‘The frame shown in Fig. 4.16-15(a) having six reactive elements is indeter- ‘minate to the third degree, and there is considerable freedom in the choice of the un- knowns, Usually in such a case ttiese will be taken as occurring at one of the points of support, as in Fig. 4.16-15(b), or at some convenient intermediate point as in Fig. 416-15(0). In both cases there will be no movement of the points of application of the ‘unknowns, relative to the foundation (Fig. 4.16~15(b)) or other parts of the structure, and solution may follow the application of three equations similar to Eqn 415-4 in Which the left-hand side (the corresponding defection) equals zero, Usually in civil engineering structures it will be found that the contributions made to the right-hand sides by terms involving direet force and shear are small in relation to that by bending ‘moment, and itis quite common to use no other. The assumption is warranted whea ‘members are long end slender, but as these become increasingly stiff and stocky, possible inaccuracies become progressively greater. 7 Example 4.16-9. The single-bay portal frame ABCDE, of Fig. 4.16-16 is of constant cross-section throughout, and pinned to rigid foundations at A and E. tis loaded along the beam with 10 kN centrally placed and a uniformly distributed load of 10 kN/tn. ‘Determine the bending moments at B and D. |e. [2 ih lO kNin —— ' ' kx hn Fig 416-16 SOLUTION Since the frame and load are both symmetrical the vertical eompo- nents of reaction ateach support will be 30 kN. The horizontal components will be equal n magnitude and opposite in direction since no other horizontal forces act on the frame, which is thus indeterminate (o the frst degree. H may conveniently be found, using bending terms only, from gn. 4.15-4, which may be written rb fumane oe e-ty Men 3 Bf viet fe = 2 ‘Xgain, Considering @ representative point distance x from B, 0 < x < 24, M Bf mated EE (aso 4 asa + so bf mete 2" (to ro!) woe ee a2} 1 gO 3388 + 62.54) Summing the confponents from AB and BC and equating to zero (strictly the sum should be doubied since the frame is symmetrical, but we are equating to zero), 0 = = 35884 + 10625 + 41.7) 388 i083 ‘rom which the bending moments at B and D are 5H = 16.25 kN m = 3.25kN Example 4.16-10. Determine the reactions in the rigid-jointed frame of Fig, 4.16-17 ‘The flexural rigidities of all members are equal OKNim, th | Hibs y ---m—+ Fig. 416-17 ‘SOLUTION With three possible components of reaction at A and two at D, the frame is indeterminate to the second degree. Ifthe two unknowns are assumed to be ff ‘and at che pin D, then solution may be obtained from the simultaneous equations: 2 [ Min -0 Eh f uaa 0 wots , CouTle | wana F191,‘alcing the members in tun Monber DE 4 Meany Mun =y" Muy = 0 a) Mm ar 3 [wt BE Et ca Fi Jy HR 1 | Miter as af Ma, Member CB Jf Man ds = 3 J. (tot — 470 4 22) ae 1 = {OUT — T2V + 8640) 1 Bl (4c + vt 82) ae BS etter asad f (act vet 1 = CRA + Rv — 970) Member BA 60.6 Ry M = Ha» — 644 2 Mow=(4—») Moy 1 = AS ura — yt — ova — + 108004 — yay iS MMon ds = J UHG — 9 — ov —» + 10804 1 =i = 10,800) = FyB3H + OOF — 10,800) Jf Mion do J" t-611e ~ y + 360 ~ 64901 4y ~ han + sar ~ e400 Sumasng al the component paris and equating 0 2210: ae 4y = 210.67H ~ 12V — 2160 = 0 geet | Ay 12H 44327 ~ 14,520 = from which 1 = 20.1 KN and =: 17306 RN. ; ‘Using these vals andthe eqeatonstequiibium, then at A the esto ration 204 RNflnwan) the vertical reaction =&IiGSEBN (upwards); the moment = 79.03 KN m clockwise. =e orse HS erERSTERReeREroRE wuergy mernoas—epplication in structural analysis 19 4.17 Energy methods—application in structural analysis {@)Complementarsenray.() The concepts of complententary work end complementary ergy have already been introduced in Sections &7 and 49 aud the comolemeniec, work done by 4 force P,, moving through a distance 4, has been defmed we favare itl the complementary energy stored as a result ofthe displacement of some internal action is [ea co3 faa, any peseeeary {0 give equilibrium will do no work), both sides of Eqn 417-1 may be differ ‘ntiated with respect to any one of the loads and ac aot ‘result which is generally ascribed to Engessee. Thio quation is yeuerally applicable frit has been derived without particular assumption regarding the nature of the relationship between any load and its conn, sponding displacement. To use the relationship, however, the complementary energy mast be expressed in terms of the applied loads, and the relationship betweend andny ‘must be knowa, Ifa loading system was applied to. pin-jointed structure consisting of members With tevesible and lear relationship between sess and stain, then the atension of any member would be dirsctly proportional to the force Fin it, and (4.17.2) Tiere LA and E represent the length, cross-sectional area and modulus ofthe member. ‘The complementary energy will involve summation extended overall members carlear FL ~5 fa le ni ac if and