c sng khc nhau
khi chiu cng mt ngun sng vo n. Mt vt khi nhn thy mu nhng
mt vt khc li thy mu xanh, l do kh nng hp th v phn x cc
thnh phn mu ca b mt l khc nhau.
Cc bc nh c chp khc nhau th ngun nh sng hp th v phn
chiu s khc nhau. V vy, khi hai hoc nhiu hnh nh ghp li vi nhau
to ra mt hnh nh gi mo, n thng rt l kh khn chnh sa cho ph
hp vi iu kin nh sng ca ton tm hnh. Do d chng ta ch cn pht
hin mu thun gia cc ngun sng th kt lun c hnh l gi mo.
Cch gii quyt bi ton
Vic d tm hng nh sng trn cc i tng c thc hin bng
phng php bn t ng thng qua 4 bc chnh nh sau:
Bc 1 : Xy dng thut ton d bin nh v nhm cc im bin thnh
cc chui theo quan h lng ging lin thng.
Bc 2 : Lc b cc ng bin nh v lm mnh bin .
Bc 3 : La chn cc on bin lin thng ca i tng dng c
lng hng ngun sng.
Bc 4: Xy dng thut ton xc nh hng nh sng trn mi ng
bin c chn trong bc 3.

52

M hnh bi ton pht hin nh gi mo

nh cn kim tra

Lm mn nh

Lc nhiu (Gaussian)

Lm ni bin i tng

Tnh d ln v hng bin

Loi b nhng ng bin b

Lm mnh bin ni nt t

c lng nh sng trn ng bin

Xc nh hng nh sng

Tm ta v so snh hng nh sng

Hai ngun sng song song qu 50

nh gi mo

Hai ngun sng song song khng qu 50

nh tht

Hnh 2.8 - S chc nng pht hin nh gi mo

53

2.3.4. Phng php xc nh hng nh sng theo ng bin

Tch bin i tng
Chng ti s dng thut ton d bin Canny trong vic d tm bin ca i
tng v trch chn cc vector php tuyn ti cc ng bin.
Thut ton d bin Canny c thc hin qua cc bc sau:
Bc 1: Lm mn nh v lc nhiu vi b lc Gaussian.
Gi s ta c nh I b lc Gaussian c xy dng theo cng thc:

1
g ( x, y)
e
2

x2 y2
2 2

(2.10)

Khi ta c th lm mn nh bng cng thc nh sau:

S I * g ( x, y) g ( x, y) * I

(2.11)

Bc 2: tnh o hm bc nht ca nh qua lc bc 1 (ni bin

i tng)
Cng thc o hm bc nht ca nh sau khi lc:
S ( g * I ) (g ) * I

(2.12)

g
x g x
Vi: g g g
y
y

(2.13)

g * I

Do ta c: S x * I x
g
g *I
y

(2.14)

54

Hnh 2.9 - Kt qu o hm theo 2 hng x v y

Bc 3: Tnh ln v hng ca nh bin thc hin bc 2 (Hng
tm c cng chnh l php tuyn ca cc im nh).
Vi (S x , S y ) l vector gradient ca nh, khi ta c:
ln = (S x2 S y2 ) v Hng = tan 1

Sy
Sx

(2.15)

Hnh 2.10 - Kt qu minh ha tnh ln bin

55

Bc 4: Loi b cc phn t khng ln nht theo hng tm c bc

3 (non-maximum suppression).
nh du cc im dc theo ng cong ni m ln ca gradient l ln
nht. iu ny c lm bng cch tm kim mt gi tr ln nht dc theo
mt sn php tuyn vi ng cong.
Loi b cc im nh trong S m khng phi l cc b ln nht

S ( x, y ) if S ( x, y ) S ( x' , y ' )

M ( x, y )
and S ( x, y ) S ( x' ' , y ' ' )

0
otherwise

(2.16)

Vi x v x l cc lng ging ca x dc theo hng php tuyn ti bin.

tan

Sy
Sx

S lng t ha:
0: 0.4142 tan 0.4142
1: 0.4142 tan 2.4142
2: tan 2.4142
3: 2.4142 tan 0.4142
Hnh 2.11 Hng php tuyn
Bc 5: Lc nhiu (phn t c lp) v loi cc ng bin b
(Hysteresis threshold).
Gi s ngng phn loi l: Ngng cao l High v ngng thp l Low.
Nu mt im nh c gi tr bin (gradient) tha mn mt trong cc iu
kin sau:
Ln hn High th gn cho n l mt im bin.
B hn gi tr Low th gn cho n l mt im bin

56

Nu c gi tr nm trong khong [Low,High] th:

Xt cc lng ging ca n, nu n lin thng vi mt im bin trc tip
hoc qua cc im nh nm gia Low v High th gn cho n l
im bin.

4- lng ging

8- lng ging

6- lng ging

Hnh 2.12 - Minh ha cc lin thng theo 4, 8, 6 lng ging

2.3.4.1. Loi b cc i tng nh, nhiu v lm mnh bin
2.3.4.1.1. Loi b cc i tng nh v nhiu
Thut ton sau khi d bin trong trn, ta nhm cc im bin cng tnh
cht v lin thng thnh mt chui. Vic loi bin da trn mt ngng
MaxSize a vo, duyt cc chui trong nh bin thu c nu s im bin
trong mt chui b hn MaxSize th ta loi chui bin . Tp hp cc chui
bin cn li cho ta nh bin kt qu.
2.3.4.1.2. Lm mnh bin v ni nt t
Bin sau khi d bin theo thut ton Canny th bin thu c tng i l
mnh. Nhng c mt s trng hp im bin thu c vn cha phi l
xng, v d cc trng hp sau, vi cc im c nh du s b xa:

Hnh 2.13 - Minh ha cc im c nh du xa [2].

57

Khi thc hin lm mnh bin quan trng nht l:

+ Khng xa nhng im cui.
+ Khng lm mt tnh lin tc ca vng.
+ Khng lm vng ang xt b rng qu mc.
Sau y l mt thut ton quen thuc dng lm mnh. Khng mt
tnh tng qut, c th gi s rng cc im thuc i tng ang xt c gi tr
bng 1 v cc im nn c xm bng 0. Ta gi mt im l im bin
(contour point) nu im c gi tr 1 v mt trong 8 im ln cn ca n c
gi tr bng 0 hnh 2.13. Qu trnh thc hin gm 2 bc:
Bc 1:
(a)

2 Np1 6

(b)

S(p1) = 1

(c)

p2 * p4 * p6 = 0

(d)

p4 * p6 * p8 = 0

trong N(p1) l tng s im ln cn khc 0 ca p1:

N(p1) = p2 + p3 + + p8 + p9
P0

P2

P3

P8

P1

P4

P7

P6

P5

Hnh 2.14 - Ln cn 8 ca im p1
V S(p1) l s ln chuyn t 0 sang 1 trong chui (theo ng th t) p2, p3,
, p7, p8, p2.
Bc 2: Ta gi nguyn 2 iu kin (a) v (b), nhng thay (c) v (d)
bng (c) v (d) sau:

58

(c)

p2 * p4 * p8 = 0

(d)

p2 * p6 * p8 = 0

Bc ny c p dng cho tt c mi im bin trong vng ang xt.

Nu c t nht 1 trong 4 iu kin (a) (d) b vi phm, ta gi nguyn gi tr
im nh . Ngc li, ta nh du im nh v sau ny n s b xa.
Lu rng ta ch xa im nh khi tt c cc im bin c duyt qua,
nh vy d liu khng b thay i trong qu trnh x l.
Sau khi thc hin xong bc 1, ta xa tt c cc im nh du v
thc hin tip bc 2 ging nh thc hin cho bc 1. Nh vy, qu trnh
thc hin l mt vng lp lin tc gm cc giai on sau:
+ p dng bc 1 nh du im cn xa.
+ Xa cc im nh du.
+ p dng bc 2 nh du im.
+ Xa cc im c nh du.
Thut ton dng khi khng cn im no c xa na.
iu kin (a) b vi phm khi im bin p1 c 1 hoc 7 im ln cn c
gi tr 1. Trng hp 1 im ln cn ng ngha vi vic p1 l im cui, v
do khng th xa c. Tng t, trong trng hp p1 c 7 im ln cn,
nu ta xa n s gy ra l hng trong vng ang xt. iu kin (b) khng tha
khi im ang xt nm trn vng bin c dy bng 1, v do nu xa n
s lm mt tnh lin tc ca i tng.
Cn mt s trng hp b t nt th ta phi ni, nh hnh 2.14 cc im
c nh s l cc im ni.

Hnh 2.15 - Minh ha cc im c nh du ni nt t [2]

59

Khi im t nt l im nn v tn ti 2 lng ging ca n nm cc

v tr i ngc nhau nh (1,2,3) v (5,6,7) l cc im vng.vic ni t thc
c thc hin d rng thng qua cc im t tm c.
2.3.4.2. La chn cc on bin lin thng ca i tng dng c
lng hng ngun sng
nh sng chiu vo i tng v phn x tp trung ch yu trn bin,
c bit l nhng ng bin ranh gii ngoi. Chng hn, ng chn tri ca
tri t. Vic chn ng bin c lng hng nh sng trong bo co
ny c thc hin mt cch th cng t mt trong s cc ng bin sau khi
x l bin. Mi on bin c chn ra bng 2 im bt u v im kt thc,
2 im c chn l hp l khi chng lin thng vi nhau.
Da trn cc im ca cc on bin la chn c lng hng
ngun sng ta tm c cc vector php tuyn tng ng ta thc hin phng
php ngoi suy xc nh cng im nh ti cc im tng ng.
xc nh cng ti bin ta thc hin ngoi suy cng cc im
nh lin tip dc theo mt tia trng vi php tuyn b mt. Ni cch khc,
cng ti im bin (xi,yi) vi vector php tuyn b mt N c xc nh
bng nh gi cng bng 1-D theo cng thc:
P(t)=I(xi-tNx,yi-tNy)

(2.17)

Ti v tr t im nh, vi 0 .
Trong phng trnh (2.17) ta cn tm P(t) ti t=0 (ti v tr bin), do
cng ti bin khng ng tin cy do cn tnh mt cch gin tip thng
qua P(t) vi t>0. Gi s rng cng bng c th c m hnh ha bng
mt ly tha:
P(t)= t

(2.18)

60

Cc tham s m hnh v c xc nh thng qua c lng bnh

phng cc tiu theo log(P(t)).
Theo [12]. Cc tc gi chun ha (2.18) thnh mt phng trnh ly tha
tuyn tnh nh sau:
P(t ) c0 c1t

c2t c3t

c4t

c5t

O(t 2 )

(2.19)

Sau p dng vi P(t ) c0 c1t 2 c2t v s dng 3 im k tip vi

im bin nm trn tia trng vi php tuyn ti im bin theo hng ngc
li sau khi tnh cng ti bin bng P(0) (vi t=0).
2.3.4.3. Xy dng thut ton xc nh hng nh sng trn mi
ng bin
xc nh hng ngun sng ln mt on bin ta thc hin nh sau:
Chia cc on bin thnh cc phn lin tip nhau, mi phn l mt cm 3
im bin lin tip nhau. Nu on bin c chiu di l n th ta c n 3 phn
khc nhau.
Ta xc nh hng nh sng trn mi phn sau khi chia: gi s 3 im
ca mt cm ln lt l ( x1 , y1 ), ( x2 , y2 ), ( x3 , y3 ) ta c :
N x ( x1 , y1 ) N y ( x1 , y1 ) 1

M N x ( x2 , y 2 ) N y ( x2 , y 2 ) 1
N x ( x3 , y3 ) N y ( x3 , y3 ) 1

I ( x1 , y1 )
b I ( x 2 , y 2 )
I ( x3 , y 3 )

T
1
T

v ( M M ) M b
T h phng trnh

v ( Lx , L y , Lz , A)

=> vector nh sng ( Lx , L y )

T y ta mi xc nh c gc lnh hng nh sng v a ra kt lun

l hai hng nh sng c cng mt ngun sng khng.

61

2.3.4.4. Kt qu thc nghim

Hnh 2.16 - nh minh ha xem c gi mo khng

Ti ci t th ngim thut ton trn mt s nh gi mo v bc
u cho kt qu kh tt. Kt qu sai s trung bnh c th chp nhn c l 5 0
l mc sai s nh nht v ln nht ln lt l 10 v 100. Nh vy vic xc nh
gi mo nu 2 i tng c hng chiu sng lch nhau mt gc ln hn 50
c th kt lun chng l gi mo.

1250
800
Hnh 2.17 - nh minh ha kt qu xc nh hng nh sng trn bc nh l
khc nhau nn y l nh gi mo dng ct/dn

62

Hnh 2.17 Minh ha tm hnh gi mo t to hng ngun sng trn

tm hnh hon ton khc nhau nh minh ha hnh 2.18 tm hnh c ct/dn
t mt tm hnh khc. Ngun sng ca tm hnh gc (hnh xe my) c hng
ngun sng l 1250 v hng ngun sng ca hnh ngi ct/dn vo l 800

Hnh 2.18 Ch ra hng ngun sng khc nhau bng mi trn

Hnh gc ch c chic xe my

Hnh 2.19 Hnh gc cha ct/dn, ch c 1 ngun sng duy nht 1250

63

Hnh gc cha ct/dn ch c hnh ngi

Hnh 2.20 Hnh gc cha ct/dn, ch c 1 ngun sng duy nht 800

1200

620

Hnh 2.21 - Minh ha kt qu xc nh hng nh sng trn bc nh gi mo

c sn b lnh gc hn 50 nn y l hnh gi mo [15].

64

2.4. Pht hin nh k thut s gi mo dng ct/dn da vo thut

ton SIFT.
Cch tip cn c xut l da trn cc thut ton SIFT trch xut
cc tnh nng mnh m m c th cho php pht hin ra nu mt phn ca
mt hnh nh c sao chp di chuyn. Trong thc t, phn sao chp c
bn cng s xut hin ca bn gc, do im kha (keypoints) c chit
xut trong khu vc gi mo s kh ging vi bn gc.
Trn c s ti a ra thut ton tm ra cc im kha v pht hin nh
k thut s gi mo dng ct/dn FImage 0.1, bao gm cc bc sau:
Bc 1: Khai thc cc tnh nng ca thut ton SIFT v kt hp vi
nhiu im kha (keypoint).
Thut ton SIFT (Scale Invarian Feature Tranorms) [9]
y l mt trong nhng phng php hiu qu trch chn cc im
bt bin t cc nh c dng thc hin so khp tin cy gia cc tm nhn
khc nhau ca cng mt i tng hoc quang cnh. Phng php ny c
gi l Php bin i c trng bt bin t l (Scale Invariant Feature
Transform SIFT) v n bin i d liu nh thnh cc ta bt bin t l
c lin quan ti cc c trng cc b. Thut ton ny gm 4 giai on chnh:
pht hin cc cc tr trong khng gian t l, nh v chnh xc im kha, gn
hng cho cc im kha, xy dng c trng.
Pht hin cc tr
Giai on u tin ca pht hin im kha l tm ra cc v tr v cc t
l c th c gn lp i lp li di cc tm nhn khc nhau ca cng mt
i tng. Vic pht hin cc v tr bt bin khi c s thay i t l ca nh c
th c thc hin bng vic tm kim cc c trng n nh qua tt c cc t
l c th, s dng mt hm lin tc t l c hiu nh khng gian t l.

65

Dng hm Gaussian lm hm nhn ca khng gian t l. V vy, khng

gian t l ca mt nh c xc nh bi hm L(x,y,), hm ny c to ra
t php cun Gaussian bin thin t l, G(x,y,), vi nh u vo I(x,y):
L( x, y, ) G( x, y, ) I ( x, y)

trong * l php ton cun theo x v y, v

G( x, y, )

1
2

e ( x
2

y 2 ) / 2 2

(2.20)

pht hin hiu qu cc v tr im kha n nh trong khng gian t

l, ta s dng cc cc tr khng gian t l trong hm Difference-of-Gaussian
c cun vi nh , D(x,y,), hm ny c th c tnh t s chnh lch
gia hai t l ln cn c phn bit bi tha s k:

D( x, y, ) (G( x, y, k ) G( x, y, )) I ( x, y)
L( x, y, k ) L( x, y, )

(2.21)

Hnh 2.22 - Xy dng mt khng gian t l [9]

Hnh 2.22 th hin mt phng php hiu qu cho vic xy dng hm
D(x,y,). nh ban u c cun theo kiu gia tng vi cc hm Gaussian
to ra cc nh c phn bit bi tha s k trong khng gian t l, c xp

66

thnh chng ct bn tri. Ta chia mi qung ca khng gian t l (ngha l

gp i ) thnh s khong (s l s nguyn), v vy k = 21/s. Chng ta phi to ra
s+3 nh trong chng cc nh b lm m cho mi qung, vic pht hin cc
tr cui cng bao ph trn vn mt qung. Cc t l nh gn k c tr vi
nhau to ra cc nh Difference-of-Gaussian c th hin hnh bn phi.
Mt khi mt qung trn vn c x l, chng ta ti ly mu nh Gaussian gp
i gi tr ban u v vic x l c lp li.

Hnh 2.23 - Cc gi tr cc i v cc tiu ca cc nh DoG c tm thy

bng vic so snh mt im nh (nh du X) vi 26 lng ging trong cc
vng 33 cc mc hin thi v cc mc gn k (c nh du O) [9].
tm gi tr cc i v cc tiu a phng ca hm D(x,y,), mi
im mu c so snh vi 8 lng ging trong nh hin thi v 9 lng ging
trong t l trn v di (Hnh 2.23). N c chn ch khi ln hn tt c
cc lng ging ny hoc nh hn tt c chng. Chi ph ca s kim tra ny l
kh nh v trn thc t hu ht cc im mu s b loi b sau vi ln kim tra
u tin.

67

Xc nh im hp dn tim nng:
So snh mi im nh c xc nh bi hm DoG vi:
8 im nh xung quanh cng t l
9 im nh xung quanh t l lin trc
9 im nh xung quanh t l lin sau.
Chn l im hp dn tim nng nu n t gi tr ln nht,
hoc nh nht
Tn s ly mu theo t l
S xc nh thc nghim ca tn s ly mu lm tng ti a tnh n nh
ca cc cc tr. xc nh tn s ly mu ngi ta s dng mt b s tp
gm 32 nh thc gm nhiu loi khc nhau, bao gm cc cnh ngoi tri, cc
mt ngi, cc bc nh trn khng v cc nh k ngh. Sau mi nh phi
chu mt dy cc php bin i, bao gm php quay, thay i t l, thay i
sng v tng phn, v thm tp nhiu nh. Bi v cc thay i ny l
khng t nhin, nn c th d on chnh xc ni m mi c trng trong nh
gc s xut hin trong nh bin i, ch n php o tnh lp li v
chnh xc v tr i vi mi c trng. Kt qu l, kh nng lp li cao nht
c t n khi ly mu 3 t l cho mi qung.
Thc nghim cho thy kh nng lp li ca cc im kha khng tng
khi nhiu t l hn c ly mu. L do l v c nhiu cc tr a phng hn
c pht hin, nhng tnh trung bnh cc cc tr ny t n nh v v vy t c
kh nng c pht hin trong nh b bin i. S lng cc im kha
tng ln cng vi vic ly mu tng ca cc t l v tng s lng cc so
khp chnh xc cng tng. V s thnh cng ca vic nhn dng i tng
thng ph thuc nhiu vo s lng cc im kha c so khp chnh xc,

68

ch khng phi t l phn trm so khp chnh xc ca chng, nn i vi

nhiu ng dng, s ti u hn khi s dng mt lng ln cc mu t l. Tuy
nhin, chi ph tnh ton cng tng cng vi s lng ny, v vy qua thc
nghim chng ta ch cn chn 3 mu t l trn mi qung.
Tm li, cc th nghim cho thy rng hm Difference-of-Gaussian ca
khng gian t l c mt lng ln cc cc tr v s tn nhiu chi ph pht
hin tt c chng. May thay, chng ta c th pht hin c mt tp con n
nh v hu ch nht thm ch khi vic ly mu t l khng tt.
Tn s ly mu trong mt vng khng gian
V chng ta xc nh tn s ly mu trn mi qung ca khng gian t
l, cho nn phi xc nh tn s ly mu trong mt vng nh lin quan ti t
l ca vic lm trn. Bit rng cc tr c th gn nhau mt cch ty , nn s
c mt s cn bng tng i gia tn s ly mu v t l pht hin.
D nhin, nu ta lm trn nh trc khi pht hin cc tr th s loi b
mt cch hiu qu cc tn s khng gian cao nht. Bi vy, lm tng tnh
hu ch ca d liu vo th nh c th c m rng to ra nhiu im mu
hn chng c mt trong nh gc. Ta tng gp i kch thc ca nh u vo
s dng php ni suy tuyn tnh trc khi xy dng mc u tin ca hnh
chp. Khi php ton tng ng c th c thc thi mt cch hiu qu
bng vic s dng cc b lc khong trng subpixel trn nh gc, th vic gp
i nh dn n s thc thi c hiu qu hn. Gi s rng nh gc c mt vt
m ti thiu 0.5 v v vy, nh c gp i c 1.0 lin quan ti
khong cch im nh mi ca n. iu ny c ngha l cn lm trn mt
cht trc khi to ra qung u tin ca khng gian t l. Vic nhn i nh
lm tng s lng cc im kha n nh bi mt tha s l 4, nhng cha
tm thy cc ci tin ng k hn na i vi tha s m rng ln hn.

69

nh v chnh xc im kha
Mt khi mt im kha ng c c tm thy bng vic so snh mt im
nh vi cc lng ging ca n, th bc tip theo l thc hin iu chnh chi tit
vi d liu ln cn cho v tr, t l, v t l ca cc cong ch yu. Thng tin ny
cho php loi b cc im c tng phn thp hoc c nh v dc bin km.
Thc thi ban u ca hng tip cn ny nh v mt cch n gin
cc im kha v tr v t l ca im mu trung tm. Tuy nhin, gn y
ngi ta s dng mt phng php khc l lm ph hp mt hm bc hai
3D cho cc im mu a phng xc nh v tr ni suy ca im cc i,
v cc th nghim cho thy rng phng php ny mang li s ci tin
ng k cho vic so khp v n nh. Phng php ny s dng php khai
trin Taylor (ti a l dng bc hai) ca hm khng gian t l, D(x,y,), c
thay i nh gc v tr im mu:

DT
1 T 2 D
D(x) D
x x
x
x
2
x 2

(2.22)

Trong D v cc o hm ca n c nh gi im mu v

x (x,y, )T l offset t im ny. V tr ca cc tr, x , c xc nh bng

vic ly o hm theo x v thit lp n bng 0, ta thu c:

2 D1 D
x
x 2 x

(2.23)

70

Hnh 2.24 Hnh nh ban u xc nh im kha

Trch xut cc im kha
Sau khi thu c rt nhiu im tim nng c th lm im c bit.
Loi b cc im c tng phn km (nhy cm vi nhiu) hoc
tnh c trng cc b t hn cc im khc hoc c xu hng l ng bin
i tng. Bc thc hin ny gm 3 cng on :
o Php ni suy ln cn cho v tr ng ca im tim nng
o Loi tr cc im c tnh tng phn km
o Loi b cc im d tha theo bin

Hnh 2.25 - Minh ha m t 4099 im kha tm c.

71

Hnh 2.25 cc im kha c v dng mt vector th hin 3 thng tin : v

tr, hng v di.

Hnh 2.26 Trc khi nh v im hp dn

Theo xut ca Brown th ma trn Hessian v o hm ca D c xp
x bng vic s dng cc chnh lch gia cc im mu ln cn. Nu offset
x ln hn 0.5 bt k chiu no, th c ngha l cc tr nm gn vi mt

im mu khc hn. Trong trng hp ny, im mu c thay i v thc

hin php ni suy thay cho im . Offset cui cng x c cng thm v
hng v tr im mu ca n c c s c lng ni suy cho v tr ca
cc tr .
Gi tr hm cc tr, D( x ), c ch cho vic loi b cc cc tr khng n
nh c tng phn thp. C th t c iu ny bng vic th phng
trnh (2.22) vo (2.23), ta c:

D(x) D

1 DT
x
2 x

(2.24)

Thng qua cc th nghim ngi ta nhn thy rng, tt c cc cc tr c

gi tr |D( x )| nh hn 0.03 u c loi b.

72

T hnh 2.26 ta thu c cc im hp dn nh hnh 2.27

Hnh 2.27 - Sau khi nh v im hp dn

* Loi b cc p ng bin
i vi tnh n nh, khng loi b cc im kha c tng
phn thp. D v tr dc theo bin c xc nh ti nhng hm Difference-ofGaussian vn c mt p ng mnh dc theo cc bin v v vy khng n
nh khi c cc lng nh tp nhiu.
nh c xc nh ti trong hm Difference-of-Gaussian s c mt
cong ln ch yu ngang qua bin ngoi tr cong nh hng trc giao.
Cc cong ch yu c th c tnh t ma trn Hessian 22, H, c tnh
v tr v t l ca im kha:
Dxx Dxy

D
D
yy

xy

(2.25)

Cc o hm c c lng bng vic ly cc chnh lch gia cc

im mu lng ging.

73

Cc gi tr ring ca ma trn H tng ng vi cc cong ch yu ca

D. Ly l gi tr ring vi cng ln nht v l gi tr ring vi cng
nh hn. Khi , ta c th tnh tng cc gi tr ring t du vt ca H v
tch ca chng c tnh t gi tr ca nh thc:
Tr(H) = Dxx + Dyy = + ,
Det(H) = DxxDyy (Dxy)2 = .
Trong trng hp khng chc xy ra l nh thc c gi tr m, cc
cong c cc du hiu khc nhau v vy im b loi b khng phi l mt cc
tr. Ly r l t l gia gi tr ring c cng ln nht v gi tr ring c
cng nh hn, = r. Khi ,

Tr(H)2 ( )2 (r )2 (r 1)2

Det(H)

r 2
r

(2.26)

Biu thc (r+1)2/r nhn gi tr cc tiu khi hai gi tr ring bng nhau v
n tng cng vi r. V vy, kim tra xem t l ca cc cong ch yu c
di mt ngng r no khng, ta ch cn kim tra:

Tr(H)2 (r 1)2

Det(H)
r
Cc th nghim cho thy s dng gi tr r = 10, s loi b c cc im kha
c t l gia cc cong ch yu ln hn 10. S chuyn tip t Hnh 2.25
sang Hnh 2.26 th hin cc tc ng ca thao tc ny.
Gn hng cho cc im kha
Bng vic gn mt hng thch hp cho mi im kha da trn cc
c tnh nh cc b, b m t im kha c trnh by phn sau c lin
quan ti hng ny v v vy t c s bt bin i vi php quay nh.

74

gn mt hng cc b cho mi im kha ta s dng hng gradient ca

nh. T l ca im kha c dng la chn nh c lm trn Gaussian,
L, vi t l gn nht, thc hin tt c cc tnh ton theo kiu bt bin t l.
i vi mi mu nh, L(x,y), t l ny, cng gradient, m(x,y) v hng,

(x,y) c tnh ton trc s dng chnh lch im nh:

m( x, y) ( L( x 1, y) L( x 1, y))2 ( L( x, y 1) L( x, y 1)) 2

( x, y) tan 1 (( L( x, y 1) L( x, y 1)) /( L( x 1, y) L( x 1, y)))

Mt biu hng c thit lp t cc hng gradient ca cc im
mu trong phm vi mt vng ln cn xung quanh im kha. Biu hng
c 36 bin bao ph 360 ca tt c cc hng. Mi mu c thm vo biu
c gn trng s bi ln gradient ca n v bi mt ca s hnh trn
Gaussian vi gp 1.5 ln t l ca im kha .

Hnh 2.28 - Tnh ln v hng ca gradient

75

Cc nh trong biu hng tng ng vi cc hng bao qut cc

gradient cc b. Da vo biu hng ta c th xc nh c nh cao nht
trong biu v khi bt k nh cc b no khc nm trong phm vi 80%
so vi nh cao nht u c dng to ra mt im kha vi cng hng
. V vy, i vi cc v tr c nhiu nh c cng tng t nhau, th s
c nhiu im kha c to ra cng v tr v t l nhng cc hng th
khc nhau. Ch c khong 15% im c gn nhiu hng, nhng nhng
im ny gp phn ng k cho tnh n nh ca vic so khp. Cui cng,
mt ng parabol c lm ph hp vi 3 gi tr ca biu gn vi mi
nh nht ni suy v tr ca nh mang li chnh xc tt hn.
Xy dng b m t cc b
Cc thao tc trn gn v tr, t l v hng cho mi im kha. Cc
tham s ny p t cho h ta 2D cc b m t mt vng nh cc b.
Bc tip theo l tnh ton mt b m t cho vng nh cc b c th bt
bin i vi cc thay i cn li nh thay i sng hoc im nhn 3D.

Image gradients

Keypoint descriptor

Hnh 2.29 - B m t im kha c to ra bng cch: u tin tnh

ton ln v hng gradient mi im mu trong mt vng xung
quanh v tr im kha, nh hnh bn tri. Cc hng ny c gn
trng s bi mt ca s Gaussian, c biu th bi ng trn ph
ngoi. Sau cc mu ny c gom li thnh cc biu hng

76

tm tt ni dung trn 44 vng con, c th hin hnh phi, vi

chiu di mi mi tn tng ng vi tng cc cng gradient
gn vi hng trong phm vi ca vng .
Hnh 2.29 minh ha cho vic tnh ton b m t im kha. u tin cc
ln v hng gradient nh c ly mu quanh v tr im kha, s dng t
l ca im kha la chn mc m Gaussian cho nh. t n s bt
bin v hng, th cc ta ca b m t v cc hng gradient b quay c
lin quan ti hng ca im kha. thun tin trong vic tnh ton b m t,
cc gradient phi c tnh trc cho tt c cc mc ca hnh chp. Cc
gradient ny c minh ha bi cc mi tn nh mi v tr mu hnh bn
tri ca hnh 2.29.
Hm gn trng s Gaussian vi bng mt na chiu rng ca ca s
b m t c dng gn mt trng s cho cng ca mi im mu.
iu ny c minh ha bng mt ca s hnh trn th hin hnh bn tri
ca hnh 2.29. Mc ch ca ca s Gaussian ny l trnh cc thay i t
ngt trong b m t khi c cc thay i nh v tr ca ca s, v t quan tm
n cc gradient xa v tr trung tm ca b m t.
Hnh bn phi ca hnh 2.29 th hin b m t im kha. N ch n
s thay i ng k cc v tr gradient bng vic to ra cc biu hng
trn 44 vng mu. Hnh ny th hin 8 hng cho mi biu , vi chiu di
ca mi mi tn tng ng vi ln ca mi mc (entry) ca biu .
trnh tt c cc nh hng bin l iu tht s quan trng, b
m t thay i t ngt v mt mu thay i lin tc t mt biu ny sang
mt biu khc hoc t mt hng ny sang hng khc. V vy, s dng
php ni suy tuyn tnh bc 3 phn b gi tr ca mi mu gradient vo cc
bin biu gn k. Mt khc, mi entry trong mt bin c tng ln nhiu ln

77

bi trng s l 1 d cho mi chiu, trong d l khong cch ca mu t gi

tr trung tm ca bin c o di dng cc n v ca khong cch bin
biu .
B m t c to nn t mt vector cha cc gi tr ca tt c cc entry
ca biu hng, tng ng vi cc chiu di ca cc mi tn hnh bn
phi ca hnh 2.29. Hnh ny th hin mt mng 44 cc biu vi 8 bin
hng. V vy, mt vector c trng c 448 =128 phn t m t cho
mi im kha.
Cui cng, vector c trng c sa i gim cc tc ng ca s
thay i v sng. u tin, vector c chun ha theo chiu di n v.
S thay i v tng phn ca nh tc l mi gi tr im nh c nhn
vi mt hng s s lm tng cc gradient bi cng hng s , cho nn php
chun ha vector s xa b c s thay i v tng phn. Thay i
sng tc l mt hng s c thm vo mi im nh, iu ny s khng nh
hng n cc gi tr gradient, v gi tr gradient c tnh t cc chnh
lch ca im nh. Bi vy, b m t bt bin i vi cc thay i affine v
sng. Tuy nhin, cc thay i sng phi tuyn tnh cng c th xy ra da
trn s bo ha ca camera hoc da trn cc thay i v s chiu sng m
chng nh hng n cc b mt 3D vi cc hng khc nhau bi cc lng
khc nhau. Cc nh hng ny c th gy nn s thay i ln cc cng
lin quan i vi mt s gradient, nhng t c kh nng nh hng n cc
hng gradient. V vy, gim c tc ng ca cc cng gradient ln
bng vic ly ngng i vi cc gi tr trong vector n v c trng cho mi
cng l khng vt qu 0.2, sau chun ha li chiu di n v. iu
ny c ngha l vic so khp cc cng i vi cc gradient ln khng cn
quan trng na, v s phn b ca cc hng c tm quan trng rt ln. Gi tr

78

0.2 c xc nh bng thc nghim s dng cc nh c cc chiu sng

khc nhau cho cng cc i tng 3D.

Hnh 2.30 Kt qu thu c t thut ton Sift v kt hp vi

nhiu im kha
Hnh 2.30 l kt qu ca thut ton Sift v s kt hp gia cc im
kha ( keypoints) . im kha x = {x1, . . . , xn} v m t v Sift l D =
{desc1, . . . , descn}. ph hp vi ng vin tt nht cho mi xi th im
kha (keypoint) c tm thy bng cch xc nh im gn ca n t n- 1
im kha.
Mt tng t nh vector S = {d 1, ... .., d n-1} i din cho khong
cch Euclide sp xp trong khng gian SIFT c tnh cho mi im kha
(keypoint).
Hai keypoints sau ph hp nu t l

d1
T
d2

(c xc

nh trc).
Tt c cc keypoints ph hp c t chc, nhng i tng b c
lp c loi b

79

Bc 2: Cu trc phn nhm (Clustering) v ph trch c tnh

chuyn i hnh hc xy ra. Ta thu dc cc nhm nt nh hnh 2.31.

Hnh 2.31 - Gn cho mi im kha cho mt nt (cluster).

Hnh 2.32 Tch im kha thnh cc cm Agglomerative

80

pht hin cc khu vc nhn bn v tnh ti c th s dng cm

agglomerative th bc trn cc v tr khng gian ca cc im kha
ph hp.
Cu trc phn nhm, phn cp to ra mt h thng cc cm c th
c biu din nh l mt cu trc cy.
Thut ton bt u bng cch gn cho mi im kha mt cm
(cluster), sau n tnh ton tt c cc khong cch khng gian i ng
gia cc cm (cluster).
Theo Hnh 2.32 tm nhng cp cm c khong cch gn nht v kt
hp chng thnh mt cm duy nht. Sau xem xt khong cch gia hai
cm bng vi khong cch ngn nht t bt k thnh vin ca mt cluster
vi bt k thnh vin ca cm khc. S cui cng ca cm thu c bng
cch ct gim cy cao c th. i vi cc tiu ch ct, chng ta s
dng gi tr h s khng thng nht. N c trng cho mi lin kt trong
mt cy cluster bng cch so snh chiu di ca n vi chiu di trung bnh
ca cc lin kt khc cng mt mc h thng phn cp.

C1,2,8,
C1,2,8
CN-1,N

C1,2

C1

C2

..

CN-1

CN

Hnh 2.33 - Cch nhm cc cm li vi nhau [15]

81

Khi cc cm dng li l lc nh gi h s khng thng nht (IC) i

vi mt ngng.
IC (h s khng thng nht) c c bn l vo khong cch trung bnh
gia cc cm v khng cho php tham gia cc cm khng gian qu xa rng
mc ca h thng phn cp.
Bc 3: Xc nh i tng gi mo bng cch p dng vic chuyn
i c tnh hnh hc v tnh ton cc mt n tng quan gia bn gc v
hnh nh chuyn i.
Cm khng cha mt s lng ng k im kha (keypoints) ph hp
c loi b.
Cm vn c xem xt v im kha (keypoints) ca h c s dng
c tnh ma trn H (homography) di chuyn mt nhm vo mt s khc.
S thay i y l s thay phin v m rng quy m chuyn i gia
mt khu vc ban u v khu vc sao chp ca n c th c xc nh bng
cch s dng tp hp cc im trch xut ph hp. Chng ta hy im ln
xut hin ta , cho hai khu vc, xi = ( x, y,1 ) T v x'i = ( x', y',1) T tng
ng, mi quan h hnh hc ca h c th c nh ngha bi mt ma trn H
(homography) c th c i din bi mt ma trn 3 3 nh sau:
x
y
1

x
=H

(2.27)

Ma trn ny c th c tnh bng cch t nht l ba im ph hp.

82

c bit, chng ti xc nh H bng cch s dng kh nng xy ra ti a d

ton ca homography [17]. Phng php ny tm kim H v cp im hon
ton ph hp x i v xi m gim tng cc li chc nng:

[d ( x , x
i

) 2 d ( xi, xi) 2 ] khi xi = H x i i

(2.28)

Tuy nhin cc im khng ph hp (Bn ngoi) c th lm nhiu nghim

trng trong homography c tnh. Mc ch l xc nh mt tp hp bn
trong t s tng ng c a ra homography c th c c tnh ti u
t bn trong s dng cc thut ton trn. i vi mc ch ny, Ti thc
hin thng qua thut ton RANSAC [8] (ng thun mu ngu nhin) cho
php ci thin kt qu bng cch lm gim hiu qu ng lo ngi ca bn
ngoi. Hnh hc chuyn i c th c tnh ton t mt homography. Trong
thc t, H c th c biu din nh sau:

A t
H T
0 1
Khi

a11 a12
A

a 21 a 22

(2.29)

t1
t
t2

Vector t l s tnh tin khi ma trn A l thnh phn quay v bin i t l

khng ng hng. c bit, A c cha cc thng s lun chuyn v quy m
c th c xc nh bi mt phn hy gi tr n (SVD) hnh thc nh
A = USVT, Trong S = diag (s1, s2). Hn na, ma trn A c th cng c
vit li nh sau: A = (UVT) (VSVT) = R() (R() SR ()) k t khi U v V
l ma trn trc giao. Nh vy, A c coi l s ni ca mt quay, thu c
t ma trn lun phin R () = VT; mt S rng, trong s1 v s2 tng ng i
din (xoay) x v y theo hng; quay tr li (bng cch - ); v cui cng l
mt vng xoay (R () = UVT)

83

Nh vy cc thng s bn dch c xc nh bng cch s dng cm

centroids xoay v quy m ca cc thng s H ta thu c kt qu nh sau:

Hnh 2.34 K qu thu c l hnh b gi mo

Mt trng hp khc l khi nh c nhiu i tng c sao chp li
ging hnh 2.35 th cc nt v cc im kha s c xc nh li v so khp
vi cc nh cn li.

Hnh 2.35 Kt qu thu c l hnh b nhn bn ln thnh 3

i tng ging nhau [16]

84

2.5. So snh mt s k thut pht hin nh gi mo

Phng php

u im

Hn ch

Exact match

Pht hin nh gi mo da trn php

bin i Wavelet

Khng pht hin c nh

khi b thay i kch thc
hoc quay nh

Exact match*

Pht hin nh khi bao ging nhau

trn cng mt nh

Khng pht hin c nh

khi b quay nh

Da vo hng
ngun sng

Pht hin nh nh vo hng nh sng

t nhin (nh sng mt tri)

nh sng trong phng,

nh sng t to v quay
nh theo hng ngun
sng th khng pht hin
c.

SIFT

Pht hin nh cc c trng bt bin

v c khi nh b thay i kch thc v
xoay

Thi gian x l hi chm

do s lng c trng tm
thy nhiu

Bng 1 - So snh u nhc im ca mt s k thut pht hin nh gi mo.

Trn c s cc thut ton nghin cu gii quyt bi ton pht hin
nh gi mo. Vic chn thut ton SIFT p ng c nhu cu pht hin
nh k thut s gi mo dng ct/dn khi i tng b thay i kch thc v
xoay. V vy ti chn thut ton SIFT ci t th nghim.

85

CHNG 3: CHNG TRNH THC NGHIM

Trn c s l thuyt tm hiu, tin hnh xy dng chng trnh pht
hin nh k thut s gi mo dng ct/dn.
3.1. Bi ton
T nhng k thut pht hin nh k thut s gi mo dng ct/dn, Ti
da trn cc tnh nng SIFT ca David Lowe [9] tin hnh thc nghim.
Kt qu pht hin nh gi mo l kh tt v thut ton chy trong thi gian
thc, cn thi gian c th cho tng nh th ph thuc vo kch thc nh v
ty tng ni dung nh (ph thuc vo s keypoint trch chn c trong nh).
Thut ton pht hin chnh xc cc vng gi mo m s im kha trch chn
c l dy. Thc nghim cho thy thut ton khng nhng pht hin c
cc vng ct/dn b thay i t l m cn pht hin c vng b thay i bi
php quay.

86

3.2. M hnh bi ton pht hin nh gi mo

nh nghi ng l gi mo

Thut ton SIFT

v kt hp vi
nhiu im kha

Phn nhm li
to thnh cc nt

Php bin i
hnh hc
H
Xc nhn y l hnh gi mo

Hnh 3.1 - S chc nng pht hin nh gi mo

3.3. Chng trnh pht hin nh k thut s gi mo FImage 1.0
3.3.1. Ci t chng trnh
Cc tnh nng chnh:
Chng trnh c vit bng ngn ng C++ - Visual 2005.
Chy trn h iu hnh Window 7 - 32 bit, my tnh tc Core i5
2.27GHz, b nh 4.00GB RAM.
Chng trnh c cc chc nng sau:
- Cho php ngi s dng la chn nh pht hin gi mo.
- Xut hin cc im kha a ra kt qu nh l nh gi mo v
gi mo ch no.

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3.3.2. Kt qu thc nghim

Hnh 3.2 - nh minh ha xem c gi mo khng

Ti ci t th ngim thut ton trn mt s nh gi mo v bc
u cho kt qu kh tt. Kt qu c th kt lun chng l gi mo.

Hnh 3.3 - nh minh ha kt qu xc nh hai i tng l ging nhau nn

y l nh gi mo dng ct/dn

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Trng hp i tng b lch vi gc nghing l 200

Hnh 3.4 - nh minh ha xem c gi mo khng

Hnh 3.5 - nh minh ha kt qu xc nh hai i tng l ging nhau nn

y l nh gi mo dng ct/dn

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* Nhn xt:
Thut ton m ti chn c nh gi l kh hiu qu trong vic pht
hin nh k thut s gi mo dng ct/dn. Tuy nhin trong qu trnh ci t
thut ton vn cha x l c trng hp tm hnh c coi l gi mo
nhng do ct/dn t mt tm nh khc nn khng c s tng ng.

Hnh 3.6 Hai hnh gi mo trong cuc thi Worth1000 Photoshop. Mi

hnh nh c ct/dn cng mt ngi [16].

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PHN KT LUN
Pht hin nh gi mo l mt trong nhng bi ton quan trng, cn thit
trong nhiu lnh vc i sng x hi nh: Y hc, iu tra ti phm, gim st
bo him, Ngy nay th vic to ra cc nh s gi mo kh d dng, nh
vo s pht trin ca khoa hc cng ngh, cc k thut khoa hc cng ngh
ngy cng c ng dng nhiu vo thc t v nh s chnh l mt trong
nhng kt qu . iu ny chng t rng vic pht hin nh gi mo li cng
kh khn hn.
Trn c s nghin cu cc k thut ni suy hin ang c PhotoShop
s dng trong vic thay i kch thc vng nh. Mt phng php mi h
tr pht hin nh k thut s gi mo l da trn cc tnh nng SIFT c
xut. Vi mt bc nh b nghi ng, n c th b pht hin nu mt khu vc
nht nh c nhn i v hn na, xc nh chuyn i hnh hc p dng
thc hin nh gi mo. K thut trnh by cho thy hiu qu i vi nhiu
hnh nh a dng chng hn nh x l tng hp v nhiu nhn bn. Cng vic
trong tng lai s ch yu dnh ring cho iu tra lm th no pht hin
i tng ct/dn mt cch nhanh nht v chnh xc nht.
Hng nghin cu tip theo ca ti l s xc nh t ng cc on bin
nh vo ngun sng v s dng thm cc c trng bt bin gip thut ton
c th pht hin c cc vng nh gi mo khi b thay i bi mt s php
bin i nh nh: php ly t l, php quay v c khi vng c ct/dn trn
nhiu bc nh khc nhau.

TI LIU THAM KHO

Ting Vit:
[1]. Phm Vit Bnh, Cao L Mnh H, Nng Ton (2006), Mt cch tip
cn mi trong pht hin bin ca nh a cp xm. Hi tho Quc gia
ln th 8 - Mt s vn chn lc ca Cng ngh thng tin v Truyn
thng, Nxb KH&KT, H Ni.
[2]. Nng Ton (2002), "Bin nh v mt s tnh cht", Tp ch Khoa hc
Cng ngh, Tp 40, s B.
[3]. Nng Ton, H Xun Trng, Phm Vit Bnh, L Th Kim Nga, Ng
c Vnh (2008), Mt ci tin cho thut ton pht hin nh gi mo
Exact match, K yu Hi tho Quc gia nghin cu c bn v ng
dng Cng ngh thng tin - FAIR, Tp. Nha Trang 09-10/08/2007, tr
161-172.
[4]. Nng Ton, L Th Kim Nga, (2010), Pht hin nh ct, dn gi mo
da vo cc c trng bt bin, Tp ch Tin hc v iu khin hc,
Tp 26, S 2, tr185-195.
Ting Anh:
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[7]. Farid H. (2009), A survey of image forgery detection, IEEE Signal
Processing Magazine, vol. 2, no. 26, pp. 1625.
[8]. Fischler M. and Bolles R. (1981), Random sample consensus: a
paradigm for model fitting with applications to image analysis and
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[9]. Lowe D.G (2004), Distinctive image features from Scale-Invariant

keypoints, International Journal of Computer Vision 60.
[10]. Luk_a_s J., Fridrich J., and Goljan M. (2005), Determining digital
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[14]. Popescu A. C. and Farid H. (2005), Exposing digital forgeries in color
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