Trng I Hc Quc Gia H Ni

Trng I Hc Khoa Hc T Nhin

Khoa Cng Ngh Thng Tin

Lun Vn Tt nghip c nhn khoa hc

Nguyn minh sng

ti:
qun tr mng v
Nghi thc qun tr mng

H Ni 1997
Trng I Hc Quc Gia H Ni

Lun vn tt nghip

Trng i hc Khoa hc t nhin

Trng I Hc Khoa Hc T Nhin

Khoa Cng Ngh Thng Tin

Lun Vn Tt nghip c nhn khoa hc

Nguyn minh sng

ti:
qun tr mng v
Nghi thc qun tr mng

Gio vin hng dn:

Nguyn Nam Hi
o Kin Quc
Gio vin phn bin:
Phm Giang Lm

H Ni 1997

Trang 2

Lun vn tt nghip

Trng i hc Khoa hc t nhin

Mc lc

Ni dung
Trang
Li ni u

Chng I: Tng quan qun tr mng.

1.1. nh ngha mng.

1.2. Vai tr ca mt k s mng.

1.3. Ci t mt mng.

1.4. Tng quan v qun l mng.

a. Qun l li.

10

b. Qun l cu hnh.

10

c. Qun l an ninh mng.

11

d. Qun l hiu qu.

11

e. Qun l ti khon.

12

1.5. nh ngha mt h qun l mng.

12

a.Li ch ca mt h qun l mng .

12

b.Cu trc ca mt h qun l mng .

13

c.Mt s kiu cu trc ca mt h qun l

mng NMS.
14
Chng II. Nghi thc qun tr mng.

16

2.1. Lch s cc nghi thc qun l mng.

16

2.2. S pht trin ca cc nghi thc chun.

18

2.3. MIB.

20

a. ASN.1 Systax.

21

b. Cc nhnh ca cy MIB.

22

2.4. Nghi thc SNMP.

24

2.5. Nghi thc CMIS/CMIP.

26

2.6. Nghi thc CMOT.

29

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Lun vn tt nghip

Trng i hc Khoa hc t nhin

Chng III : Nghi thc qun tr mng.

3.1. SNMP version.1

30
30

a. Kiu lnh.

31

b. C s d liu qun l.

31

c. Cc php ton.

32

d. nh dng thng bo.

32

3.2. SNMP version.2

33

a. Cu trc thng tin qun l.

34

b. Cc php ton ca nghi thc.

34

c. nh dng thng bo trong SNMPV.2.

34

d. Kin trc qun l.

35

Chng IV : Qun l cu hnh.

38

4.1. Cc li ch ca qun l cu hnh.

38

4.2. Thc hin qun l cu hnh.

39

a. Thu thp d liu mt cch th cng.

39

b. Thu thp t ng.

39

c. Sa i d liu cu hnh.

40

d. Lu d cc thng tin.

40

4.3. Qun l cu hnh trn mt h qun l mng.41

a. Cng c n gin.

41

b. Cng c phc tp.

42

c. Cng c cao cp .

44

d. Sinh bo co cu hnh.

45

Kt lun

46

Ti liu tham kho

46

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Lun vn tt nghip

Trng i hc Khoa hc t nhin

Li ni u
Nhng nm qua chng ta v ang sng trong thi
k pht trin rt nhanh chng v si ng ca cng ngh
thng tin. Chic my vi tnh a nng, tin li v hiu qu
m chng ta ang dng, gi y tr nn cht hp v
bt tin so vi cc my vi tnh ni mng.
T khi xut hin mng my tnh, tnh hiu qu tin
li ca mng lm thay i phng thc khai thc my
tnh c in. Mng v cng ngh v mng mc d ra
i cch y khng lu nhng n c trin khai ng
dng hu ht khp mi ni trn hnh tinh chng ta.
Chnh v vy chng bao lu na nhng kin thc
v tin hc vin thng ni chung v v mng ni ring s tr
nn kin thc ph thng khng th thiu c cho nhng
ngi khai thc my vi tnh, nc ta vic lp t v khai
thc mng my tnh trong vng my nm tr li y, n
nay s cc c quan, trng hc, n v c nhu cu khai
thc cc thng tin trn mng ngy cng gia tng. ng thi
cng vi vic khai thc cc thng tin mng, ngi k s cng
cn phi qun l mng nhm khai thc mng hiu qu v
an ton.
Qun l mng l mt cng vic rt phc tp, c lin
quan n hng lot vn nh:

Qun l li.

Qun l cu hnh.

Qun l an ninh mng

Qun l hiu qu.

Qun l ti khon.

lm c iu ny mt cch c hiu qu phi theo

di mt cch ton din tnh trng hot ng ca mng
bng cch s dng cc nghi thc qun tr mng.

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Lun vn tt nghip

Trng i hc Khoa hc t nhin

Trong khun kh mt bn lun vn tt nghip, khng

th cp c ton b cc vn k trn. y
chng ti t gii hn trong ni dung nh sau:
Chng 1. Tng quan v qun l mng. Ni dung
chnh ca chng ny l v ra c mt bc tranh chung v
qun l mng
Chng 2 s cp n cc nghi thc qun tr mng
c bn. y l vn quan trng nht v n l c s
cho mi hot ng qun tr mng.
Chng 3 s cp n nghi thc qun tr mng
SNMP.
Cc nghi thc qun tr mng chun ho ch yu l to
nhng giao tip chun gia cc phn mm qun tr vi
cc ngun tin lin quan n hot ng ca mng t cc
nt mng chuyn ti. Thng tin t cc thit b thc ra ch
cung cp c cc thng tin lin quan n qun tr cu
hnh, qun tr li, qun tr hiu qu, mt cht v qun
tr an ninh v ti khon. V vy trong nm kha cnh
qun tr mng nu trn, cc nghi thc qun tr mng p
ng trc tip hn cho hai kha cnh l qun tr li v qun
tr cu hnh. V vy lm r hn ngha ca cc
nghi thc qun tr mng, cc chng sau s trnh by chi
tit hn qun l cu hnh.

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Lun vn tt nghip

Trng i hc Khoa hc t nhin

Chng I.

Tng quan qun l mng

1. 1. nh ngha mng
Mt mng d liu (DataNetwork vit tt l DN) l
mt tp hp cc thit b v cc mch, nh c th cung
cp cc phng tin chuyn giao thng tin v d liu
gia cc my tnh, cho php ngi dng cc khu vc khc
nhau dng chung cc ngun ti nguyn trn mt my khc
mt ni no .
cc nc pht trin, hng ngy hu ht mi ngi
u c cng vic lin quan n DN m khng nhn ra
chng. Mt v d in hnh ca DN l my rt tin t
ng (ATM). Mt ATM qun l mt nh bng v chuyn
giao cc th tn dng nh sau: Ta c th rt tin t ti
khon ca mnh hay yu cu hoc ti ti khon ca ta vi
cc th tn dng. Tuy nhin, ATM thng iu hnh ti cc
trm t xa (remote sites), c ngha l ti cc trm rt tin,
cc lin lc cn thit s c thit lp ly cc thng tin
v ti khon ca ta. D sao cc trm cng khng c y
cc kh nng nh my ch v lm nh vy th lng
ph v t. Thay vo ,
ATM s dng mt DN
thit lp mt kt ni tuyn tin gia n v my ch, cho
php ATM chia s cc ti nguyn ti khon vi my ch v
ly cc thng tin cn thit. ATM dng lin kt ny gi
cc thng tin chuyn giao ca ta. V d nh s ti khon, s
tin nh rt hay s tin nh gi n cho my ch, m
s gi li cc kt qu kim tra v ti khon ca ta.
Mt v d khc, mt nh khoa hc ti mt phng
nghin cu Chicago mun chy mt chng trnh, my
tnh cc b phng my ny s mt 8 gi hon thnh
chng trnh. Tuy nhin my ny cng c kt ni vi mt
DN ca mt my ch Miami m n ch cn 3 gi
chy chng trnh. Trong trng hp ny, s dng DN ly
tin tc t my ch n s tit kim c 5 gi tnh ton v
cho nh khoa hc kt qu tnh ton nhanh hn.
Nh chng ta thy, lin kt thng tin qua my tnh vi
DN cho php cc t chc c th chia s cc thng tin

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Lun vn tt nghip

Trng i hc Khoa hc t nhin

ngun gia cc my vi nhau v nh gip cho cc t

chc tr nn c nng sut v t hiu qu hn.
1. 2. Vai tr ca mt k s mng:
Do tm quan trng ca DN nn mt s chuyn gia h
thng gi l cc k s mng (Network Engineer vit tt l
NE) c giao trch nhim ci t, bo tr thng tin, gii
quyt cc sai hng ca mng.
Cng vic ca h c th l n gin nh tr li cc
cu hi hoc cc yu cu ca ngi s dng hoc phc tp
hn nh thay th thit b hng hc, hoc tin hnh cc
th tc phc hi sai hng do mt s kin hng hc no
.
Thm vo , khi mng c m rng, cc vn
cng tng ln, hon tt cc tc v NE phi hiu rt r v
nm bt mt s thng tin v mng. Khi lng thng tin c
th ln v phc tp n ni h khng th qun l c,
c bit l khi mng c m rng hay thng xuyn thay
i. gip NE lm cc cng vic ca h, cc nh
nghin cu a ra cc quan nim v qun l mng v
xy dng cc cng c qun l mng.
1. 3. Ci t mt mng
Ci t mt DN, khng c ngha l bo m rng
tt c mi ngi trong t chc c th thm nhp vo cc
thng tin ngun. iu trc tin NE phi p ng c yu
cu trao i thng tin ca t chc, thnh cng th
ngi k s mng phi thit lp k hoch ton din. H phi
lp mt DN lm tha mn yu cu ca tng ngi s
dng trn h thng my tnh, cc nh phn tch cng cn
nh gi xem h thng c hot ng tt vi cc k hoch
thit k DN hay khng.
Khi xy dng mt k hoch NE phi lun lun tham
kho cng ng ngi s dng gip h tm ra cch ci
t tt nht. Vic thit k c th km theo vic thm
vo mt s b phn mi, trn mt mng c th to ra
mt nhnh cho b phn mi khc. Tuy nhin s phi mt
nhiu ln kim tra cc ng dng v nghi thc s dng
mt mng.
c mt mng ngi k s phi thc hin cc tc v
sau:
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Lun vn tt nghip

Trng i hc Khoa hc t nhin

a. Thit k v xy dng.
b. Bo tr
c. M rng.
d. Ti u ho.
g. X l s c
Trc tin ngi k s s dng s mng phi quyt
nh ci g l cn thit xy dng mng nh thit b,
phn mm v phng thc kt ni.
C hai kiu k thut kt ni truyn tin gia cc
im ca DN l: mng cc b (LAN) v mng rng (WAN).
Mt LAN kt ni cc my ch vi nhau vi tc t khong
4 n 1000 megabit/giy. Vi mc tiu l cung cp cc
kt ni c lin quan trong khong cch ngn.
Mt WAN thng x l tc khong t 9,6
kilobit/giy n 45 mgabit/giy, v hn na thc
hin cc vic truyn thng tin trong khong cch xa. C
nhiu cng ngh kt ni cc LAN mt cch trong sut
vi ngi s dng.
Sau khi xy dng mng, ngi k s sau phi tin
hnh bo tr mng. Bt k l ngi k s phi lm nhng
g trong vic xy dng mng, mng vn cn c bo tr.
V d phn mm ang chy cn c i mi, mt s b
phn ca mng cn c nng cp hay mt s thit b b
hng cn c thay th.
Nhng thay i trong yu cu ca ngi s dng
cng lun lun c nh hng ti ton b s tng th
mng. Do ny sinh ra vn th ba cho ngi k s
mng l vic m rng mng, bi v vic m rng mt
mng ang tn ti lun ti u hn vic thit k v xy
dng mt mng mi. Ngi k s cn phi cung cp nhng
gii php sa cha, thay i mt cch ng nht.
Tc v th t ca ngi k s l phi ti u ho DN, y
khng phi l tc v n gin, nn ch mt mng thng
thng c hng trm cc thit b khc nhau, mi thit b
c tnh cht ring ca chng v tt c u lm vic mt
cch hi ho, thng qua mt s t m ngi k s mi c
th m bo c chng lm vic mt cch tt nht vi cc
chc nng ca chng trong DN, khi thay i hay sa cha
ngi k s phi lp k hoch trin khai vi cc loi thit b
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Trng i hc Khoa hc t nhin

mi, phi bit thng s no cn thit phi ci t, thng

s no khng ph hp vi tnh hung hin ti, ngi k s c
th hon thnh vic ti u ho mng ca mnh.
Qua cc bc thc hin trn, NE c th gim ti thiu
cc li trn mng. Tuy nhin khng phi mng no cng
hon ho, cc li c th xy ta bt c lc no cho d mng
c thit k ti u. Chnh v th nn c tc v th nm:
dn xp cc tranh chp bi v n lun tn ti vi nhng l
do khng th bit trc.
1. 4. Tng quan v qun l mng:
Cc t chc u t rt nhiu thi gian v tin ca
xy dng mt h DN phc tp m n rt cn c bo
tr tt. Cc cng ty thng c mt vi k s mng bo
tr my, tht l tin li khi cc my c th t kim tra bo
qun trong vic iu hnh v x l thay cho cc cng
vic bun t hng ngy ca cc k s.
Qun l mng (NM: Network Management) l qu
trnh iu khin cc DN phc tp, nhm ti u ho tnh
nng sut v hiu qu ca my da trn cc kh nng ca
chnh h thng thc thi vic qun l mng. Qa trnh
ny bao gm:
Thu thp d kin, hoc l t ng hoc l thng
qua s n lc ca cc k s. N c th bao gm c vic
phn tch cc d liu v a ra cc gii php v c th
cn gii quyt cc tnh hung m khng cn n ngi k
s.
Thm vo n c th lm cc bn bo co c ch
cho cc k s trong vic qun l mng. hon tt cc cng
vic mt h qun l mng cn c 5 chc nng sau.

Qun l li.

Qun l cu hnh.

Qun l an ton.

Qun l hiu qu.

Qun l ti khon.

Nm chc nng trn c nh ngha bi ISO trong

hi ngh v mng.
a. Qun l li: ( FM:Fault Management)
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Lun vn tt nghip

Trng i hc Khoa hc t nhin

FM l mt qu trnh nh v cc li , n bao gm
ccvn sau:

Tm ra cc li.

C lp li

Sa cha nu c th.

S dng k thut FM, cc k s mng c th nh v

v gii quyt cc vn nhanh hn. V d, trong mt
qu trnh ci t, mt ngi s dng thm nhp vo mt
h thng t xa qua mt ng i vi rt nhiu thit b
mng. t nhin lin lc b ct t, ngi s dng thng bo
cho k s mng. Vi mt cng c qun l li km hiu qu
mun bit li ny c phi do ngi s dng gy ra khng
ngi qun tr phi thc hin cc test, v d nh a vo
mt lnh sai hoc c vo mt h mng khng cho php.
Nu thy ngi s dng khng c li th sau cn phi
kim tra cc phng tin ni gia ngi s dng v h
thng t xa , bt u t thit b gn ngi s dng
nht. G s ta khng tm ra li trong thit b kt ni.
Khi vo vng d liu trung tm, ta thy mi n hiu
u tt v c th xem thm cc cm, lc phch
cm ri ra ta kt lun rng c mt ai ngu nhin
rt phch cm ra, sau khi cm li ta s thy mng lm
vic bnh thng. V d trn l mt li thuc loi n gin.
Nhiu li khng d dng tm nh th.
Vi s gip ca FM ta c th tm ra cch gii
quyt cc vn nhanh hn. Thc ra, ta c th tm v
sa cc sai hng trc khi ngi s dng thng bo.
b. Qun l v
Management - CM )

cu

hnh

(Configuration

Hnh trng cc thit b trong mt mng c nh hng

quan trng n hot ng ca mng. CM l qu trnh xc
nh v ci t li cu hnh ca cc thit b b c
vn .
Ga s mt version A ca phn mm chy trn mt
cu Ethernet c mt vn no lm gim hiu nng
ca mng. gii quyt cc d thng ny nh sn xut a ra mt bn nng cp ln version B m n s phi i hi
chng ta phi ci t mi i vi tng cu trong s hng
trm cu trong mng. Theo ta phi lp mt k hoch
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Trng i hc Khoa hc t nhin

trin khai vic nng cp version B vo tt c cc cu trn

mng . Trc tin ta phi xc nh loi phn mm hin
ti c ci t trn cc cu . lm c iu nu
khng c CM th ngi k s cn phi kim tra tng cu ni
mt bng phng php vt l nu khng c mt cng c
qun tr cu hnh
Mt b CM c th a ra cho ngi k s tt c cc
version hin hnh trn tng cu ni. Do , n s lm cho
ngi qun tr d dng xc nh c ch no cn nng
cp
c. Qun l an ninh mng (security management SM)
Qan l an ninh l qu trnh kim tra quyn truy
nhp vo cc thng tin trn mng. Mt vi thng tin c lu
trong cc my ni mng c th khng cho php tt c
nhng ngi s dng c xem. Nhng thng tin ny c
gi l cc thng tin nhy cm (sensitive information) v d
nh thng tin v sn phm mi hoc cc khch hng ca
cng tyg tin .
Gi s mt t chc quyt nh qun l an ninh i
vi vic truy nhp t xa ti mng thng qua ng in
thoi quay s trn mt server phuc v cc trm cui cho
mt nhm cc k s.
Mi ln cc k s my tnh mun lm vic trn mng
th c th ng nhp vo h thng lm vic.
Cng dch v cho php truy nhp cc thng tin t
nhiu my tnh trong mng truy nhp ti trung tm bo
mt bo v cc thng tin cn thit.
qun l an ninh th bc u tin ta phi lm l
dng cng c qun l cu hnh gii hn cc vic truy
nhp vo my t cc cng dch v. Tuy nhin bit ai
truy nhp mng th ngi qun tr mng phi nh k
vo mng ghi li nhng ai ang s dng n.
Cc h qun tr an ninh cung cp cch theo di cc
im truy nhp mng v ghi nhn ai s dng nhng
ti nguyn no trn mng
d.
Qun
l
management:PM)

hiu

Trang 12

qu:

(Performance

Lun vn tt nghip

Trng i hc Khoa hc t nhin

PM lin quan n vic o hiu qu ca mng v

phn cng phn mm v phng tin lm vic. Cc hot
ng l cc bin php kim tra v d nh kim tra
nng lc thng qua (khi lng cng vic hon thnh c
trong mt n v thi gian), bao nhiu % ti nguyn c
s dng, t l cc li xy ra hoc thi gian tr li.
Dng cc thng tin v PM, k s h thng c th m
bo rng mng s kim tra c mng c tha mn cc yu
cu ca ngi dng hay khng v tho mn mc no.
Xt mt v d, mt ngi s dng phn nn v kh
nng truyn tp qua mt mng rt ti. Nu khng c cng
c, u tin nhn vin qun tr s phi xem xt li ca
mng. Gi s khng tm thy li, bc tip theo ta phi
kim tra nh gi hiu qu lm vic ca cc ng kt
ni gia trm lm vic ca ngi s dng v thit b ni
vo mng. Trong qu trnh iu tra, gi s ta thy thng
lng trung bnh ca ng kt ni l qu cht hp so vi
yu cu. iu c th dn ta n gii php nng cp
vic ni kt hin thi hoc ci t mt kt ni mi vi
thng lng ln hn.
Nh vy nu ta c sn mt cng c qun l ch
lm vic th ta c th sm pht hin ra kt ni cn c
nng cp thng qua cc bo co nh k.
e. Qun l ti khon (accounting management AM)
AM bao gm cc vic theo di vic s dng ca mi
thnh vin trong mng hay mt nhm thnh vin c
th m bo p ng tt hn yu cu ca h. Mt khc
AM cng c quyn cp pht hay thu li vic truy nhp vo
mng.
1. 5. nh ngha mt h qun l mng (network
management system - NMS)
NMS l mt b phn mm c thit k ci hiu
qu v nng sut vic qun l mng. Cho d mt k s mng
c th thc hin cc cng vic vi cc dch v tng t
ging nh h qun l mng th vn c th lm n tt hn
nu c mt phn mm thc hin cc tc v . Do vy
n c th gii phng cc k s mng ra khi cc cng vic
phc tp c nh sn. Bi v mt h NMS c d

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Trng i hc Khoa hc t nhin

kin hon tt nhiu tc v ng thi cng mt lc v n

c y kh nng tnh ton.
a. Li ch ca mt h qun l mng:
NMS c th gip cho cc k s mng lm vic trong
nhiu mi trng khc nhau. Ga s ta c mt k s mng
lm vic trong phng th nghim ca mt trng i hc,
mng c th c 10 my c ni kt thng qua LAN, mt
mi trng nh m mt k s mng bit c tt c
cc kha cnh ca mng mt cch r rng c th trin
khai, bo tr, iu khin n. Cng trn h thng na,
mt NMS cn c th gip cho cc k s mng nhiu vn
khc nhau.
NMS s thc hin cc cng vic phn
tch phc tp, xem xt cc xu hng qua cc mu truyn
tin. N c th kim tra cc li do ngi s dng gy mt an
ton thng tin, n cn tm ra cc thng tin sai cu hnh
trong h thng c lp khu vc c li, t a cch
gii quyt cho cc vn . Vi mt NMS thc hin cc
tc v trn, ngi k s mng s c thm thi gian hon
thin h thng hi p vi ngi s dng theo cc nhu cu
ca h v gip h hon thnh cc d n.
By gi ta xt n mt mng phc tp hn. Mng c
th c m rng vi cc im ni Bc m, chu u,
vin ng v c, n c th chy trn nhiu nghi thc
mng nh IBM SNA (standard network architecture),
XeroxXNS (xerox network service), appletalk, TCP/IP
(transmission control protocol/internet protocol), v
DECnet.
Cc Host (mt trm c a ch trn mng) c th ln
ti nhiu ngn bao gm cc trm lm vic, cc my tnh
mini v cc my c nhn vi mt vi thit b kt ni khc.
Tht khng thch hp nu trng ch vo mt ngi thm
ch mt kip c kh nng bo tr ton b. Mt mi trng
nh vy i hi qun tr ng thi c LAN v WAN. S
khc nhau gia mi trung ln nh trn vi mi trng mt
LAB ca i hc ch phi qun l c cc kt ni ng
di v d nh cc modem tc cao nh DSU/CSU hay mt
ROUTER c th hiu c cc nghi thc ca c LAN v
WAN. Vi nhiu thit b nh vy, k s h thng phi da
trn cc thng tin cung cp t h qun tr mng theo
di mt khi lng ln cc thng tin sng cn i hi phi c
quyt nh cho sc kho ca mng.
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Lun vn tt nghip

Trng i hc Khoa hc t nhin

Tm li trong c hai mi trng mng nu trn th cc

khi nim, chc nng ca NMS l ging nhau, v mt bn
cht mt mi trng ln hn s lun lun i hi h thng
phi thc hin nhiu tc v v tr gip cho ngi k mng
cc mc phc tp cao hn. Tuy nhin, vi d liu mng
bt k c no th NMS cng c th cho php cc k s
lm vic trong mng mt cch ti u v hiu qu hn trong
vic phc v cc nhu cu ca ngi dng.
b. Cu trc ca mt h qun l mng:
xy dng mt h NMS th ta phi kt hp cht
ch tt c cc chc nng cn thit cung cp mt h
qun l hon ho, l nhim v phc tp, ngi k s phn
mm phi hiu mc lm vic v cc yu cu ca cc
k s mng. V mt c bn h phi bt u thc hin
thit k mt bn cu trc cho h thng, khi cu trc h
thng c ci t k s phn mm lc s phi xy
dng mt lot cc cng c hay ng dng tr gip ngi
k s mng hon tt cc cng vic qun l. Ta thy khng c
quy lut nht nh no cho cu trc ca h NMS, tuy
nhin khi quan tm ti tt c cc chc nng m h thng
i hi th ta c th yu cu mt vi im m mt NMS
phi c l:
- H thng phi cung cp mt giao din ha m
ti n c th a ra c hnh nh ca mng theo tng
cp v ni kt logic gia cc h thng, n cn phi gii
thch r rng cc ni kt trong biu phn cp chc
nng v quan h ca chng nh th no hiu qu ca
mng. Mt giao din ha phi trng vi cu trc phn
cp chc nng. Mt bn mng phi cung cp hnh nh
chnh xc hnh trng mng (networrk topology).
- H thng phi cung cp mt c s d liu, CSDL
ny c kh nng lu gi v cung cp bt k thng tin no
lin quan n hot ng v s dng mng, c bit
c th qun l cu hnh v qun l ti khon mt cch c
hiu qu.
- H thng phi cung cp mt phng tin thu thp
thng tin t tt c cc thit b mng. Trng hp l tng cho
ngi dng l thng qua mt nghi thc qun l mng n
gin.

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- H thng phi d dng m rng v nng cp cng

nh thay i theo yu cu. H thng phi d dng khi
thm vo cc ng dng v cc c im yu cu ca ngi k s mng.
- H thng phi c kh nng theo di cc pht
sinh hoc hu qu t bn ngoi. Khi kch c v phc
tp ca mng tng ln th ng dng ny tr nn v gi.
c. Mt s kiu kin trc NMS
C 3 phng php c cp n vic lm th no
xy dng mt kin trc qun l mng ang ph bin
hin nay.
- Xy dng mt h thng tp trung iu khin
ton mng.
- Xy dng mt h thng m c th phn chia c
chc nng qun l mng.
- Kt hp c hai phng php trn vo mt h thng
phn cp chc nng.
Mt kin trc tp trung s s dng mt CSDL chung
trn mt my trung tm no , mi thng tin lin quan
n hot ng ca mng do cc ng dng gi v y s
c s dng chung trong cc ng dng qun l mng.
Mt kin trc phn tn c th s dng nhiu mng
ngang hng (peer network) cng thc hin cc chc nng
qun tr mt cch ring r. Tht kh i hi hn nu mt
s thit b no ch thch hp mt s ng dng qun
tr. Tuy nhin rt c li nu c mt CSDL tp trung lu
tr cc thng tin ny.
Cu trc kh dng th ba l kt hp cc phng php
phn cp v tp trung vo trong mt h thng phn cp
chc nng. Vng h thng trung tm chnh ca cu trc s
cn tn ti nh l gc ca cu trc phn cp, thu thp cc
thng tin t cc mng cp di v cho php truy nhp t cc
phn ca mng. Khi thit lp cc h thng ng mc
(peer system) t cu trc phn cp, h thng trung tm
ny c th giao quyn iu hnh mng cho chc nng
ging nh l cc mc con trong h phn cp.
S kt hp tt c cc phng php ny l c u im
rt ln. cung cp rt nhiu s la chn linh ng xy
dng mt cu trc NMS. Trong trng hp l tng nht l
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bn kin trc c th i chiu vi cu trc t chc ang

dng n, nu hu ht cc vic qun l ca t chc l tp
trung ti mt khu vc th mt NMS s c nhiu thun li.

Chng II.
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Nghi thc qun tr mng

Nh trnh by qun l mng mt cch c hiu qu
ph thuc vo ngi k s qun tr mng c kh nng gim
st v iu khin mng c hay khng. Thiu nhng
thng tin v tnh trng hot ng ca mng, ngi k s c
th buc phi a ra cc quyt nh khng xc ng do
khng tnh n s liu o nh tnh v nh lng c
cung cp bi cc phng tin o lng hot ng mng. V
vy, iu rt c bn l cc k s mng phi hiu c cc
phng php sn c trong ngnh cng nghip my tnh v
vic gim st v iu khin mng.
Trong phn ny chng ta s tng kt mt s cc nghi
thc qun tr mng v nu ra qu trnh pht trin ca cc
nghi thc. Mt khc ta cng cp ti cc phng php
sn c trong vic ly v thit lp cc thng tin qun tr
trn mt mng.
2.1. Lch s cc nghi thc qun l mng.
Cho ti gn y, vic thu thp thng tin t cc thit
b mng khc nhau i hi cc k s phi hc mt lot
cc phng php ly c cc d liu. L do i vi
iu ny l cc sn phm ni mng mi c pht trin,
cc nh ch to chng thit lp cc c ch thch hp
c th thu thp d liu t cc sn phm ca h : kt
qu l c hai cng c c cng chc nng nhng c a ra t
cc nh ch to khc nhau, c th cung cp cc phng
php khc nhau thu thp d liu.
V d : gi s mt cng ty s dng hai loi router ca
DEC ni vi cc my mini ca Digital. Loi u tin c
sn xut bi mt cng ty c gi l RoutMe v loi th hai
bi mt cng ty khc c tn l FastRoute.
C hai loi u cho php ng nhp mng t xa. Tuy
nhin, phng php m bn s phi s dng tip cn
thc s ti cc d liu l khc nhau ng k. hi router
RouteMe v s hiu ca thit b giao tip v cc thng s
hot ng, ta s phi s dng mt thc n Trong khi
hi cc thng tin i vi router FastRoute rt c th li
phi s dng ba lnh no trn mt giao din theo kiu
lnh.
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Nh thy , trong mt mi trng mng hn tp - vic

s dng thng tin bng nhng phng php tring bit do
tng nh sn xut quy nh gy chm chp v nng n.
Cc k s mng i hi mt phng php nht qun thu
thp thng tin v tt c cc b phn hp thnh trn mng.
V vy, cc k s mun s dng cc cng c chung nh l
cc cng c tiu chun. Tuy nhin, d rng cc cng c ny
l n gin hn nhiu phng php c cung cp bi cc
nh ch to - chng khng c thit k ring bit cho
qun l mng v nh vy c cc mt hn ch ca chng
nh c bn lun di y.
i vi cc mng theo nghi thc Internet (IP), cc k s
mng c th s dng chc nng lp li nghi thc thng bo
iu khin Internet (ICMP: Internet Control Message
Protocol) Echo v Echo Reply thu thp mt s thng tin
hn ch nhng hu ch cho qun l mng. D nh ban
u l gi thng bo iu khin gia hai thit b mng,
nhng phn ln cc thng bo ICMP khng d c. Tuy
nhin, c hai chc nng trn tn ti trn bt k thit b no
vi b nghi thc IP, chng cung cp mt phng php kim
tra lin tc ca h thng i vi mt thit b xa.
Vi vic s dng cc thng bo ny, mt thit b trn
mng khi tip nhn mt thng bo ICMP (gi l Echo) phi
chuyn li mt bo p li (Echo Reply) cho thit b
ngun. Nu khng thy thng bo p li c ngha l c
mt li trn mng. ng dng c gi l Ping (Packet
Internet Groper). N kim tra hai thit b c kt ni c
hay khng bng cch gi i mt ICMP Echo v i Echo
Reply.
Phn ln cc phin bn ca Ping cng c th m
thi gian phn hi tnh theo miligiy gia thng bo c
gi v bo p nhn c, cng nh t l % ca cc thng
bo p. TCP/IP khng phi l b nghi thc duy nht cung
cp cng c nh Ping. Mu bo p ny cn tn ti trong
mt vi nghi thc khc nh Appletalk, Novell/ IPX, Xerox XNS
v Banyan Vines.
Tuy nhin, mu ny c cc mt hn ch sau y :
1. Giao nhn khng tin cy.

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2. Cn phi thm d.
3. Thng tin hn ch.
Phn ln cc ng dng ICMP ny s dng tng
network ca mng ch khng s dng tng transport. Nh
vy vic khng nhn c Echo Reply khng hn l khng
kt ni c. C th ch ra l mt thit b mng b ri
bo p hay ch do thiu vng m tm thi. Cng c
th l hng bi s tc nghn ti mt mch d liu mt
thi im truyn d liu.
tm ra thng tin hin hnh bng vic tm chc
nng Echo/Echo Reply ta phi thm d lin tc cc thit b
mng. Vic thc hin thm d ny l mt phng php c
lp li thng dng v c th thc hin nhanh chng v d
dng v khng i hi bt k u tin no hoc phn cng
h tr. Mt t l phn trm ln cc bo p mt c th cho
bit c vn v kt ni mng. Mt khi c xc nh,
k s mng cn phi da vo cc phng php khc c
lp v xc nh nguyn nhn. Mt th tc qun l mng
nn cung cp kh nng cc thit b t gi cc thng
bo ti mt h thng qun l. iu ny c th gy thm
cng vic thm d, nhng n l mt phng php rt hiu
qu thu thp thng tin qun l mng.
Mt l do s ng ca s khim khuyt ny l
php th Echo/Echo Reply khng c thit k cung
cp nhiu thng tin qun tr mng. Thng tin thu c thng khng xc nh tnh trng mng v do
khng th c cc quyt nh ng n i vi vic
qun tr mng. i vi mc ch ny, cn s dng mt th
tc c vit ring.
Nhng kh khn trn lm nhu cu cn c cc nghi
thc qun tr mng tiu chun tr nn bc xc. Cc nh
pht trin a ra hai hng khc nhau to ra cc nghi
thc qun tr mng. Gii php th nht l SMNP (Simple
Network Management Protocol) m sau ny chng t l
rt thnh cng. Gii php th hai l CMIS/SMIP (Common
Management Information Services/ Common Management
Information Protocol) c pht trin bi T chc quc t
v tiu chun (ISO) cng c mt nh hng nht nh
trong cng ng mng. C hai nghi thc ny u cung
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cp cc phng tin thu thp cc thng tin t cc thit b

mng v gi cc lnh n cc thit b mng. Hn na c
hai nghi thc ny u c xy dng trn c s m hnh
tham chiu mng 7 tng c chun ho bi ISO
2.2. S pht trin ca cc nghi thc chun :
Cc v d v mt s vn m ta tho lun
trong phn trn khng lm r c cc gii php lin quan
n qun l mt mng phc tp. Mt khc ni chung
khng mt mng no c th hon ton c xy dng
t cc thit b (hubs, bridges, routers, hosts) c cung cp
bi mt cng ty duy nht. Do khi ngi k s mng c k
hoch thay i v pht trin mng th h cng phi tnh
ngay n vic qun tr mng vi mt tiu chun no .
Gn y gii quyt cc vn th cc nh
ch to a ra cc nghi thc qun l mng chun, cc
nghi thc ny cho php thu thp v ly cc thng tin t
thit b mng. Mt khc cc nghi thc ny c th cung
cp mt kiu truy nhp ti thit b mng. C th ta phi
hi

Tn ca thit b.

Version phn mm trong thit b.

S ca giao din trong thit b.

S ca cc gi tin i qua mt thit b trong

mt khong thi gian.
Cc tham s c th thit lp c i vi thit b
mng c th bao gm :

Tn ca thit b.

a ch ca mt giao din mng.

mng.

Trng thi hot ng ca mt thit b giao tip

Cc nghi thc mng c chun ho mang thm n

nhng li ch mi ch d liu truyn n v thu nhn
v t cc thit b mng l nht qun.
Trc khi i ti 2 nghi thc qun tr mng tiu chun l
CMIP v SNMP ta cng nn im qua mt vi s kin. Trc
ht l Hi ng Cng tc Internet (Internet Activities
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Board vit tt l IAB). Hi ng ny xem xt chung cng

ngh cng nh nghi thc trong cng ng cc mng da
trn TCP/IP. IAB gm 2 nhm c nhim l IETF (Internet
Engineering Task Force) v IRTF (Internet Researche Task
Force). IETF hng vo xc nh cc vn v phi hp gii
quyt vn trong lnh vc qun tr, cng ngh v hot
ng ca Internet. Cn IRTF chu trch nhim nghin cu
cc vn lin quan n cng ng mng TCP/IP v
Internet.
Vo 1988 c ba nghi thc qun l mng khc nhau
nh sau:
- H thng qun l thc th mc cao (HEMS:Highlevel Entity Management System).
- Nghi thc gim st cng n ( SGMP: Simple
Gateway Monitoring Protocol).
- Nghi thc thng tin qun l chung trn TCP (CMIP :
Common Management Information Protocol ).
Nh mt gii php tm thi, IAB khuyn co ci
t ngay nghi thc qun l mng n gin (SNMP) da
trn nghi thc gim st cng n (SGMP) nh mt nghi
thc qun l mng chung (CNMP) vi cc mng da trn
TCP/IP.
IETF chu trch nhim thit lp SNMP. IAB cng
nhn mnh rng SNMP trong tng li phi tp trung vo
qun l li v qun l cu hnh. Du sao th ti thi im
, SNMP c nhiu t chc s dng trong tt c cc lnh
vc v qun l mng.
Trong thi gian di, IAB khuyn co cng ng
nghin cu Internet r sot nghi thc CMIS/CMIP nh mt
nn tng cho vic qun tr mng c th p ng c cc
nhu cu trong tng lai. CMIS/CMIP c pht trin bi
chun ISO vi mc ch khc vi nghi thc SNMP. SNMP
ch nhm vo mc ch qun tr cc thit b kiu IP cn
CMIS / CMIP c m rng tr thnh mt c t khng
th tc c th qun tr ton b cc thit b mng.
Khi IAB xem xt CMIS/CMIP, CMIS/CMIP c ci
t trn nn tng ca TCP. S kt hp ny a ti nghi
thc c tn l CMOT. Ngy nay CMOT khng cn c s
dng rng ri na.
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2.3. MIB (Management Information Base)

MIB l s nh ngha chnh xc cc thng tin truy
nhp c thng qua nghi thc qun l mng. Trong RFC
1052, IAB khuyn co cn tin cao cho vic xc nh
mt MIB m rng dng cho c nghi thc SNMP v
CMIS/CMIP mc d vic to mt MIB nh vy khng kh thi.
MIB nh ngha nhng thng tin qun tr sn c
trong cc thit b mng theo mt cu trc phn cp. Mi
thit b mun c xem xt trong cng vic qun tr mng
phi s dng v cung cp c nhng thng tin c MIB
nh dng theo mt tiu chun chung.
RFC 1065 miu t c php v kiu ca thng tin c
sn trong MIB qun l cc mng TCP/IP gi l SMI (vit
tt t Structure and Identification of management
information for TCP/IP base Internets). Chnh RFC 1065
nh ngha cc quy tc n gin t tn v to cc
kiu thng tin. V d Gauge c nh ngha nh mt s
nguyn c th tng hoc gim hay Time Ticks l b m
theo n v 1/100 giy. Sau ny RFC 1065 c IAB chp
nhn nh mt tiu chun y trong RFC 1155.
S dng qui tc SMI, RFC 1066 a ra version u
ca MIB cho vic s dng b nghi thc TCP/IP. Chun ny
c bit n nh l MIB - I, n gii thch v nh
ngha mt cch chnh xc nhng thng tin c s cn
thit cho iu khin v gim st mngTCP/IP.
RFC 1066 c chp nhn bi IAB nh l mt tiu chun
y trong RFC 1156.
RFC 1158 ngh mt version th hai cho MIB,
MIB - II c s dng cng vi nghi thc tip theo ca TCP/IP.
ngh ny c chnh thc ha nh l tiu chun v
c ph duyt bi IAB trong RFC 1213. MIB II m rng
thng tin c s c nh ngha trong MIB - I.
d dng chuyn dch thnh cc version thng
mi RFC-1156 cho php cc nh pht trin m rng MIB. Vi
d mt cng ty mun to ra mt i tng gi l s dng
CPU ca mt cu Ethernet sn c m MIB II cha sn c.
MIB II cho php to thm nhng i tng mi nh vy theo
chun SMI ni trn.

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Cc nh nghin cu qun tr mng cng nghin cu

cc MIB khng ph thuc vo mi trng TCP/IP. Mi MIB nh
vy c th tp trung vo mt mi trng c th v cc
thit b c th. Chng hn MIB cho Token Ring theo tiu
chun IEEE 802.5 cho trong RFC 1231, RMON (Remote
Network Monitoring MIB) cho trong RFC 1271, FDDI
Interface cho trong RFC 1285...

a. ASN. 1 Syntax :
Mt tp con cc k php c php rt gn ca ISO
(Abstract Syntax Notation one vit tt l ISO ASN.1)
nh ngha c php cho MIB. Mi MIB s dng cu trc
cy c nh ngha trong ASN.1 to nn tt c cc
thng tin sn c. Mi mu thng tin trong cy l mt nt
c nhn (Labeled node). Mi nt c nhn gm:
- Tn i tng (Object Identifier - OID).
- Mt m t ngn di dng vn bn.
y OID l mt dy s nguyn c tch ra bi cc du
chm ch tn nt v biu th chnh xc nhnh ca
cy ASN.1.
Mt nt c nhn c th c cc cy con cha ng
cc nt c nhn khc hoc l mt nt l (leaf node) khng
c cy con. Mi nt l cha ng mt gi tr v c hiu
l mt i tng. Hnh v sau l mt cy MIB nh ngha
theo kiu ASN.1

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Mt v d ca cy ASN.1
Theo hnh v ny th i tng A1 s c OID l 1.2.1.1
b. Cc nhnh ca cy MIB :
Cy MIB ni y hiu nh mt s phn nhnh cc
dng thng tin c bn trong qun tr mng. N cng lin
quan n cc t chc nghin cu chun ho cc thng tin
qun tr mng.
Nt gc ca cy MIB khng c tn nhng c 3 cy con
nh sau:
+ CCITT(0), c qun tr bi CCITT (International
Telephone and Telegraph Consultative Committee).
+ ISO(1), c qun tr bi ISO.
+ Joint-CCITT - ISO(2), c qun tr bi ISO v CCITT.
Di nt ISO (1) c mt s cy con, trong c c
cy con m ISO xc nh cho cc t chc khc gi l
org (3). Di t chc org(3) cy con, mt nt c bit c
B Quc Phng M s dng (United States Department of
Defence - DOD) k hi l dod(6). Tt c cc thng tin c
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thu thp t cc thit b qua cc nghi thc kiu DOD v d

nh TCP/IP c trong cy con m OID ca n l 1.3.6.1.
Cc OID ny chnh l Internet. Nguyn bn chun cho
ID ny l {ISO org (3)dod (6) 1}.

Cy ASN.1 c dng cho qun l mng.

C 4 cy con c nh ngha di oid Internet nh sau
:
- Directory (1)
- Mgmt (2)
- Experimental (3)
- Private (4)
Cy con Directory (1) : Hin ti cy con Directory (1)
l c dnh cho tng lai. Cy con ny s cha cc thng
tin v dch v th mc OSI (X. 500).
- Cy con Mgmt (2) : Cy con Mgmt (2) l c dnh
cho thng tin qun l theo nghi thc DOD. Ti thi im
lm vic ny, cc i tng trong cy con hu ht c s
dng rng ri. MIB - I (RFC 1156) mi c t trong OID
1.3.6.1.2.1.
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Di cy con Mgmt (2) l cc i tng c s dng

ly cc thng tin c th t cc thit b mng. Cc i tng
c phn r thnh 11 loi nh trong bng di y.
11 loi cy con
Mgmt(2)

loi Thng tin trong cy

System (1)

H iu hnh mng

Interfaces(2)

c t giao tip mng

Address tranlation(3)

nh x a ch

IP(4)

c t nghi thc Internet

ICMP(5)

c t nghi thc iu khin

thng bo lin mng

Tcp(6)

c t nghi thc truyn

UDP(7)

c t nghi thc Datagram

cho ngi dng

EGP(8)

c t nghi thc cng ngoi

CMOT(9)

Dch v thng tin qun l

chung

Tranmission(10)

c t Nghi thc truyn

SNMP(11)

c t nghi thc qun l

mng n gin

-Cy con Experimental (3):

Cc nghi thc th nghim t trong cy con
Experimental
- Cy con Private (4)
Cy con Private (4) l c dng nh ngha cc
i tng c th ring bit
2.4. Nghi thc SNMP
Hu ht nghi thc qun l mng dng cho mng l
nghi thc qun tr mng n gin. Thc ra u tin RFC
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1067 a ra v nh ngha cc thng tin c

truyn qua gia h thng qun l mng v cc Agent i
vi SNMP. Tip RFC 1098 c to ra v lm cho RFC
1067 b li thi. Sau vi RFC 1157 th IAB chp
nhn ngh ca RFC 1098 v chp nhn nghi thc
SNMP nh l mt nghi thc chun.
RFC 1157 m t m hnh Agent/Station c dng
trong SNMP. Mt agent ca SNMP l phn mm c kh
nng tr li mt s cu hi hp thc t mt trm SNMP. Mt
trm SNMP c th l h thng qun l mng . Mt thit b
mng c th cung cp cc thng tin v MIB ti trm l mt
agent SNMP. m hnh Agent/Station lm vic c
bnh thng th Agent v Station phi c cng mt ngn
ng ging nhau.
Cc agent v station lin kt nhau thng qua mt
thng bo chun. Mi mt thng bo l s trao i mt
gi thng tin. V vy nghi thc SNMP s dng tng 4 (tng
UDP (user datagram protocol) - chnh l tng vn chuyn
(transport) trong m hnh tham chiu OSI ca mng)
Nghi thc SNMP c 5 kiu thng bo :
* Get-Request.
* Get-Response.
* Get-Next-Request.
* Set-Request.
* Trap.
Trm SNMP dng Get-Request ly thng tin t mt
thit b mng m n c mt Agent SNMP. Agent n lt
mnh thng qua Get-Respond s gi tr li mt thng bo
c th mang thng tin v tn ca h thng, h thng chy
trong bao lu v s hiu ca thit b giao tip mng
trong h thng.
Get-Next-Request c dng hi tip cc thng tin
nh Get-Request hi

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Set-Request cho php thit lp t xa cc tham s cu

hnh trong mt thit b. V d thng bo Set-Request c
th thit lp tn mt thit b, giao din ngt hoc xa
mt a ch phn gii bng.
SNMP Trap (by) l mt thng bo khng phi to ra
theo yu cu m do mt Agent t gi ti mt Station. Thng cc by l cc thng bo bt thng v d nh mt mch
b hng, khng gian a khng cn cho hot ng
ca h thng
Hin ti c by kiu Trap SNMP c MIB-II nh
ngha. l:
*Coldstart of system.
*Warmstart of a system.
*Link down.
*Link up.
*Failure of authentication.
*Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) neighbor loss.
*Enterprise-specific.
Trong :
Coldstart trap cho bit Agent ang do cu hnh hoc
nghi thc b thay i. Mt Coldstart trap xy ra khi
mt thit b bt u c cp ngun in. Trong khi
mtWarmstart trap cho bit thit b t khi ng li nhng
cu hnh v nghi thc khng b thay i
Link down Trap thng bo qu trnh kt ni b tht bi cn
Link up Trap thng bo vic kt ni o thc hin tr li
Thng bo Failure of authentication Trap l gi ti h thng
qun l mng thng bo rng station nhn c mt thng
bo khng ph hp
Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) neighbor loss Trap l c
dng bi mt Agent SNMP bo co mt i tc EGP. Khi
EGP c th c np li
Cc chui chung (Community strings) SNMP khng cung
cp thng tin cng nh phng tin thay i cu hnh nu
khng c cc bin php an ninh cn thit. Mt SNMP
agent c th yu cu mt SNMP station gi thng bo c
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km mt khu sau n kim tra quyn hn s dng cc

thng tin MIB. Mt khu gi l chui chung. Mt s bn
SNMP c quy nh cc mc an ninh khc nhau trong nh
dng ca chui chung
2.5. Nghi thc CMIS/CMIP :
Nhiu ngi cho rng nghi thc ny c th l tt nht
i vi nhu cu qun l mng theo m hnh tham chiu
OSI.
y CMIS nh ngha dch v cung cp bi mi
thnh phn trong mng nhm phc v qun l mng. Dch
v ny thng l chung. Cn nghi thc CMIP l nghi thc
thc thi dch v CMIS.
Cc nghi thc mng OSI c dng cung cp mt
kin trc mng chung cho tt c cc thit b trn mi tng
ca m hnh ISO. Tng t, CMIS/CMIP cng cung cp mt
b nghi thc qun l mng trn vn dng vi nhiu
thit b mng. Vi CMIS/CMIP mt h thng (cc thit b
mng) c xem l mt h thng m v bnh ng
Qun tr mng l mt ng dng trn mng, v nm
trn tng 7 trong m hnh tham chiu v kin trc mng.
y cc n v dch v thng tin qun tr chung
(Common Management Information Service Element, vit
tt l CMISE) cung cp cc phng tin ng dng cho vic
dng CMIP. Cng trong tng ny cn 2 nghi thc ng dng
ISO l ACSE (Association control service element v ROSE
(Remote Opreration Service Element).
Nh vy trong m hnh tham chiu ISO v mng ta c
th hnh dng v tr ca cc CMISE c ISO chun ho nh
sau.
Cc tin trnh qun tr mng
Lp 7

CMISE ISO.......
ACSE

ROSE

Lp 6

Presentation

Lp 5

Session

Lp 4

Transport
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Lp 3

Network

Lp 2

Datalink

Lp 1

Physical

Ly thng tin nh CMIS.

Dch v CMIS cung cp vic xy dng cc m un
c bn (mt ng dng thnh phn) h thng c th
gii quyt cc vn rc ri trong vic qun l mng.
Mi mt ng dng nh vy ta gi l mt CMISE-service-user
m ta tm dch l i tng s dng dch v CMISE
(TSDDV CMISE)
CMIS nh ngha 3 lp dch v nh sau :

Phi hp qun l ( Management Association).

Thng bo qun l(Management Notification).

Thi hnh qun l ( Management Operation )

Dch v phi hp qun l:

Lp dch v phi hp qun l kim sot s phi hp
ca cc h thng m bnh ng. Dch v ny c dng
ch yu cho s thit lp hay hy b lin kt gia cc h
thng. Chng iu khin cc ng dng vi cc dch v
sau:
M-INITIALIZE.
M-TERMINATE.
M-ABORT.
Dch v M-INITIALIZE thit lp mt s kt hp vi mt
TSDDV CMISE cho vic qun l h thng. Dch v MTERMINATE kt thc mt kt ni gia cc TSDDV CMISE
cng mc. Dch v M-ABORT l c s dng khi mt kt ni
gia TSDDV CMISE b kt thc khng bnh thng (trng
hp c li).
Mi dch v ca Management Association ny m
nhim vic s dng dch v ca ACSE cho thao tc. Mt
dch v CMIS khc thao tc vi ROSE.
Dch v Thng bo qun l
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Kiu th hai ca dch v CMIS l thng bo qun l.

Dch v ny tng t nh thng bo by m SNMP dng
cung cp thng tin v cc s kin trn mt mng. Dch v
thng bo qun l cung cp cc thng tin ny thng qua
dch v M-EVENT-REPORT - n bo cho mt TSDDV CMISE
cng mc v mt s kin no c xy ra mt
TSDDV CMISE khc. Nu TSDDV CMISE trong mt h
thng cn thay i gi tr (nh l trng thi ca mt thit
b giao tip mng) th n c th khai bo vi h thng
nh dch v M-EVENT-REPORT. Tuy nhin, so vi dch v
by ca nghi thc SNMP, cc s kin y khng c xc
nh cht ch. y l mt yu t m cc nh pht
trin nh ra cc thng bo ph hp vi yu cu.
Dch v thi hnh qun l
Dch v thao tc qun l gm cc nhm nh sau :

M-GET

M-SET

M-ACTION

M-CREATE

M-DELETE

Trong :
- Dch v M-GET l c s dng bi TSDDV CMISE
ly thng tin qun l t mt TSDDV CMISE khc cng
mc. N tng t nh trong thng bo GET-REQUEST ca
nghi thc SNMP.
- Dch v M-SET ca CMIS
CMISE sa i thng tin qun l
mc. Dch v ny cng tng
REQUEST ca nghi thc SNMP cho
trn mt thit b mng.

cho php mt TSDDV

ca TSDDV CMISE cng
t nh thng bo SETphp sa i thng tin

- Dch v M-ACTION l c nu ra bi mt TSDDV

CMISE yu cu mt TSDDV CMISE cng mc thc hin
mt hnh ng mong mun. VD : Mt h thng c th gi
ICMP Echoes (pings) ti mt a im khc v yu cu gi
tr li phn hi kim tra vic kt ni ti mt thit b
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IP khc c thnh cng hay khng. y l mt trong nhiu

hot ng m mt h thng m c th yu cu mt h
thng m khc thc hin.
- Dch v M-CREATE c dng bi mt TSDDV CMISE
cung cp mt TSDDV CMISE cng mc cho vic to lp
phin bn qun l. Phin bn ny s i din cho
TSDDV CMISE trn mt h thng qun l.
- Dch v cui cng l M-DELETE cho php xo phin
bn to ra bi M-CREATE
Cng ging nh chui chung trong SNMP kim sot
quyn s dng thng tin qun l, CMISE s dng danh sch
truy nhp
Kt hp qun l (Management Associations )
Mt kt hp qun l l mt lin kt gia hai h
thng m cng mc i vi qun l h thng. Qu trnh
kt ni da trn CMISE to ra mt giao tip vi cc nghi
thc.
Vi CMIS c 4 kiu phi hp c th tn ti gia cc h
thng m cng mc nh sau :

S kin (Event)

S kin v gim st (Event/Monitor)

Gim st v iu khin (Monitor/Control)

Qun
Manager/Agent)

ton

din

tc

(Full

Mt kt hp theo kiu s kin Event cho php hai h

thng m gi thng bo M-EVENT- REPORT.
Mt kt hp theo kiu Event/Monitor l ging nh phi
hp 1 Event, ngoi ra mi h thng cng c th thu nhn
v vn hnh thng bo M-GET.
Mt kt hp theo kiu Monitor/Control cho php lin
kt M-GET, M-SET, M-CREATE, M-DELETE v M-ACTION yu
cu, mc du khng cho php sinh bo co.
Mt kt hp theo kiu Full Manager/AGent h tr tt
c cc dch v ca CMIS.
2. 6. Nghi thc CMOT :

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CMOT l ch vit tt ca Common Management

information Services and Protocol over TCP/IP.
Nghi thc ny thc cht l dng cc dch v ca CMIS
trn nghi thc TCP/IP. RFC 1189 nh ngha cho nghi thc
CMOT v c minh ho trn m hnh ISO nh bng di y.
Management Application Processes
CMISE
ISO 9595/9596
ACSE
ROSE
ISO 8649/8650
ISO 9072 - 1/2
Lightweight Presentation Protocol (LPP)
RFC 1085
ISO Session
TCP

UDP

IP
ISO data link
Physical

Laye
r7
Laye
r6
Laye
r5
Laye
r4
Laye
r3
Laye
r2
Laye
r1

Cc nghi thc ng dng c dng bi CMIS khng thay

i ch thi hnh ca CMOT. Nghi thc CMOT thng
da vo cc nghi thc CMISE, ACSE v ROSE nh trc khi c
miu t vi CMIS. Tuy nhin trong khi ch i ISO thit lp
nghi thc mc 6 th s dng nghi thc khc gi l
Lightweight presentation protocol (LPP) Layer 6 v n c nh ngha trong RFC 1085. Nghi thc ny cung cp
giao tip chung cho c hai nghi thc c dng ngy nay l
UDP v TCP.
chng III.
Nghi thc qun tr mng SNMP
Nh bit, nghi thc qun l mng n gin SNMP
l mt nghi thc tng ng dng, n cho php d dng
trao i cc thng tin qun l gia cc thit b trong
mng. Trong chng ny ta s m t chi tit nghi thc qun
tr mng SNMP.
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3.1. SNMP Version. 1

Trong SNMP V.1 agent l cc m un phn mm chy
trong cc thit b, agent truy cp ti cc thng tin trn
thit b, m agent c th ly v to lp cc thng tin
ny t h thng qun l mng NMS (NMS : Network
Management System) thng qua SNMP V.1
Mt thit b c qun l c th l bt k mt nt trn
mng, bao gm cc my ch, card giao tip mng, cc print
server, router, host, bridge v cc hub.
V cc thit b ny c th c kh nng rt hn ch
(VD : c th do tc ca CPU hoc b nh nh) nn cc
phn mm qun l c gi nh phi hot ng mc
chim ti nguyn thp nht c th t gy nh hng
nht cho hot ng ca thit b c qun l
User
interface
Network
management
Application
SNMP

SNMP

Agent

Agent

Agent

MIB

MIB

MIB

Thit b c qun Thit b c qun Thit b c qun

l
l
l

Mt hoc nhiu NMS c th tn ti trn bt k mt

mng c qun l no. NMS c th chy cc ng dng qun
tr mng m kt qu l cc thng tin qun l mng c a
ra cho ngi qun tr. Giao din ngi s dng thng thng
l giao din ho (GUI : Graphical user interface).
Lin lc gia thit b c qun l v NMS c qun
tr bng mt nghi thc qun l mng. Khung chung ca
mt h qun l mng theo chun Internet da trn gi
nh rng ta c th tm v sa li t xa. Nh vy cc thit
b mng phi s dng mt s bin duy tr cc thng
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tin v thit b cng nh tnh trng hot ng ca thit b.

Cn c vo NMS c th kim tra v iu chnh cc
thng tin cn thit phc v cho hot ng ca mng. VD
ta phi theo di cc thng tin sau :
- S hiu v trng thi ca cc mch (Virtual circuit)
ca thit b.
- Thng k s lng mt s loi thng bo li.
- S lng byte v cc gi i v n thit b.
- di ln nht ca hng i (cho cc router v cc
thit b lin mng khc).
- Cc thng ip pht i v thu nhn.
- Cc thit b giao tip mng b ngng hot ng
hay hot ng tr li

a. Kiu lnh :
NMS iu khin mt thit b mng bng cch gi
mt thng bo, yu cu thit b thay i gi tr mt
hoc nhiu bin. Thit b s p ng hoc khi ng
bng mt trong 4 kiu lnh khc nhau sau:

Kiu c : c NMS dng gim st cc thit

b mng. NMS c cc bin c thit b ghi nh.

Kiu vit : c NMS dng iu khin cc

thit b. NMS vit gi tr cc bin vo b nh, lu gi bn
trong cc thit b

Kiu cc php ton traversal : c NMS dng

qui nh nhng bin m thit b h tr cng nh l thu
thp cc thng tin t mt bng bin (v d bng chn ng trong IP)

Kiu by : c NMS dng thu thp cc s kin

bt thng t cc thit b mng.
b. C s d liu qun l:
Nh bit, tt c cc i tng c qun l u c
cha trong MIB. V bn cht, MIB l mt c s d liu ca
cc i tng, mt MIB c miu t nh l mt cy vi cc
mc d liu ring, tch ri nhau, mi mt mc d liu ca
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thng tin trong cy l mt nt c nhn tun th OSI ANS 1

m ta ni trong chng trc. Bn thn MIB dng i vi
SNMP cng dng cy MIB ny, n cho trong nhnh 11 ca
nt MIB II.
Cu trc thng tin qun l (Structure of Management
of information - SMI) cho php dng kiu d liu chun
ASN.1 vi cc kiu nh sau: INTEGER, OCTET STRING v
OBJECT IDENTIFIER. Ngoi ra n cng nh ngha cc
kiu d liu nh sau :
- Network addressers (a ch mng) : M t hay
trnh by mt a ch ca mt h nghi thc in hnh.
SNMP V.1 ch h tr loi a ch IP 32 bit
- Counters : Kiu nguyn dng tng cho n gi tr
ln nht th quay tr li 0. Tng s byte nhn c trong
mt thit b giao tip mng l mt v d ca counter.
- Gauges : Kiu nguyn dng c th tng hoc gim
nhng lun duy tr gi tr ln nht t. V d : di
ca mt hng i cn gi i (trong packet) l mt v d
in hnh ca gauges.
- Time ticks : L mt b m thi gian theo n v
1/100 giy
- Opaque : m ha ngu nhin, c s dng
chuyn cc thng tin ra ngoi SMI.
c. Cc php ton.
Bn thn SNMPV. 1 l mt nghi thc n gin va
yu cu va p ng. Ta nhc li 4 php ton cp
trong chng II
- Get : Ly thng tin t mt i tng m Agent cung
cp.
- Getnext : Ly thng tin tip theo trong bng hoc
danh sch
-Set : Thit lp tham s cho mt i tng
-Trap : NMS thng bo mt vi s kin khng ng
b
d. nh dng thng bo :
Ni dung thng bo ca SNMP V. 1 gm c hai phn :
header v phn d liu (Protocol Data Unit - PDU)
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Phn u thng bo l header trong ni dung c

s version v community name. Community name c hai
chc nng : Chc nng trc tin l nh ngha mi trng
truy nhp cng dng chung cho mt nhm cc h qun tr
mng . Chc nng th hai l xc nhn bi v mt s
thit b khng cSNMP V.1 h tr nn cn c mt bin
php ngn nga, v th Community name c dng
xc nhn .
Cn phn d liu ca ni dung thng bo SNMP V.1
ch ra tn php ton get, set,... v cc th hin ca i tng ca cc giao tc ny.

PDU nh dng thng bo ca SNMP V. 1 nh sau :

Request ID

Error
status

Error
Index

Variable bindings

Get, getnext, set v response format

Enterpri
se

Agents
Address

Generic
Trap
Type

Specific
Trap
code

Time
stam
p

Variabl
e
binding
s

Trap format
SNMP Ver. 1. get, getnext, response c cc trng sau:
+ Requets ID : S hiu ch nh kt hp cc yu
cu vi p ng.
+ Error status : Bo hiu trng thi li v kiu li.
+ Error Index : Kt hp li vi mt bin c bit
trong variable building ni phn di y
+ Variable binding : cha d liu ca PDU ca SNMP
V.1. Mi variable bindings kt hp mt bin c bit vi
gi tr hin ti ca n. Bin ny s khng dng trong trng
hp yu cu l Get, GetNext
Cn d liu by i vi get, getnext, response v set
c khc nhau i cht. Chng c cc trng sau :
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- Enterprise : Ch nh kiu i tng pht sinh ra

by.
- Agent address : Cung cp a ch ca i tng
pht sinh ra by.
- Generic trap type : Cung cp kiu by to ra.
- Specific trap code : Cung cp m by c th.
- Time stamp : Cung cp tng s thi gian tri qua
k t khi khi ng li mng ln cui ti khi by pht sinh.
- Variable bindings : Cung cp mt danh sch cc
bin vi ni dung cc thng tin cn quan tm v by.
3.2. SNMP Version 2. 0 :
Nghi thc qun l mng SNMP V.2 l pht trin tip
theo t nghi thc qun l mng SNMP V.1, vo thng 7 nm
1992. So vi version 1, version 2 c hai c im mi l
c ch an ninh v nghi thc qun l n gin (SMP:
simple Management protocol).
C ch an ninh khng c trong SNMP V.1. V vy
thng tin c s trong SNMP V2 khng tng thch vi thng
tin c s trong SNMP V1.
Cng ng nhng ngi nghin cu Internet phn
tch cc c t cho SNMP mi v tich hp cc yu t bo
mt cho version SNMP mi Ma xun nm 1993 version 2
ca SNMP c cng b.
hiu r hn v nghi thc SNMP V. 2 ny chng ta
hy xem chi tit cc c im ca nghi thc nh sau :
a. Cu trc thng tin qun l (Structure of
Management Information - SMI).
Cu trc ca thng tin qun l SNMP V. 2 h tr cho
mt vi kiu d liu mi v c a vo to lp v xa
da trn cc hng trong mt bng. D liu a ch
mng cng ngoi a ch IP cn h tr cho a ch OSI
NSAP . V mt kiu d liu SNMP V2 a vo cc loi
b m (counter) 64 bit m v 32 bit m.
Nghi thc SNMP V. 2 a vo quan nim v khi
thng tin m chng cho dng lin kt mt nhm cc
thng tin c lin quan vi nhau. C 3 loi khi thng tin
sau:
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- Khi MIB : cha nh ngha cc i tng qun l

c quan h qua li vi nhau.
- Lnh quy c cho khi MIB Cung cp cch m t cc
nhm i tng qun l m ta bt buc phi ci t
- Lnh thit lp kh nng ci t cc agent. Cc
thng tin ny nh ngha chnh xc mc h tr m mt
agent c quyn i hi theo quy cch ca MIB (v d mc
truy nhp c php)
b. Cc php ton ca nghi thc
SNMP V. 2 nh ngha thm 2 php ton mi nh sau
:
- Dng Inform : Cho php mt ch th qun l gi
mt thng tin kiu by n mt ch th qun l khc v
yu cu mt p ng.
- Dng Getbulk : Cho php mt ch th qun l c
cc khi d liu ln mt cch hiu qu hn, v d nh c
cc hng trong mt bng d liu.
c. nh dng thng bo trong SNMPV. 2:
n gin ha qu trnh x l PDU th tt c cc
thao tc tr thao tc get-bulk th tt c cc php ton
khc nh get, getnext, set, respond, trap u dng chung
mt nh dng PDU.
Sau y l nh dng PDU cho get, getnext, set,
response v trap.
PDU
type

Request
ID

Error status Error

Index

Variable
bindings

Trong cc trng ca cc thao tc nh sau :

- PDU type : Ch nh kiu nh dng PDU, cc
kiu c th l get, getnext, set, response hoc trap.
- Request ID : Mt s hiu kt hp cc yu cu vi tr
li.
- Error status : Cho bit mt li v mt kiu li.
- Error Index : Kt hp li vi mt bin c bit trong
s lin kt bin.

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- Variable bindings : Kt hp bin c bit vi gi tr

hin ti ca n.
Khi dng vii cc thao tc get, getnext, set, trap v
inform, cc trng Error status, Error Index c t gi tr
0.
nh dng PDU cho php ton getbulk nh sau
PDU
type

request
ID

nonrepea
Max
ter
repeatitio
n

variable
binding

trong :
-Ba trng PDU type, request ID v variable binding c
ging nh trong thao tc get, getnext, set, response v
trap.
-Nonrepeaters: Ch nh s ca bin trong danh
sch b bin, m n c tr li.
-Max-repetition: c t s ca bin tip theo c tr
li cho bin cn li trong danh sch b bin.
d. Kin trc qun l:
Nghi thc SNMP V. 2 h tr cho vic qun l mng tp
trung ging nh SNMP V1 cng nh l qun l mng theo
kiu phn tn da trn MIB mi theo kiu t ch th
qun l n ch th qun l (from manager to manager
)
Trong mt kin trc phn tn, mt s h thng thc
hin vi c hai t cch : ch th qun l v Agent (Cc
agent thc t l cc i tng b qun l) . Khi hot ng
nh mt Agent th h thng chp hnh cc lnh t mt
ch th qun l gim st. Cn khi ng vai tr mt ch
th qun l n li c th ra lnh cho cc agent khc. Hn
na cc ch th qun l trung gian c th pht ra mt
thng tin by ti mt ch th cp cao hn.
Mt trong cc khim khuyt trm trng ca v.1 l
khng c c ch xc nhn, do khng h tr c cho
tnh bo mt. SNMP V2 khc phc cc khim khuyt
ny bng cch a ra mt s quan nim nh sau:

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Masquerades: Mt thc th khng c quyn, ch c

th thi cc lnh nu c s y quyn ca cc thc th c
quyn.
Modification of information: Mt thc th c th thay
i mt thng bo c mt thc th c quyn to ra.
Message sequence and timing modification: Nghi
thc SNMP V.1 c thit k cho vn chuyn khng lin
kt. V vy SNMP V2 cho php mt thc th c th sp
xp li, sao chp, gi chm cc thng bo thuc lp SNMP
V.1.
Disclosures: Thng qua vic trao i gia mt i
tng qun l v mt Agent, mt thc th c th bit c
cc gi tri ca cc i tng c qun l v bit c cc s
kin c th thng bo c.
Mt thay i trong nh dng thng bo l cho
php nghi thc SNMP V.2 kh nng bo mt trong vic
trao i thng bo.
nh dng thng bo mi trong SMNP V2 gm ba loi
nh sau: khng bo m (Nonsecure) : nh dng thng
bo theo kiu ny khng c bo mt.
Destinatio
Unuse
Destinati Source
Context
PDU
n
d
on
nh dng thng bo trong trng hp khng bo m

c xc nhn nhng khng ring(Authenticated but not

private):
Nghi thc SNMP V.2 dng mt gi tr b mt, ch ch
th gi v ch th nhn bit ngi nhn xc nhn
thng bo. Ch th gi ly mt gi tr b mt, gi tr ny
c ch th nhn bit ri thc hin mt thut ton m
ho digest trn thng bo v ghi vo trng digest. V
gi thng bo i.
Khi ch th nhn c thng bo, n gii m li so
snh phi chng thng tin trong trng digest c trng vi s
hiu n bit cha. Nu trng nhau chng t thng bo
c xc nhn. Tuy nhin, phng php nh dng ny
khng ring bit bi v ch th no cng c th bit c gi tr b mt .

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Destinati
on

Diges
t

Trng i hc Khoa hc t nhin

Destinati
on
timeSta
mp

source
Timesta
mp

Destinati
on

Sour
ce

Contex
t

PDU

nh dng thng bo trong trng hp phi xc nhn nhng khng s

dng ring

Private and authenticated (c tnh cht ring bit):

Phng php nh dng ny th thng bo s c m
ho v xc nh r, c ngha l ch nhng ngi no c
quyn th mi c s dng v n c tnh cht ring bit.
Phn m ho
Destinati
on

Diges
t

Destinati
on
timeSta
mp

Source
Timesta
mp

Destinati
on

Sour
ce

Contex
t

PDU

nh dng thng bo trong trng hp ring v phi xc nhn

Cc trng ca kiu nh dng thng bo SNMP V. 2

nh sau:
Destination (ni n): Ch nh i tng nhn
thng bo. Trng ny xut hin hai ln trong nh dng
thng bo SNMP V.2. trng u tin n khng c m ho
ct thng bo khng b che a ch n. Phn cn
li oc m ha.
Source: Ch nh i tng gi thng bo.
Context: Ch nh tp hp ti nguyn ca cc i tng c qun l bi nghi thc SNMP V2. Trng Context ny
thay th cho community name trong version 1 ca nghi
thc SNMP.
PDU: Ch nh cc php ton qun l mong mun
trong thng bo.
Digest: Cha kt qu tnh ton ca thng bo thut
ton Digest trn mt phn ca nh dng thng bo .
Destination timestamp :Cha thi gian theo ng h
ca ch th gi trong ln trao i thng bo trc.
Source timestamp: Cha thi gian theo ng h ca
ch th gi thng bo.

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Thng qua thut ton xc nhn trong SMNP V2 c

th m bo thng bo c gi v c nhn khng b
sa i. Thut ton digest tnh ra mt m digest di 128
bit trn mt phn thch hp no ca thng bo . Sau
digest va tnh c gi km theo thng bo . Khi nhn
c, ch th nhn tnh li digest ca thng bo v so snh
vi digest nhn c km theo thng bo. Nu thy trng
nhau th thng bo nhn c c th tin cy c.
Timestamp ni trn c xem nh du n thi gian. N cho
bit c duy tr c hay khng ng b v thi gian theo
ng h gia ch th qun l v cc agent . Ch th
nhn c th cn c vo thng tin thi gian kim tra
thng bo l mi , hay b lp li.

Chng IV.
Qun l cu hnh
Nh trnh by, qun l cu hnh l qu trnh thu
thp cc d liu ly c t mng v dng d liu
nh hnh tt c cc thit b v l mt trong cc kha
cnh qun l mng
Qun l cu hnh bao gm vic :
- Thu thp cc thng tin v cu hnh mng hin thi.
- S dng cc thng tin sa i (modify) cu
hnh mng :

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- Lu gi d liu , lp cc bng kim k v sinh ra cc

bo co v tnh hnh hot ng ca mng da trn cc
d liu thu thp c.
Trong chng ny chng ta s cp n cc li ch
ca qu trnh qun l cu hnh v nu ra 3 mc cng c
qun l cu hnh t n gin n phc tp.
4. 1. Cc li ch ca qun l cu hnh :
Li ch u tin ca cng vic qun l cu hnh l
n c th tng cng kh nng kim sot thit b mng.
Ngi k s mng iu khin c th nhanh chng truy cp
ti cc d liu cu hnh c th thit lp nhanh chng
cu hnh theo nhu cu. iu ny cng quan trng i vi
cc h thng phc tp.
Xt v d , d liu cu hnh thng cha c cc thng
tin v trng thi setup hin thi cho mi thit b mng. Gi
s ta cn phi thm vo mt thit b giao tip mi (mt
card mng, mt b chuyn mch...) lc ta cn phi bit
trc s hiu ca ca thit b v phng din vt l. Ta
cng c th phi bit a ch mng c gn cho giao
din . Cc d liu thng tin ny s gip ta xc nh
cu hnh cho phn mm trn thit b. Vi cng c qun l
cu hnh, ta c th d dng xc nh ng cc thng
tin ny.
V d : Xt mt thit b giao tip c li trn segment
ca LAN. Lc ta c th dng cng c qun l cu hnh
tm nh ch hot ng ca thit b (thm ch
c th lm t xa). Sau khi xem xt nguyn nhn, gi s
thy rng cc tham s thit lp khng ng, ta c th
t li sau kch hot thit b hot ng tr li.
- Qun l cu hnh c th tr gip cho ngi k s mng
cung cp mt bng kim k mi nht i vi cc thnh
phn mng. V d : c bao nhiu thit b thuc mt loi
no hin thi ang tn ti trn mng. Bng kim k
cng c th l danh sch cc h iu hnh ang s dng
trn mng.
4. 2. Thc hin qun l cu hnh :
Qun l cu hnh bao gm cc bc sau :

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- Thu thp cc thng tin v mi trng mng hin

thi : iu ny c th thc hin mt cch th cng hay t
ng. Trong trng hp thu thp mt cch th cng, ngi
qun tr c th tht bi ch v mt qu nhiu thi gian
m nguyn nhn li lac c mt li cu hnh n gin.
- Dng d liu sa i cu hnh ca thit
b mng.
Mi trng d liu mng l lun lun thay i. Kh
nng sa i cu hnh hin thi trong trong thi
gian thc (Real time) cn thit. Vic sa i ny c th
l th cng nu phng php thu thp thng tin l th
cng hay t ng nu phng php thu thp thng tin l
t ng.
- D liu thu thp c lun c l tr, cho php sinh
cc bng kim k mi tt c cc thnh phn mng hay cc
bo co khc v tng thnh phn ca mng.
a. Thu thp cc d liu mt cch th cng.
Thu nhn thng tin t mng thng l bt u vi
mt s c gng bng mt thao tc th cng. Ta c th
ng nhp mng t xa tm mi thit b trn mng v
sau ghi cc s serial cng nh a ch ca chng trong
mt bng tnh hoc trong file vn bn. S rt tn thi gian
v kh khn theo di v ghi nhn thng xuyn cu
hnh mng. l cha k cng vic ny rt n iu v
bun t.
Thc ra cho d theo di ta c th sp xp cc
bng ny d dng tra cu. Nhng iu li i hi
ta phi thng xuyn xem xt li danh mc cc thit b mi
v sp xp li.
Vic thu thp s liu th cng c bit kh khn khi
mng phc tp.
b. Thu thp t ng
Cc cng vic kh khn ca vic thu thp cc thng
tin v cp nht d liu cu hnh c th c loi tr nu
dng cc phng php t ng. VD : ngi k s c th dng
mt nghi thc qun l mng ly cc d liu u n
v cc thit b mng v t ng ghi li cc d liu
trong thit b nh.

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Mt cng c khc ta c th dng l c cng c t

pht hin (Auto-discovery), cho php sinh ra mt danh
sch tt c cc thit b hin c trn mng. Thng qua b
t pht hin cng c th to ra mt s hnh hc
(graphical map) ca mng hin thi ang dng vi mt qu
trnh c gi l t ng v s (automapping).

T pht hin cu hnh mng

mng

T ln bn s

c. Sa i d liu cu hnh.
Thng tin qun l cu hnh cn c cp nht thng
xuyn. Xt trng hp mt mng c 5000 nt. Nu ch
cn1% cc my phi t a ch mt tun th ngi
k s phi thc hin ti 50 sa i trong mt tun. Th
m vn cp a ch ch l mt phn trong nhng
cng vic thit lp cu hnh. Khi setup mt thit b c
khi phi t n mt t tham s. Ta thy rng kh c
th lm cng vic ny mt cch th cng ngoi tr khi cc
k s thc hin tng bc ghi li cc bc thc hin ca h.
Nu cc thay i ca cu hnh s khng c lu gi c
th dn ti s ln xn, rc ri khi m mt ngi k s mng
khc kim tra cu hnh ca thit b c thay i.
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Nu h qun l cu hnh cho php thay i cu

hnh thit b trn ton b h thng qun l mng th cc
thay i c th c ghi li t ng trc khi chng c
gi cho thit b. Mt li ch khc khi qun l t ng l h
thng c th xc nh nhng thay i cu hnh no l
thch hp vi thit b mng v phi bo cho ngi k s trc
khi anh ta v tnh nh dng sai thit b.
d. Lu gi cc thng tin :
Qun l cu hnh cng phi cung cp mt phng
tin cho lu gi cc thng tin. Mt h qun l c hiu
qu phi lu tr ton b cu hnh ca mt d liu mng ti
mt v tr trung tm, m ngi k s mng c th truy
nhp c mt cch nhanh chng cc d liu cu hnh.
Cc thng tin ny c lu gi vo trong mt notebook hoc
l mt bng tnh trn mt my PC ti trung tm iu
khin mng.
- Mt dng chung nht lu gi cc thng tin cu
hnh trong b nh ca my tnh l cc file dng ASCII, dng
ny c u im l d c v cu trc ca cc file thng l d hiu v d qun l. Hu nh cc chng trnh
ng dng c kh nng c c cc file dng m ASCII
ny. Tuy nhin gii php ny khng phi l hon ton tt.
Cc tp ASCII thng c kch thc ln. Hn na vic tm
kim thng tin trn tp ASCII thng l phi duyt nn s
mt thi gian hn theo kiu lu tr c cu trc. Mt khim
khuyt nghim trng ca dng ASCII ny l kh cung cp
nhng mi lin h phc tp.
V cc file dng m ASCII c nhng thiu st hay
bt li trong vic lu tr v s dng thng tin nn t
c hiu qu tt sau ny ngi ta thng dng cc h qun
tr c s d liu quan h (RDBMS : Relational Database
Management System), mt RDBM thng c nhiu li th
hn cc file dng ASCII trong lu tr d liu.

N lu tr d liu hiu qu, cho php 1 s lng

ln d liu lu tr trn mt my.

N lu tr d liu trn khun dng ca n, iu

cho php tm kim nhanh cc d liu ring bit.

N c th sp xp mt cch t ng cc d
liu lu gi theo nhiu cch khc nhau.
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mt.

Trng i hc Khoa hc t nhin

N c th khi phc t ng cc d liu b

N cho php ngi dng lin kt nhiu kiu d

liu khc nhau.
4.3. Qun l cu hnh trn mt h qun l
mng.
Cng c qun l cu hnh c th tr gip cho k s
mng t hiu qu tt trong vic qun l bng cch :

T ng thu thp v cp nht d liu trn thit

b mng.

tm.

Cung cp d liu cu hnh cho b nh trung

Cho php sa i d liu mng.

D dng sinh ra cc bo co.

qun l cu hnh mt h qun l mng chng ta

xt 3 kiu cng c t n gin n phc tp sau.
a. Cng c n gin:
Mt cng c qun l cu hnh n gin t nht l
phi cung cp y cc thng tin ca mng lu gi
mt cch tp trung. Cc thng tin bao gm s gn a
ch trn mng, cc s hiu thit b (serial number), a
ch vt l v cc d liu khc v thit b. Mt cng c
n gin cng c th cung cp mt phng tin quan
trng khc l tm kim. Chc nng tm kim ny cho
php ngi k s mng xc nh c cc thng tin mt cch
d dng trong vic qun l cu hnh.
b. Cng c phc tp hn :
Mt cng c n gin i khi ch gii quyt hoc
qun l c mt s cu hnh n gin. Cn i vi
nhng cu hnh phc tp th phi dng n cng c
phc tp hn qun l. Cng c phc tp hn c th c pht trin bng cch thm vo cc c im thu thp
t ng v lu gi cc thng tin t tt c cc thit b
mng. Cng c phc tp ny cng phi c th so snh cu
hnh hin ti ca thit b vi cu hnh nh. Cng c
phc tp ny cng c th cho php ngi k s mng thay
i cu hnh ang chy ca thit b v quyt nh
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ging nh cng c n gin. Mt version phc tp hn s

phi cung cp vic lu tr cc d liu vo b nh, tp hp
tt c cc d liu vo b nh trung tm v d dng cho
php khi phc li hoc ly cc d liu mt cch d dng
hn.
C th a ra mt s cc c im ca cng c loi
ny nh sau :
- c im t ng thu nhn d liu ca cng c
qun l cu hnh l mt c im rt quan trng bi
v cng c ny cho php ngi k s so snh t ng mt
cu hnh ang chy vi cu hnh lu gi v cng c th
cho php thay i cu hnh hoc ch lm vic t
ng ca cu hnh thit b . Cng c cn kim tra
xem cu hnh ci t ca thit b c khc vi cu hnh
c lu gi khng nu nh cng c tm thy s khc
nhau th c th hi ngi k s c cn thay i cu hnh
thit b hay khng ?
Tuy nhin lm vic trong cc mi trng khc nhau
ca mng th cng c s phi cung cp cc phng tin
khc nhau m ngi k s c th nh r cc li cu hnh
no pht sinh thng bo li v c th nhc nh vi mt li
cnh bo. V d mt server cho terminal c kh nng lm
vic c vi nhiu thit b c tc truyn khc nhau
ang c t tc truyn 9600 bps nhng thit b
ch lm vic tc 2400 bps. Trong trng hp ny ch
cn thng bo ngi qun tr mng bit. Ngc li nu
cng c pht hin ra rng mt ng bo mt ni vi server
cho terminal khng c t mt khu, n phi bo ng
cho ngi qun tr v t li cu hnh cho ph hp. y
c s can thip t li cu hnh. Hnh sau :

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c. Cng c cao cp :
Cng c mc ni trn ch c th cho php thay
i cu hnh ang dng ca mt thit b. Mt cng c
cao cp s c c hiu qu cao hn nhiu nu nh n dng
mt c s d liu quan h (RDBMS) lu gi, thit lp
quan h, hi, v kim k thng tin mng. hot ng ti
u, cng c ny cn c th c kh nng nh gi cc cu
hnh ca thit b.
- Kh nng ca cng c cao cp ny cho php thit
lp quan h gia mt tp d liu ny quan h vi mt tp
d liu khc l rt quan trng qun l cu hnh.
- Mt RDBMS khng ch cho php thao tc cc d
liu phc tp m cn cho php hi cc d liu phc tp.
Cc cu hi thng vit bng ngn ng hi c cu trc
(SQL: structured query language). dng SQL ngi k s c
th tm cc thng tin c lu trong c s d liu. V d
ngi qun tr pht hin ra version A ca mt phn mm
chy trn cu Ethernet ang gy li. sa cha tnh
trng ny, ta cn tm ra tt c cc cu khc cng chy
version ny. C th hi bng mt cu hi trn mt bng
tn l DEVICES nh sau:
SELECT * FROM DEVICES WHERE TYPE = Bridge AND
Software = A
SQL cn c kh nng sinh ra cc bo co kim k. Cc
bo co ny c th l:

Bo co v s hiu thit b.

Nh sn xut v model.

H iu hnh.

Kh nng ca RAM.

a ch mng.

Kh nng thit b.

V d c th sinh mt bo co bng cu hi SQL sau

y:
SELECT Devices, sn FROM devices, vendos WHERE
vendors.name = Banzai AND devices.month <= 11

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Kt qu ta s c danh sch cc thit b trong mng

do hng Banzai cung cp v vn cn trong hn bo hnh
trong vng mt nm.
Nh vy c th ch ra cc c trng ca mt h qun
tr cu hnh tin tin l:

thit.

C kh nng t ng lu tr cc thng tin cn

hnh.

C kh nng so snh cu hnh sa i cu

C kh nng x l cu hi.

C kh nng nh gi cu hnh.

By gi ta xt k hn chc nng cui cng.

Vic nh gi cu hnh cn thc hin nh k, n
c th pht hin nhng vn i loi nh a ch c
gn trng nhau, cc chc nng c s dng. Gi s nh
mt LAN c m rng. Trong LAN c nhiu server. Khi
mt cng c qun tr tin tin cn pht hin c v
bo li cho ngi qun tr v d nh c 2 server cng cung
cp mt loi dch v, iu c th gy trng cho.
Mt v d khc, cng c qun tr c th tnh ton
kh nng truyn thng ca cu hnh mng. Thit b ca
mng rng nh b iu khin cluster v cc b x l i
hi t li cu hnh cc thit b kt ni t tc
cao trong truyn thng.
d. Sinh bo co cu hnh.
Ta bit, sinh bo co cu hnh l iu khng bt
buc nhng rt nn c trong cc h qun tr cu hnh
mnh. t nht th mt s cc li cu hnh quan trng nh
s kin nh trng a ch phi c bo co. C th chc
nng trnh by trn giao din ho vi mu l khng
bt buc nhng ton b kh nng sinh bo co c th kim
sot c t mt terminal text.
Mt kiu bo co phi lm chi tit cu hnh chung
ca mi nt mng nh tn, a ch, s hiu thit b, nh
sn xut, h iu hnh, ngi bo tr. Mt vi thng tin
ph nh tn nh cung cp, a ch vt l ca thit b
cng nn c. Tn s sinh bo co c th l hng tun,
hng thng tu theo tnh trng n nh ca mng.
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Mt bo co khc cn c lin quan n ln sa i

cu hnh mng gn nht nh danh sch cc thit b mi v
cc thit b c thay i cu hnh, ai thay i v thay
i khi no.
Cui cng, cn c mt bn kim k tm tt v ton
b mng gm danh sch cc thit b mng vi cc thng tin
v s hiu thit b , v tr vt l, ngy cung cp dch v,
bo hnh, lch s nng cp... Bn ny c th sinh khng
cn thit phi nh k.

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Kt lun

Nh thy, tm quan trng ca qun l mng l

nng cao hiu qu s dng mng, cho php pht hin v
x l li, qun l tt an ninh mng.
i vi ti, y l mt vn kh mi m so vi kin
thc c trang b trong cc gio trnh v mng v n va
l vn k thut, va l vn chun nn chc chc
bn lun vn cn nhiu khim khuyt. Hy vng rng y
cng ch l bc u chun b cho nhng bc tip
theo.
Mt ln na ti xin cm n cc thy, c gio trong
khoa Cng ngh Thng tin, c bit l thy o Kin
Quc v thy Nguyn Nam Hi. Ti cng xin cm n cc
bn cng lm vic trong nhm lm lun vn v Intranet
ca khoa Cng ngh Thng tin.
ti liu tham kho
[1]. Karen Fang Allan Leinwand. Network Management A
Practical Perspective.
[2] Network Management System Protocol.
[3] Smoot Carl-Mitchell, John S. Quarterman. Practical
Internetworking with TCP/IP and UNIX.

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