THUT NG CHUYN MN

Adaptation: tin trnh thch nghi ca cc c th trong qun th, hoc loi sinh vt
Additive: tnh cng, biu th hot ng cc alen ng hp t
Additive x additive: tng tc tnh cng x tnh cng, biu th hot ng tng tc khng alen
gia nhng cp alen ng hp t
Allele: mt cp hoc mt series ca yu t hnh thnh gen, nh v trn cng mt locus trn
nhim sc th tng ng
ANCOVA: vit tt t ch analysis of covariance, phn tch hp sai gia hai cp tnh trng
lin quan nhau
nh hng ca mi trng: hay cn gi l nh hng ngoi cnh, mt yu t quan trng
trong di truyn s lng, v hu ht cc tnh trng do a gen iu khin u chu nh
hng ny
nh hng ca s lai o: vit t thut ng recriporocal nhm gii thch nh hng ca
cy m, hay nh hng di truyn ca t bo cht (cytoplasm)
nh hng ca tnh cng: nh hng ca hot ng alen ng hp t
nh hng ca tnh khng cng (non-additive): nh hng ca hot ng alen khng hon
ton ng hp, hoc tng tc khng alen dng cng x cng, cng x tri, v tri x
tri
nh hng ca tnh tri: nh hng ca hot ng alen d hp t
ANOVA: vit tt t ch analysis of variance, phn tch phng sai ca tnh trng
Apomixis: hin tng sinh sn trong c quan pht dc hoc c quan c cu trc tng t
m nhn chc nng sinh sn mt phn, to ra ht c ngun gc v tnh, th d nh ht
cho hai mm: mm hu tnh v mm v tnh
Apomictic: thuc v hin tng apomixis
Asymmetrical: khng i xng
Autogamy: t phi
Backcross: hi giao, trong t hp lai, c b m s c ging cho (donor) v ging cn li l
ging ti tc (recurrent), con lai F1 c lai lui vi ging ti tc nhiu ln c gi l
hi giao.
Balance: s cn bng l iu kin m trong cc thnh phn di truyn c iu chnh theo
mt t l nht nh m bo cho s pht trin hi ha
Balanced polymorphism: hin tng a hnh cn bng
Basic number: s liu cn bn thng ch s liu nhim th trong t tin lng bi ca
mt dng a bi (polyploids), c k hiu bng ch x.
Bin d:s xut hin khc nhau ca c th do s khc bit v thnh phn di truyn ca n, hay
s khc bit do mi trng m n ang pht trin.
Bin d bo cht: bin d do nh hng ca t bo cht
Bin thin lin tc: bin thin c dng phn b chun
Bioinformatics: ngnh tin sinh hc, ng dng thnh tu ca tin hc hin i vo gii thch
hin tng sinh hc, iu khin cc chng trnh nghin cu cng ngh sinh hc, qun
l s liu di truyn, thit lp m hnh d on kt qa,v.v..
Biometry: mt ngnh hc c nhim v nghin cu v gii thch s liu thng k trong sinh
hc
Biotype: loi hnh sinh hc, thng c cp trong bin d ca cn trng. Biotype c th
dng ng hp, hoc d hp.
Breeder seed: ht ging tc gi
Breeding: chn ging l mt ngh thut v l mt khoa hc lm thay i cy trng hay vt
nui v mt di truyn.
Bulk: trng dn, con lai c thu thp mu ht v trng dn li gia tng tn sut ng hp
t ln, trong trng hp tnh trng chn lc do gen ln iu khin

Bulk segregants: con lai ang phn ly theo phng php trng dn
Cn giao khng chn lc: qu trnh con lai cho cn giao hon ton, khng c tc dng chn
lc ca con ngi
Certified seed: ht ging xc nhn c s dng trong qa trnh thng mi ht ging, khng
phi l ht ging c bn
Centromere: tm ng ca nhim sc th
Character: tnh trng di truyn
Chromosome: nhim sc th l vt cht di truyn c trong nhn t bo
Ch s chn lc: gi tr biu th trong phn tch hiu qa chn lc ca mt chng trnh lai
to
Ch s mi trng Ij: biu th gi tr i s ca a im kho nghim chng trnh ging ci
tin no , trong phn tch tng tc GxE
Ch s n nh s2di: biu th mc n nh ca tnh trng
Ch s thch nghi bi: biu th mc thch nghi ca tnh trng (rng hay hp)
Clone: dng v tnh l mt nhm sinh vt c duy tr bng phng php phn bo ng
nhim t mt dng t tin (dng gc)
Cluster di truyn: nhm di truyn c phn ra nh php tnh mc khc bit ca cc tnh
trng (qui m hnh thi hc), hoc ca DNA (qui m phn t)
Combining ability: kh nng phi hp, c chia ra kh nng phi hp chung biu th
Complementary gene: gen hot ng b sung
Complete dominance: tnh tri hon ton
Coupling: nhng alen ln lin kt vi nhau xut hin trn mt nhim th tng ng v
nhng th alternative tri ca n xut hin trn nhim th khc (cn c gi l lin
kt alen thuc dng cis, ngc li vi dng trans, dng repulsion)
Covariance: hp sai l trung bnh ca tng cc tch ca lch gia hai bin s t cc gi tr
trung bnh ca c th
Crossing over: hin tng qun cho ca nhim sc th
Cng chn lc: biu th mc chn lc trong qun th con lai ang phn ly
Cytoplasmic inheritance: di truyn do t bo cht, nh hng ca m. Trong t bo cht, c
nhng c quan mang vt cht di truyn nh cytoplast, ty th b, ribosome,...
D2 Mahalonobis: php tnh hiu s bnh phng khong cch ca Mahalonobis
Deficiency: s thiu on hay mt on ca nhim sc th
Degree of freedom: t do vit tt l df trong phn tch ANOVA, hay phn tch thng qua
cc php th khc trong thng k sinh hc
Deviation: lch, gi tr lch so vi trung bnh mu
Diallel cross: lai diallel tt c cc cp theo tun t b m l nghim thc ca chng trnh lai
Discriminant function: phng trnh bit thc gip cho phn bit gia cc tnh trng mc
tiu v phn bit gia cc c th trong qun th, hoc gia hai qun th
Disequilibrium: tnh cht khng cn i ca mt qun th
Disruptive selection: chn lc t ph
Dominance: tnh tri. biu th hot ng alen d hp trong di truyn s lng
Dominance ng hng: hot ng alen d hp theo cng mt hng [+ve] hoc [-ve]
Dominance hypothesis: l thyut v tnh tri trong gii thch hin tng u th lai
Dominance of linked genes: tnh tri ca nhng gen lin kt vi nhau
Dominance x additive: hot ng tng tc khng alen gia tnh tri x tnh cng
Dominance x dominance: hot ng tng tc khng alen gia tnh tri x tnh tri
Dominant epistasis: hin tng epistasis c tnh tri
Double cross: lai kp
Duplicate epistasis: hin tng epistasis c tnh cht lp on
Donor parent: b m cho ngun gen mc tiu trong chng trnh ci tin ging

Duplication: hin tng lp on, trong trng hp hai gen, t l phn ly F2 l 15:1
a hnh: (polymorphism) biu th tnh cht khc bit alen ca hai c th
a tnh trng (pleiotropy): mt gen iu khin nhiu tnh trng
Emasculation: ng tc kh c
EMS: error mean of square, trung bnh bnh phng sai s trong ANOVA, tng ng vi
phng sai mu
Epistasis: tnh tri ca mt gen so vi mt gen khc khng allelic vi nhau. Gen b t khut
c gi l hypostatic. Thut ng epistasis c dng m t tt c hin tng
tng tc khng alen
Epistasis kiu [i]: tng tc khng alen kiu tnh cng x tnh cng
Epistasis kiu [j + l]: tng tc khng alen kiu [tnh cng x tnh tri] + [ tnh tri x tnh tri]
Equilibrium: hin tng cn bng trong qun th
Environment: mi trng, iu kin ngoi cnh nh hng n s th hin ca gen iu
khin tnh trng s lng
Error: sai s trong phn tch thng k (pooled error: sai s gp)
F1: th h con lai u tin
F2: th h con lai th hai do t th, th h c thng tin di truyn ln nht nh hin tng phn
ly
Family: h l mt nhm c th quan h trc tip vi mt dng t tin (dng gc)
Foundation seed: ht ging nguyn chng
Fitness: gi tr thch nghi lin quan n s ng gp di truyn ca mt kiu gen i vi th h
k tip, tng ng vi nhng kiu gen khc trong cng mt qun th
Fitness profile: ph gi tr thch nghi
Full diallel: b con lai diallel y (k c lai thun nghch)
Gamete: giao t l t bo gc, kt qa ca gin phn gim nhim, c chc nng trong giao
phi (bao gm giao t c v giao t ci)
Gene: l n v di truyn
Gene frequency: tn sut gen l t l m trong nhng alen ca mt gen xut hin trong
qun th
Gene interaction: tng tc gen l hin tng ci tin ca hot ng gen bi mt gen khc
khng alen, hoc bi nhiu gen khc
Germplasm: qy gen
Genome: b gen, b nhim sc th tng ng vi mt bi th ca mt loi
Gene flow: dng chy ca gen t cy transgenic sang cy trng hoang di c quan h gn gi
Gene frequency: tn sut gen
General combining ability: kh nng phi hp chung
Genetic advance: hiu qa chn lc i vi mt tnh trng hay nhiu tnh trng
Genetic constitution: nn tng di truyn
Genetic equilibrium: iu kin trong nhng th h k tip nhau ca mt qun th c cng
mt kiu gen, vi cng mt t l trn c s nhng gen mc tiu no , hoc nhng
phi hp ca cc gen ny.
Genetic gain: xem genetic advance
Genotype: kiu gen, l ton b kin trc di truyn ca mt sinh vt
Genotype x environment interaction: tng tc gia kiu gen v mi trng
Genotypic Coefficient of Variation (GCV): h s bin thin kiu gen tnh bng phn trm, l
thng s gia gi tr trung bnh vi cn bc hai phng sai kiu gen
H2B: h s di truyn ngha rng, biu th % do di truyn so vi nh hng mi trng

H2N: h s di truyn ngha hp, biu th hot ng ca gen cng tnh so vi gen khng cng
tnh
Haploid: th n bi, t bo hoc sinh vt c s nhim sc th l 1n
Heritability: h s di truyn l tn sut ca bin thin quan st c do di truyn, ci cn li
do mi trng, ni ng hn bin thi6n do nh hng c tnh cht cng ca gen
Heterosis: u th lai, gi tr con lai so vi gi tr trung bnh b m
Heterobeltiosis: u th lai tuyt i, gi tr con lai so vi gi tr b m cao nht
Heterozygous: d hp t, c nhng alen khng ging nhau mt hoc nhiu loci
Homeostasis: hin tng gen pht trin ng dng, thng qua t bin, chc nng iu khin
b chuyn i
Homozygous: ng hp t, c nhng alen ging nhau mt hoc nhiu loci trn nhim sc
th tng ng
Hybrid: sn phm ca mt cp lai gia nhng b m khc nhau v di truyn
Inbred line: dng cn giao, ng huyt
Inbreeding: to dng cn giao, dng ng hp t
Interallelic interaction: tng tc gia cc alen
Intermediate heterozygote: d hp t trung gian
Isogenic line: dng ng gen
Kh nng phi hp chung: gi tr GCA ca mt tnh trng biu th kh nng ca b m kt
hp trn c s hot ng gen cng tnh
Kh nng phi hp ring: gi tr SCA ca mt tnh trng biu th kh nng ca mt cp b
m kt hp nhau trn c s hot ng gen khng cng tnh, iu kin to ra hin tng
u th lai
Khong cch di truyn: gi tr o lng mc khc bit gia hai nhm kiu gen khc nhau
Lai ba th nghim: lai th nghim trn c s cc qun th c bn bao gm b m, F1, BC1,
BC2 cho lai vi cc dng F2
Lethal: gen gy cht
Linear: tuyn tnh, tng quan tuyn tnh, c dng ng thng
Linkage: lin kt gen l hin tng phi hp ca nhng tnh trng trong di truyn do s nh
v ca gen trn cng mt nhim sc th
Linkage map: bn lin kt gen vi marker trn c s gi tr ti t hp
Linked digenic interaction: tng tc c tnh cht lin kt hai gen
Linked epistatic genes: nhng gen tng tc khng alen, lin kt cht ch vi nhau
Location: v tr, a im ni sinh vt th hin tnh trng di truyn
Locus: ni gen nh v trn nhim sc th
Lng bi: t bo hay sinh vt c s nhim sc th l 2n
Ma trn: tp hp cc gi tr c tnh cht i xng v cn i (ma trn vung), khng cn i,
khng i xng (ma trn ch nht)
Ma trn ca kiu gen: tp hp gi tr phng sai v hp sai kiu gen
Ma trn ca kiu hnh: tp hp gi tr phng sai v hp sai kiu hnh
Ma trn o (inverse matrix): ma trn c gii theo hng ma trn n v i nghch
Ma trn n v : ma trn c s ct v hng tng ng vi ma trn i xng, cha cc
thng s bng 1 v 0
Mass selection: chn qun th, loi b nhng c th khng ng dng hnh mc tiu, gi li
qun th trn ng rung
Mean: gi tr trung bnh
Meiosis: gin phn gim nhim

Meitosis: gin phn gim nhim

Modifying gene: nhng gen nh hng n s th hin ca mt gen khng alen vi n hoc
nhng gen khng alen vi n
Mutation: t bin gen
Multiple allele: a alen, mt gen c nhiu hn hai alen
Neutral character: tnh trng trung tnh
Ngun bin d: ngun to ra nhng thay i do di truyn bn trong v nh hng ca mi
trng bn ngoi
Non-allelic interaction: tng tc khng alen
Non-selective inbreeding: cn giao khng c tnh cht chn lc
Nullisome: Cy 2n thiu mt cp nhim th, k hiu l 2n-2
Overdominance: tnh cht siu tri, khi hot ng gen khng cng tnh c u th hn hot
ng gen cng tnh
Overdominance hypothesis: gi thuyt siu tri trong gii thch u th lai
Outcross: hin tng tp giao trong t nhin
Panmictic: c tnh cht giao phi ngu nhin
Panmixia: qun th giao phi ngu nhin
Partial dominance: tnh tri tng phn, khng hon ton
Path analysis: phn tch theo ng dn
Pedigree: gia ph, ph h, phng php chn ging theo gia ph
Phenotypic Coefficient of Variation: (PCV)h s bin thin kiu hnh tnh bng phn trm,
l thng s gia gi tr trung bnh vi cn bc hai phng sai kiu hnh
Phn b chun: phn b theo dng hnh chung, phn b normal
Phn b nh thc: phn b trn c s xc sut ca hai s kin c hoc khng, th d nh p v
q trong kiu gen A v a.
Phn tch diallel: phn tch con lai v b m theo m hnh ca Hayman, v Griffing
Phn tch kh nng phi hp: phn tch con lai v b m theo m hnh ca Griffing
Phn tch tnh a dng v di truyn: phn tch nhm di truyn c quan h huyt thng gn
gi, s nhm di truyn c quan h vi nhau trn c s gi tr khong cch nhm a
dng
Phenotype: kiu hnh, s xut hin ca mt c th phn nh tng tc gia kiu gen bn
trong v mi trng
Phng sai: gi tr biu th chnh lch gia tng bnh phng ca tng c th so vi gi tr
tng bnh phng
Phng trnh bit thc: phng trnh gip cho chng ta phn bit c th vi c th, hoc
nhm vi nhm trn c s ch s phn bit
Pleiotropic: c tnh cht a tnh trng
Pleiotropic effects: nh hng a tnh trng (xem a tnh trng)
Pleiotropy: xem a tnh trng
Polygenes: a gen
Polymorphism: xem a hnh
Pooled error: xem sai s gp
Population genetics: di truyn qun th, mt ngnh hc di truyn s dng l thuyt ton hc
nghin cu v gii thch cc hin tng di truyn trong qun th sinh vt
Probability: xc sut
Pure line selection: chn dng thun, chn tng c th trong qun th, trng so snh cc
dng, chn lc dng ti u.
QTL: quantitative trait loci, nhng loci ca tnh trng di truyn s lng

Quantitative character: tnh trng s lng l tnh trng do nhiu gen iu khin, chu nh
hng yu t mi trng rt mnh
Quantitative genetics: di truyn s lng, mt ngnh hc di truyn c tnh cht ng dng t
nguyn tc l thuyt ca di truyn qun th, nhm nghin cu v xc nh chin lc
lai to, chn lc ging cy trng, vt nui, n c th c xem l tin thn ca ngnh
chn ging
Random drift: chuyn dch ngu nhin
Random mating: giao phi ngu nhin
Random model: m hnh ngu nhin
Random selection: chn lc ngu nhin
Recessive epistasis : hin tng epistasis c tnh ln
Reciprocal cross: lai o, lai thun nghch
Recombination: hin tng ti t hp
Registered seed: ht ging ng k, l mt trong nhng cp ht ging c phn loi
Regulatory genes: nhng gen c chc nng iu tit
Relative fitness: gi tr thch nghi tng i
Repulsion linkage: lin kt thc y trong trng hp trans
RGA: (rapid generation advance) k thut lm rt ngn thi gian ca mt chu k sng bng
cch li dng phn ng nhy cm ca loi vi di ngy.
SAHN: phng php phn nhm di truyn trn cy gia h
Sai s chun: ga tr SE l cn bc hai ca phng sai phn nh lch ca gi tr ghi nhn
i vi gi tr trung bnh
Sai s gp: sai s tng (pooled error)
SCA: specific combining ability, kh nng phi hp ring
Scaling test: php th nhm tm hiu tnh cht ca epistasis
SD: xem sai s chun (standard deviation)
Seed health: sc khe ht ging
Seed pathology: bnh l ht ging
Seed physiology: sinh l ht ging
Seed technology: cng ngh ht ging
Selection criteria: tiu chun chn lc l kt qa khi nhn ma trn s liu gc vi vect l gi
tr ca ch s chn lc
Selection index: ch s chn lc
Selection intensity: cng chn lc
Selection pressure: p lc chn lc, xem sc p chn lc
Self-fertilization: tnh cht t th tinh l hin tng tip hp giao t c v ci trong cng
mt c th
Self-incompatibility: kh nng khng t tip hp do hin tng ngn cn th tinh v sinh l
hc ca sinh vt
Sibs: con lai ca cng mt b m dn xut t giao t khc nhau, trong half sibs l con lai
ca mt b(m)
Sib mating: lai gia nhng sibs vi nhau
Siu tri: xem overdominance
Significance test: trc nghim mc c ngha v mt thng k, hai mc ph bin l
0,05 v 0,01
Similarity: gi tr tng ng l c s phn nhm di truyn cc kiu hnh
Single cross: lai n, lai gia hai kiu gen, thng thng l hai dng cn giao trong chn
ging cy trng
Species: loi sinh vt, n v c xp hng di genus v trn variety

Specific combining ability: xem SCA

SSD: (single seed descend) phng php trng dn cc th h phn ly bng cch thu mt hai
ht i vi mt c th.
Standard deviation: xem SD, lch chun dng o lng mc bin thin, biu th
lch so vi trung bnh mu trong phn b chun
Standard error: xem sai s chun
Standard heterosis: u th lai chun, gi tr u th lai so vi mt ging lm chun, thng
thng l ging ang ph bin trong sn xut
Sterility: tnh bt dc, tnh bt th
Sc p chn lc: khi chn lc tp trung vo mt , hai gen khng vi mc tiu no , ngi
ta s to ra mt sc p chn lc trn i tng mc tiu ny
Synapsis: s tip hp (conjugation) giai on pachytene v zygotene ca cp nhim th
tng ng, kt qa n s to ra mt cu trc c gi l bivalent
Statistics: ngnh thng k hc phc v cho vic gii thch cc hin tng trong sinh hc, nht
l lnh vc di truyn s lng, trn c s ly mu c on qui m ton din ca
qun th. Hin nay, ngi ta cn pht trin thnh thut ng biometry v bioinformatics trn c s pht trin ca ngnh tin hc hin i.
Ti t hp: hin tng recombination lm gia tng tn sut gen c ch
Tn sut gen: xem gene frequency
Tester : dng lm vt liu lai th nghim
Tetraploid: th t b
Thng s di truyn: cc gi tr di truyn s lng sau khi c phn tch theo mt m hnh
l thuyt no
Tiu chun chn lc: nhng tnh trng c lin quan n s kin quan trng m nh chn
ging phi ci tin
Tnh t khut: xem epistasis
Tnh bt dc c: tnh bt dc c c th do t bo cht hoc do di truyn trong nhn, giup
nh chn ging thun tin trong sn xut dng con lai F1.
Tnh cng: xem additive, biu th hot ng ca cc alen ng hp t
Tnh a tnh trng: xem pleiotropic effect
Tnh thch nghi: (1) adaptibility, biu th s thch nghi rng ca mt c th, hoc thch nghi
hp trong iu kin nht nh, (2) fitness, biu th s ng gp di truyn ca mt kiu
gen i vi th h k tip, tng ng vi nhng kiu gen khc trong cng mt qun
th
Tnh trng s lng: tnh trng o m bng gi tr s lng nh nng sut, chiu cao, hm
lng protein,v.v...
Tnh tri: xem dominance
Trc nghim Scaling: xem Scaling test
Trc nghim s phn ly: xem xt s phn ly F2 theo nh lut Mendel bng phng php
Chi bnh phng
Transgressive segregation: hin tng phn ly vt tri, con lai ang phn ly c gi tr ca
tnh trng mc tiu vt cao hn b hoc m
Translocation: hin tng chuyn v, thay i v tr trn nhim sc th
Treatment: nghim thc trong th nghim
Triallel: lai ba lun phin tng cp vi mt ging
Trigenic interaction: tng tc trigenic
Triple test cross: lai ba th nghim gii thch tng tc khng alen, cc loi hnh ca
epistasis
Triploid: th tam bi
Trisomic: ngi ta c th to ra nhng dng triplo c dng 2n+1, nh du tng nhim sc
th so vi b nhim sc th bnh thng. Nu c mt gen mc tiu hin din trn c

th l triplo s a, b, hoc c no , ngi ta s bit c gen y nh v trn nhim th

a, b hoc c
Tri hon ton: tng tc gen cng tnh v gen khng cng tnh tng ng nhau
Tri tng phn: tng tc ca gen cng tnh c u th hn gen khng cng tnh
Tng tc gen: mi quan h lin kt gia cc gen s lng i vi mt tnh trng mc tiu
Tng tc gen gia cc alen: mi quan h tng tc gia cc alen i vi mt tnh trng
mc tiu
Tng tc gia kiu gen v mi trng: tng tc ca nhng gen s lng b nh hng
bi mi trng, biu hin kiu hnh khc nhau trong nhng iu kin ngoi cnh khc
nhau
Tng tc khng alen: tng tc ca nhng gen khng c allelic vi nhau
Tng tc kiu gen x mi trng: xem tng tc gia kiu gen v mi trng
Tuyn tnh: biu th tng quan theo ng thng gia hai bin s, trng hp tng quan
khng tuyn tnh (non-linear) chng ta phi xem xt m hnh phn tch khc (hm
parabol, hm s m, hm log,...).
u th lai: xem heterosis
u th lai chun: xem standard heterosis
u th lai trung bnh: chnh l u th lai (heterosis)
u th lai tuyt i: xem heterobeltiosis
Variance: phng sai l bnh phng ca lch chun ca qun th
Variation: bin d di truyn, s xut hin khc nhau ca c th do s khc bit v thnh phn
di truyn ca n, hay s khc bit do mi trng m n ang pht trin.
Variety: ging l bc c xp loi di species, l mt nhm c th thuc loi, biu th
s khc bit vi ging khc, biu th s ng nht trong nhm, biu th s n nh v
cc tnh trng chung ca nhng c th ny
Vect n v: vect cha gi tr 1 theo hng, hoc theo ct
Virulence: c tnh l kh nng ca pathogen pht trin bnh trn sinh vt ch
X: s cn bn ca nhim sc th trong mt series a bi
Xc sut ti t hp: kh nng ti t hp c th xy ra
Xenia: nh hng ca ht phn trn phi mm v phi nh
Zygote: hp t, t bo c hnh thnh bi s dung hp gia hai giao t v pht trin ln
thnh t bo gc
Zygotene: l mt giai on ca prophase trong gin phn gim nhim, khi cc nhim th hnh
si ch bt cp nhau
Yu t d on: gi tr cn c theo phng sai ca GCS v phng sai ca SCA d on
u th ca hot ng gen cng tnh hay gen khng cng tnh