10.

,
, .

.
,
, .

.10.1
. 10.1
.
,
, .
.

.
,

.
,
.

10.1.

, ,
.
Reynolds ,
,

.

. 10.2
10.2,
, .
,

.
.
, .
.

.


cf ...



.
10.2.

,
Navier-Stokes

Ci, p
Ci, p.
, Ci<<Ci,
Navier-Stokes, ,
CiCj .
(linear)
. ,

.

:
)

)

)





.

, :

!(Cx + Cx' )
!(Cx + Cx' )
!(Cx + Cx' )
+ (Cx + Cx' )
+ (Cy + Cy' )
+
!t
!x
!y
!(Cx + Cx' )
1 !( p + p')
+(Cz + C )
="
+ "# 2 (Cx + Cx' )
!z
! !x

(10.1)

'
z

Ci'C 'j

NavierStokes ( ) (10.1)
:

!Cx'
!Cx'
!Cx'
!Cx'
' !C x
' !C x
' !C x
+ Cx
+ Cx
+ Cy
+ Cy
+ Cz
+ Cz
=
!t
!x
!x
!y
!y
!z
!z
1 !p'
="
+ "# 2Cx'
! !x

(10.2)

(10.2)
, :

Cy = 0

!Cx !CZ
=
=0
!x
!z

(10.3)

(10.2) :

!Cx'
!C '
!Cx
!C '
1 !p'
+ Cx x + Cy'
+ Cz' x = "
+ "# 2Cx'
!t
!x
!y
!z
! !x

(10.4)

!Cy'
!C '
!C '
!C '
1 !p'
+ C x y + C y y Cz y = "
+ "# 2Cy'
!t
!x
!y
!z
! !y

(10.4)

!Cz'
!C '
!Cz'
!C '
1 !p'
+ Cx z + Cy'
+ Cz z = "
+ "# 2Cz'
!t
!x
!y
!z
! !z

(10.4)

:
'
!Cx' !Cy !Cz'
+
+
=0
!x
!y
!z

(10.5)

, :
Cz = Cz' = 0

(10.6)

:
'
!Cx' !Cy
+
=0
!x
!y

(10.7)

!Cx'
!C '
dCx
1 !p'
!2 C ' !2 C '
+ Cx x + Cy'
="
+ " ( 2x + 2x )
!t
!x
dy
! !x
!x
!y

(10.8)

!Cy'
!C '
!2 C ' !2 C '
1 !p'
+ Cx y = "
+ " ( 2y + 2y )
!t
!x
! !y
!x
!y

(10.8)

!!
= Cx'
!y

!!
= "Cy'
!x

(10.7) .
:

(10.9)
(10.8)

! 2
!
!! d 2Cx
(" ! ) + Cx (" 2! ) #
= "" 4!
2
!t
!x
!x dy

(10.10)

.

:

! (x, y, t) = " (y)exp[i(# x ! $ t)]

(10.11)

(y) :

= r + i i

(10.12)

r i .

:

= 2 /

(10.13)

(10.11) (10.10)
, :
(Cx !

!
i$
)(# ''! " 2# ) ! Cx''# = ! (# ''''! 2" 2# ''! " 4# )
"
"

(10.14)

Orr-Sommerfeld.
(10.14)
y.
(10.14)
.
Orr-Sommerfeld
( . 10.3).
(10.2) Reynolds
. (neutral

stability)
.

. 10.3
1,
Reynolds :
Re<R1
() : R1<Re<R2
Re>R2.
,
Reynolds .

Reynolds, Recr. Reynolds Re<Recr,
,


. ,
.


.

 Reynolds, Recr, . ,
Recr, 103,
Reynolds 10.
=0 Rea,
Orr-Sommerfeld :
(Cx !

!
)(# ''! " 2# ) ! Cx''# = 0
"

(10.15)

Rayleigh
:
()
,
( Cx=0).

.
.
CX ,
Blasius .
,

.
(shear layers)
.

. 10.4

 . 10.4,
.
()
.

y, !Cx / !y ,

( (), () (9.3)

, , ().


(10.11) Tollmien-Schlichting.
10.3

.9.2




.
. 10.5




,

.

. 10.5


(x,t,z,t)=0
(x,y,z,t)=1

! (x, y, z) =

1
! I(x, y, z, t)
N 1,N

(10.16)

C(x, y, t) = (1! I )Cnt (x, y, t) + ICt (x, y, t)

(10.17)

nt
t
.
. 10.6
.

. 10.6


.

C(x, y) =

c2 =

1
2S

1
2S

"

S
!S

"

S
!S

C(x, y, t)dt

(C(x, y, t) ! C(x, y))2 dt

(10.18)

(10.19)

,
(ensemble averaging),

.
Cnt (x, y, t) = Cnt (x, y) + cnt' (x, y, t)

Ct (x, y, t) = Ct (x, y) + ct' (x, y, t)

.

,
. 10.7.

. 10.7
.

 y
0
.

.

cf! =

0.332
Re1/2
x

c fT = 0.592(Re x ! Re x!" )!0.2

Rex Re
.
.

c f = (1! ! )c f " + ! c fT
.10.8
Re
.

. 10.8

10.5


Re
Re
.
. 10.8
.

. 10.8 .

,
, .
(bypass transition).

Re
. , Re
.
Re
. , ,
, ,



.


.

, . 10.8.
, , ,

.

. 10.9

 . 10.10
Re
dC0

.
dx

. 10.10

.

.

. 10.2.
Tu .

.
10.6

()
.

.
,
, ,
,
...


Orr-Sommerfeld,

, .
10.6.1
,

, , ,
.
, (10.14)

, (
) . ,
,
, .
Reynolds
:
! = (! 2 / " )

dCx
dx

(10.20)

Re cr e 0,6

(10.21)

-3<<3 Reynolds
:
Re cr = Cx! ! / "

, ,
8.5, .
,

.
10.6.1 .

, ,
Tollmien-Schlichting.

,
,

. 10.11 Gortler


.
(streamwise vorticity).
. 10.11, Gortler
.
.
Gortler G :
G = Re ! * / R

(10.22)

1,2.
Reynolds :
Re = ! *Cx / "

R .
Gortler
:

:
Reynolds

.

10.6.2 .

.
10.1,
.
Reynolds
.
Re .
Reynolds:

Re = Cx ! / !
Cx .

, :

Re > Re cr
Reynolds Recr
.


.
:

Cx ! / ! = 826

(10.19)

10.6.3 .
,
,
.

. 10.12



Mach .

1858 Leconte,
.
.10.12 .
()
. ,

 () ,
,
.
10.7

,
.

.