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mvjvZi ga nvZ euvavi weavb
GKwU nv`xmZvwK chvjvPbv
W. Lv`Kvi Avyjvn Rvnvxi

wc-GBP. wW. (wiqv`), Gg. G. (wiqv`), Gg.Gg. (XvKv)
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AavcK, Avj-nv`xm wefvM,

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www.assunnahtrust.com
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www.assunnahpublications.com
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W. Lv`Kvi Avyj-vn Rvnvxi

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gvevBj: 01986290147
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Avm-mybvn Uv feb
ci evm Uvwgbvj, wSbvB`n-7300
gvevBj: 01711152954, 01715400640
cKvk Kvj: gynvi&ivg 1436 wnRix Aviex, KvwZK 1421 wnRix evsjv
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ISBN: 978-984-90053-6-0
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nvw`qv: 70 (mi) UvKv gv|
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SALATER MODDHE HAT BADHAR BIDHAN (Rulings on Binding Hands during Prayer) by
Professor Dr. Khandaker Abdullah Jahangir. Published by As-Sunnah Pablications, AsSunnah Trust Building, Bus Terminal, Jhenidah-7300. October 2014. Price TK 70.00 only.
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cksmv gnvb Avjvni wbwg| mvjvZ I mvjvg Zuvi ev`v I ivm~j, Zuvi wcqZg gynvv` (), Zuvi cwiRb, mnPi I
Abymvixì Dci|
mvjvZi ga iKz, mvR`v Ges emv Aevq nqi Aevb mK wewfb mnxn nv`xm we`gvb Ges G mKj nv`xm
cvjbi welq gZf` bB| Avgiv `wL h, AwaKvsk gymvjx G mKj Aevq nqi Aevb fzj Kib I mybvZ b Kib|
G welq Rvbvi AvMnI Kg| cvi ùvovbv Aevq nq Kv_vq _vKe m welq AbKB AvgvK ck KiQb| meZ
HKgZi mybvZ cvjbi Pq gZf`xq mybvZ wbq weZK Kivi Avb` AbK ewk!!
Avwg Avgvi mxwgZ vb ejwQ, gynvwmMY Zv `wL eyKi Dci nvZ ivLvi nv`xm mnxn ejb| wK gyRZvwn` Bgvg I
dKxnMY bvfxi wbP ev Dci nvZ ivLvi K_v ejQb| Avkv Kwi, h KvbvwU cvjb Kiv hZ cvi| wK AbKB Gic
Di Z nb wb| Avcw Rvwbq KD ejQb, mnxn nv`xm Rvbvi ci BgvgMYi ARynvZ mnxn nv`xm weivax KgK
cvjbhvM ejvi AwaKvi AvcbvK K w`qQ? h ew mnxn nv`xm cvjb Ki bv m wKic gymwjg? KD ejQb, Avcwb fzj
ejQb, bvfxi wbP nvZ ivLvi nv`xmB mnxn|
welqwU fvj Ki Rvbvi RbB wKQz covkvbvi Pv Kijvg| m Pvi dj G QvU cyKwU| Avgvi Abymvb I wmv
KZUzKz mwVK Zv gnvb AvjvnB fvj Rvbb| Ze G Dcj wKQz w`b nv`xm beex I mvnvex-ZvweqxMYi gZvgZ Aaqb
KiZ ci Avwg AZ Avb` Abyfe KiwQ|
Avgvì `ki gymwjgì ga wbqwgZ mvjvZ Av`vqKvix gymwjgi msLv 15% AwZg Kie bv| Gic bvgvhx
gymwjgì gaI `xbi Abvb dih-IqvwRe cvjbKvix Ges my nvivgmg~n eRbKvix gywgbi msLv LyeB bMY| wbR
Rxeb gnvb Avjvni `xb kZfvM cvjb mP gymwjgi msLv evsjv`k kZKiv 5 Rb ejj meZ AZzw ne bv| Gic
bMY msLK avwgK gvbylì ga wZbwU fqi welq we`gvb : (1) Cgvb welqK AmPZbZv, (2) ev`vi nK welqK
AmPZbZv Ges (3) `xb wbq wefw I `jv`wj|
c~e wefw wQj AvKx`v Kw`K| wK eZgvb wdKn Kw`K wefw fqi ic wbqQ| mgvRi cvq 95% gymwjg
wkiK, Kzdi, nvivg, AkxjZv, AbvPvi, Ryjyg, ev`vi AwaKvi b BZvw` gnvcvci ga wbgwZ| Aewk avwgK gywgbMY
QvU-eo wdKnx gvmAvjv wbq SMovq wj| dj wkiK, Kzdi, agvi, bvwKZv, AkxjZv, AvswkK Bmjvg, kixAvn-gy
Bmjvg, meagxq Bmjvg BZvwì cPviKMY evcK mdjZvi mv_ KvR KiZ mg nQb|
wefwi G mgmvmn Dcii wZbwU mgmvi mgvavb iqQ DvZi c_g wZb-Pvi cRb ev mvjvd mvwjnxbi cwZZ
we mybvZi wbKU AvZmgcY Kivi ga| gZf` eRb ev mg_b Ges gZf`mn `jv`wj eRbi gvbÌ ZuvivB| G
PZbvi wfwZB G eBqi mKj AvjvPbv|
MwUK wZbwU ce wef KiwQ| c_g ce G welqK nv`xmjv Bjgyj nv`xmi gvb` Aaqbi Pv KiwQ|
wZxq ce DvZi c_g cRbjvi cwm gynvwm I nv`xmcx dKxnMYi eei AvjvK mnxn I nvmvb nv`xmjvi
wb`kbv wbaviYi Pv KiwQ| c_g I wZxq cei AvjvPbv _K cwZfvZ nqQ h, mnxn nv`xm cvjbi welq HKgZ
mI mnxn nv`xm wbaviY, nv`xmi wb`kbv wbaviY, GKvwaK mnxn nv`xmi mg^q I nv`xmi wdKnx wb`kbv wbaviYi
DvZi cwm gynvwm I dKxnMY evcK gZf` KiQb| GiB AvjvK ZZxq ce DvZi gZf`, cvwKZv, KviY,
cwZKvi I G welq mvjvd mvwjnxbi Kgaviv AvjvPbv KiwQ|
G eBqi ga AMwYZ Bgvg, Avwjg I eyRyMi bvg evievi DjL Kiv nqQ| cZKi bvgi mv_ cZK vb
`yAvi BwZ wnme (ivn) jLv me nq wb| cvVKi cwZ Abyiva, mKj Avwjgi bvgi mv_ ivwngvjvn ej Zuvì Rb
`yAv Kieb| gnvb Avjvn G M DjLKZ mKj AvwjgK Ges gymwjg Dvni mKj AvwjgK Adzi ingZ `vb Kib|
Avgxb|
eBwU wjLZ AbKB Drmvn I civgk w`qQb| gynZvivg W. AvBe Avngv`, kvBL hvKvwiqv Avyj Iqvn&nve, kvBL
Bg`v`yj nK cgyL Avwjg cd `LQb I civgk w`qQb| gnvb Avjvn mKjK Dg cyivi c`vb Kib|
Z_m~ c`vb cvÙxKvq MKvii bvg, Mi bvg I cv DjL KiwQ| M welqK wevwiZ Z_ eBqi kl
Mcxi ga DjL KiwQ| eZgvb Avj-gvKZvevZzk kvwgjv eenvi mKj MelKi RbB mnR| GRb AwaKvsk
kvwgjvi Dci wbfi KiwQ|
gnvb Avjvni ìevi `yAv Kwi, wZwb `qv Ki G z` cPv Keyj Kib Ges GK Avgvi, Avgvi wcZvgvZv, cwievii
m`meM, fvKvLxMY I cvVKMYi bvRvZi Imxjv evwbq w`b| Avgxb|
Avyj-vn Rvnvxi
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c_g ce: cvmwK nv`xmjvi mb` AvjvPbv /7-56

1. 1. dKxnMYi wewfb gZ /7
1. 2. nq Szwjq ivLv welqK nv`xm /10
1. 3. vb DjL ewZiK nvZ euvavi wb`kbv /13
1. 4. Mjvi wbP nvZ ivLvi wb`kbv /29
1. 5. eyKi Dci nvZ ivLvi wb`kbv /30
1. 6. bvfxi Dci nvZ ivLvi wb`kbv /48
1. 7. bvfxi wbP nvZ ivLvi wb`kbv /50
wZxq ce: chvjvPbv I wmv /57-86

2. 1. mvswLK cwimsLvb /57
2. 1. 1. nq ivLv ev aiv /57
2. 1. 2. nqi Aevb /57
2. 3. gynvwm dKxnMYi ee weklY /67
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2. 2. 1. nq ivLvi cwZ /58

2. 2. 2. nq ivLvi vb /61
2. 2. 2. 1. mvjvZi gwjK welq bq /61
2. 2. 2. 2. Avcw-mwZ mybvZi ewZg /61
2. 2. 2. 3. nqi Aevb welqK Kvbv nv`xmB mnxn bq /62
2. 2. 2. 4. mnxn nv`xmi wb`kbvq nvZ euvavi vb weeP bq /62
2. 2. 2. 5. nvZ euvav ebvg nvZ Zvjv /64
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2. 2. mnxn-nvmvb nv`xmjvi wdKnx wb`kbv /58
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2. 3. 1. c~eeZxMYi gZ weePbvi iZ /67

2. 3. 2. gynvv` Beb nvmvb kvBevbx /67
2. 3. 3. BmnvK Beb ivnvIqvBwn /68
2. 3. 4. Avngv` Beb nv^vj /70
2. 3. 5. gynvv` Beb Cmv wZiwghx /70
2. 3. 6. Bebyj gybwhi /71
2. 3. 7. Ave~ BmnvK kxivhx /73
2. 3. 8. eyKi Dcii nv`xm viv bvfxi Dci cgvY Kiv /73
2. 3. 9. eyK nvZ ivLvi gZ /75
2. 3. 10. gynvwm dKxnMYi ee chvjvPbv /79
2. 3. 11. iKzi ci ùvovbv Aevq nqi Aevb /81
ZZxq ce: mnxn nv`xm ebvg DvZi gZf` I wefw /87-108

3. 1. cPwjZi cg /87
3. 2. Dg-Abyg Abyaveb cvwKZv /88
3. 3. cQì AbymiY /89
3. 4. cPjb I Aaqbi mg^q /90
3. 5. AvwjgMYi AbymiY I KziAvb-nv`xm Aaqb /94
3. 6. MelYv-msvi ebvg XvjvI wb`vev` /96
3. 7. kvBL Beb evh-Gi mZKxKiY /97
3. 8. mnxn nv`xm Abyaveb cvwKZv /100
3. 8. 1. nv`xmi weZv wbaviY gZf` /101
3. 8. 2. nv`xmi wb`kbv wbaviY gZf` /101
3. 8. 3. GKvwaK nv`xmi ga mg^q gZf` /101
3. 8. 4. gyRZvwn` ebvg gyKvwj` /103
3. 9. mnxn nv`xmi mnxn wb`kbv /105

3. 10. mvjvd mvwjnxbi KgixwZ /106 Dcmsnvi /108
Mcx /109-112
c_g ce:
cvmwK nv`xmjvi mb` AvjvPbv
1. 1. dKxnMYi wewfb gZ
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mvjvZi ga nqi Aevb welq mvnvex-ZvweqxMYi hyM _K dKxnMY gZf` KiQb| Zuviv g~jZ GKgZ
h, mvjvZi ga nqi Aevb mybvZ ev mybvn wb`wkZ gym&Zvnve welq| mvjvZi webq I wiZv b bv Ki nq
hfveB ivLv nvK bv Kb mvjvZ ea ne| Ze wKfve nq ivLv Dg m welq Zuviv gZf` KiQb| cwm
gZwj wbgic:
(1) nq `ni cvk Szwjq ivLv Dg| gvwjKx gvhnvei GwUB cwm gZ|1 Bgvg Avngv` _KI G gZwU
ewYZ nqQ| Bgvg Avngvì wZxq gZ dih mvjvZ nq GKwZ ivLe Ges mvjvZzj Rvbvhvq I bdj mvjvZ n
q `ni `y cvk Szwjq ivLe|2
(2) nq Mjvi wbP ev eyKi DcwifvM ivLv Dg| Avgiv cieZx AvjvPbvq `Le h, G gZwU Beb Avevm
(iv) _K ewYZ| cieZx dKxnì ga KD gZwU MnY KiQb ej Rvbv hvq bv|
(3) nq eyKi Dci ivLv Dg| nvbvdx dKxnMY GwU Bgvg kvwdqxi gZ ej DjL KiQb|3 wK kvwdqx
gvhnvei MjvZ G gZ cvIqv hvq bv| Avgiv cieZx AvjvPbvq `Le h, kvwdqx gvhnvei MjvZ `ywU gZ
DjL Kiv nqQ: (1) eyKi wbP bvfxi Dci ivLv, (2) bvfxi wbP ivLv| Avgiv `wL h, nq eyKi Dci ivLvi
Kvbv gZ kvwdqx gvhnvei Kvbv Bgvg ev Avwjg MnY Kib wb| Ze nvbvdx gvhnvei dKxnMY gwnjvì Rb nq
eyKi Dci ivLvi gZ cKvk KiQb|4
cvi Bgvg Avngv` mvjvZi ga nq eyK ivLv gvKin ejQb| cwm nv^vjx dKxn I gynvwm Avj-vgv
Bebyj KvBwqg ejb:
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gyhvbxi eYbvq Bgvg Avngv` ejb: (mvjvZi ga nq ivLe) bvfxi A wbP| eyKi Dci nq ivLv
gvKin|5
evnZ `Lv hvq h, Pvi Bgvg-mn c_g hyMi cwm Bgvg I dKxnMY mvjvZi ga nq eyKi Dci ivLvi
gZwU MnY Kib wb| Kvbv Bgvg ev dKxnB G gZ cKvk Kib wb| meZ GRbB Avjvgv gynvv` bvwmixb Avjevbx
Bgvg BmnvK Beb ivnvIqvBwnK G welq cksmv Ki ejb:
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G mnxn mybvZwUi welq gvbylì ga mePq mfvMevb Bgvg BmnvK Beb ivnvIqvBwn| gviIqvhx Zuvi
gvmvBj Mi 222 cvq wjLQb: BmnvK Avgvì wbq weZi coZb| ... wZwb Kzb~Zi ga nq Dvjb KiZb,
iKzi c~e Kzb~Z coZb Ges Zuvi nq Zuvi bqi Dci A_ev bqi wbP ivLZb|6
gviIqvhxi G ee _K Avjevbx `vwe KiQb h, BmnvK mvjvZi ga nq eyK ivLZb| Avgiv welqwU ci
AvjvPbv Kie, Bbkv Avjvn|
(4) nq eyKi wbP bvfxi Dci ivLv Dg| GwU Bgvg gvwjK I Bgvg Avngvì GKwU gZ|7 kvwdqx gvhnvei
AvwjgMYi eYbv Abymvi GwUB kvwdqx gvhnvei g~j gZ| Bgvg bvevex ejb:

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Beb Avyj evi&i Avj-BmwZhKvi 2/291; bvevex, kvin mnxn gymwjg 4/114|
Avjx Beb myjvBgvb gvi`vex, Avj-Bbmvd 2/35
mvivLmx, Avj-gvem~Z 1/43; gviMxbvbx, Avj-wn`vqvn 1/47|
hvBjvqx, Dmgvb Beb Avjx, Zveqxbyj nvKvwqK 2/23; gvjv Lmi,gynvv` Beb divg~h, `yivij vg kvin ivwij AvnKvg 1/300; Beb byRvBg;
Avj-evnii ivwqK 1/320; ibeyjvjx, b~ij Chvn c. 46|
Bebyj KvBwqg, ev`vBDj dvIqvwq` 3/91-92|
Avjevbx, BiIqvDj Mvjxj 2/71|
Bebyj KvBwqg, ev`vBDj dvIqvwq` 3/91; Beb Kz`vgv, Avj-gyMbx 1/514-515; kvIKvbx, bvBjyj AvIZvi 2/189; evKi Avey hvB`, jv Rv`x`v dx AvnKvwgm
mvjvZ, c. 12|
nq eyKi wbP Ges bvfxi Dci ivLe| GwUB nQ gvhnvei wjwce wbwZKZ mwVK gZ| G welq Ave~ BmnvK
gviIqvhxi AviKwU cwm gZ AvQ, Zv nvjv, nq bvfxi wbP ivLZ ne| c_g gZwUB gvhnve|8
(5) nq bvfxi wbP ivLv Dg| Avgiv `Ljvg h, GwU kvwdqx gvhnvei GKwU gZ|9 nvbvdx gvhnvei GwUB
gZ|10 Bgvg Avngvì cwm gZ GwUB|11 nv^vjx dvKxnMY G gZwUKB nv^vjx gvhnve wnme DjL KiQb|12 Bgvg
BmnvK Beb ivnvIqvBwn, mydBqvb mvIix cgyL gynvwm dKxnI G gZwU MnY KiQb|13
(6) Wvb nvZ evg nvZi Dci ivLvB g~j Bev`Z| Gici nq hLvbB ivLyK mgvb mvIqve I dhxjZ| welqwU
gymjxi BQvi Dci wbfi Kie| AbKUv mvjvZi ga m~iv cvVi gZ| GwU Bgvg Avngvì GKwU gZ| cwm gynvwm
I nv^vjx dKxn Avjvgv Bebyj RvIhx (508) ejb:
Wvb nvZ evg nvZi Dci eyKi wbP ivLe| GwU kvwdqxi gZ| Avngv` _K ewYZ gZ h, nq bvfxi wbP
ivLe| Zuvi Ab gZ welqwU gymvjxi BQvaxb| Avgvì (nv^vjx gvhnvei) gZwUB (bvfxi wbP ivLv) mvjvZi webq I
webgZvi Rb ewk DchvMx|14
G cm Bgvg bvevex ejb:
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ZvKexi Zvnixgvi ci Wvb nvZ evg nvZi Dci ivLv gym&Zvnve| Gfve nq eyKi wbP bvfxi Dci ivLe| GwUB
Avgvì (kvwdqx gvhnvei) cwm gZ| AwaKvsk dKxn G gZ MnY KiQb| Ave~ nvbxdv, mywdqvb mvIix, BmnvK Beb
ivnvIqvBwn Ges Avgvì gvhnvei Ave~ BmnvK gviIqvhx ejb h, nq bvfxi wbP ivLe| Avjx (iv) _K G `y gvhnvei
c `ywU eYbv iqQ| Bgvg Avngv` _K `ywU gZ ewYZ Dcii `ywU gvhnvei gZ| Bgvg Avngvì ZZxq gZ h, G welq
Dg ej wKQz bB; KvRB welqwU gymvjxi BQvaxb| Bgvg AvIhvqx Ges Bebyj gybwhi G gZ MnY KiQb| Bgvg gvwjK
_K `ywU gZ ewYZ: GK gZ nq eyKi wbP ivLe, Ab gZ nq GKwUi Dci AbwU ivLe bv, eis Szwjq ivLe|
gvwjKx gvhnvei AwaKvsk Avwjg wZxq gZwU eYbv KiQb Ges GwUB Zvì wbKU AwaK cwm|15
GLvb Avgiv `LwQ h, Bgvg bvevex dKxnMYi 4wU gZ DjL KiQb: (1) bvfxi Dci eyKi wbP ivLv, (2)
bvfxi wbP ivLv, (3) welqwU gymjxi BQvaxb, (4) nq Szwjq ivLv| eyKi Dci ivLv ev Mjvi wbP ivLvi gZ `ywU wZwb
DjL Kib wb| Avgiv AvMB ejwQ, c~eeZx Kvbv dKxn G gZ `ywU MnY KiQb ej Rvbv hvq bv|
1. 2. nq Szwjq ivLv welqK nv`xm

nq Szwjq ivLvi welq ivm~jyjvn () _K Kvbv nv`xm ewYZ nq wb| GK nv`xm Rvwei Beb mvgyivn (iv)
ejb:
ivm~jyj-vn () ewiq Avgvì KvQ Avmjb Ges ejjb: Kx evcvi! ZvgvìK Zvgvì nvZjv DvwjZ
Aevq `LwQ Kb? gb nQ mwj Aeva Nvovi jR! Zvgiv mvjvZi ga kv _vKe|16
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bvevex, Avj-gvRg~ 3/310-311|

bvevex, Avj-gvRg~ 3/310-313; gyeviKcyix, ZzndvZzj AvnIqvhx 3/83|
gviMxbvbx, Avj-n`vqv 1/47|
Bebyj KvBwqg, ev`vBDj dvIqvB` 3/91; Beb Kz`vgv, Avj-gyMbx 1/514-515|
Avjx Beb myjvBgvb gvi`vex, Avj-Bbmvd 2/35|
kvIKvbx, bvBjyj AvIZvi 2/203
Bebyj RvIhx, AvZ-ZvnKxK 1/339|
bvevex, kvin mnxn gymwjg 4/114|
gymwjg, Avm-mnxn 2/29 (wKZve mvjvZ, eveyj Avgwi wemmyKwb wdm mvjvZ Iqvb bvnwq Avwbj BkvivwZ wej Bqv`...) fviZxq 1/181|
hviv nq Szwjq ivLvi gZ MnY KiQb Zuvì gZ G nv`xm cgvY Ki h, mvjvZi ga nq DwVq eyK ev
cU ivLv ivm~jyjvn () AcQ` KiZb| GRb nq `ni `ycvk Szwjq kvfve ùvovZ ne|17
Ab nv`xm Avyjvn Beb Dgvi (iv) ejb:
.

nvZi Dci wbfi Kiv Aevq mvjvZ Av`vq KiZ ivm~jyjvn () wbla KiQb|18
gvwjKx dKxnMY DjL KiQb h, G nv`xm viv cgvY nq h, mvjvZi ga nq `ni Dci ivLv ev nqi
Dci wbfi Kiv wbwl| KvRB nq `ni `ycvk Szwjq ivLvB mybvZ|19
KqKRb mvnvex I Zvweqx _K Zuvì Kg wnme ewYZ nqQ h, Zuviv mvjvZi ga nq Szwjq ivLZb|
Avjvgv Bebyj gybwhi gynvv` Beb Beivnxg (319 wn) PZz_ wnRix kZvxi mycwm gynvwm I gyRZvwn` dKxn wQjb|
Zuvi Mjv nv`xmwfwK wdKn-Gi AbZg m~| wZwb ejb:

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Avgiv GKvwaK cwm Avwjg _K RbwQ h, Zuviv mvjvZi ga Zuvì nvZ Szwjq ivLZb| hw` KD mybvn cvjb
AmZK nb A_ev fyj hvb A_ev mybvZ RvbZ bv cvib, Ze Zvi G AmZKZv, fyj ev AZvK whwb mybvZ RbQb I cvjb
KiQb Zvi wei cgvY wnme ck Kiv hve bv| h mKj cwm Avwjg _K Avgiv RbwQ h, Zuviv Zuvì nq Szwjq
ivLZb Zuvì ga iqQb (mvnvex) Avyjvn Beb hyevBi (iv), (Zvweqx) nvmvb emix, Beivnxg bvLqx I Beb mxixb| (cwm
Zvweqx) mvC` Beb RyevBi _K ewYZ h, wZwb GKw`b GK ewK `Lb h, m mvjvZ iZ Aevq GK nvZi Dci Ab
nvZ iLQ| ZLb wZwb hq Zvi nvZ `yUv Lyj c_K Ki `b|20
GLvb Bebyj gybwhi `ywU welq DjL KiQb:
c_gZ: h mKj mvnvex-Zvweqx _K nvZ Szwjq ivLv cgvwYZ nqQ Zuvì K_v DjL KiQb|
wZxqZ: mnxn mybvZ Rvbvi ci Zv cwiZvMi Rb Gic eyRMy MYi KgK cgvY wnme ck Kivi weivwaZv
KiQb|
eZ Avgvì ga KD KD Kvbv dKxn ev eyRyMi Kg ev gZ mybvZi ewZg nj Zuvi cwZ KzaviYv cvlY Kib
ev Akvfbxq ge Kib| Avevi KDev Zvi _K ewYZ Kg ev gZ Mvcb ev A^xKvi Kivi Pv Kib| Gi wecixZ Ab
AbK Avwjg, eyRyM ev dKxnMYi gZ ev KgK mybvZ Agvb Kivi ARynvZ wnme eenvi Kib| Zuviv ejb: AgyK dKxn,
Bgvg ev eyRyM wK wKQzB RvbZb bv? Avgiv wK Zuvi PqI ewk eySjvg! eZ Gjv meB KziAvb-nv`xmi wkv, mvnvexMYi
Kgaviv, I cieZx dKxn, gynvwm, Avwe` I BgvgMYi bxwZi mv_ mvsNwlK| Zuvì g~jbxwZ njv, Kvbv cwm Avwjg,
dKxn ev Bgvgi Kvbv gZ we mybvZi wecixZ nj ZuvK `vlvivc Kiv, Zuvi gZwU Mvcb Kiv ev A^xKvi Kivi ceYZv
wb`bxq| cvkvcvwk mybvZ AeMZ nIqvi ci Kvbv eyRyMi ARynvZ Zv A^xKvi ev Agvb KivI wb`bxq|
G KviYB gvwjKx gvhnvei AbK dKxn gvhnvei cwm gZi cwZ kv-mn evg nvZi Dci Wvb nvZ ivLvK
Dg ej gZ cKvk KiQb| gvwjKx gvhnvei cwm dKxn I gynvwm Beb Avwj evi&i (463 wn) Kvbv Kvbv
mvnvex-Zvweqxi nvZ Szwjq ivLv cm ejb:
. . .
...
G mKj Avwjgi nvZ Szwjq ivLv gZf` ej MY bq| KD hw` nvZ GKwZ Ki ivLv gvKin ejZb Ze Zv
gZf` ej MY nZv| GKRb Avwjg GRbI nvZ Szwjq ivLZ cvib hb gvbyl eySZ cvi h, evg nvZi Dci Wvb
nvZ ivLv IqvwRe bq|... mevevq mybvZi whwb mybvZ cvjb Kieb wZwbB `jxj Abymvix| whwb mybvZi ewZg
Kieb wZwbB `jxj weivax civwRZ| ...|21
17
18
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kvIKvbx, bvBjyj AvIZvi 2/202|

Ave~ `vD`, Avm-mybvb (mvjvZ, eve KvivwnqvwZj BwZgv`...) 1/376; fviZxq 1/142|
KziZzex, Avng` Beb Dgvi, Avj-gydwng: kvin mnxn gymwjg 2/15|
Bebyj gybwhi, Avj-AvDmvZ 4/182|
Beb Avyj evi&i, AvZ-Zvgnx` 20/76|
1. 3. vb DjL ewZiK nvZ euvavi wb`kbv

Avgiv `Ljvg h, nq `ni cvk Szwjq ivLvi welq ivm~jyjvn () _K Kvbv nv`xm ewYZ nq wb|
mvjvZi ga nqi Aevb welq Zuvi _K ewYZ nv`xmwjK Avgiv cuvP fvM wef KiZ cvwi:
(1) vb DjL ewZiK nq GK ivLvi wb`kbv
(2) nq Mjvi wbP ivLvi wb`kbv
(3) nq eyKi Dci ivLvi wb`kbv
(4) nq bvfxi Dci ivLvi wb`kbv
(5) nq bvfxi wbP ivLvi wb`kbv
c_g Avgiv vbi wb`kbv wenxb nv`xmjv AvjvPbv Kie|
nv`xm bs 1
Bgvg gvwjK Zuvi gyAvv M ejb:
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Avey nvwhg (mvjvgvn Beb `xbvi) _K, wZwb mvnj Beb mv` Avm mvwq`x (iv) _K, wZwb ejb: gvbylìK
Av`k Ìqv nZv mvjvZi ga Wvb nvZ evg evi Dci ivLZ| Ave~ nvwhg ejb, G wb`kK wZwb bvexDjvn ()Gi cwZ m KiQb ejB Avwg Rvwb|22
Bgvg eyLvix G nv`xmwU Bgvg gvwjKi Qv Avyjvn Beb gvmjvgv _K Bgvg gvwjKi m~ msKjb KiQb|23
nv`xmwU eySZ Avgvì KqKwU ki evLv cqvRb:
c_g k: (
) Av`k Kiv nZv| Av`kKvix AekB ivm~jyjvn | eYbvKvixI Zv wbwZ KiQb| Avi wZwb
Zv bv ejjI G K_vB eySv hZ; KviY mvnvexMYK wZwb Qvov K mvjvZ ev `xb welq Av`k KiZb?
mvnvexMYi cwifvlv mK AeMZ KDB G welq wgZ cvlY Kib wb| wK kxqvMY G nv`xmwU wbqI mvaviY
gymwjgì ga wevw QovZ mP| kxqvMY mvjvZ nvZ `ycvk Szwjq ivLb| Zviv nvZ euvavK mvjvZ fi KviY
ej gb Kib| Bgvg Lvgbx Zuvi Avj-Iqvmxjvn Mi c_g Li 280 cvq wjLQb:
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mvjvZ web ev fKvix welq AbK| ... wZxq welq: ... GK nvZ Ab nvZi Dci ivLv, hgb Avgiv Qvov
Abiv Ki| Ze ZvwKqvi Rb Gic Kij Kvbv Amyweav bB|
ZvwKqv A_ AvZiv Kiv| mybxì _K AvZivi Rb wbRi wekvm ev Kg Mvcb Kiv, wg_v ejv ev cZviYv
KivK kxqv cwifvlvq ZvwKqv ejv nq| Lvgbx Rvbvjb h, mvjvZi ga nq GKwZ Ki eyK ev cU ivLj
mvjvZ f hve; Ze mybxì ga mvjvZ Av`vq KiZ hq Kvbv kxqv Gic Kij Amyweav bB|24
GwU Zvì gZ| G wbq Avgiv mgq b KiZ PvB bv| Ze kxqvMY wewfbfve mijcvY mybx gymwjgì bvbfve
cZvwiZ Ki kxqv aggZ `xv w`Z m`v Zrci| Zviv mnxn eyLvixi G nv`xm w`q mvaviY gymwjgì eySvb h, DgvBqv
hyM miKvi I ckvmb gymwjgìK G Av`k c`vb KiZ|
Avgiv AvMB ejwQ h, mvnvexMYK ivm~jyjvn () Qvov KD `xbi welq Av`k KiZb bv ev `xbi welq Zuvi
wb`ki I mybvZi evBi Kviv wb`k Zuviv gvbZb bv| GQvov DgvBqv kvmKMY gZv I fvM`Lji Rb Abvq KijI
Zviv gvbylì mvjvZ-wmqvg BZvw` `xbx welq nc Ki AKviY wbRì gZvi mgmv mw KiZb bv| mevcwi
mvnj Beb mv` (iv) DgvBqv hyMi gvSvgvwS 88 wnRixi w`K BKvj Kib| KvRB DgvBqv hyMi Kvbv welq nj wZwb
ejZb bv h, gvbylìK Av`k Kiv nZv| eis m wZwb ejZb: gvbylìK Av`k Ìqv nq..|
Kvbv mvnvex hLb ejb h, AvgvìK Av`k Kiv nZv, Zvi A_B ivm~jyjvn () ZuvìK Av`k KiZb|
ZvweqxMY GK_v RvbZb ejB msc Zuviv Gic ejZb| gwnjv Zvweqx gyAvhvn ejb, Avwg Avqkv (iv)-K ck
Kijvg: FZzeZx gwnjv wmqvgi Kvhv Kib wK mvjvZi Kvhv Kib bv Kb? wZwb ejb:
22
23
24
gvwjK Beb Avbvm, Avj-gyAvv (wgmi, `vi GnBqvwqZ Zzivm: kvwgjv) 1/159, (wKZve Kvmwim mvjvZ wdm mvdvi, eve Iqv`wqj Bqv`vBwb....)
eyLvix, Avm-mnxn 1/259 (wKZvey wmdvwZm mvjvZ, evey Iqvwqj BDgbv Avjvj BDmiv), fviZxq 1/102|
Avjx Beb bvwqd Avk-kvn&n~`, Avj-gydvm&mvj wdi ivw 12/269; Avi-ivy Avjv Dm~wji ivwd`vn, gvRg~D gyAvj-vdvwZ AvKvwqwì ivwdhvn 29/323,
115/17|
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Avgvì Gic nZv, ZLb AvgvìK wmqvgi Kvhv Kivi Av`k Ìqv nZv, wK mvjvZi Kvhvi Av`k
Ìqv nZv bv|25
GLvb Avgiv m`nvZxZfveB eySZ cviwQ h, Av`k`vZv ivm~jyj-vn ()| welqwU meRbvZ ejB mvnvexMY
msc KiZb|
kxqvMY Kvbv nv`xmB gvbb bv; wK Zvì myweavgZ `yGKwU nv`xm wbq gymwjgìK wev KiZ Pv Kib|
Avgiv cieZx AvjvPbvq `Le h, KqK WRb nv`xm AZ myfve ejv nqQ h, ivm~jyjvn () wbR Gfve nvZ
ivLZb| mevcwi nvZ ivLvi wZwbB h Av`k w`Zb Zv Avyjvn Beb gvmE` (iv)-Gi GKwU nv`xm _K eySv
hvq| wZwb ejb, ivm~jyjvn () `Lb h, Avwg mvjvZi ga Wvb nvZi Dci evg nvZ iLwQ| ZLb wZwb nvZ Lyj
Avgvi evg nvZi Dci Wvb nvZ iL w`jb| nv`xmwU Avgiv cieZxZ wevwiZ AvjvPbv Kie|
Av`k kwU _K KD KD `vwe KiQb h, Gfve nvZ ivLv IqvwRe| Ze Pvi Bgvg-mn AwaKvsk dKxn G
fve nvZi Dci nvZ ivLv ev euvavK gyvnve chvqi mybvZ ej MY KiQb|26 Bgvg bvevex ejb: G mKj nv`xm
_K ZvKexi Zvnixgvi ci evg nvZi Dci Wvb nvZ ivLv gymZvnve ej cgvwYZ nq|27
GLvb Ab GKwU welq jYxq| evg nvZi Dci Wvb nvZ ivLZ wb`k Ìqv nZv K_vwUi A_ nZ cvi h,
hw` KD Gfve nq GK ivL Zvnj m hb Wvb nvZK Dci ivL, evg nvZK Dci bv ivL| Beb gvmEì
(iv) nv`xm _K Gic eySv hvq| nq GK ivLv IqvwRe ej MY bv nIqvi AbZg KviY ivm~jyj-vn () mvjvZi
gwjK welqwj wkv `vbi mgq G welqwU DjL Kib wb Ges nq Gfve bv ivLvi Rb KvDK Avcw Kib wb|28
wZxq k: ev nvZ| Avj-gyRvgyj IqvmxZi fvlvq:
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ZZxq k: A_vr nvZ| Avj-gyRvgyj IqvmxZ ejv nqQ:
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G nv`xm Wvb nvZK evg evi Dci ivLZ ejv nqQ| kvwKfve evg nvZi AvOyji cv _K KbyB ch h
Kvbv vb Wvb nvZi Kuva _K Avyji cv ch h Kvbv vb ivLjB G wb`k cvwjZ ne| nq `ni Kv_vq
ivLZ ne Zv ejv nq wb|
nv`xm bs 2
mvjvZi ga nvZ euvav ev ivLvi welq Iqvwqj Beb Ri (iv) _K ewYZ nv`xmwU AbZg| Dcii mvnj Beb
mv` (iv) ewYZ nv`xmwU Bgvg gvwjK, Bgvg eyLvix I Ab KqKRb gynvwm msKjb KiQb Ges mKji eYbv
GKBic| cvi Iqvwqj (iv)-Gi nv`xmwU AbKjv mb` ewYZ nqQ Ges eYbvjvi ga kMZ I A_MZ ek
cv_K iqQ|
GLvb DjL h, Iqvwqj Beb Ri (iv) Bqvgvbi nvìvgvDZ c`ki cvPxb ivReski mvb| wZwb g`xbvq
Gm Bmjvg MnY Kib| ivm~jyjvn () ZuvK weklfve mvb Kib, ZuvK wbRi cvk wg^vii Dci DwVq
mvnvexì mv_ cwiPq Kwiq `b| wZwb ivm~jyjvn ()-Gi mvjvZ cwZ Mfxi gbvhvM w`q `Lb Ges cieZxKvj
wZwb Zv eYbv Kib| ivm~jyjvn ()-Gi mvjvZ-cwZ welq Zuvi ewYZ nv`xmwU AbZg| wewfb mb` Zuvi nv`xm ewYZ
nqQ Ges eYbvwji ga Kv_vI Kv_vI cv_K iqQ| Avgiv GLvb cvmwK KqKwU eYbv DjL KiwQ| Iqvwqj
(iv)-Gi GKwU nv`xm Bgvg gymwjg msKjb KiQb| wZwb ejb:

25
26
27
28
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gymwjg, Avm-mnxn 1/182 (wKZve Avj-nvq`, eve IR~e Kv`vwqm mvIg) fviZxq 1/153; Aviv `Lyb: eyLvix, Avm-mnxn 1/122 (wKZve Avj-nvq`,
eve jv BqvKw`j nvwq`ym mvjvZ), fviZxq: 1/46|
bvevex, kvi mnxn gymwjg 4/114|
kvIKvbx, bvBjyj AvIZvi 2/202
W. Beivnxg Avbxm, Avj-gyRvgyj IqvmxZ 2/1063| 1/311|
W. Beivnxg Avbxm, Avj-gyRvgyj IqvmxZ 1/311|
10
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AvgvìK hynvBi Beb nvie ejb, AvgvìK Avd&dvb ejb, AvgvìK nvvg ejb, AvgvìK gynvv` Beb
Rynv`vn ejb, AvgvK Avyj Rvevi Beb Iqvwqj ejb, wZwb AvjKvgv Beb Iqvwqj I Zvì GKRb gvIjv _K, Zviv
Iqvwqj Beb Ri (iv) _K, wZwb `Lb h, bvexDjvn hLb mvjvZ i Kijb ZLb Zuvi `y nvZ DVvjb - nvvg nvZ
DVvbvi eYbv w`q ejjb: Zuvi `y Kvb ch- Avjv AvKevi ejjb| Gici wZwb Zvi Kvco Rwoq wbjb| AZtci wZwb
Zuvi Wvb nvZ evg nvZi Dci ivLjb|31
GLvb Wvb-evg Dfq nvZi Bqv` kwU eenvi Kiv nqQ Ges Wvb nvZK evg nvZi Dci ivLvi K_v
ejv nqQ| nv`xmwU Dcii mvnj (iv)-Gi nv`xmi mgv_K| evg nvZi AvOyji cv _K Kuva ch h Kvbv vb
Wvb nvZi AvOyji cv _K Kuva ch h Kvbv vb ivLjB AvwfavwbK I AvwiKfve G nv`xmi wb`k cvwjZ
ne|
mnxn eyLvix I mnxn gymwjg mvjvZ ùvwoq nvZ euvavi welq G `ywU nv`xmB msKwjZ nqQ| Bgvg eyLvix GKwU
nv`xm ZvjxK wnme DZ KiQb h: Avjx (iv) Zuvi Wvb Zvjy Zuvi evg Kwi Dci ivLZb| Avgiv cieZxZ
nv`xmwU AvjvPbv Kie, Bbkv Avjvn| eyLvix I gymwjgi nv`xmjvZ nq `ni Kv_vq ivLZ ne Zv ejv nq wb|
eyK, cU, bvfxi Dci ev bxP hLvbB ivLv nvK mybvZ cvwjZ ne ej Dcii nv`xmjv wb`k Ki|
nv`xm bs 3
Iqvwqj (iv)-Gi nv`xmi wZxq eYbv| Bgvg Avngv` ejb:
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AvgvìK BDb~m Beb gynvv` ejb, AvgvìK Avyj Iqvwn` ejb, AvgvìK Avwmg Beb KzjvBe Zvi wcZv
_K, wZwb Iqvwqj Beb Ri nvìvgx (iv) _K, wZwb ejb: Avwg bvexDjvn ()-Gi wbKU AvMgb Kijvg Avi ejjvg, wZwb
wKfve mvjvZ Av`vq Kib Zv Avwg `Le| wZwb ejb: wZwb ZLb wKejvgywL njb, Avjv AvKevi ejjb Ges Zuvi Kuvaq
ch nq DVvjb| wZwb ejb: AZtci wZwb Zuvi Wvb nvZ w`q evg nvZ aijb|
nv`xmwU Bgvg Ave~ `vD`, Bgvg bvmvC I Abvb gynvwm Avwmg Beb KzjvBe _K G mb` Ges G k msKjb
KiQb| nv`xmwUi ivexMY mKjB wbfihvM| Bgvg Avngvì Dv` BDb~m Beb gynvv` (207 wn) mycwm wbfihvM
gynvwm| eyLvix I gymwjg Zuvi eYbv MnY KiQb| Beb nvRvi ejb: () : wbfihvM I nvwdh nv`xm| Zuvi Dv`
Avyj Iqvwn` Beb whqv` (176) eyLvix I gymwjg ^xKZ mycwm wbfihvM gynvwm| Beb nvRvii fvlvq: ():
wbfihvM| Zuvi Dv` Avwmg Beb KzjvBe Bgvg gymwjg ^xKZ wbfihvM ivex| Beb nvRvii fvlvq: () :
mZcivqY, gyiwRqv ej Awfhy| Zuvi wcZv KzjvBe Beb wknve Beb gvRb~b MnYhvM ivex| Beb nvRvii fvlvq ():
mZcivqY|
Gfve Avgiv `LwQ h, nv`xmwU mnxn| kvBL Avjevbx, kvBL AvBe AvibvEZ I Abvb gynvwm Zv wbwZ
KiQb|32
nv`xm bs 4
Iqvwqj (iv)-Gi nv`xmi ZZxq eYbv| Bgvg wZiwghx, Bgvg bvmvC cgyL gynvwmi Dv`, 3q kZKi mycwm
gynvwm, Bgvg BqvKe Beb mydBqvb Avj-dvwimx Avj-dvmvex (277 wn) Zuvi Avj-gvwidvn IqvZ ZvixL M nv`xmwU
msKjb Kib| Zuvi m~ Bgvg evBnvKx Avm-mybvb Avj-Kvexi M Zv msKjb Kib| wZwb ejb:
AvgvìK Aveyj mvBb Bebyj dv`j Avj-Kvvb evM`v` ejb, AvgvìK Avyj-vn Beb Rvdi ejb,
AvgvìK BqvKe Beb mydBqvb (dvmvex) ejb, AvgvìK Ave~ byAvBg ejb, AvgvìK g~mv Beb DgvBi Av^vix
ejb, AvgvK AvjKvgv Beb IqvBj Zvi wcZv (IqvBj Beb Ri) _K ejb: bvexDjvn () hLb mvjvZ ùvovZb
31
32
gymwjg 1/301 (wKZveym mvjvZ, eve Iqv`wq Bqvw`wnj Bqygbv Avjvj BDmiv ev`v ZvKexivwZj Bnivg), fviZxq 1/173|
Avngv`, Avj-gymbv` (AvBe AvibvDZi UxKvmn) 4/316|
11
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ZLb Zuvi Wvb nvZ w`q evg nvZi Dci AvuKo aiZb|
nv`xmwU Zvevivbx I Abvb gynvwm G mb` msKjb KiQb|
mbì ivexMY mKjB wbfihvM| evBnvKxi Dv` Aveyj mvBb gynvv` Bebyj mvBb Bebyj dv`j Avj-Kvvb
(415 wn) mycwm gynvwm|33 Zuvi Dv` Ave~ gynvv` Avyj-vn Beb Rvdvi Beb `yivvIqvwn Avb-bvnex (347 wn)
mycwm Aviex eKiYwe` I wbfihvM gynvwm|34 BqvKe Beb mydBqvb Avj-dvmvex wbfihvM ivex, nvwdh nv`xm Ges
nv`xm I Bjgyj nv`xm welq eM cYZv Djygyj nv`xmi mycwm Bgvg| dvmvexi Dv` Ave~ byAvBg dv`j Beb `yKvBb
(218 wn) eyLvix-gymwjg ^xKZ mycwm wmKvn ivex| Zuvi Dv` g~mv Beb DgvBi Avb&evix wbfihvM Zvwe-Zvweqx ivex|35
Gfve Avgiv `LwQ h, nv`xmwU mnxn| kvBL Avjevbx hvqxdzj Rvwgwqm mvMxi M GK hvqxd ej DjL
KiQb| wK wZwb mvnxnvn M nv`xmwU mvnxn ej wbwZ KiQb|36
Iqvwqj (iv)-Gi nv`xmi c_g eYbvq Ges mvnj (iv)-Gi nv`xm nvZ ivLv-i K_v ejv nqQ| wK wZxq I
ZZxq eYbvq aiv I AvuKo aiv-i K_v ejv nqQ| Iqvwqj (iv) g~jZ ivm~jyjvn ()-Gi GKevii mvjvZi NUbv eYbv
KiQb| evnZ aiv I ivLvi ga cv_K bB| evg nvZi Kvbv vbK hw` Wvb nvZ w`q gywV Ki aiv nq Ze Zv
evg nvZi Dci Wvb nvZ ivLv ej MY| ivLv ewZiK aiv hvq bv| Avi hw` gyVv Ki bv ai ayB Wvb nvZK evg
nvZi Dci ivLv nq ZeyI Zv aiv ej MY; KviY gywV Ki bv aijI AZ wKQzUv Pc bv aij `ynvZ GK ivLv hvq
bv| mevevq h Kvbvfve evg nvZi Dci Wvb nvZ ivLj ev Wvb nvZ w`q evg nvZ aij G mKj nv`xmi wb`k
cvwjZ ne|
nv`xm bs 5
Iqvwqj (iv)-Gi nv`xmi PZz_ eYbv| Avgiv `LwQ h, Iqvwqj (iv)-Gi nv`xmi c_g fvl (nv`xm bs 2) Iqvwqji
cy AvjKvgv I Zuvì GK Lv`g eYbv KiQb| Zuvì `yRb _K Iqvwqji Ab cy Avyj Rvevi eYbv KiQb| Iqvwqj
(iv)-Gi nv`xmi wZxq fvl, (nv`xm bs 3) Iqvwqj (iv) _K KzjvBe Beb wknve eYbv KiQb| Zuvi _K Zuvi cy Avwmg
nv`xmwU eYbv KiQb| Avwmg _K AbK gynvwm I ivex nv`xmwU eYbv KiQb|
Iqvwqj (iv)-Gi nv`xmi ZZxq fvl (nv`xm bs 4) Iqvwqj _K Zuvi cy AvjKvgv eYbv KiQb| AvjKvgv
_K g~mv Beb DgvBi| g~mv _K AbK gynvwm Zv eYbv KiQb|
Gevi PZz_ eYbv| Bgvg Ave~ `vD` Zuvi mybvb M ejb:
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AvgvìK gymvvm ejQb, AvgvìK weki Bebyj gydvvj ejQb, wZwb Avwmg Beb KzjvBe _K wZwb Zuvi wcZv
_K, wZwb Iqvwqj Beb Ri _K, wZwb ejb: ... AZtci ivm~jyjvn () Zuvi evg nvZK Wvb nvZ w`q aijb| ...
AvgvìK nvmvb Beb Avjx ejQb, AvgvìK Aveyj Ijx` ejQb, AvgvìK hvq`vn ejQb, wZwb Avwmg Beb KzjvBe
_K wZwb Zuvi wcZv _K, wZwb Iqvwqj Beb Ri (iv) _K, wZwb ejb: AZtci ivm~jyjvn () Zuvi Wvb nvZ Zuvi evg
nvZi Zvjyi wcV, Kw I evi Dci ivLb|
GLvb Bgvg Ave~ `vD` Iqvwqj (iv)-Gi nv`xm wZxq eYbvi (nv`xm bs 3) -Gi, A_vr Avwmg Beb KzjvBei
eYbvi `ywU c_K fvl w`jb| c_g eYbvq: evg nvZK Wvb nvZ w`q aijb| wZxq eYbvq: Wvb nvZ evg nvZi Zvjyi
wcV, Kw I evi Dci ivLjb|
c_g fvlwU Avwmg _K GLvb weki Bebyj gydvvj Beb jvwnK eYbv KiQb| Avgiv `LwQ (nv`xm bs 3) GKB
fvl Bgvg Avngvì eYbvq Avwmg _K Avyj Iqvwn` Beb whqv` eYbv KiQb| Zuviv DfqB eyLvix-gymwjg ^xKZ mycwm
wbfihvM ivex| Zuvì _K AbKB c_g fvlwU eYbv KiQb| G fvlwU wewfb mnxn mb` wewfb nv`xm M msKwjZ|
wZxq fvlwU Avwmg _K hvwq`vn Beb Kz`vgvn Avm-mvKvdx, Aveym mvjZ Kdx (160 wn) eYbv KiQb| hvwq`vn
_K nv`xmwU eYbv KiQb Aveyj Iqvwj` wnkvg Beb Avyj gvwjK AvZ-Zvqvwjmx (227 wn)| Zuvi _K nvmvb Beb Avjx
Beb gynvv` Avj-Lvj-vj (242 wn)| Giv wZbRbB eyLvix-gymwjg I mKj gynvwm ^xKZ mycwm nv`xmi Bgvg I wbfyj nv`xm
33
34
35
36
gynvv` Beb Avyj Mbx evM`v`x (629 wn), AvZ-ZvKqx` wj gvwidvwZ iIqvwZm mybvwb Iqvj gvmvbx`, c. 62-63|
gynvv` Beb Avyj Mbx evM`v`x, AvZ-ZvKqx`, c. 316-318|
Beb nvRvi, ZvKixeyZ Zvnhxe , c. 446, 553|
Avjevbx, RvwgDm mvMxi Iqv whqv`vZz, c. 992; mnxnvn (wmjwmjvZzj Avnv`xm) 5/306|
12
eYbvKvix|37
nv`xmwU Bgvg Avngv`, bvmvC I Abvb gynvwm Avwmg-Gi m~ GKB mb` msKjb KiQb| gynvwmMY nv`xmwU
mnxn ej wbwZ KiQb|38
Avgiv `Ljvg, G nv`xm Wvb nvZ-K evg nvZi Zvjy, Kw I evi Dci ivLvi K_v ejv nqQ| ev ejZ
AviexZ mvwq` k ejv nqQ| Avj-gyRvgyj IqvmxZ-G mvwq` ki evLvq ejv nqQ:
39
()
KbyB I nvZi Zvjyi gaeZx vb Dci _K|

G nv`xmI nq ivLvi cwZ ejv nqQ, vb ejv nq wb| Avgiv `LwQ h, nvZ ejZ KbyB _K KiZj ch
eySvbv nq| Wvb nvZi KbyB _K KiZj ch h Kvbv AskK evg nvZi Zvjyi wcV, Kw I evi Kvbv vb ivLjB
nv`xmwU kvwK A_ cvjb Kiv ne| Avi Gfve nvZ `yUv eyKi Dci _K bvfxi wbP h Kvbv vb ivLv me| Ze
jYxq h, cvPxb gynvwmMY G nv`xm Wvb nvZ ejZ Wvb nvZi Zvjy eySQb| Bgvg Beb LyhvBgv G nv`xmwU DZ Ki
Gi wkivbvg wjLQb:

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Wvb nvZi Zvjyi cUK evg nvZi Zvjy, Kw Ges evi Dci GK ivLvi cwiQ`|40
Beb nvhg, bvevex, kvIKvbx cgyL gynvwmI Abyic evLv KiQb|41 Avi Gfve Wvb nvZi ZvjyK evg nvZi Zvjy I
Kwmn evi wKq`vski Dci ivLj nq eyKi Dci _K bvfxi wbP ch h Kvbv vb ivLv hvq|
GLvb DjL h, Bgvg evBnvKx nv`xmwU DZ Ki ejb:
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AvgvìK nvwdR Ave~ Avyjvn ejb, AvgvìK Aveyj nvmvb Avngv` Beb gynvv` Avj-Avbhx ejb,
AvgvìK Dmgvb Beb mvqx` (`vwigx) ejb, AvgvìK Avyjvn Beb ivRv ejb, AvgvìK hvq`vn ejb,
AvgvìK Avwmg Beb KzjvBe Avj-Rvigx ejb, AvgvK Avgvi wcZv ejb, Iqvwqj Beb Ri ZuvK ejQb ....
AZtci wZwb Zuvi Wvb nvZ Zuvi evg nvZi Zvjyi wcV Ges evi Kwi Dci ivLjb|
Ave~ `vDì eYbvq nv`xmwU hvwq`v _K eYbv KiQb Aveyj Iqvjx`, Zuvi _K nvmvb Beb Avjx, Zuvi _K Ave~
`vD`| Avi evBnvKxi eYbvq nv`xmwU hvwq`vn _K eYbv KiQb Avyjvn Beb ivRv| wZwb eyLvix ^xKZ wek ivex| Zuvi
_K Bgvg `vwigx Dmgvb Beb mvC`| Zuvi _K Aveyj nvmvb Avngv` Beb gynvv` Beb Ave`~m Avj-Avbhx Zvivwqdx
(346 wn), Zuvi _K Bgvg Ave~ Avyjvn nvwKg bvBmvc~ix (405 wn), Zuvi _K evBnvKx nv`xmwU msKjb KiQb| Giv
mKjB nv`xmi cwm Bgvg|
Gfve Avgiv `LwQ h, Dfq mb`B mnxn| c_g eYbvi `vwe h, Wvb nvZ evg nvZi Zvjyi wcV, Kw I evi Dci
_vKe| GZ nvZ bvfxi Ea ev eyKi Dci _vKvB ^vfvweK| wK wZxq eYbv Abymvi Wvb nvZ evg nvZi Zvjyi wcV Ges
evi Kwi ev ay Kwi Dci _vKe| GZ nvZ bvfxi wbP _K eyKi Dci h Kvbv vbB ^vfvweKfve ivLv me|
nv`xm bs 6
Bgvg Ave~ `vD` ejb:

.

AvgvìK gynvv` Beb evvi Beb ivBqvb ejb, wZwb kvBg Beb evkxi _K, wZwb nvvR Beb Avex hvBbve _K
wZwb Ave~ Dmgvb bvn`x _K, wZwb Beb gvmE` (iv) _K, wZwb ejb: wZwb mvjvZ Av`vq KiwQjb| ZLb wZwb Zuvi evg
37
38
39
40
41
Beb nvRvi, ZvKixeyZ Zvnhxe, c. 213, 573, 162|

bvevex, Avj-gvRg~ 3/312; Avjevbx, mnxn Avex `vD` 3/315|
Beb LyhvBgv, Avm-mnxn 1/243|
Beb nvhg, Avj-gynvjv 3/29-30; bvevex, Avj-gvRg~ kvij gynvh&hve 4/327; kvIKvbx, bvBjyj AvIZvi 2/200|
13
nvZK Wvb nvZi Dci iLwQjb| bvexDjvn ZuvK G Aevq `LZ cvb| wZwb ZLb Zuvi Wvb nvZK evg nvZi Dci
iL `b|42
nv`xmwU Bgvg bvmvC I Abvb gynvwm msKjb KiQb| nv`xmwUi eYbvKvixMY mKjB cwm wbfihvM ivex|
ay nvvR Beb Avex hvBbve-Gi welq mvgvb gZf` iqQ| Bebyj gv`xbx, bvmvC cgyL gynvwm ZvK `yej ej DjL
KiQb| cvi Beb gvqxb, Beb Av`x cgyL gynvwm ZvK MnYhvM ej DjL KiQb| Bgvg gymwjg Zvi eYbv
MnY KiQb| GRb Bgvg bvevex ejQb h, nv`xmwU Bgvg gymwjgi kZvbymvi mnxn|43 Beb nvRvi AvmKvjvbx
nv`xmwUi mb` nvmvb ej DjL KiQb|44
nv`xm bs 7
Bgvg Beb wnevb Zuvi mnxn M ejb:

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AvgvìK nvmvb Beb mydBqvb ejb, AvgvìK nvigvjv Beb BqvnBqv ejb, AvgvìK Beb Iqvne ejb,
AvgvìK Avgi Bebyj nvwim ejQb, wZwb AvZv Beb Avex ivevnK Beb Avevm (iv) _K ejZ bQb, ivm~jyjvn
() ejQb: Avgiv bexMY AvgvìK Av`k Kiv nqQ h, Avgiv Avgvì kl mgq mvnix Kie, c_g mgqB
BdZvi Kie Ges Avgiv Avgvì mvjvZi ga evg nvZi Dci Wvb nvZ w`q aie|45
Bgvg ZvevivbxI GKB mb` nv`xmwU msKjb KiQb| Zuvi eYbvq: Avgvì Wvb nvZ evg nvZi Dci ivLe|46
G mbì ivexMY wbfihvM Ges mnxn gymwjgi ivex| nvBmvgx, Avjevbx, AvBe AvibvEZ cgyL gynvwm
nv`xmwUK mnxn ejQb|47
nv`xm bs 8
Bgvg wZiwghx ejb:

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AvgvìK KzZvBev ejQb, AvgvìK Aveyj AvnIqvm ejQb, wZwb wmgvK Beb nvie _K, wZwb Kvexmvn Beb
j&e _K, wZwb Zvi wcZv (j&e AvZ-Zvqx Bqvwh` Beb Av`x) (iv) _K, wZwb ejb: ivm~jyjvn () Avgvì BgvgwZ
KiZb, ZLb wZwb Zuvi evg nvZK Zuvi Wvb nvZ w`q aiZb|48
Bgvg Avngv` nv`xmwU msKjb KiQb Beb Avex kvBev _K, IKx _K, mydBqvb mvIix _K wmgvK _K|
Zuvi eYbvq: ZLb wZwb Zuvi Wvb nvZK Zuvi evg nvZi Dci ivLZb|49
Bgvg wZiwghx nv`xmwUK nvmvb ejQb| eZ nv`xmi ivexMY mKjB wbfihvM| KzZvBev Beb mvC` I Aveyj
AvnIqvm mvj-vg Beb myjvBg DfqB eyLvix I gymwjgi ivex| Zvweqx wmgvK Beb nvie wbfihvM ivex| eyLvix (ZvjxK)
Ges gymwjg Zvi nv`xm MnY KiQb|
Kvexmvn AcwiwPZ ivex| wmgvK Qvov Ab Kvbv ivex Zvi _K nv`xm eYbv Kib wb| Bebyj gv`xbx I bvmvC
ZvK gvRn~j ev AvZcwiPq ejQb| BRjx I Beb wnevb ZvK wbfihvM ejQb| Beb nvRvi AvmKvjvbx ZvK
gvKe~j ejQb| A_vr GKKfve wZwb `yej, Ze GKvwaK eYbvi MnYhvMZv ewZ wZwb wbfihvM|
meZ Kvexmvi KviYB Bgvg wZiwghx nv`xmwU nvmvb ejQb| Avjevbx nv`xmwUK nvmvb mnxn ejQb| cv
i AvibvEZ ejb: Kvexmvn AvZcwiPq ivex nIqvi KviY G mb`wU `yej|50
G nv`xmwUi Ab eYbvq nq eyKi Dci ivLvi K_v ejv nqQ| Avgiv cieZxZ Zv AvjvPbv Kie, Bbkv
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
Ave~ `vD`, Avm-mybvb 1/274 (wKZveym mvjvZ, eve Iqv`wqj BDgbv Avjvj BDmiv...), fviZxq 1/110|
bvevex, Avj-gvRg~ 3/312|
Beb nvRvi, dvZj evix 2/224|
Beb wnevb, Avm-mnxn: ZviZxe Beb evjevb (AvBe AvibvEZi UxKv mn) 5/67-68|
Zvevivbx, Avj-gyRvgyj AvDmvZ 2/247, nvBmvgx, gvRgvDh hvIqvwq` 2/275|
nvBmvgx, gvRgvDh hvIqvwq` 2/275, 3/368; Avjevbx, AvnKvgyj RvbvBh, c. 118; Beb wnevb, Avm-mnxn: AvibvEZi UxKv 5/68|
wZiwghx, Avm-mybvb 2/32 (AveIqveym mvjvZ, eve dx Iqv`wqj Bqvwgb Avjvk wkgvj) fviZxq 1/59|
Avngv`, Avj-gymbv` 5/226|
Avjevbx, mnxn Iqv hvqxd mybvwbZ wZiwghx 1/256; Avngv`, Avj-gymbv`: AvBe AvibvEZ-Gi UxKv 5/226|

Avj-vn|
nv`xm bs 9
Bgvg Avngv` ejb:
14
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AvgvìK nvv` Beb Lvwj` (Ges Avyi ivngvb Beb gvn`x) ejQb, AvgvìK gyAvweqv Beb mvwjn ejb,
wZwb BDm~d Beb mvBd _K, wZwb `vBd Bebyj nvwim ev nvwim Bebyj `vBd _K, wZwb ejb: Avwg me wKQy fyj
MjI G K_v fyje bv h, Avwg ivm~jyjvn ()-K mvjvZi ga Zuvi Wvb nvZK evg nvZi Dci ivLv Aevq
`LwQjvg|
Beb Avex kvBev I Abvb gynvwmI G mb` nv`xmwU msKjb KiQb| ivexMYi ga Avyi ivngvb Beb gvn`x Bjg
nv`xmi cwm Bgvg| nvv` Beb Lvwj` I gyAvweqv Beb mvwjn Bgvg gymwjg ^xKZ wbfihvM ivex| BDb~m Beb mvBd ev
BDm~d Beb mvBdK evh&hvi, `vivKzZbx, Beb wnevb cgyL gynvwm wbfihvM ej DjL KiQb| Beb nvRvi ZvK gvKe~j
ejQb| `vBd mvnvex wQjb wKbv m welq wKQz gZf` we`gvb| AwaKvsk gynvwm ZuvK mvnvex wnme DjL KiQb|
nvBmvgx ejb: mbì ivexMY wbfihvM| AvibvEZ ejb: `vBdK mvnvex MY Kij nv`xmwU nvmvb|51
nv`xm bs 10
Beb Avex kvBev Zuvi gymvbvd M ejb:
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AvgvìK IKx ejQb, wZwb BmgvCj Beb Avex Lvwj` _K, wZwb Avgvk _K, wZwb gyRvwn` _K, wZwb
gyIqvi&wiK Avj-BRjx _K, wZwb Ave~ `vi`v (iv) _K, wZwb ejb: bexMYi AvPiYi AbZg welq mvjvZi ga Wvb
nvZ evg nvZi Dci ivLv|52
nv`xmwUi mb` eyLvix I gymwjgi kZvbymvi mnxn| IKx Bebyj Rvi&ivn, BmgvCj Beb Avex Lvwj`, myjvBgvb Beb
wgnivb Avgvk, gyRvwn` Beb Rve&i Ges gyIqvi&wiK Bebyj gykvgivR BRjx mKjB cwm ivex I nv`xmi Bgvg| eyLvix,
gymwjg I Abvb gynvwm Zuvì nv`xm mnxn wnme MnY KiQb|
nv`xmwU gvDKd ev mvnvexi ee njI, wZwb welqwUK bexMYi AvPiY ev Kg ej DjL KiQb| bexMYi
ewk ev AvPiY wK Zv mvnvexMY ivm~jyjvn ()-Gi gvagB RvbZb| evnZ wZwb ivm~jyjvn ()-Gi Kg `L ev Zuvi
_K Rb K_vwU ejQb| KvRB nv`xmwU gvid Kgx ev ivm~jyj-vn ()-Gi nv`xm chvqi ej MY|
nv`xm bs: 11
Bgvg `vivKzZbx ejb:
AvgvìK Aveyj Kvwmg Avyjvn Beb gynvv` Beb Avyj Avhxh ejQb, AvgvìK Rv Beb gvLjv` ejQb,
AvgvìK kvBg ejQb, gvbm~i AvgvìK gynvv` Beb Avevb Avbmvix _K ejb, wZwb Avqkv (iv) _K, wZwb
ejb: wZbwU welq byeyIqvZi Ask: BdZvi c_g mgqB Kiv, mvnix kl mgq Kiv Ges mvjvZi ga Wvb nvZ evg
nvZi Dci ivLv|53
Dcii nv`xmi gZ G nv`xmwUI mvnvexi ee ev gvIKd nv`xm| Ze Zv gvid ev ivm~jyj-vn ()-Gi nv`xm
chvqi; KviY mvnvex G KgjvK byeyIqvZi Ask ej DjL KiQb|
nv`xmwU Bgvg evBnvKx `vivKzZbxi m~ DZ KiQb Ges mnxn ej DjL KiQb|54 eZ nv`xmwUi ivexMY
51
52
53
54
nvBmvgx, gvRgvDh hvIqvwq` 2/275; Avngv`, Avj-gymbv`, AvBei UxKv 4/105|

Beb Avex kvBev, Avj-gymvbvd (gynvv` AvIqvgvn mvw`Z) 1/390|
`vivKzZbx, Avm-mybvb 3/213
evBnvKx, Avm-mybvbyj Kzeiv (fviZ, wbhvwgqvn, 1344 wn: kvwgjv) 2/29|
15
mKjB wbfihvM I cwm| Avyjvn Beb Avyj Avhxh, Beb webZ Avngv` Beb gvbx, Aveyj Kvwmg Avj-evMvex (213317wn) cwm gynvwm| Beb Avex nvwZg, `vivKzZbx cgyL gynvwm ZvK wmKvn ej DjL KiQb|55 Rv Beb gvLjv`
Avj-dvjvmK Bgvg gymwjg MnY KiQb| Beb nvRvi AvmKvjvbx ZvK mv`~K ev mZcivqY ivex ejQb| kvBg Beb
evkxi Bebyj Kvwmg cwm gynvwm I Bgvg| eyLvix I gymwjg Zvi eYbv MnY KiQb| gvbm~i Beb hvhvb AZ wbfihvM
cwm Zvwe-Zvweqx ivex| eyLvix I gymwjg Zvi eYbv MnY KiQb| gyvnv` Beb AvevbK Bgvg eyLvix I Beb Avex nvwZg
DjL KiQb| Beb wnevb ZvK wbfihvM ej DjL KiQb|56 Ze Bgvg eyLvix G nv`xmwU DjL Ki ejb: gynvv`
Beb Avevb Avqkv (iv) _K Kvbv nv`xm bQb ej Avgiv Rvwb bv|57
Gfve Avgiv `LwQ h, nv`xmwUi mbì mKj ivex wbfihvM| wK gynvv` Beb Avevb mivmwi nv`xmwU Avqkv
(iv) _K bQb ej wbwZ bq| nv`xmwUZ BbwKZv ev wewQbZvi mvebv AvQ|
GLvb DjL G A_ Beb Dgvi (iv), Avey ivBiv (iv) I Abvb mvnvex _K KqKwU nv`xm c_K mb` ewYZ
nqQ| Ze cZK mb`B Kg ewk `yejZv iqQ|
nv`xm bs 12
Bgvg Ave~ `vD` ejb:
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AvgvìK bvmi Beb Avjx ejQb, AvgvìK Avey Avngv` ejQb, AvgvìK Avjv Beb mvwjn ejQb,
wZwb hyiAv Beb Avyi ivngvb _K, wZwb ejb: Avwg Bebyh hyevBiK ejZ bwQ: c`q mvwie Kiv Ges GK nvZi
Dci Ab nvZ ivLv mybvZi Afy|
GLvb Bebyh hyevBi ejZ KvK eySvbv nqQ ejv nq wb| wgh&hx DjL KiQb h, hyiAv Avyjvn Beb hyevBi
_K nv`xm eYbv KiQb| G nv`xmwUI gvid nv`xmi chvqfy|
nv`xmwUi mbì w`K `w w`j Avgiv `wL h, bvmi Beb Avjx Beb bvmi Beb Avjx Ges Avey Avngv` gynvv`
Beb Avyj-vn Beb hyevBi DfqB cwm wbfihvM ivex| eyLvix I gymwjg Zvì eYbv MnY KiQb| Avjv Beb mvwjn
mK Beb nvRvi ejb: wZwb mZcivqY ivex, Ze Zvi wKQz fyj AvQ| hyiAv Beb Avyi ivngvb Kdx wKQzUv
AcwiwPZ ivex| cwm gynvwmMY Zvi welq Kvbv ge Kib wb| Beb wnevb ZvK wbfihvM ejQb| Beb nvRvi
ZvK gvKe~j ejQb| A_vr GKKfve wZwb wKQzUv `yej, Ze Ab eYbvi mg_b Zvi eYbv MnYhvM|58
Gfve Avgiv `LwQ h, hyiAv ev` mKjB wbfihvM Ges hyiAv wKQzUv AcwiwPZ| GRb nv`xmwUi welq wKQzUv
gZf` iqQ| c~eeZx gynvwmMY GK MnYhvM ej MY KiQb| Bgvg bvevex (676 wn) ejb: nv`xmwUi mb`
nvmvb Ges Bebyj gyjvwb Dgvi Beb Avjx (804 wn) ejb: nv`xmwUi mb` myì59| cvi nv`xmwUK kvBL
bvwmixb Avjevbx hvqxd ej MY KiQb|60
nv`xm bs 13
Bgvg Avngv` ejb:

AvgvìK BqvnBqv Beb Avex eyKvBi ejQb, AvgvìK hynvBi (Beb gyAvweqv) ejQb, AvgvìK Ave~
BmnvK (mvexqx) ejQb, wZwb Avyj Rvevi Beb Iqvwqj _K, wZwb Zuvi wcZv _K, wZwb ejb, Avwg `Ljvg,
ivm~jyj-vn () mvjvZi ga Zuvi Wvb nvZ evg nvZi Dci iLQb Kwi KvQ|61
nv`xmwU Bgvg `vwigx, Bgvg Zvevivbx cgyL gynvwm msKjb KiQb| G mbì BqvnBqv Beb Avex eyKvBi, hynvBi
Beb gyAvweqv, Ave~ BmnvK mvexqx Avgi Beb Avyjvn wZbRbB eyLvix I gymwjg ^xKZ wbfihvM ivex| Avyj Rvevi
Beb IqvwqjI gymwjg ^xKZ wbfihvM ivex| wZwb ejQb, Zvi wcZv _K| wZwb wcZv _K nv`xmwU bQb Zv ejb
wb| cvi Ab wZwb myfve DjL KiQb h, wZwb Lye QvU _vKvi KviY Zuvi wcZvi mvjvZI gb ivLZ cvib
55
56
57
58
59
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61
Beb Avex Bqvjv, Aveyj mvBb, ZvevKvZzj nvbvwejv 1/189-190|

eyLvix, AvZ-ZvixLyj Kvexi 1/32; Beb Avex nvwZg, Avj-Rvin IqvZ Zv`xj 7/198-199; Beb wnevb, Avm-wmKvZ 7/392|
eyLvix, AvZ-ZvixLyj Kvexi 1/32|
Beb nvRvi, ZvKixeyZ Zvnhxe, c. 561, 487, 435, 215|
bvevex, Avj-gvRg~ 3/312; Bebyj gyjvwb, Avj-evìj gybxi 3/512|
Avjevbx, BiIqvDj Mvjxj 2/74; mvnxn Iqv hvqxd mybvwb Avex `vD` 2/254|
Avngv`, Avj-gymbv` 4/318|
16
wb| wZwb g~jZ Zuvi fvB, gv ev Ab Kviv gvag wcZvi nv`xm bQb| GLvb wZwb Zuvi m~ DjL Kib wb| GRb
mbì mKj ivex wbfihvM nIqv mI nv`xmwU wewQbZvi KviY `yej|62
Dcii nv`xmjv QvovI Ave~ evKi (iv), Avjx (iv) cgyL mvnvex _K KqKwU gvDKd nv`xm ewYZ nqQ h,
Zuviv mvjvZi ga evg nvZi Dci Wvb nvZ ivLZb; wK ivLvi vb DjL Kiv nq wb|
1. 4. Mjvi wbP nvZ ivLvi wb`kbv

AviexZ bvni kwUi A_ eyKi mevP Ask, Kbvjx ev Mjvi wbgvsk (upper part of the chest, throat)|
bvni ev eyKi DcwifvM nq ivLvi welq ivm~jyjvn () _K Kvbv nv`xm (gvid~ nv`xm) ewYZ nq wb| Ze
Avyj-vn Beb Avevm (iv) _K Zuvi GKwU ee (gvDK~d nv`xm) ewYZ nqQ|
nv`xm bs 14
Bgvg evBnvKx ejb:

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AvgvìK Ave~ hvKvwiqv Beb Avex BmnvK ejb, AvgvìK nvmvb Beb BqvKe ejb, AvgvìK BqvnBqv
Beb Avex Zvwje ejb, AvgvìK hvB` Bebyj eve ejb, AvgvìK ivIn Bebyj gymvBwqe ejb, AvgvK Avgi Beb
gvwjK byKix ejb, wZwb Aveyj RvIhv _K, wZwb Beb Avevm _K, wZwb m~iv KvImvi (Zvgvi iei Rb mvjvZ
Av`vq Ki Ges bvni Ki)- Avjvni G K_vi evLvq ejb: bvni Kivi A_ Wvb nvZK evg nvZi Dci mvjvZi ga
bvni ev Kbvjxi KvQ ivLv|63
G nv`xmi wfw ivIn Bebyj gymvBwqe bvgK ivexi Dci| Zvi welq BqvnBqv Beb gvqxb ejb: ( )Kvbv
iKg MnYhvM| ivhx ejb: Kvbv iKg MnYhvM Ze kwkvjx bq| Beb Av`x ejb, jvKwU AbK AwbfihvM
nv`xm eYbv KiQ| Beb wnevb ejb: jvKwU wbfihvM ivexì m~ Rvj nv`xm eYbv Ki; Zvi nv`xm MnY Kiv ea
bq| Zvi Dv` Avgi Beb gvwjK Avb-byKix mK Beb Av`x ejb: gybKvij nv`xm: jvKwU AvcwKi nv`xm
eYbvKvix Ges nv`xm Pzwi Ki|64
Gfve Avgiv `LwQ h, G gvDK~d nv`xmwUi mb` AZ `yej|65
ss
1. 5. eyKi Dci nvZ ivLvi wb`kbv
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mv`&i ( )ev eyK welq Avj-gyRvgyj IqvmxZ ejv nqQ:
gvbyli mvì ev eyK njv Mjvi wbP _K cUi Dby vb ch `xN RvqMv|66
nv`xm bs 15
GwU Iqvwqj (iv)-Gi nv`xmi 5g eYbv| c~ei eYbvwjZ nvZ ivLvi ev aivi K_v ejv nqQ, vb DjL Kiv
nq wb| wK cg eYbvq ivLvi vb DjL Kiv nqQ| Bgvg evBnvKx ejb:

:

:

AvgvìK Ave~ mv` Avngv` Beb gynvv` m~dx ejb, AvgvìK Ave~ Avngv` Beb Av`x ejb, AvgvìK Beb
mvwq` ejb, AvgvìK Beivnxg Beb mvC` ejb, AvgvìK gynvv` Beb Ri Avj-nvìvgx ejb, AvgvK mvqx` Beb
Avyj Rvevi Beb Iqvwqj Zuvi wcZv _K Zuvi gvZv _K Iqvwqj (iv) _K, wZwb ejb: Avwg ivm~jyjvn ()-Gi wbKU
DcwZ njvg| wZwb gvmwRì w`K DV hq wgnive XyKjb, AZtci ZvKexi ej nq DVvjb, AZtci Zvi Wvb nvZ
62
63
64
65
66
Avngv`, Avj-gymbv`, AvibvDZi UxKv, 4/318|

evBnvKx, Avm-mybvbyj Kzeiv 2/31|
Bebyj gyjvwb, wmivR Dxb Dgvi Beb Avjx: Avj-evìj gybxi 4/81; evKi Ave~ hvB`, jv Rv`x`v dx AvnKvwgm mvjvZ, c.9|
17
evg nvZi Dci eyKi Dci ivLjb|67

kvBL Avjevbx DjL KiQb h, nv`xmwU wZbwU KviY `yej:
(1) gynvv` Beb Ri nvìvgx `yej| Zvi welq Bgvg eyLvix ejb: Zvi welq Avcw AvQ| Bgvg eyLvixi G
K_vi A_ jvKwU AZ `yej| hvnvex ejb: jvKwU AvcwKi nv`xm eYbv KiQb|
(2) mvqx` Beb Avyj Rvevii welqI Avcw iqQ| bvmvC ejb: wZwb kwkvjx bb| Beb wnevb ZvK
wbfihvMì ZvwjKvq DjL KiQb|
(3) Avyj Rvevii gvZv GKeviB AvZ cwiPq|68
nv`xm bs 16
Bgvg Beb LyhvBgv ejb:
.

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AvgvìK Ave~ Zvwni ejb, AvgvìK Ave~ evKi ejb, AvgvìK Ave~ g~mv ejb, AvgvìK gyAvvj (Beb
BmgvCj) ejb, wZwb mvIix _K, wZwb Avwmg Beb KzjvBe _K wZwb Zvi wcZv _K, wZwb Iqvwqj (iv) _K, wZwb
ejb: Avwg ivm~jyjvn ()-Gi mv_ mvjvZ Av`vq Kijvg Ges wZwb Zuvi Wvb nvZ Zuvi evg nvZi Dci Zuvi eyKi Dci
ivLjb|69
nv`xmwU Iqvwqj (iv)-Gi nv`xmi 2q I 4_ eYbvi (nv. bs 3 I 5), A_vr Avwmgi nv`xmi AviKwU fvl|
nv`xmwU Bgvg evBnvKxI gyAvvji m~ msKjb KiQb| Beb LyhvBgv nv`xmwUi weZv welq wKQzB ejb wb| Beb
LyhvBgv Zuvi Mi bvg mnxn ivLjI Bjgyj nv`xm mK cv_wgK vbmb mKjB Rvbb h, Zuvi M mnxn-hqxd
mKj cKvii nv`xmB iqQ| wZwb wbRI gvS gvS Zuvi msKwjZ nv`xmi `yejZvi K_v DjL KiQb| Beb LyhvBgv,
Beb wnevb, nvwKg I Abvb gynvwmi msKwjZ nv`xm cieZx gynvwmMY webv hvPvBq MnY Kib wb|70
v`k wnRix kZKi cwm fviZxq-Aviexq gynvwm I nvbvdx dKxn gynvv` nvqvZ wm`x (1163 wn/1750L) eyK nvZ
ivLvi welq dvZj Mvdi dx Iqv`wqj AvB`x Avjvm my`~i bvg GKwU M iPbv Kib| G M wZwb ejb:
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GKvwaK Avwjg DjL KiQb h, nv`xmwU Beb LyhvBgv Zuvi mnxn M msKjb KiQb| Zvì ee G welqwU
mg_b Ki|71
evnZ, kvBL nvqvZ wm`x mnxn Beb LyhvBgv MwU cob wb ev GZ G nv`xmwU `Lb wb| Ze wZwb gb
KiQb, Beb LyhvBgv KZK Zuvi mnxn M nv`xmwU msKjb Kivi A_B wZwb GK mnxn ej MY KiQb|
cieZx kZvxi cwm Avwjg Bgvg kvIKvbx (1250 wn) ejb:
... .
...
Beb LyhvBgv Zuvi mnxn M nv`xmwU msKjb KiQb Ges nv`xmwUK mnxn ej DjL KiQb|... G welq
Iqvwqji G nv`xmwUi Pq AwaK mnxn Avi wKQzB bB| Avgiv ejwQ h, m~iv KvDmvii Zvdmxi Avjx (iv) I Beb
Avevm (iv) ejQb: bvni A_ evg nvZi Dci Wvb nvZ ivLv Mjvi bxP I eyK| Zuvì G ZvdmxiI G nv`xmi A_
mg_b Ki|72
eZ Bgvg Beb LyhvBgv G nv`xmi weZv ev `yejZv mK wKQzB ejb wb| kvIKvbx meZ Beb LyhvBgvi
msKjbKB Zvmnxn ev mnxn ej DjL Kiv ej MY KiQb| cieZx kZKi cwm fviZxq gynvwm kvBL gynvv`
Avkivd Beb Avgxi Avj-AvhxgAvev`x (1310 wn/1892L) ejb:
. ...
:
67
68
69
70
71
72
evBnvKx, Avm-mybvbyj Kzeiv 2/30|

Avjevbx, hvqxdvn 1/643-647|
W. Lv`Kvi Avyjvn Rvnvxi, nv`xmi bvg RvwjqvwZ, c. 135-1140, 201-202; eyn~myb dx Dj~wgi nv`xm, c. 117-122|
nvqvZ wm`x, dvZj Mvdi, c. 2|
18
...
G welq Iqvwqji G nv`xmwUi Pq AwaK mnxn Avi wKQzB bB| ..... nv`xmwU Beb LyhvBgv msKjb KiQb|
Aveyj gvnvwmb gynvv` Kvwqg wm`x Zvi Kvbv GK cywKvq ejb: Avgvi aviYv nv`xmwU Beb LyhvBgvi kZvbymvi|
nvwdh (Beb nvRvi) BZnvd M hv ejQb Zv _KI evnZ GicB gb nq| Beb mvBwqw`bvmi K_v _KI ZvB
gb nq|... ZvDmi gyimvj, j&e-Gi nv`xm Ges Iqvwqji nv`xm cgvY Ki h, nq eyKi Dci ivLv gymZvnve|
GwUB n K_v| bvfxi wbP ev bvfxi Dci nvZ ivLvi welq ivm~jyjvn () _K Kvbv nv`xm cgvwYZ bq|73
kvBL Avyi ivngvb gyeviKc~ix (1353wn/ 1934L) ejb:

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nv`xmwU mnxn, Beb LyhvBgv nv`xmwUK mnxn ej DjL KiQb| Beb mvBwqw`bvm (734 wn) Zvi jLv
wZiwghxi evLvM Zv DjL KiQb| kvBL gynvv` Kvqg wm`x nvbvdx ... ejb: Avwg gb Kwi h nv`xmwUi Beb
LyhvBgvi kZvbymvi| BZnvd M nvwdh (Beb nvRvi AvmKvjvbx)-Gi K_v _KI evnZ G K_vB eySv hvq| Beb
mvBwqw`bvmi K_vi evwnK A_I ZvB|74
Gfve Avgiv `LwQ, mb` hvPvB QvovB Guiv mKjB aviYv KiQb h, Beb LyhvBgv hnZz nv`xmwU msKjb
KiQb, mnZz Zv Zuvi kZvbymvi mnxn| Avgiv AvMB ejwQ h, aviYvwU mwVK bq| nv`xmwUi Aev mK Avjevbx
mnxn Beb LyhvBgv Mi UxKvq ejb:
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G nv`xmi mb` `yej| KviY gyAvvj Beb BmgvCj-Gi wZkw ev wbfyj eYbvi gZv Lvivc wQj| Ze nv`xmwU
mnxn, Abvb mb` Gi A_ ewYZ nqQ| eyK nvZ ivLvi welq Abvb nv`xm G nv`xmi A_ cgvY Ki|75
eZ nv`xmwUi wfw gyAvvj Beb BmgvCj-Gi Dci| ZvK gynvwmMY `yej ivex wnme wPwZ KiQb|
BqvnBqv Beb gvqxb ZvK MnYhvM ejQb| Ave~ nvwZg ivhx ejb, wZwb mZcivqY; Ze Lye ewk fyj Kib| Bgvg
eyLvix ejb: wZwb gybKvij nv`xm ev AvcwKi nv`xm eYbvKvix| Bgvg eyLvix AZ `yej ev wg_v nv`xm
eYbvKvixìKB gybKvij nv`xm ejb| Beb nvRvi ejb: ( ) mZcivqY; Ze wZkw Lvivc|76
Avjvgv Bebyj KvBwqg Zuvi Bjvgyj gyIqvwqxb M ejb:
. " " -
gynvwmMY mydBqvb mvIix _K, Avwmg Beb KzjvBe _K, wZwb Zvi wcZv _K, wZwb Iqvwqj Beb Ri (iv)
_K, wZwb ejb: Avwg ivm~jyj-vn ()-Gi mv_ mvjvZ Av`vq Kijvg| ZLb wZwb Zuvi Wvb nvZ Zuvi evg nvZi Dci,
eyKi Dci ivLjb| eyKi Dci K_vwU gyAvwj Beb BmgvCj Qvov KD ejb wb|77
Bebyj KvBwqg Ab ejb:
...)" (
() .
."
wZwb (Bgvg Avngv`) ejb: ... eyKi Dci nq ivLv gvKin; KviY ivm~jyjvn () _K ewYZ nqQ h, wZwb
ZvKdxi KiZ wbla KiQb| Avi ZvKdxi A_ eyKi Dci nvZ ivLv| gyAvvj mydBqvb _K, Avwmg Beb KzjvBe
73
74
75
76
77
Avhxg Avev`x, AvIbyj gve~` 2/324, 327|

gyevivKcyix, ZzndvZzj AvnIqvhx 2/79-80|
Beb LyhvBgv, Avm-mnxn, Avjevbxi UxKv 1/243|
Beb nvRvi, ZvnhxeyZ Zvnhxe 10/339-340; ZvKixeyZ Zvnhxe, c. 555|
Bebyj KvBwqg, Bjvgyj gyIqvwqxb 2/400|
19
_K Zvi wcZv _K Iqvwqj _K eYbv KiQb h, bvexDjvn () Zuvi nvZ eyKi Dci ivLb| A_P G nv`xmwUB
Avyj-vn Beb Iqvjx` mydBqvb _K eYbv KiQb; wK wZwb eyKi Dci K_vwU DjL Kib wb|78
Avyjvn Bebyj Iqvjxì eYbv Bgvg Avngv` msKjb KiQb:

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AvgvìK Avyjvn Bebyj Iqvjx` ejb, AvgvK mydBqvb ejQb, wZwb Avwmg Beb KzjvBe _K, wZwb Zvi
wcZv _K, wZwb Iqvwqj Beb Ri (iv) _K: Avwg bvexDjvn ()-K `Ljvg h, wZwb Zuvi Wvb nvZ evg nvZi Dci
w`q ai iLQb|
Zvnj Iqvwqj (iv) _K AbKB nv`xmwU eYbv KiQb; wK KDB eyKi Dci K_vwU ejb wb| Iqvwqji
nv`xmwU Avwmgi m~I AbKB eYbv KiQb| KDB eyKi Dci K_vwU ejb wb| GgbwK Avwmg _K mydBqvb
mvIixi gvag GKB mb` Abvb ivex eyKi Dci K_vwU ejb wb| ay gyAvvj K_vwU ejQb|
GLvb Bebyj KvBwqg eyK nvZ ivLv AcQ` Kivi welq Bgvg Avngvì gZi `jxj evLv KiQb| eyK nvZ
ivLvi K_v gyAvvj-Gi nv`xm DjL Kiv nqQ; wK gyAvvj wbR `yej ivex| Dci wZwb wbfihvM ivexì
wecixZ eYbv KiQb| KvRB Zvi eYbv gybKvi ev AvcwKi I AZ `yej ej MY|
eZ Avgiv G cywKvZ `LwQ h, evBnvKxi `yej eYbvq (nv`xm bs 15) nv`xmwU Iqvwqj _K eYbv KiQb Zuvi cy
Avyj Rvevii gvZv| Avi Bgvg Avngvì `yej eYbvq (13 bs) nv`xmwU Avyj Rvevi wbRB eYbv KiQb|
evKx 6wU nv`xmi 3 wU Iqvwqji cy AvjKvgvi m~ (nv`xm bs 2, 4, 22) Ges 3wU nv`xm Avwmg Beb KzjvBe Zuvi
wcZvi m~ (nv`xm bs 3, 5, 16)| AvjKvgv _K ewYZ Kvbv nv`xm Avgiv eyKi Dci K_vwU `LwQ bv| Avwmg Beb
KzjvBe-Gi m~ ewYZ nv`xmwji mnxn eYbvq Avgiv GB AwZwi evKvsk cvwQ bv| ay gyAvvji `yej eYbvq Zv cvwQ|
GgbwK gyAvvji Dv` mydBqvb mvIix _K Abvb wbfihvM ivexi eYbvZI Zv bB| ay gyAvvjB G AwZwi K_vwU
mshvRb KiQb| wZwb `yej ivex| KvRB Zvi ewYZ nv`xm `yej| Dci wZwb mKj wmKvn ev wbfihvM ivexi eYbvi
ewZg eYbv KiQb| GRb Zv gybKvi (AvcwKi ev AZ `yej) ej MY|
Iqvwqj (iv) _K Ab GKwU mb` eyKi Dci K_vwU ewYZ nqQ ej kvBL Avjevbx (ivn) DjL KiQb|
ZvEmi gyimvj nv`xmwU (cieZx 18 bs nv`xm) cm wZwb ejb:
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G nv`xmwU gyimvj ... Ze nv`xmwU mnxn| KviY gyvwmj mbì `ywU nv`xm Gi cgvY wnme ewYZ| GKwU
Iqvwqj Beb Ri _K ewYZ| nv`xmwU Beb LyhvBgv Zuvi mnxn M msKjb KiQb| wZwb nv`xmwU gynvv` Beb
Rynv`vn _K, Avyj Rvevi Beb Iqvwqj _K, AvjKvgv Beb Iqvwqj _K Zvi wcZv Iqvwqj (iv) _K... nv`xm wZwb
bvexDjvni mvjvZ cwZ eYbv Kib| G nv`xm wZwb ejb: wZwb Zuvi Wvb nvZ Zuvi evg nvZi Dci eyKi Dci
ivLjb| Beb nvRvii ee Avgiv G K_v cqwQ| ... Aci nv`xmwU Kvexmvn Beb j&e _K Zvi wcZv _K....|79
Avjevbxi ee _K h wZwb wbR nv`xmwU `Lb wb; eis Beb nvRvii eei Dci wbfi KiQb| Beb
nvRvii ee wbic:

:

...

...

Iqvwqj Beb Ri (iv)-Gi nv`xm: bvexDjvn () Avjv AvKevi ejb| AZtci Wvb nvZ w`q evg nvZ
aib|... Ave~ `vD` I Beb wnevb gynvv` Beb Rynv`vn-Gi m~ Avyj Rvevi Beb Iqvwqj _K.... Gi g~j nv`xm
mnxn gymwjg we`gvb| Beb LyhvBgv nv`xmwU eYbv KiQb wbic: wZwb Zuvi Wvb nvZ evg nvZi Dci ivLjb eyKi
Dci|80
78
79
80
Bebyj KvBwqg, ev`vBDj dvIqvwq` 3/91|

Avjevbx, mnxn Avex `vD` 3/344-345|
Beb nvRvi, AvZ-ZvjLxmyj nvexi 1/549|
20
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Beb nvRvi AvmKvjvbxi G ee `ywU A_ nZ cvi: (1) gynvv` Beb Rynv`vn-Gi mb`B Beb LyhvBgv G
nv`xmwUi ga G AwZwi ee msKjb KiQb| (2) Iqvwqj (iv) Gi g~j nv`xmi GKwU eYbvq Beb LyhvBgv G
AwZwi ee msKjb KiQb| kvBL Avjevbx c_g A_wUB MnY KiQb| wK eve Abymvb wZxq A_wUB mwVK
ej cZxqgvb| KviY:
c_gZ: eve Abymvb Avgiv `wL h, kvBL Avjevbxi DZ mb` nv`xmwU mnxn Beb LyhvBgv M we`gvb|
nv`xmwUZ ivm~jyjvn ()-Gi mvjvZi cwZ eYbv Kiv nqQ| wK ZvZ eyKi Dci nvZ ivLvi KLvwU bB; ay Wvb
nvZ w`q evg nvZ aivi K_v iqQ|81 Bgvg Beb LyhvBgvi m~ Avey byAvBg Bmcvnvbx Avj-gymbv` Avj-gymZvLivR
Avjv mnxn gymwjg M nv`xmwU msKjb KiQb| mLvbI eyKi Dci K_v bB|82
wZxqZ: kvBL Avjevbx h mbì K_v DjL KiQb, Bgvg gymwjg m mb`B nv`xmwU msKjb KiQb (nv`xm
bs 2)| Avgiv `LwQ h, ZvZ eyKi Dci K_vwU bB| Ave~ `vD`, bvmvC I Abb AbK gynvwm G nv`xmwU G mb`
msKjb KiQb| Kviv eYbvq eyKi Dci K_vwU bB| ay Wvb nvZ evg nvZi Dci ivLv ev aivi K_v ejv nqQ|
ZZxqZ: Bebyj KvBwqgi ee _KI cgvwYZ nq h, Iqvwqji nv`xm eyKi Dci K_vwU gyAvvj Qvov Ab
KD ejb wb|
PZz_Z: cwm mw` gynvwm kvBL gyKwej Beb nv`x Avj-Iqv`vqxi Dcvcbvq kvBL Lvwj` Beb Avyjvn Avk-kvwq
Avj-Bjvg we ZvLqxwij gymvjx wegKvwb Iqv`wqj Bqv`vBwb ev`v ZvKexivwZj Bnivg (ZvKexi Zvnixgvi ci nqi Aevb
gymjxi BQvaxb nIqv AeMZKiY) bvg GKwU M iPbv KiQb| Zuvì MelYvq Iqvwqj (iv)-Gi nv`xmwUi wewfb m~
wbic:
(1) Avngv` (4/318) Avym mvgv`, hvq`v _K|
(2) Avngv` (4/318) BDb~m Beb gynvv`, Avyj Iqvwn` _K|
(3) Avngv` (4/318) Avyj-vn Beb Iqvjx`, mydBqvb _K|
(4) Avngv` (4/318) AvmIqv` Beb Avwgi, hynvBi _K|
(5) Avngv` (4/319) AvmIqv` Beb Avwgi, ev _K|
(6) Ave~ `vD` (726 bs) gymvv`, weki Bebyj gydvvj _K|
(7) Ave~ `vE` (727bs) nvmvb Beb Avjx, Aveyj Iqvjx`, hvq`v _K|
(8) Beb gvRvn (810 bs) Avjx Beb gynvv`, Avyj-vn Beb Bìxm I weki Bebyj gydvvj _K|
(9) bvmvC (889 bs) myIqvB` Beb bvmi, Bebyj gyevivK, hvq`v _K|
(10) Beb LyhvBgv (477 bs) Avyj-vn Beb mvC`, Beb Bìxm _K|
(11) Beb LyhvBgv (478 bs) nvib Beb BmnvK, Beb dz`vBj _K|
Dcii 11wU mb` nv`xmwU ewYZ nqQ Avwmg Beb KzjvBe _K, Zuvi wcZv _K, Iqvwqj _K| GjvZ hvq`vn,
mydBqvb, ev, Avyj Iqvwn`, Beb Bìxm Kdx, weki Bebyj gydvvj, hynvBi Beb gyAvweqv, Beb dz`vBj: G AvU Rb
wbfihvM ivex nv`xmwU Avwmg _K eYbv KiQb| Zuviv Wvb nvZ evg nvZi Dci ivLv ev aivi K_v ejQb| KDB eyKi
Dci K_vwU ejb wb|
(12) gymwjg (1/301) hynvBi, Avd&dvb, nvvg, gynvv` Beb Rynv`vn _K
(13) Avngv` (4/316) IKx, gvmE`x, Avyj Rvevi Beb Iqvwqj, cwievii jvKRb _K Iqvwqj _K
(14) Avngv` (4/317) Avd&dvb, nvvg, gynvv` Beb Rynv`vn, Avyj Rvevi, AvjKvgv I gvIjv _K Iqvwqj
_K
(15) Avngv` (4/318) Bqvn&Bqv Beb Avex eyKvBi, hynvBi, Ave~ BmnvK, Avyj Rvevi _K Dcii mb`
(16) Avngv` (4/318) nvmvb Beb g~mv, hynvBi, Ave~ BmnvK, Avyj Rvevi Beb Iqvwqj _K...
(17) `vwigx (1/283) Ave~ byAvBg, hynvBi, Ave~ BmnvK Avyj Rvevi Beb Iqvwqj _K ...
(18) Avngv` (4/316) gynvv` Beb Rvdvi, ev, mvjvgvn Beb KznvBj, nvRi Beb Avwej Avbevm, AvjKvgv
_K...
(19) Avngv` ( 4/316) IKx, g~mv Beb DgvBi, AvjgvKv _K...
Gì Kviv eYbvZB eyKi Dci K_vwU bB|
A_vr nv`xmwU mydBqvb mvIix, Avyj Iqvwn` Beb whqv`, ev, hynvBi, hvq`v Beb Kz`vgv, weki Bebyj gydvvj,
Avyj-vn Beb Bìxm I gynvv` Bebyj dz`vBj: AvU Rb Avwmg Beb KzjvBei m~ eYbv KiQb| Avi gynvv` Beb
81
82

Ave~ byAvBg Bmcvnvbx, Avj-gymbv` Avj-gymZvLivR 2/24|
21
Rynv`vn, Ave~ BmnvK myevBqx I gvmE`x: wZb Rb Avyj Rvevi Beb Iqvwqj _K eYbv KiQb| Avi nvRi Beb Avwej
Avbevm I g~mv Beb DgvBi `yRb AvjKvgv _K eYbv KiQb| gvU 13 Rb ivex- Zuvì AwaKvskB cwm nv`xmi
Bgvg- Zuviv KD eyKi Dci K_vwU DjL Kib wb| ay gyAvvj-Gi eYbvZB Zv iqQ| gyAvvj `yej nIqvi KviY
Zvi ewYZ nv`xm `yej| Dci mKj wbfihvM ivexi wecixZ eYbv nIqvi KviY Zv gybKvi A_vr AZ `yej ev
AvcwKi| ay evBnvKxi (Dcii 15 bs) nv`xmwUZ eyKi Dci K_vwU iqQ, hv AZ `yej|83
G cm BivKi cwm nv`xm MelK W. gvwni Bqvmxb ejb h, gyAvvj Beb BmgvCj G nv`xmwU Bgvg
mydBqvb mvIix _K DZ KiQb| A_P mydBqvb mvIix mvjvZi ga nq bvfxi wbP ivLZ ejQb| GZ cgvY
nq h, eyKi Dci K_vwU mydBqvb mvIix eYbv Kib wb; eis gyAvvj fzj K_vwU mshvRb KiQb| KviY mydBqvb
ewYZ nv`xm eyKi Dci K_vwU _vKj wZwb Zvi wecixZ gZ cKvk KiZb bv|84
nv`xm bs 17
Bgvg Avngv` ejb:

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AvgvìK BqvnBqv Beb mvC` ejb, wZwb mydBqvb _K, wZwb ejb, AvgvìK wmgvK Beb nvie ejb, wZwb
Kvexmvn Beb j&e _K, wZwb Zvi wcZv _K, wZwb ejb, Avwg bvexDjvn ()-K `Ljvg...., wZwb GwUK eyKi Dci
ivLjb| BqvnBq Beb mvC` evLv Ki `Lvb: Wvb nvZK evg nvZi Dci, Kwi Dci|
Avgiv `LwQ h, Dci DZ 8 bs nv`xm Ges G (17 bs) nv`xmwU g~jZ GKB nv`xm| j&e Zvqx (iv) _K GKB
mb` ewYZ| G eYbvq (17 bs nv`xm) nq ivLvi vb DjL Kiv AvQ, c_g eYbvq (8 bs nv`xm) Zv bB|
Avgiv Aviv `LwQ h, nv`xmi g~j mgmv Kvexmv Beb j&eK wbq| h KviY kvBL AvBe AvibvEZ ejb:
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eyKi Dci ivLZb G K_vUzKz ev` nv`xmwU mnxn wjMvBwinx| Avi G mb`wU `yej ; KviY Kvexmvn Beb j&e
AvZ cwiPq|85
cvi kvBL Avjevbx ejb:
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G nv`xmi mb` nvmvb ej MY Kivi AeKvk AvQ| .... Kvexmv Qvov mKj ivexB wbfihvM| KvexmvK BRjx
I Beb wnevb wmKvn ej MY KiQb| wK wmgvK Qvov KD Zvi _K Kvbv nv`xm eYbv Kib wb| Bebyj gv`xbx I
bvmvqx ZvK gvRn~j ev AvZ cwiPq ejQb| Beb nvRvi ZvKexe ZvK gvKe~j ejQb| Gic ivexi nv`xm GKvwaK
nv`xmi mv_ mwwjZ nj nvmvb ej MY nq| GRbB Bgvg wZiwghx G mb` Wvb nvZ w`q evg nvZ aivi nv`xmwU
DZ Ki ZvK nvmvb ejQb|86
mbì Ab Kvbv wU bv _vKj kvBL Avjevbxi gZvbymvi Avgiv nv`xmwUK nvmvb ej MY KiZ cviZvg|
wK kvBL gyKwej DcvwcZ I kvBL Lvwj` msKwjZ Avj-Bjvg M G nv`xmi Aviv `ywU `yejZvi K_v DjL Kiv
nqQ: (1) nv`xmwU kvh Ges (2) nv`xmwU gy`vj-vm|
Kvbv nv`xm hw` AwaKvsk wbfihvM ivex GKfve eYbv Kib, wK Zuvì wecixZ GKRb wbfihvM ivex
Abic eYbv Kib Ze nv`xmwUK kvh ejv nq| kvh&h ( ) A_ (irregular, abnormal, unusual, deviant,
strange...) AwbqwgZ, A^vfvweK, DU, Ary , AcwiwPZ ev wev| gynvwmMY GKgZ h, kvh nv`xm AZ `yej I
AMnYhvM|
Avgiv `LwQ h, nv`xmwUi GK eYbvq (nv`xm bs 8) eyKi Dci K_vwU bB Ges G eYbvq (nv`xm bs 17) Zv
AvQ| Dchy MelKq DjL KiQb h, nv`xmwUi G eYbv (17 bs nv`xm) kvh&h| KviY G nv`xmwU eYbv KiQb
BqvnBqv Avj-Kvvb mydBqvb _K, wmgvK _K Kvexmv _K...| G eYbvq eyKi Dci ivLjb K_vwU iqQ| G
83
84
85
86
gyKwej Iqv`vqx I Lvwj` kvwq, Avj-Bjvg we ZvLqxwij gymvjx, c 10-13|

W. gvwni Bqvmxb, Avmvi Bjvwjj nv`xm dx BLwZjvwdj dzKvnv 6/68| Aviv `Lyb: bvevex, Avj-gvRg~ 3/313; Beb Kz`vgv, Avj-gyMbx 1/549|
Avngv` Beb nv^vj, Avj-gymbv` 5/226|
Avjevbx, mnxn Avex `vD` 3/345, AvnKvgyj RvbvBh, c. 118|
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nv`xmwU BqvnBqv QvovI wbgi KqKRb cwm gynvwm mydBqvb mvIix _K eYbv KiQb:
(1) IqvKx Bebyj Rvi&ivn (196 wn)| wZwb Bjgyj nv`xmi cwm Bgvg I nvwdhyj nv`xm| Bgvg Avngv` Zuvi
gymbv` (5/266): nv`xmwU Ave~ eKi Beb Avex kvBev _K, IqvKx _K mydBqvb _K ... msKjb KiQb|
(2) Avyi ivngvb Beb gvn`x (198 wn)| wZwb Bjg nv`xmi cwmZg Bgvg I nvwdhyj nv`xm| `vivKzZbx mybvb
M (1/285) nv`xmwU Avyi ivngvb Beb gvn`x _K mydBqvb _K msKjb KiQb|
(3) Avyi ivh&hvK Beb nvvg mvbAvbx (211 wn) Bjg nv`xmi mycwm Bgvg I nvwdhyj nv`xm| wZwb Zuvi gymvbvd
M (1/285) mydBqvb _K nv`xmwU eYbv KiQb|
(4) mvBb Beb nvdm Bebyj dv`&j nvg`vbx (210wn)| wZwb Bmcvnvbi cwm Kvhx I gydZx wQjb| Bgvg
gymwjg Zuvi eYbv MnY KiQb| Beb nvRvi ZvK mZcivqY ejQb| evBnvKx Zuvi mybvb M (2/295) mvBb Beb
nvdm _K mydBqvb _K...|
(5) gynvv` Beb Kvmxi Avj-Ave&`x (223 wn)| wZwb eyLvix I gymwjg ^xKZ wmKvn ev wbfihvM ivex| Beb Kvwb
gyRvgym mvnvev M (5/163) Ges Ave~ byAvBg Bmcvnvbx gvwidvZzm mvnvev M (5/163) gynvv` Beb Kvmxi _K
mydBqvb _K nv`xmwU msKjb KiQb|
Zuviv KDB eyKi Dci ivLjb- G AwZwi K_vUzKz eYbv Kib wb| ay ZvB bq; BqnvBqv Ges Dcii mKj
ivexi Dv` mydBqvb mvIix Qvov Abvb h mKj ivex G nv`xmwU wmgvK Beb nvie _K eYbv KiQb ZuvivI G
AwZwi K_vUzKz ejb wb:
(1) kvixK, wmgvK _K: gymbv` Avngv` 5/226|
(2) ev, wmgvK _K: gymbv` Avngv` 5/226, mybvb Avex `vD` 1/273, mnxn Beb wnevb, 5/339|
(3) Aveyj AvnIqvm, wmgvK _K| Avngv` 5/226, wZiwghx 2/32|
(4) hvq`v wmgvK _K| Avngv` 5/227|
(5) AvmevZ Beb bvmi, wmgvK _K, Zvevivbx, Kvexi 22/164|
(6) nvdm Beb Rvgx, wmgvK _K| Zvevivbx, Kvexi 22/165|
(7) hvKvwiqv Beb Avex hvq`v, wmgvK _K| Zvevivbx, Kvexi 22/167|
(8) BmivCj, wmgvK _K| Beb Kvwb, gyRvgym mvnvevn 3/198|
(9) KvBm Beb ivex, wmgvK _K, Beb Kvwb, gyRvgym mvnvevn 3/199|
Giv mKjB wmgvK _K nv`xmwU eYbv KiQb| Zuvì Kviv eYbvZB eyKi Dci K_vwU bB| GZ cgvY nq, G
nv`xm eyKi Dci ivLjb K_vwU wmgvK Beb nvie ejb wb| Zuvi bq Rb Qvi KD Zv eYbv Kib wb| `kg Qv mydBqvb
mvIixi Kvbv QvB Zv ejb wb| ay BqvnBqv Zv ejQb| BqvnvBqv Beb mvC` Avj-Kvvb (198) Bjg nv`xmi mycwm
Bgvg| Ze wZwb G nv`xmwUi eYbvq IKx, Beb gvn`x, Avyi ivh&hK I Abvb cwm Bgvg I wbfihvM ivexì wecixZ eYbv
KiQb; dj Zuvi eYbwU kvh ej MY| mevcwi BqvnBqv nv`xmwU mydBqvb mvIixi m~ ejjb; A_P Avgiv `LwQ h,
mydBqvb mvIixi gZ wQj bvfxi wbP nvZ ivLv| GZ cgvY nq h, eyKi Dci K_vwU mvIixi eYbvq wQj bv; BqvnBqv fzj
Ki Zv mshvRb KiQb|
kvBL gyKwej I kvBL Lvwjì gZ Bgvg Avngv` G KviYB G nv`xm MnY Kib wb| wZwb wbRB nv`xmwU
msKjb KiQb, Zv mI wZwb wbRB mvjvZi ga nq eyK ivLv gvKin ej my fve DjL KiQb| cwm
nv^vjx dKxn gynvv` Beb gydwjn (763 wn) ejb:
.

nq eyKi Dci ivLv gvKin| wZwb (Bgvg Avngv`) myfve G K_v ejQb, hwÌ Avngv` wbRB G nv`xm
msKjb KiQb|87
Bgvg Ave~ `vD` Bgvg Avngvì wewfb wdKnx gZ wbR Zuvi KvQ _K b MvKvi wjwce Kib| D M
eyK nvZ ivLv mK Bgvg Avngvì gZ cm Bgvg Ave~ `vD` ejb:
:
Avwg ZuvK ejZ bwQ, nq eyKi wbKU ivLv gvKin|88

nv`xmwUi wZxq `yejZv Zv`jxm| Zv`jxm-Kvix (gy`vwjm) ivex Zvi Kvbv Dvì nv`xm mivmwi Zvi _K bv
b Zvi Kvbv `yej Qvi gvag bj Qvi bvg DjL bv Ki Zvi Dvì bvg DjL Kib| GRb gy`vwjm ivex
Avwg wbR bwQ bv ejj Zvi nv`xm `yej ej MY| Kvexmvn gyvwjm ivex| wZwb Zvi wcZv _K nv`xmwU bQb
87
88
Beb gydwjn, Avj-dzi 2/109|

Ave~ `vD`, gvmvBj Avngv`, c. 31; gyKwej I kvwq, Avj-Bjvg, cv 17|
23
ej Rvbvb wb, ay ejQb: wcZv _K| GRb nv`xmwU gy`vj-vm| kvBL Lvwj` kvwq ejb, G AwZwi K_vUzKzi
KviYB Bgvg wZiwghx GwUK MnY Kib wb| wZwb Kvexmvi h eYbvwU nvmvb ejQb mwUZ G AwZwi K_v bB|
KvRB wZiwghxi eYbvK nvmvb ejvi KviY G eYbvK nvmvb ejvi myhvM bB| wZwb ejb:
" "

!!
Avj-vgv Avjevbx (ivn) wmdvZzm mvjvZ (ivm~jyj-vni bvgvh) M ejQb: wZiwghx Kvexmv ewYZ Kvbv Kvbv
mb`K nvmvb ejQb| Avjvgv Avjevbxi (ivn) G K_vwU mwVK bq, eis GwU Zuvi AmZKZv| KviY eyKi Dci- G AwZwi
K_vUzKz h eYbvq bB wZiwghx (ivn) ay m eYbvKB nvmvb ejQb| AwZwi K_vUzKz-mn eYbvwU wZiwghx MnY Kib wb|
KvRB wZiwghxi gZ viv G AwZwi K_vUzKzi nvmvb nIqv mg_b Kiv mwVK bq|89
nv`xm bs 18
Bgvg Ave~ `vD` ejb:
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AvgvìK Ave~ ZvIev ejQb, AvgvìK nvBmvg Beb gvB` ejQb, AvgvìK mvIi ejQb, wZwb myjvBgvb
Beb g~mv _K, wZwb ZvEm _K, wZwb ejb: ivm~jyjvn () mvjvZi ga _vKv Aevq Zuvi Wvb nvZK Zuvi evg nvZi
Dci ivLZb, AZtci DfqK eyKi Dci Pc aiZb|
Ave~ ZvIev ivex Beb bvwd (241 wn) eyLvix I gymwjg ^xKZ wbfihvM ivex| nvBmvg Beb gvB`K `y-GKRb
gynvwm `yej ejQb Zvi Kv`vwiqv gZi KviY| Ze nv`xm eYbvq gynvwmMY ZvK mZcivqY ej MY KiQb|
Beb nvRvi ejb: wZwb mZcivqY, Ze Kv`vwiqv gZ AbymiYi Rb Awfhy| mvIi Beb Bqvwh` eyLvix I gymwjg
^xKZ wbfihvM ivex| myjvBgvb Beb g~mv mZcivqY ivex| Ze gZz i A AvM Zuvi wZ wejvc NU| Bgvg gymwjg
Zvi eYbv MnY KiQb| ZvEm Beb KvBmvb (106 wn) eyLvix I gymwjg ^xKZ mycwm wbfihvM Zvweqx|
Gfve Avgiv `LwQ h, nvBmvg Beb gvB` Qvov G mbì ivexMY Bgvg gymwjgi kZvbymvi wbfihvM|
nvBmvg Beb gvB`-K KD KD wKQzUv `yej ej MY KijI mvgwMK wePvi mZcivqY ej MY| GRb ZvDm ch
mb`wU AZ nvmvb ej MY nIqv DwPZ|
wK nv`xmwU gyimvj| ZvEm Zvweqx| wZwb Kvi KvQ _K nv`xmwU bQb Zv ejb wb| gyimvj nv`xm MnYi
welq dKxnMY gZf` KiQb| nv`xmZvwKfve gyimvj nv`xm `yej ej MY|
Avgiv 16 bs nv`xmi AvjvPbvq `LwQ h, Avjvgv bvwmixb Avjevbx G gyimvj nv`xmwUK Ab `ywU gvDm~j ev
mb`-hy nv`xmi wfwZ mnxn ejQb: (1) Iqvwqji (iv) nv`xmi GKwU eYbv Ges (2) j&e Zvqxi nv`xmi GKwU
eYbv| Avgiv Aviv `LwQ h, Iqvwqji nv`xmi h eYbvwUi K_v wZwb ejQb Zv Avgiv mnxn Beb LyhvBgv ev Ab
Kvbv nv`xm M Luy R cvB wb| j&e Zvqx (iv)-Gi nv`xmwU Avgiv `LwQ (17 bs nv`xm)|
G gyimvj nv`xm (18 bs) cm Avjevbx Ab ejb:

... :
... : .) 30/2 (
. .
G nv`xmwU gyimvj njI Zv mKji wbKUB cgvY wnme ^xKZ| AwaKvsk Avwjg gyimvj nv`xmK cgvY wnme MnY
KiQb| Zuvì gZ Zv GwU MnYhvM| Avi hviv gyimvj nv`xm Ab eYbv viv cgvwYZ bv nj MnY Kib wb Zuvì wbKUI
G gyimvj nv`xmwU MnYhvM; KviY G nv`xmwUi `ywU cgvY iqQ:
c_g cgvY Iqvwqj Beb Ri (iv)-Gi nv`xm.. (nv`xm bs 16)| evBnvKx `ywU mb` nv`xmwU msKjb KiQb (nv`xm bs
15 I 16)| G `ywU eYbvi GKwU AbwUi kwew Ki|
89
gyKwej Iqv`vqx I Lvwj` kvwq, Avj-Bjvg, c. 17|
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wZxq cgvY Kvexmvn Beb j&e _K ewYZ (17 bs nv`xm)|.... G wZbwU nv`xm cgvY Ki h, eyKi Dci nq ivLvB
mybvZ| G wZbwU nv`xm whwb GK wePvi Kieb wZwb m`ngy neb h, Gwj cgvY wnme ck Kivi hvM| cvi
bvfxi wbP nvZ ivLvi nv`xm memZfve `yej| bvevex, hvBjvqx I Abvb Avwjg Zv DjL KiQb|90
kvBL gyKwej I kvBL Lvwj` kvwq wweafve wfbgZ cvlY KiQb:
c_gZ: G nv`xmwU (18 bs) gyimvj nIqv QvovI Gi Ab `yej Zv h, Gi eYbvKvix myjvBgvb Beb g~mv Ges
weklZ nvBmvg Beb gvBì welq gynvwmMYi Avcw iqQ| Bjg nv`xmi BgvgMYi ee chvjvPbv Kij eySv
hvq h, Kvbv ivexi eYbvq wKQz `yej Zv _vKjB ay Zviv ZvK wmKvn ev wbfihvM bv ej mv`~K ev mZcivqY
ejQb| G mKj ivexi eYbv Abvb ivexì eYbvi mv_ hvPvB Ki MnY KiZ nq| Ab mKj ivexi wecixZ ay
Zvì ewYZ nv`xmK cgvY wnme MnY Kiv hvq bv| hviv gyimvj nv`xmK GKKfve cgvY wnme MnY KiQb Ges
hviv Abvb cgvY mvc MnY KiQb mKjB GKgZ h, gyimvj nv`xm ZLbB cgvY ev MnYhvM ej MY nq hLb
Zvi mb` Zvweqx ch mnxn nq| G nv`xmwUK G chvqi mnxn gyimvj ej MY Kiv hvq bv|
wZxqZ: Ab h `yUv nv`xmK kvBL Avjevbx G nv`xmi cgvY wnme DjL KiQb m nv`xm`yUvI kvh& I
gy`vj-vm nIqvi KviY AZ `yej ej MY| GRb G`yUv nv`xm cgvY wnme MnYhvM bq| GRb G wZbwU nv`xm
GK MnYhvM ej cgvwYZ nq bv|91
kvBL bvwmixb Avjevbx Dci DZ 5 bs nv`xmK eyK nvZ ivLvi nv`xmwji mgv_K ej DjL KiQb| wZwb
ejb:
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G K_v RvbZ ne h, nv`xm ejv nqQ: wZwb Zuvi Wvb nvZ Zuvi evg nvZi Zvjyi wcV, Kw I evi Dci
ivLjb| GZ cgvwYZ nq h, wZwb nqK Zuvi eyKi Dci iLwQjb|
cKZc G nv`xmwU Zuvi G `vwei c wbwZ cgvY bq| Avgiv `Le h, wVK G nv`xm w`qB Bgvg Bebyj gybwhi
bvfxi Dci ev wbP nvZ ivLvi K_v ejQb| Avgiv `LwQ h, G nv`xm Wvb nvZ ejZ c~eeZx gynvwmMY Wvb nvZi
KiZj eySQb| Avi Wvb nvZi KiZjK evg nvZi cvZv I Kwmn evi wKq`ski Dci ivLj nqK eyKi Dci _K
bvfxi wbP ch h Kvbv vb ivLv hvq|
Avi Wvb nvZ ejZ KbyB _K KiZj chI eySvbv njI nq eyKi Dci ivLv wbwZ nq bv| hw` Wvb nvZi
AvOzjjvK evg nvZi KbyB ch ivLv nq Ze nq eyKi Dci, eyKi wbP ev bvfxi Dci ivLv hvq| Avi hw` Wvb
nvZi AvOyjjvK evg evi gvSvgvwS ivLv nq Ze bvfxi mgvivj ev wbPI ivLv me|
Avgvi Rvbv gZ eyKi Dci nvZ ivLvi welq Ab Kvbv gvid nv`xm ewYZ nq wb| Avgiv j KiwQ h, Dcii
PviwU nv`xmi GKwUI mnxn bq, GgbwK nvmvb chvqiI bq| Iqvwqj Beb Ri (iv)-Gi nv`xmi `ywU eYbvB `yej|
j&e Zvqxi nv`xmwU Kvexmvi KviY `yej| Gi mv_ hy nQ Ab `yejZv kvh&h| GQvov Zv gy`vjvm ej cZxqgvb nq|
ZvEmi nv`xmwU gyimvj| G A_ Avjx (iv) I Avbvm (iv) _K Zuvì gZ I Kg ewYZ nqQ, hwji mb` LyeB
`yej |92
90
91
92
Avjevbx, AvnKvgyj RvbvBh, c. 118-119|

gyKwej Iqv`vqx I Lvwj` kvwq, Avj-Bjvg, c. 14-17, 19|
gyKwej Iqv`vqx I Lvwj` kvwq, Avj-Bjvg, c 9, 10, 19|
25
1. 6. bvfxi Dci nvZ ivLvi wb`kbv

nv`xm bs 19
bvfxi Dci nvZ ivLvi welq ivm~jjy vn () _K Kvbv gvid nv`xm ewYZ nqQ ej RvbZ cvwi wb| G welq
Avjx (iv)-Gi wbRi Kg wnme GKwU gvDKd nv`xm ewYZ nqQ| Bgvg Ave~ `vD` ejb:
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AvgvìK gynvv` Beb Kz`vgvn Beb AvBqvb ejb, wZwb Ave~ evì _K, wZwb Ave~ Zvj~Z Avym mvjvg _K, wZwb
(MvhIqvb) Beb Rvixi `vex _K, wZwb Zvi wcZv _K, wZwb ejb: Avwg Avjx (iv)-K `Ljvg, wZwb Zuvi evg nvZK Zuvi
Wvb nvZ w`q Kwi Dci ai iLwQjb bvfxi Dci|
nv`xmwUi mbì mKj ivexB wbfihvM, ay MvhIqvb I Zvi wcZv Rvixi Qvov| Zvì mK ewk wKQz Rvbv hvq
bv| Bgvg eyLvix ZvixL Kvexi M Dfqi DjL KiQb Ges Zvì m~ Avjxi mvjvZ-cwZ welqK nv`xm msKjb
KiQb|93 Beb Avex nvwZg Avj-Rvin IqvZ Zv`xj M Zvì DjL KiQb| wZwb MvhIqvbi `yRb Qvi K_v
DjL KiQb|94 Beb wnevb Zvì DfqK wmKvn ev wbfihvM ivexì ZvwjKvfy KiQb| MvhIqvbi welq
hvnvex ejb: ZvK wbfihvM ej MY Kiv nqQ|95 Rvixi mK wZwb ejb: Zvi cwiPq Rvbv hvq bv|96 Rvixi
mK wgh&hx ejb: wZwb me`v Avjx (iv)-Gi mvnPh _vKZb|97 wcZv-cy Dfqi welq Beb nvRvi ejb: gvKe~j|
A_vr GKKfve `yej, Ze GKvwaK eYbvi wbfihvMZv ewZ Zuvi eYbv MnYhvM|
Gfve Avgiv `LwQ h, G nv`xmwU nvmvb ej MY Kivi AeKvk AvQ; KviY DfqKB eyLvix I Beb Avex nvwZg
Kvbvic wU eYbv Qvov DjL KiQb, Beb wnevb DfqKB wmKvn ej MY KiQb| Ze MvhIqvb I Zvi wcZvi
`yejZvi KviY kvBL Avjevbx nv`xmwUK `yej ejQb|98
Beb nvRvi AvmKvjvbx G nv`xm cm GKwU iZc~Y welqi w`K `w AvKlY KiQb| Bgvg eyLvix Zuvi mnxn
M ejb:

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mvjvZi ga nvZi mnhvwMZv MnYi cwiQ`| .... Avjx (iv) Zuvi Wvb Zvjy Zuvi evg Kwi Dci ivLZb;
Ze hw` kixi PzjKvbv ev Kvco wVK Kivi cqvRb nZv Ze wfb K_v|99
Beb nvRvi ejb, eyLvix GLvb MvhIqvbi G nv`xmwUB DjL KiQb| KviY nv`xmwU GKgv Zvi m~B ewYZ|
nv`xmwU eyLvixi GK Dv` gymwjg Beb Beivnxg Avym mvjvg _K MvhIqvb _K Rvixi _K eYbv Ki ejb:
Avjx (iv) hLb mvjvZ ùvovZb ZLb Avj-v AvKevi ej Zuvi evg Kwi Dci Zuvi Wvb nvZ w`q AvNvZ KiZb
(ivLZb) Ges iKz ch GfveB _vKZb| Ze hw` kixi PzjvKvbv ev cvkvK wVK Kivi cqvRb nZv Ze wfb K_v| Beb
Avex kvBevI Abyic mb` nv`xmwU msKjb KiQb|
eyLvix I Beb Avex kvBevi eYbvq nq ivLvi vb DjL Kiv bB| Bgvg eyLvix nv`xmwU ZvjxK wnme mb`
Qvov DZ KijI wbwZ fvlvq Zv DZ KiQb; m`ni fvlvq Zv Kib wb| GZ cZxqgvb h, nq ivLvi vb
DjL ewZiK Avjx (iv)-Gi g~j nv`xmwUK Bgvg eyLvix mnxn ev MnYhvM ej MY KiQb| evBnvKx mb`wU nvmvb
ej DjL KiQb|100
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
eyLvix, AvZ-ZvixL Avj-Kvexi 2/211, 7/108|

Beb Avex nvwZg, Avj-Rvin IqvZ Zv`xj 2/502, 7/66|
hvnvex, Avj-Kvwkd 2/116|
Beb nvRvi, ZvnhxeyZ Zvnhxe 2/67; hvnvex, gxhvbyj BwZ`vj 2/122
wgh&hx, Zvnhxeyj Kvgvj 4/552-553|
Avjevbx, hvqxd Avex `vD` 1/293|
eyLvix, Avm-mnxn 1/400: (AveIqveyj Avgvwj wdm mvjvZ, evey BmwZAvbvwZj Bqv`), fviZxq 1/159|
Beb nvRvi, dvZj evix 3/72; Beb Avex kvBev, Avj-gymvbvd 1/390, 2/619; evBnvKx, Avm-mybvbyj Kzeiv 2/29|
26
bvfxi Dci nvZ ivLvi welq Zvweqx mvC` Beb RyevBii gZ ewYZ nqQ| eYbvwUi mb` `yej|101
1. 7. bvfxi wbP nvZ ivLvi wb`kbv

nv`xm bs 20
Bgvg Ave~ `vD` ejb:

- -

AvgvìK gynvv` Beb gvne~e ejb, AvgvìK nvdm Beb wMqvm ejb, wZwb Avyi ivngvb Beb BmnvK
_K, wZwb whqv` Beb hvB` _K, wZwb Ave~ RynvBdvn (iv) _K, wZwb ejb, Avjx (iv) ejb, mybvZ njv mvjvZi
ga nvZi Zvjyi Dci nvZi Zvjy bvfxi wbP ivLv|
nv`xm bs 21
Gici Ave~ `vD` ejb:
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AvgvìK gymvvm (Beb gymvinv`) ejb, AvgvìK Avyj Iqvwn` Beb whqv` ejb, wZwb Avyi ivngvb Beb
BmnvK K~dx _K, wZwb mvBqvi Beb Avex mvBqvi Aveyj nvKvg _K, wZwb Ave~ IqvBj (kvdxK Beb mvjvgvn) _K,
wZwb ejb: Ave~ ivBiv (iv) ejb: mvjvZi ga nvZi Zvjy nvZi Zvjyi Dci aiv bvfxi wbP|102
wZxq nv`xmwU Ave~ ivBiv (iv)-Gi ee wnme ewYZ| wK c_g nv`xmwU gvid ev ivm~jyjvn ()-Gi nv`xm
ej MY; KviY GZ G KgK mybvZ ej DjL Kiv nqQ|
Avjx (iv)-Gi m~ ewYZ c_g nv`xmwU nvwdh gynvv` Beb Avyj Iqvwn` Beb Avngv` whqv-Dxb Avj-gvKw`mx
(643 wn) Zuvi Avj-Avnv`xm Avj-gyLZvivn M msKjb KiQb| GZ eySv hvq h, wZwb nv`xmwU MnYhvM ej gb
KiQb| wK mb` wePvi nv`xmwU `yej ej cgvwYZ| Dfq nv`xmi g~j ivex Avyi ivngvb Beb BmnvK| G ewi welq
gynvwmMY GKgZ h, m `yej ivex| Bgvg Avngv`, eyLvix, Ave~ nvwZg, Ave~ hyiAv, BqvnBqv Beb gvqxb, gynvv` Beb mv`,
BqvKe, Ave~ `vD`, bvmvC, Beb wnevb cgyL mKj gynvwm ejQb h, jvKwU `yej, AvcwKi, cwiZ I AMnYhvM ivex|
Bgvg Ave~ `vD` welqwU DjL Ki nv`xm `ywU DZ Kivi ci ejb: Avwg Avngv` Beb nv^vjK bwQ, wZwb Avyi ivngvb
Beb BmnvK KdxK `yej ej DjL KiQb|103 Bgvg bvevex ejb: G nv`xmwUi `yejZvi welq gynvwmMY HKgZ cvlY
KiQb| Avyi ivngvbi `yejZvi welq HKgZ iqQ|104
nv`xm bs 22
Iqvwqji nv`xmi 8g eYbv| nv`xmwUi G eYbvq bvfxi wbP nvZ ivLvi K_v ejv nqQ| Beb Avex kvBev Zuvi
gymvbvd M ejb:

:
AvgvìK IKx ejQb, wZwb g~mv Beb DgvBi _K, wZwb AvjKvgv Beb Iqvwqj Beb Ri _K, wZwb Zvi
wcZv _K, wZwb ejb: Avwg `Ljvg, bvexDjvn () mvjvZi ga Zuvi Wvb nvZ Zuvi evg nvZi Dci iLQb bvfxi
wbP|105
eZ Avgiv G mb` G nv`xmwUi Ab fvl 4 bs nv`xm `LwQ| GLvb nv`xmwU g~mv Beb DgvBi _K IKx eYbv
KiQb, IKx _K Beb Avex kvBev| Avi 4 bs nv`xm g~mv _K Ave~ byAvBg dv`j Beb `yKvBb nv`xmwU eYbv KiQb, Ave~
byAvBg _K BqvKe Beb mydBqvb dvmvex| 4 bs nv`xmi fvlv wQj: bvexDjvn () hLb mvjvZ ùvovZb ZLb Zuvi Wvb nvZ
w`q evg nvZi Dci AvuKo aiZb| mLvb nq ivLvi vb DjL Kiv nq wb|
G nv`xmwUi mbì ivexMY mKjB wmKvn ev wbfihvM| Bgvg IKx Bebyj Rvi&ivn mycwm Bgvg| g~mv Beb
DgvBi Ges AvjKvgv Beb Iqvwqj DfqKB gynvwmMY wbfihvM ej DjL KiQb|
101
102
103
104
105
gyKwej Iqv`vqx I Lvwj` kvwq, Avj-Bjvg, c. 20|

Ave~ `vD`, Avm-mybvb 1/274; hvBjvqx, bvmeyi ivqvn 1/313|
Ave~ `vD`, Avm-mybvb 1/275|
bvevex, kvin mnxn gymwjg 4/115|
Beb Avex kvBev, Avj-gymvbvd (gynvv` AvIqvgvn mvw`Z) 1/390|
27
Gfve Avgiv `LwQ h, nv`xmwUi mb` mnxn| wK mgmv Ab| G nv`xmwUi kl bvfxi wbP K_vUzKz gymvbvd
Beb Avex kvBev-Gi mKj cvywjwcZ bB| kvBL gynvv` AvIqvgvn AbKjv cvywjwci mg^q Ki gymvbvd MwU
mv`bv I cKvk KiQb| wZwb wjLQb h, bvfxi wbP evKvskwU `ywU cvwyjwcZ we`gvb Ges PviwU cvywjwcZ Zv
we`gvb bB, mwjZ nv`xmwU wbgic:

...
:

AvgvìK IKx ejQb... wZwb ejb: Avwg `Ljvg, bvexDjvn () mvjvZi ga Zuvi Wvb nvZ Zuvi evg nvZi
Dci iLQb|106
DjL h, gymvbvd Beb Avex kvBev Mi mKj cvywjwcZB G nv`xmi cii nv`xm wbgic:
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AvgvìK IKx ejb, ivex _K, Ave~ gvkvi _K, Beivnxg _K, wZwb ejb: mvjvZi ga Wvb nvZ evg
nvZi Dci ivLe bvfxi wbP|107
Dcii (22 bs) nv`xmi kl gymvbvd Mi Kvbv cvywjwcZ bvfxi wbP evKvsk _vKv I Kvbv cvywjwcZ
bv _vKvi KviY `ywUi GKwU:
(1) Kvbv Kvbv cvywjwci wjwcKvi G nv`xmi kl we`gvb bvfxi wbP evKvskwU fyj Ki ev` w`qQb|
(2) Kvbv Kvbv cvywjwci wjwcKvi cieZx nv`xmi ga we`gvb bvfxi wbP evKvskwU fyj Ki G nv`xmi
gaI mshvRb Ki w`qQb|
nv`xmZvwK wePvi wZxq mvebvB Rvivjv gb nq| KviY:
c_gZ: IKx _K Beb Avex kvBev Qvov Aviv AbK gynvwm nv`xmwU eYbv KiQb, Zuvì eYbvq bvfxi wbP
evKvkswU bB|
wZxqZ: IKx QvovI Abvb gynvwm g~mv Beb DgvBi _K nv`xmwU eYbv KiQb| Zuvì eYbvZI G K_vUzKz
bB|
Beb Avex kvBev Avmj wK wjLwQjb Zv eySZ AvgvìK `LZ ne h, Zuvi Dv` IKx Kx ejwQjb| IKx
Kx ejwQjb Zv Rvbvi Rb AvgvìK Zuvi wewfb Qvi eYbv `LZ ne| wbgi eYbvwj `Lyb:
(1) IKxi GK Qv Bgvg Avngv` Beb nv^vj ejb:
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AvgvìK IKx ejQb, wZwb g~mv Beb DgvBi _K, wZwb AvjKvgv Beb Iqvwqj Beb Ri _K, wZwb Zvi
wcZv _K, wZwb ejb: Avwg `Ljvg, bvexDjvn () mvjvZi ga Zuvi Wvb nvZ Zuvi evg nvZi Dci iLQb|108
(2) IKxi Ab Qv BDm~d Beb g~mv Beb ivwk` (253 wn)| wZwb mZcivqY ivex, eyLvix Zuvi eYbv MnY KiQb|
Zuvi m~ Bgvg `vivKzZbx (385 wn) nv`xmwU msKjb KiQb| wZwb ejb:

- -

AvgvìK mvBb Beb BmgvCj Ges Dmgvb Beb Rvdi Beb gynvv` Avj-AvnIqvj ejQb, AvgvìK
BDmyd Beb g~mv ejQb, AvgvìK IKx ejQb, AvgvìK g~mv Beb DgvBi Av^vix ejQb, wZwb AvjKvgv Beb
Iqvwqj _K, wZwb Zvi wcZv _K, wZwb ejb: Avwg `Ljvg, ivm~jyjvn mvjvZi ga Zuvi Wvb nvZ Zuvi evg nvZi
Dci iLQb|109
(3) IKxi Ab Qv Avyj-vn Beb nvwkg Beb nvBqvb (250 wn)| wZwbI wbfihvM ivex, Bgvg gymwjg Zuvi eYbv MnY
KiQb| Zuvi m~ Bgvg mvBb Beb gvmE` evMvex (510 wn) kvim mybvn M G nv`xmwU DZ Ki ejb:

106
107
108
109
Beb Avex kvBev, Avj-gymvbvd (`vij KzZzwej Bjwgqvn gyw`Z) 1/342|

Beb Avex kvBev, Avj-gymvbvd (AvIqvgv) 1/390; (`viZ ZvR) 1/343|
Avngv` Beb nv^vj, Avj-gymbv` (AvibvEZ) 4/316|
`vivKzZbx, Avm-mybvb 1/286|
28

:

"

AvgvìK Avngv` Beb Avyjvn mvwjnx ejQb, AvgvìK Ave~ evKi Avngv` Bebyj nvmvb nxix ejQb,
Avgvi`K nvwRe Beb Avngv` Zmx ejQb, AvgvìK Avyjvn Beb nvwkg ejQb, AvgvìK IKx ejQb,
AvgvìK g~mv Beb DgvBi Av^vix ejQb, wZwb AvjKvgv Beb Iqvwqj _K, wZwb Zvi wcZv _K, wZwb ejb: Avwg
`Ljvg, ivm~jyjvn () mvjvZi ga Zuvi Wvb nvZ Zuvi evg nvZi Dci iLQb|110
Gfve Avgiv Beb Avex kvBevi mncvVxì, A_vr Bgvg IKx-Gi Qvì eYbv hvPvB Ki `LwQ h, Zuviv KD
bvfxi wbP evKvskwU DjL Kib wb| Gevi Avgiv Bgvg IKxi mncvVxì eYbv hvPvB Ki `wL, Zviv KD g~mv
_K AwZwi G evKvskwU eYbv KiQb wKbv|
(1) IKxi GKRb mncvVx ev mZx_ Ave~ byAvBg dv`j Beb `yKvBb| wZwb g~mv _K nv`xmwU eYbv KiQb|
Zuvi eYbv Avgiv 4_ nv`xm `LwQ| mLvb bvfxi wbP evKvsk bB|
(2) g~mv Beb DgvBii AviK Qv cwm gynvwm Bgvg Avyjv n Bebyj gyevivK (181 wn)| Bgvg bvmvC ejb:
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AvgvìK myIqvB` Beb bvmi ejQb, AvgvìK Avyjvn (Bebyj gyevivK) ejQb, wZwb g~mv Beb DgvBi
Av^vix Ges KvBm Beb myjvBg Av^vix Dfq _K, Zviv `yRb ejQb, AvgvìK AvjKvgv Beb Iqvwqj ejQb, Zuvi
wcZv _K, wZwb ejb: Avwg `Ljvg, ivm~jyjvn () hLb mvjvZ `vqgvb _vKZb ZLb Zuvi Wvb nvZ w`q evg nvZ
aiZb|111
Gfve Avgiv `LwQ h, Bgvg IKx _K Beb Avex kvBev QvovI Avngv` Beb nv^vj, BDm~d Beb g~mv, Avyj-vn
Beb nvwkg cgyL cwm wbfihvM ivex nv`xmwU eYbv KiQb| Zuvì eYbvZ bvfxi wbP evKvskwU bB| GQvov IKxi
Dv` g~mv Beb DgvBi _K IKx QvovI Ave~ byAvBg dv`j Beb `yKvBb, Avyj-vn Bebyj gyevivK cgyL cwm gynvwm
nv`xmwU eYbv KiQb| Zuvì eYbvZI bvfxi wbP K_vwU bB|
G hw` Avgiv c_g mevbvi Dci wbfi Kwi Zvnj Bgvg Beb Avex kvBevi eYbv kvh ej MY ne| A_vr
hw` Avgiv gb Kwi h, Beb Avex kvBev G nv`xm bvfxi wbP K_vwU wjLwQjb, wK Kvbv Kvbv cvywjwcKvi fyjg
Zv wjLb wb, Zvnj welqwU Beb Avex kvBevi `yejZv ej MY ne| KviY Zuvi Dv` _K Ges Dvì Dv` _K wewfb
cwm gynvwm Zv eYbv KiQb, wK G K_vwU Zuviv ejb wb| mKj wbfihvM ivexi eYbvi wecixZ GKRb wbfihvM
ivexi eYbv kvh& (DU ev AwbqwgZ) Ges `yej ej MY| Avgiv 17 bs nv`xm AvjvPbv cm Zv RbwQ|
Avi hw` Avgiv wZxq mvebvi Dci wbfi Kwi Ze bvfxi wbP K_vwU cvywjwcKvii fyj ej MY ne| mvgwMK
wePvi G mvebvB mwVK ej cZxqgvb| hnZz AwaKvsk cvywjwcZ G nv`xm bvfxi wbP K_vwU bB Ges Beb Avex
kvBevi mncvVxMYi I Zuvi Dvì mncvVxMYi eYbvZI Zv bB mnZz eySv hvq h, gymvbvd Beb Avex kvBev Mi
g~j fvl Zv wQj bv| gymvbvdi Kvbv Kvbv cvywjwcZ wjwcKvi fyj K_vwU mshvRb KiQb| hwÌ wjwcKviì
Gic fyj nIqvi mvebv LyeB Kg _vK, ZeyI cvywjwcwji eYbvi cv_Ki KviY wbYq Ab Kvbv mvebv bq|
gnvb AvjvnB fvj Rvbb|
GLvb AviKwU welq weeP| Avgiv `LwQ h, AwaKvsk gynvwm I dKxn bvfxi wbP nq ivLvi c gZ cKvk
KiQb| cieZx hyMi AbK gynvwm I dKxn mKj ci nv`xm wevwiZ AvjvPbv KiQb| hgb gvwjKxMYi ga Beb
Avwj evi&i (463 wn), nv^vjxMYi ga Bebyj RvIhx (597 wn), kvwdqxMYi ga Ave~ hvKvwiqv bvevex (676 wn), Beb
nvRvi AvmKvjvbx (852 wn), nvbvdxMYi ga Avyjvn Beb BDmyd hvBjvqx (762), eìxb AvBbx (855 ), Kvgvj Bebyj
gvg (861) I Abvb Bgvg, ivwngvgyjvn| Zuviv KD bvfxi wbP nq ivLvi c gymvbvd Beb Avex kvBev Mi G
nv`xmwU DjL Kib wb| G _KI cZxqgvb nq h, gymvbvd Mi g~j fvl G nv`xmi ga bvfxi wbP K_vwU wQj bv;
cieZx hyM Kvbv Kvbv cvzwjwci wjwcKvi fzj Zv mshvRb KiQb|
bvfxi wbP nq ivLvi welq Avi Kvbv gvid nv`xm ivm~jyjvn () _K mnxn ev hqxd mb` ewYZ nqQ ej
Avwg RvbZ cvwi wb| Avbvm (iv)-Gi m~ GKwU nv`xmi K_v Beb nvhvg I Abvb Kvbv Kvbv dKxn DjL KiQb|
Zuviv nv`xmwUi Kvbv mb` DjL Kib wb| Abvb gynvwmI nv`xmwUi Kvbv mb` LyuR cvb wb| G welq mvnvexMYi
110
111
evMvex, kvim mybvn 1/419|

bvmvC, Avm-mybvb 2/125| fviZxq 1/102|
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Kvbv Kg ev gZ Kvbv mnxn mb` ewYZ nqQ ej RvbZ cvwi wb|

KqKwU gvKZ~ nv`xm ev KqKRb Zvweqxi gZ G welq mnxn ev nvmvb mb` ewYZ nqQ| Avgiv G nv`xmwUi
(22 bs) AvjvPbv cm GKUz AvMB `LwQ h, gymvbvd Beb Avex kvBevi mKj cvywjwcZB G nv`xmi ciB cwm
Zvweqx Beivnxg bvLqx (96 wn)-Gi gZ DZ Kiv nqQ| eYbwUi mb` nvmvb ej MY nZ cvi| Beb Avex kvBev G
AbyQ`B cwm Zvweqx dKxn Ave~ wgRjvh jvwnK Beb gvB` (108 wn) _K Zuvi gZ DZ KiQb h, gymjx
mvjvZi ga Wvb nvZi Zvjy evg nvZi Zvjyi wcVi Dci ivLe Ges Gfve nq bvfxi wbP ivLe| eYbvwUi mb`
nvmvb|112
112
Beb Avex kvBev, Avj-gymvbvd 1/390; gyKwej Iqv`vqx I Lvwj` kvwq, Avj-Bjvg, c. 21|
30
wZxq ce:
chvjvPbv I wmv
GZY Avgiv mvjvZi ga nqi Aevb welqK nv`xmjv mb`ZvwKfve Aaqb Kijvg| GLb Avgiv
mvgwMK chvjvPbv I wmv MnYi Pv Kie| gnvb Avj-vni ZvIdxK cv_bv KiwQ|
2. 1. mvswLK cwimsLvb
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2. 1. 1. nq ivLv ev aiv
Avgvì AvjvwPZ 22wU nv`xmi ga 16wU nv`xm nvZ ivLvi K_v ejv nqQ| `ywU nv`xmi (7 I 8 bs) GK
eYbvq ivLv Ges GK eYbvq aivi K_v ejv nqQ| Ab nv`xm (18 bs) ivLv Ges Pc ivLvi K_v ejv nqQ| Aewk
3 wU nv`xm nvZ aivi K_v ejv nqQ|
ivLvi nv`xmwji ga 12 wU nv`xm evg nvZi Dci Wvb nvZ ivLv-i K_v ejv nqQ| 1 wU nv`xm (1 bs) evg
nvZ-evi Dci Wvb nvZ ivLvi K_v ejv nqQ| GKwU nv`xm (5 bs) evg nvZi Zvjyi wcV, Kw I evi Dci Wvb nvZ
ivLvi K_v ejv nqQ| nv`xmwUi wZxq eYbvq evg nvZi Zvjyi wcV I evi Kwi Dci Wvb nvZ ivLvi wb`kbv iqQ|
GKwU nv`xm (13 bs) evg nvZi Kwi KvQ Wvb nvZ ivLvi K_v ejv nqQ| GKwU nv`xm (17 bs) evg nvZi Dci
Wvb nvZ Kwi Dci ivLvi wb`kbv iqQ| GKwU nv`xm (19 bs) Kwi Dci Zvjy ivLvi K_v ejv nqQ| Ab GKwU
nv`xm (20 bs) Kwi Dci Kw ivLvi K_v ejv nqQ|
aivi nv`xmwji ga PviwU nv`xm (3, 4, 7, 8 bs) Wvb nvZ w`q evg nvZ aivi wb`kbv `LZ cvB| GKwU
nv`xm (21 bs) Kwi Dci Kw aivi K_v ejv nqQ|
2. 1. 2. nqi Aevb
nq ivLvi vb DjL ewZiK evg nvZi Dci Wvb nvZ ivLv ev Wvb nvZ w`q evg nvZ aivi welq 13wU
nv`xm Avgiv DjL KiwQ| Zba 8 wU nv`xm m`nvZxZfve mnxn| GKwU nv`xm nvmvb| GKwU nv`xm c~eeZx
gynvwmMY mnxn ejQb wK Avjevbx hqxd ejQb| G nv`xmwUI evnZ mnxn ev nvmvb| Aewk `yUv nv`xm nvmvb ev
hqxd ej MY nZ cvi| GKwU nv`xm (13 bs) ivexMY wbfihvM nIqv mI wewQbZvi KviY hqxd|
Mjvi wbP ev eyKi Dcwi Ask nq ivLvi welq Kvbv gvid nv`xm ewYZ nq wb, Ze Beb Avevm (iv) _K
`yej mb` GKwU gZ ewYZ nqQ| eyKi Dci nq ivLvi welq PviwU nv`xm Avgiv AvjvPbv KiwQ| Avgiv `LwQ
h, nv`xmwj meB `yej mb` ewYZ|
bvfxi Dci nq ivLvi welqI Kvbv gvid nv`xm ewYZ nq wb, Avjx (iv)-Gi wbRi Kg ewYZ nqQ|
eYbvwUi mb` wKQzUv `yej, Ze MnYhvM ej weewPZ nZ cvi| Avgiv DjL KiwQ h, G welq Zvweqx mvC` Beb
hyevBii gZ ewYZ nqQ, wK eYbvwUi mb` `yej|
bvfxi wbP nq ivLvi welq wZbwU nv`xm Avgiv AvjvPbv KiwQ| Gwji ga `ywU nv`xm LyeB `yej| ZZxq
nv`xmwUi mb` mnxn| wK G welq cvywjwcMZ Avcw Avgiv AvjvPbv KiwQ| G welq Aviv wKQz AZ hqxd eYbv
ev mvnvex-ZvweqxMYi Kg wnme wKQz eYbv cvIqv hvq, hwji chvjvPbv wbcqvRb| Avgiv ejwQ h, Zvweqx
Beivnxg bvLqx I Ave~ wgRjvh _K bvfxi wbP nq ivLvi gZ nvmvb mb` ewYZ nqQ|
2. 2. mnxn-nvmvb nv`xmjvi wdKnx wb`kbv

wdKnx wb`kbv AvjvPbvq Avgiv ay mnxn I nvmvb nv`xmjv chvjvPbv Kie| Avgiv `LwQ h, Avgvì
AvjvwPZ 22wU nv`xmi ga 8 wU nv`xm (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10 bs) mnxn Ges GKwU nv`xm (9 bs) nvmvb| 6 wU
nv`xm (8, 11, 12, 16, 17 Ges 18 bs) nvmvb ej weewPZ nZ cvi| 6 wU (13, 14, 15, 16, 20, 21 bs) nv`xm `yej
ej cZxqgvb| GKwU (22 bs) nv`xm mb`MZfve mnxn njI cvywjwcMZ Avcw iqQ| Avgiv mnxn I nvmvb
nv`xmjvi AvjvK G welqK wdKnx wb`kbv AeMZ nIqvi Pv Kie| gnvb Avjvni ZvIdxK cv_bv KiwQ|
2. 2. 1. nq ivLvi cwZ
Dcii nv`xmjvi AvjvK AwaKvsk gynvwm I dKxn GKgZ nqQb h, mvjvZi ga nq GKwZ Ki
`ni Dci ivLv mybvZ ev mybvZ wb`wkZ gymZvnve Kg| `ywU welq Zuviv wewfb gZ cKvk KiQb: (1) nq ivLvi ev
aivi cwZ Ges (2) nq ivLvi vb| c_g Avgiv nq ivLvi ev aivi cwZ AvjvPbv Kie|
h 15wU nv`xm mnxn ev nvmvb ej weewPZ nZ cvi mjv chvjvPbv Kij Avgiv wbgi wP `wL| 8wU (1, 2, 6,
8, 9, 10, 11, 12 bs) nv`xm evg nvZi Dci Wvb nvZ ivLvi K_v ejv nqQ| mKj nv`xm nvZ ejZ Aviex Bqv` k
eenvi Kiv nqQ, hvi A_ Kuva _K AvOyji cv ch nvZ| ay GKwU nv`xm (1 bs) evg nvZ eySZ whiv k eenvi Kiv
nqQ, hvi A_ KbyB _K AvOyji gv_v ch nvZ| GKwU (5 bs) nv`xm evg nvZi Zvjyi wcV, Kw I evi Dci Wvb nvZ
31
ivLvi K_v ejv nqQ| G nv`xmwUi Ab eYbvq Zvjyi wcV I Kwi Dci ivLvi K_v ejv nqQ| GKwU (16 bs) nv`xm evg
nvZi Dci Wvb nvZ Kwi Dci ivLvi K_v ejv nqQ| GKwU (17 bs) nv`xm evg nvZi Dci Wvb nvZ iL Pc ivLvi
K_v ejv nqQ| Ab (18 bs) nv`xm Kwi Dci Zvjy ivLvi K_v ejv nqQ| Aewk wZbwU mnxn nv`xm (3, 4, 7 bs) Wvb
nvZ w`q evg nvZ aivi K_v ejv nqQ|
Gfve AwaKvsk nv`xm evg nvZi Dci Wvb nvZ ivLvi wb`k Ìqv nqQ| KqKwU nv`xm nvZi vb DjL Kiv
nqQ| GKwUZ evg nvZi Zvjy, Kw I evi Dci Wvb nvZ ivLvi K_v ejv nqQ| G nv`xmi Ab eYbvq I Ab `ywU
nv`xm Zvjyi Dci ev Kwi Dci Zvjy ivLvi K_v ejv nqQ|
G mKj nv`xmi AvjvK dKxnMY GKgZ, h Kvbvfve ivLj ev aijB g~j mybvZ cvjb ne| Ze mg^q
KiZ Zuviv wKQz gZ cKvk KiQb| cwm nvbvdx dKxn Avjvgv ibeyjvjx ejb:

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nq ivLvi cwZ njv, Wvb nvZi Zvjy evg nvZi Zvjyi wcV iL Kwbv I evywj w`q Kw cuwPq aie|
hnZz nv`xm ivLv I aiv DfqB ewYZ nqQ GRb AbK dKxn-gvkvBL Gfve ivLv fvj gb KiQb| wK wfbgZ
ejv nqQ h, Gfve ivLv mybvZi Ljvd Ges mKj gvhnvei Ljvd| GRb GKevi aivi nv`xm cvjb Kiv Ges
Abevi ivLvi nv`xm cvjb Kiv DwPZ| Zvnj Dfq nv`xmi cKZ A_ cvjb I Avgj Kiv ne|113
Avj-vgv ibeyjvjx AZ iZc~Y GKwU welqi w`K Avgvì `w AvKlY KiQb| Kvbv welq GKvwaK
mybvZ ewYZ nj AbK mgq AvMnx gywgb Dfq mybvZ GK cvjbi Rb ZZxq GKwU cwZ Dveb Kib hv nv`xm
ewYZ nq wb| hgb Avgiv `Ljvg h, nqi Aevb mK eyKi Dci, bvfxi Dci, bvfxi wbP BZvw` eYbv iqQ|
gywgb GKwUK AMMY wnme cvjb Kieb, A_ev wewfb mgq wewfb cwZ cvjb Kieb| wK wZwb hw` GKB mv_
mejv nv`xm cvjbi Dk nvZi wKQz Ask bvfxi wbP, wKQz Ask bvfxi Dci I wKQz Ask eyKi Dci ivLvi cwZ
Zwii Pv Kib Ze Zv mybvn ewnf~Z GKwU bZzb cwZZ cwiYZ ne|
ivLv ev aivi welqwUI Z`c| nv`xm ivLv I aiv Dfq kB eenvi Kiv nqQ| wK ivLv I aivi mgw^Z h ic
Zv ewYZ nq wb| Avgiv `LwQ g~jZ Dfqi ga cv_K bB| h Kvbvfve ivLjB aiv nq Ges aijB ivLv nq| hfveB
aiv ev ivLv nvK g~j mybvZ cvwjZ ne| `y, wZb, Pvi ev mejv Avyj w`q aij A_ev KqKwU AvOyj ev mejv Avyj
nvZi Dci ivLj GKB chvqi mybvZ cvwjZ ne| mg^qi bvg Kvbv GKwU cwZK mybvZ ev mybvZ wb`wkZ gymZvnve
ej wbaviY Kij Avgiv KqKwU fyj Kie:
(1) ckK msKxY Kiv| ivm~jyj-vn () h Bev`ZwUi Rb wekl Kvbv cwZ wbaviY Ki `b wb, mg^qi
bvg m Bev`Zi mKj cwZ evwZj Ki mybvZi wb`kbv ewnf~Z GKwU cwZ wbw` Kiv|
(2) mybvn ewnf~Z bZzb cwZK `xb evbvbv| ivm~jyj-vn () _K Kvbvfve ewYZ nq wb h, wZwb Gfve Wvb
nvZi wZb AvOyj evg nvZi Dci iL `y AvOyj w`q evg nvZ aiQb| mg^qi bvg G cwZK mybvZ ev gymZvnve
evbvbvi A_ Ljvd mybvZ GKwU welqK `xbi Ask I `xb cvjbi ixwZ evwbq djv|
(3) mybvni Dci cKZ Avgj e Kiv| hnZz Dfq cwZB mybvZ viv cgvwYZ mnZz gywgb KLbv aieb Ges
KLbv ivLeb| mg^qi bvg GKwU cwZ wbw` Kij Dfq mybvZi Dci Avgj Kivi c_ e nq hvq|
Gfve Avjvgv ibeyjvjxi ee _K Avgiv `LwQ h, hnZz nv`xmjvZ ivLv I aivi Kvbv cwZ wbaviY
Kiv nq wb, mnZz nv`xmjv GK cvjbi bvg bZzb Kvbv cwZ Dveb wVK bq| GZ mybvZ ewnf~Z cwZ mybvZ ev
`xb ej MY nZ cvi Ges weÀvZi ic wbZ cvi| h Kvbv fve evg nvZi Dci Wvb nvZ ivLj ev aij G mKj
nv`xmi wb`kbv cvwjZ ne| ivLvi c~Y ivLv I aivi c~Y aivB ^vfvweK|
ivLvi ev aivi nv`xmjvZ Avgiv wZbwU cwZ `Ljvg: (1) Zvjyi Dci Zvjy, (2) Kwi Dci Zvjy Ges
(3) Zvjy, Kw I evi Dci nvZ| wZbwU cwZB mybvZ wb`wkZ I mgw_Z| Kvbv GKwUK AMMY Kivi bvg Ab
mnxn nv`xmjv evwZj Kiv DwPZ bq| eis wewfb mgq wewfbfve ivLj ev aij me nv`xmi Dci Avgj Kiv nq Ges
GZ mvjvZi ga mPZbZv ew cvq| gnvb AvjvnB fvj Rvbb|
2. 2. 2. nq ivLvi vb
Avgiv `LwQ h, G welq dKxnMY gZf` KiQb| G welq Zuvì PviwU gZ iqQ: Mjvi wbP, eyKi Dci,
113
ibeyjvjx, gvivKxj dvjvn, c. 132|
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bvfxi Dci I bvfxi wbP| ck njv, mnxn nv`xmjv Kvb& gZ mg_b Ki? Avwg wbgi welqjv Abyaveb Kivi Rb
mvwbZ cvVKK Abyiva KiwQ|
2. 2. 2. 1. mvjvZi gwjK welq bq
G mKj nv`xm, Abvb nv`xmi wb`kbv, mvnvex I ZvweqxMYi gZ I Kgi AvjvK gymwjg Dvni cwm
dKxnMY GKgZ h, mvjvZi ga Wvb nvZK evg nvZi Dci ivLv ev aiv mvjvZi dih-IqvwRe ev gwjK Kvbv Kg
ej MY bq| KviY ivm~jyjvn () ev mvnvexMY G Kg cwiZvM Kivi KviY Kvbv Avcw Kib wb| mvjvZi ga iKz
mvR`vq Zvovov Kiv ev kvfve iKz mvR`v bv Kivq hgb nv`xm Avcw Kiv nqQ ev mvjvZ ne bv ej ejv nqQ,
nvZ`yUv GKwZ ivLvi welq Zgb wKQyB ewYZ nq wb|
GQvov ivm~jyj-vn () h mKj nv`xm mvjvZi gwjK Kgjv wkv w`qQb mjvZI G KgwUi DjL bB|
hgb Zvovov Ki mvjvZ Av`vqKvixK wZwb evievi ejb, Zvgvi mvjvZ nq wb| Gici wZwb ZvK mvjvZi cwZ
wkv `b| mLvb wZwb nq welq wKQzB ejb wb| Gfve mybvZi mvgwMK wb`kbvi AvjvK cwm dKxnMY GKgZ
cvlY KiQb h, nq GKwZ Ki ivLvi welqwU gym&Zvnve chvqi Kg|
2. 2. 2. 2. Avcw-mwZ mybvZi ewZg
AvgvìK AekB mybvZi AvjvK mybvZ eySZ ne| h welq ivm~jyjvn () h cwigvY iZ w`qQb m welq
m cwigvY iZ ÌqvB mybvZ| Abyicfve h Kg cwiZvM Kij ivm~jyjvn () h cwigvY Avcw KiQb ZvZ m
cwigvY Avcw Kiv Ges h Kg cwiZvM Kij wZwb Avcw Kib wb m Kg cwiZvM Kij Avcw bv KivB mybvZ| Kvbv
mybvn wb`wkZ KgK hw` mybvn ewnf~Z iZ Ìqv nq Zvnj Gic iZvivc weÀvZ cwiYZ ne| dihK bdji iZ
Ìqv ev bdjK dihi iZ Ìqv GKBic Abvq I mybvZ-weivwaZv| h Kg cwiZvM Kij wZwb Avcw KiQb ej
ewYZ nq wb, m Kg Avcw KivI GKBic Abvq I mybvZ weivwaZv|
mvjvZi ga nq eyK ev cU ivLvi ev bv ivLvi KviY ivm~jyjvn () KvDK Kvbv Avcw KiQb ej
KLbvB ewYZ nq wb| mvnvexMY _KI Gic Kvbv welq ewYZ nq wb| KvRB mvjvZi ga nq eyKi Dci ivLvi
KviY ev bvfxi wbP ivLvi KviY Avcw Kiv, wb`v Kiv, wel Kiv, Gic Kgi KviY gywgbK Lvivc gb Kiv BZvw`
meB mybvn weivax Kg| AwaKvsk Gjv Bmjvg wbwl I nvivg Kg| mevcwi Gic nvivg ev wbwl KgK `xb
gb Ki Avgiv KwVb weÀvZ wbcwZZ nwQ| hviv gb Kib, AgyK ew eyK nvZ ivLb A_ev AgyK ew bvfxi wbP
nvZ ivLb KvRB wZwb Avnjym mybvn bb, mybvn cwgK bb, Avgvi `ji bb, fvj gywgb bb- BZvw` mKj wPvB GKBic
Abvq|
2. 2. 2. 3. nqi Aevb welqK Kvbv nv`xmB mnxn bq
Avgiv `LwQ h, nvZ ivLvi vb welqK nv`xmjvi KvbvwUB g~jZ mnxn bq| Mjvi wbP nq ivLvi welq
Kvbv mnxn nv`xm bB| bvfxi Dci nvZ ivLvi welq ewYZ Avjx (iv)-Gi Kg welqK nv`xmwUi mb` `yejZv iqQ|
bvfxi wbP nq ivLvi wZbwU gvid nv`xm Avgiv `LwQ| nv`xmwji `ywU `yej I GKwUi cvywjwcMZ Avcw AvQ| G
nv`xmwU ev` w`j bvfxi wbP nvZ ivLvi nv`xmjv AZ `yej ej wmv wbZ ne|
eyKi Dci nq ivLvi welq ewYZ mejv nv`xmB `yej| G welq ewYZ wZbwU nv`xmi GKwUI mnxn ev nvmvb
chvqi bq| Iqvwqj Beb Ri (iv)-Gi nv`xmi `yUv eYbvB `yej| ZvEmi nv`xmwU gyimvj| wZbwU nv`xm GK
MnYhvMZv ARb Ki ej gZ cKvk KiQb Kvbv Kvbv gynvwm| Abvb gynvwm Zv A^xKvi KiQb| Zuvì
chvjvPbvq wZbwU nv`xmB AZ `yej| Gic nv`xm GKvwaK mbì KviY MnYhvMZv jvf Ki bv|
2. 2. 2. 4. mnxn nv`xmi wb`kbvq nvZ euvavi vb weeP bq
G welq ewYZ mejv mnxn nv`xm- Avgvì AvjvwPZ 10wU mnxn I nvmvb nv`xm- `yUv welq cgvY Ki: (1)
mvjvZ ùvwoq Wvb nvZ evg nvZi Dci ivLv ev aiv mybvZ I (2) G mybvZ cvjb nq ivLvi vb weeP bq|
eZ, gyZvIqvwZi chvqi G nv`xmjvi wb`kbv h, nq Kv_vq ivLv ne Zv Kvbv iZ enb Ki bv| eis
Wvb nvZ evg nvZi Dci ivLv ev aivB g~j mybvZ Bev`Z| Gfve iL ev ai nvZ `yUvK hLvbB ivLv nvK mybvZ
cvwjZ ne| KD hw` Gici nv`xmi AvjvK ivLvi vb wbaviY Ki Zv cvjb Kib Zvnj wZwb AwZwi mvIqve
cveb; wK vb wbaviY g~j mybvZ cvjbi kZ ev Ask bq|
Zvnvyì mvjvZ, dih mvjvZi AvMi I cii mybvZ mvjvZ BZvw` Bev`Zi Gi Zzjbv cvIqv hvq|
AwaKvsk nv`xm G mKj mvjvZi dhxjZ I mywbqZ DjL Kiv nqQ| Kvbv Kvbv nv`xm ivm~jyjvn () G mKj
mvjvZ Kvb& vb Av`vq KiZb Ges Kvb& m~iv cvV KiZb Zv DjL Kiv nqQ| gywgb Zvi evwoZ ev gmwR` hLvbB
G mvjvZ Av`vq Kieb, h m~ivB cvV Kieb wZwb mnxn nv`xm wb`wkZ mybvZ cvjbi mvIqve jvf Kieb| KD hw`
wbR evwoZ, AweKj ivm~jyjvn () _K ewYZ m~ivjv w`q AweKj Zuvi cwZZ Zv Av`vq Kib Ze AwZwi
33
mybvZi mvIqve jvf Kieb| Ze Gjv g~j mybvZ cvjbi ev mvIqve ARbi kZ ev Ask bq| KD hw` ejb h, G
mKj mybvZ mvjvZ wbavwiZ m~ivmn bv coj ev wbR evwoZ bv coj Kvbv mvIqveB ne bv A_ev mnxn nv`xmi
weivwaZv Kiv ne Ze Avgiv mKjB Zvi wevw eySZ cvie|
mvjvZi ga nq ivLv welqK nv`xmjv chvjvPbv Kij welqwU AweKj Gic ejB cZxqgvb nq| gywgb
mvjvZi ga Wvb nvZ evg nvZi Dci hfve I hvbB ivLyb Zvi g~j mybvZ cvwjZ ne| mnxn nv`xmjvZ Gi
ewk wb`k Ìqv nq wb| Kvbv gywgb hw` G welq ivm~jyjvn ()-Gi e AbyKiYi gvbm wZwb wKfve I Kv_vq
nq ivLZb Zv Abymvb Ki cvjb Kivi P Kib Ze Zv cksmbxq| wK Abymvbi djK g~j Bev`Zi kZ
evbvj Zv fyj I Abvq ej MY ne|
G welq dKxnMYi gZf` G chvqiB| hviv nq Szwjq ivLZ ejQb Zuviv Qvov mKj dKxn GKgZ h,
evg nvZi Dci Wvb nvZ ivLv ev aivB mybvZ| hfveB ivLv nvK mybvZ cvwjZ ne| Ze ivLvi vbi I mybvZ
cvjb Kij Zv Dg ej MY ne| cwm nvbvdx dKxn Bgvg mvivLmx gynvv` Beb Avngv` (483 wn) ejb:

....

.... .
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mvjvZi ga ùvovbv Aevq Wvb nvZ evg nvZi Dci ivLe| .... mvaviY mKj Avwjgi gZ GwU mybvZ| ....
Avi ivLvi vb welq wbq K_v njv, Avgvì gZ Dg bvfxi wbP ivLv Ges kvwdqx (iv)-Gi wbKU Dg eyKi Dci
ivLv|114
Gfve mKj gvhnvei dKxnMYi AvjvPbvZB Avgiv `wL h, AwaKvsk Zuviv evg nvZi Dci Wvb nvZ
ivLv Ges nqi Aevb `ywU welqK c_K Ki AvjvPbv KiQb| Zuvì AvjvPbvi g~j cwZcv` h, Wvb nvZi
Dci evg nvZ ivLv-B g~j mybvZ ev gymZvnve| hLvbB Zv ivLv nvK G mybvZ cvwjZ ne| ivLvi vb welqK AvjvPbv
c_K GKwU gymZvnve ev Dg welq wbq AvjvPbv|
2. 2. 2. 5. nvZ euvav ebvg nvZ Zvjv
Gfve Avgiv `LwQ h, mvjvZi ga nq GKwZ ivLv Ges ivLvi vb `ywU m~Y wfb welq| wK AbK gywgb
`ywUK GK Ki djb| Zuviv gb Kib eyKi Dci ev bvfxi wbP nq bv ivLj nq GKwZ Kivi nv`xmjv cvjb
KivB njv bv| Avi G aviYv _KB cviwiK Avcw, SMov I wefì mw| G welqwU Aviv KiZ ZvKexi
Zvnixgv-i D`vniY ck Kiv hvq| mvjvZi iZ ZvKexi Zvnixgvi ciB nq GKwZ KiZ nq| Avi ZvKexi
Zvnixgvi wbi welqjv jYxq:
(K) Avjv AvKevi ejv, Bgvgi Rb Rvi ejv Ges gyKZv`xi Rb Av ejv, nq Dvjb Kiv, G mgq nqi
AvOzjjv j^v Ki ivLv, AvOzjjv GKwZ ev `~ieZx bv Ki ^vfvweK ivLv... mnxn nv`xm viv cgvwYZ Kg| Gjv GK
cvjbKB Avgiv Zvnixgv ej eywS| Ze Kgjvi chvq GK bq| ZvKexi ejv dih| nq Dvjb Kiv mybvZ| Rvi
ev Av ZvKexi ejv, AvOzjjv cmvwiZ I ^vfvweK mvgvb duvK ivLv mybvZ wb`wkZ gymZvnve cwZ| gymvjx nq
gvUI bv DVvj, mnxn nv`xm viv cgvwYZ cwZZ bv DVvj, Bgvg Av ZvKexi ejj ev gyKZv`x Rvi ZvKexi ejj
Avgiv ejZ cvwi bv h, ZvKexi Zvnixgv ev ivdDj Bqv`vBb Av`vq nq wb| Avevi AvOzjjv mnxn nv`xm viv cgvwYZ
cwZZ bv _vKvi KviY Avgiv ejZ cvwi bv h, nvZ DVvbvi Bev`Z-B cvwjZ nq wb|
(L) nq Dvjbi wZbwU cwZ mnxn nv`xm viv cgvwYZ: ZvKexii mv_, c~e ev ci| Abyicfve nq
Kuva ev KYqi mgvivj DVvbv: `ywU cwZB cgvwYZ| h Kvbv GKwU cwZ MnY Kivq Kvbv mgmv bB| Ze Ab
Kvbv cwZ iwnZ ev evwZj ejv mwVK bq|
(M) nq Dvjbi mgq nvZi Zvjy wKejvgywL ivLvi welq ivm~jyjvn () _K `yej mb` GKwU nv`xm ewYZ
nqQ| Avyjvn Beb Dgvi (iv) Gi m~ ewYZ, ivm~jyjvn () ejb:

Zvgvì KD hLb mvjvZ i Ki m hb ZLb Zvi nq Dvjb Ki Ges nqi cU wKejvi w`K ivL;
KviY Avjvn Zvi myL|115
Ze mvnvex Avyjvn Beb Dgvi (iv) _K Zuvi wbRi Kg mnxn mb` ewYZ| Zvweqx Iqvwm Beb wnevb ejb:

114
115
mvivLmx, Avj-gvem~Z 1/57|

Zvevivbx, Avj-gyRvgyj AvImvZ 8/11; nvBmvgx, gvRgvDh hvIqvwq` 2/270-271; AvBbx, Dg`vZzj Kvix 9/2; Avjevbx, hvqxdvn 5/361| nv`xmwUi
mb` AZ `yej|
34
Beb Dgvi (iv) hLb mvjvZ Av`vq KiZb ZLb Zuvi me wKQz wKejvgywL ivLZ fvjevmZb| GgbwK wZwb Zuvi
evywjKI wKejvgywL KiZb|116
Ab nv`xm Zvweqx ZvEm ejb:

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wbRi gyLgj, KiZjq I c`q wKejvgywL Ki ivLvi welq Avyjvn Beb Dgvi (iv)-Gi Pq AwaK AvMnx
Kvbv mvjvZ Av`vqKvix Avwg `wL wb|117
dKxnMY ZvKexi Zvnixgvq nq Dvjbi mgq KiZjqi Aevb welq gZf` KiQb| Kvbv Kvbv
dKxn, weklZ gvwjKx I kvwdqx dKxnMY G mgq nvZi Zvjy wKejvgywL ivLvi welqwUK iZ `b wb| KD welqwU
Dby iLQb| Zvjy wKejvi w`K, `ni w`K, gvwUi w`K ev Dcii w`K hw`KB _vK nq Dvjb ev ivdDj
Bqv`vBb-Gi Bev`Z GKBfve cvwjZ ne| KD KD wewfb hywZ G mgq KiZjq gvwUi w`K, Dcii w`K ev
`ni w`K ivLv Dg ej MY KiQb|118
Gi wecixZ nvbvdx I nv^vjx dKxnMY G mgq nvZi Zvjy wKejvgywL ivLv mybvZ ev gymZvnve ej DjL KiQb|
Zuvì gZ GwU GKwU gymZvnve Kgi gymZvnve cwZ gv| GwU cvjb bv Kij nq Dvjbi Bev`ZwU b ne ev
Mvbvn ne ej KD `vwe Kib wb| ivm~jyjvn ()-Gi mvgwMK mybvZi AvjvKB dKxnMY iZi G cv_K wbaviY
KiQb|119
mvwbZ cvVK,
Dcii AvjvPbv _K Avgiv `LwQ h, ZvKexi Zvnixgv bvgK dih Bev`Zi mv_ ivdDj Bqv`vBb bvgK mybvZ
Bev`Z RvwoZ| Avi G Bev`ZwUi cwZ welq AbK mnxn nv`xm we`gvb| mgvRi gymvjxì ga G AbK
wU-wePzwZ we`gvb| G welq mnxn nv`xm wfwK MelYv Kiv, mnxn nv`xm wb`wkZ cwZjv cvjb Kiv I cvjbi
Rb gvbylìK `vIqvZ Ìqv LyeB fvj KvR| wK mnxn nv`xm wb`wkZ Kvbv GKwU gymZvnve cwZ cvjb bv Kivi
KviY g~j Bev`ZwUB cvjb Kiv njv bv ej `vwe Kiv wbiU gyLZv I Rvwnjx Dxcbv Qvov wKQzB bq|
ZvKexi Zvnixgv I ivdDj Bqv`vBbi ci nq GKwZ Ki ivLvi welqwUI GKBic| Wvb nvZK evg nvZi
Dci ivLv I ivLvi vb m~Y c_K `ywU welq| c_gwU gyZvIqvwZi nv`xm viv cgvwYZ GKwU gymZvnve Kg| wZxq
welqwU G gymZvnve Kgi Dg cwZ welqK MelYv I gZvgZ| G g~jbxwZ mvgb iL Avgiv G welq mybvn wb`wkZ
Dg cwZ AeMZ nIqvi Pv Kie| gnvb Avjvni KvQ ZvIdxK I KeywjqvZ cv_bv KiwQ|
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2. 3. gynvwm dKxnMYi ee weklY
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2. 3. 1. c~eeZxMYi gZ weePbvi iZ
G welq P~ov wmv MnYi AvM Avgvì `vwqZ c~eeZx cwm dKxnMYi Ges weklfve gynvwm dKxnMYi gZ
chvjvPbv Kiv| KziAvb-mybvn wfwK ^vaxb MelYv hgb Avgvì `vwqZ, Zgwb vbi AnsKvi, nUKvwiZv I wmvi fyj
_K gy _vKvi Rb wmv MnYi AvM c~eeZx gynvwmMYi gZ weePbv Kiv Riix| h gZ c~eeZx Kvbv Avwjg MnY
Kib wb Avgvì MelYv hw` m gZi c hvq Zvnj Zv cybweePbv KiZ ne|
Avgiv Rvwb, ivm~jyj-vn ()-Gi ci KDB wbfyj ev gvm~g bb| mKjiB fyj nZ cvi Ges mKji K_vB hvPvB
Ki MnY Kiv nq| Gi A_: GKRb Avwjg ev Bgvg Kvbv gvmAvjvq fyj KiZ cvib| Ze c~eeZx mKj AvwjgB fyj
KiQb Ggb wPv gymwjg KLbvB KiZ cvib bv| KviY Avgiv hgb MelYv KiwQ, Zgwb MelYv KiQb ZuvivI|
Ze BLjvm, mgq eq, myhvM I cwiek Zuvì Rb ewk AbyKj wQj| weklZ mvnvex, Zvweqx, Zvwe-Zvweqx I ZvevDj
AvZev: c_g 4 cRbi Avwjgì gZ iZ mnKvi weePbv Kiv cqvRb; KviY Zuvì MnYhvMZv I ghv`vi welq
ivm~jyj-vn () mv w`qQb| kvBLyj Bmjvg Beb ZvBwgqv ejb:

c~eeZxì gZi ewZg h gZ cieZx Kvbv Avwjg MnY KiQb, Zvi c~e KD Zv ejb wb, Gic cZK
gZB fyj| GRbB Bgvg Avngv` Beb nv^vj ejQb: Lei`vi, Kvbv gvmAvjvZ Ggb gZ cKvk Kie bv h welq
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Beb mv`, AvZ-ZvevKvZzj Kzeiv 4/157| mbì ivexMY wbfihvM|

Avyi ivh&hvK, Avj-gymvbvd 2/172| mbì ivexMY wbfihvM|
IqvKd I Bmjvgx KgKv gYvjq, KzqZ, Avj-gvDm~AvZzj wdKwnqvn 27/84-86|
eyinvbyxb Beb gvhvn, gvng~` Beb Avngv`, Avj-gynxZ Avj-eyinvbx 1/411; Kvmvbx, ev`vBDm mvbvB 1/199; AvBbx, Dg`vZzj Kvix 9/2; AvjdvZvIqv Avj-wnbw`qv 1/73; Beb Avwe`xb, nvwkqvZz ivwj gynZvi 1/475; gvbm~i Avj-evn~Zx, Avi-ivD`yj gyiwe 1/68; Beb gydwjn, Avj-dzi
2/108; Bebyj KvBwqg, hv`yj gvAv` 1/194|
35
Zvgvi Kvbv Bgvg ev c~em ~ix bB|120

G g~jbxwZi wfwZ Avgiv GLvb gynvwm dKxnMYi gZ chvjvPbv Kie, Bbkv Avjvn|
2. 3. 2. gynvv` Beb nvmvb kvBevbx (189)
nvbvdx gvhnvei cwm dKxn I gynvwm Bgvg gynvv` Bebyj nvmvb Avk-kvBevbx (189 wn)| wZwb gyAvv M
Bgvg gvwjK I eyLvix msKwjZ Avgvì cywKvi 1g nv`xmwU DZ Ki ejb:
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mvjvZi ga Wvb nvZ evg nvZi Dci ivLvi AbyQ`| AvgvìK gvwjK ejb... gvbylìK Av`k Ìqv
nZv mvjvZi ga Wvb nvZ evg nvZi Dci ivLZ|... gynvv` ejb: hLb mvjvZ ùvove ZLb gymjxi DwPZ Wvb
nvZi Zvjyi cU Zvi evg Kwi Dci ivLv bvfxi wbP .... GwU Ave~ nvbxdv ivwngvj-vn-Gi gZ|121
GLvb Avgiv `LwQ h, AbyQì wkivbvg, nv`xmi fvl I wdKnx gvmAvjvi ga cv_K we`gvb| AbyQì
wkivbvg I nv`xmi wb`k evgi Dci Wvb ivLv| wK wmv wZwb nvZ ivLvi cwZ I vb bvfxi wbP mshvRb KiQb|
G `yUv welqi Rb Kvbv cgvY wZwb ck Kib wb| evnZ Gi KviY, nvZ ivLv-B g~j mybvZ Ges GwUB nv`xm viv cgvwYZ|
ivLvi cwZ I vb mK Kvbv mnxn nv`xm bB| GRb Zuviv G welq Zvweqx I Zvwe-Zvweqx dKxnMYi gZ, Kg ev
cPjbi AvjvK wmv w`qQb|
2. 3. 3. BmnvK Beb ivnvIqvBwn (238)
gymwjg Dvni AbZg k gynvwm I gyRZvwn` dKxn Bgvg BmnvK Beb ivnvIqvBwn (238wn) I Bgvg Avngv`
Beb nv^vj (241wn)| Zuviv `yRbB bvfxi wbP nvZ ivLvi gZ cKvk KiQb| Zuvì `yRbi cwm Qv, Bgvg eyLvix,
gymwjg I Abvb gynvwmi Dv`, cwm gynvwm I dKxn BmnvK Beb gvbm~i Avj-KvImvR Avj-gviIqvhx (251 wn)
Zuvì `yRb _K wdKnx gvmAvjv wRvmv Ki Zv msKjb Kib| Zuvi eBwUi bvg gvmvBjyj Bgvg Avngv` Beb nv^vj
Iqv BmnvK Beb ivnvIqvBwn| G M wZwb ejb:
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Avwg (Bgvg Avngv`K) ejjvg: hw` evg nvZi Dci Wvb nvZ ivL Zvnj nq Kv_vq ivLe? wZwb ejb: bvfxi
Dci I wbP, KvbvwUZB Amyweav bB, meB Avgvi gZ ck| BmnvK ejb: wZwb hgb ejQb| bvfxi wbP ivLv nv`xmi
AvjvK kwkvjx Ges webqi Rb ewk DchvMx|122
PZz_ wnRix kZvxi cwm gynvwm I dKxn Bgvg Bebyj gybwhi I Ab AbKB BmnvK Beb ivnIqvBwni G gZwU
DZ KiQb|123
Avgiv `LwQ h, BmnvK Beb ivnvIqvBwn bvfxi Dci nq ivLvi gZ MnY bv Ki bvfxi wbP ivLvi c gZ
cKvk KiQb| wZwb Zuvi gZi c `ywU `wjj ck KiQb: (1) bvfxi wbP ivLv nv`xmi AvjvK kwkvjx Ges (2)
Gic ivLv Avjvni mvgb webq cKvki ewk DchvMx|
webq cKvki welqwU AvcwK| Ze nv`xmi AvjvK bvfxi wbP kwkvjx ejvi KviY wnme gb nq, Zuviv G
welq ewYZ gvid nv`xmjvi `yej Zvi KviY mjvi Dci wbfi bv Ki mvnvex-Zvweqx dKxnMYi gvDKd I gvKZ
nv`xmjvi Dci wbfi KiQb|
Avgiv G cywKvi iZ `LwQ h, Bgvg BmnvK Beb ivnvIqvwn eyK nvZ ivLZb ej kvBL Avjevbx DjL
KiQb| KviY KvImvR gviIqvhx Zuvi cyK Ab wjLQb: BmnvK ... Kzb~Zi ga nq Dvjb KiZb, iKzi
c~e Kzb~Z coZb Ges Zvi nq Zuvi bqi Dci ev bqi wbP ivLZb|124 wK gviIqvhxi Mi UxKvKvi125
ejb:

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Beb ZvBwgqv, gvRg~Dj dvZvIqv 21/291|

gynvv` Bebyj nvmvb, Avj-gyAvv 2/62|
gviIqvhx, gvmvBjyj Bgvg Avngv` Iqv BmnvK 2/551-552|
Bebyj gybwhi, Avj-AvDmvZ 1/94|
gviIqvhx, gvmvBjyj Bgvg Avngv` ... Iqv BmnvK 9/4851|
g`xbv Bmjvgx wekwe`vjqi MelYv wefvM|
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GLvb KvImvR-Gi K_vi A_ njv, BmnvK Beb ivnIqvBwn KzbyZi mgq nq Dvjb Ki Zuvi bq eivei
ev bqi wbP `yAvi Rb Zzj ivLZb| Gi A_ G bq h, wZwb nq bqi Dci ev wbP ivLZb| Gi cgvY
njv, Beb Kz`vgv gyMbx Mi 2/584-G Bgvg Avngvì gZ DjL KiQb h, KzbyZi mgq `y nvZ `yAvi Rb eyK ch
DVve| Gici ejb: BmnvKI G gZ cvlY KiQb| wZxq welq njv, BmnvK (ivn) dih ev weZi Kvbv mvjvZB
eyKi Dci nvZ ivLvi gZ cvlY KiZb bv; eis wZwb bvfxi wbP nvZ ivLvi gZ cvlY KiZb, hv KvImvR wbRB
DZ KiQb| ... Kv&RB kvBL Avjevbx (ivn)-Gi ee Avcwi AeKvk AvQ| KvImvRi c~evci ee Avjevbxi
ee mg_b Ki bv|126
2. 3. 4. Avngv` Beb nv^vj (241 wn)
gviIqvhxi eYbvq Avgiv Bgvg Avngvì gZ `LwQ| G welq cwm nv^vjx dKxn Avj-vgv gyIqvd&dvK Dxb
Beb Kz`vgvn (620 wn) ejb:
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nq ivLvi vb mK Bgvg Avngv` _K GKvwaK gZ ewYZ nqQ| GK eYbvq wZwb ejQb: bvfxi wbP
ivLe| Ab eYbvq wZwb ejb: bvfxi Dci ivLe| ZZxq eYbvq wZwb ejb: gymjx G welq ^vaxb, m hLvb BQv
ivLZ cvi; KviY meB nv`xm ewYZ nqQ| welqwU ck|127
GLvb Avgiv j KiwQ h, Bgvg Avngv` bvfxi wbP ev Dci nvZ ivLv mgvb ej MY KiQb| welqwU gymjxi BQvi
Dci wbfi Kie ej wZwb gZ cKvk KiQb| wK eyKi Dci ivLvi welq wKQzB ejQb bv| Ab Avgiv `LwQ h, eyKi
Dci nq ivLvK wZwb gvKin ej MY KiQb|
2. 3. 5. gynvv` Beb Cmv wZiwghx (279 wn)
nv`xmwfwK wdKni AvjvPbvq mybvb wZiwghx AbZg cwm M| Dci AvjvwPZ 8 bs nv`xmwU DZ Ki Bgvg
wZiwghx ejb:
mvnvexMY, ZvweqxMY I cieZx hyMi AvwjgMY G nv`xmi Dci Avgj Kib| Zuviv gZ cKvk Kib h, mvjvZi
ga gymvjx Zvi Wvb nvZ evg nvZi Dci ivLe| Zuvì Kviv gZ nq bvfxi Dci ivLe| Avi Kviv gZ nq
bvfxi wbP ivLe| welqwU Zuvì gZ ck|128
Bgvg wZiwghxi fvl Abymvi nvZ ivLvB mybvZ, ivLvi vbwUi welq ck, bvfxi Dci ev wbP ivLv hZ cvi|
jYxq h, wZwb GLvb Mjvi wbP I eyKi Dci nvZ ivLvi gZ `ywU DjL Kib wb|
2. 3. 6. Bebyj gybwhi (319 wn)
Bgvg Bebyj gybwhii K_v Avgiv G cywKvi c_g DjL KiwQ| wZwb nvZ Szwjq ivLvi c mvnvex-ZvweqxMYi gZ
DjL Ki ejQb h, Gì gZi KviY nq GKwZ ivLvi mnxn mybvZ cwiZvM mwVK bq| nq Kv_vq ivLZ ne m
cm wZwb Avgvì cywKvi 5 bs nv`xmwU DZ Ki ejb:
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gviIqvhx, gvmvBjyj Bgvg Avngv`, UxKv 9/4851|

Beb Kz`vgv, Avj-gyMbx 1/549|
wZiwghx, Avm-mybvb 2/32 (fviZxq 1/59)|
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.... ivm~jyj-vn () Zuvi Wvb nvZ Zuvi evg nvZi Zvjyi wcV, Kw I evi Dci ivLb... bvfxi Kvb& vb nq
ivLZ ne m welq Zuviv gZf` KiQb| GK`j ejb: nq bvfxi Dci _vKe| Avjx (iv) _K ewYZ nqQ h,
wZwb nq eyKi Dci iLwQjb| mvC` Beb RyevBi _K ewYZ h wZwb ejQb: bvfxi Dci| Avngv` Beb nv^vj
ejb: bvfxi mvgvb Dci Ges bvfxi wbP njI Amyweav bB| Abiv ejQb : nvZi Dci nvZ bvfxi wbP ivLZ
ne| G gZ Avjx (iv), Ave~ ivBiv (iv), Beivnxg bvLqx I Ave~ wgRjvh _K ewYZ| ... mydBqvb mvIix I BmnvK Beb
ivnvIqvBwn G gZ MnY KiQb| BmnvK (Beb ivnIqvBwn) ejQb: bvfxi wbP ivLv nv`xmi `wZ AwaK kwkvjx I
webgZvi Rb AwaK DchvMx| KD KD ejQb: nq Kv_vq ivLZ ne m welq ivm~jyjvn () _K Kvbv
nv`xmB mnxn ev cgvwYZ m~ ewYZ nq wb| KvRB gymjx BQv Kij bvfxi wbP ivLe Ges BQv Kij bvfxi Dci
ivLe|129
Bgvg Bebyj gybwhii ee Avgiv wZbwU welq `LwQ:
c_gZ: evi Dci nvZ ivLv nv`xmwUK wZwb nq bvfxi Dci ev wbP ivLvi wfw wnme MnY KiQb| nq
ivLvi vb mK wZwb ivm~jyjvn _K ewYZ Kvbv gvid nv`xmi Dci wbfi KiQb bv, GgbwK DwZI w`Qb bv|
eis cwic~Yfve mvnvex-ZvweqxMYi Kg I gZi Dci wbfi KiQb| Dci DjL KiQb h, vb welqK Kvbv nv`xmB
mnxn bq|
wZxqZ: nqi vb wbaviY wZwb bvfx-K g~j K` wnme DjL Ki `ywU gZ DjL KiQb: bvfxi Dci I
bvfxi wbP| nq eyK ivLvi Kvbv gZ wZwb DjL Kib wb| Avjx (iv)-Gi eyK nvZ ivLvK wZwb bvfxi Dci ivLvi
cgvY wnme ck KiQb|
ZZxqZ: wZwb GmKj gZi ga Kvbv gZK AwaKZi MnYhvM ev AMMY ej wPwZ Kib wb|
Zuvi eei my A_, mvjvZi ga Wvb nvZK evg nvZi Dci ivLv cgvwYZ mybvZ| Kviv gZi KviY Zv
cwiZvM Kiv DwPZ bq| Ze ivLvi vb welq ivm~jyjvn _K Kvbv wKQz cgvwYZ bq| mvnvex-ZvweqxMYi `ywU gZ AvQ|
h Kvbv gZ MnY Kiv hZ cvi| G K_vwUB wZwb Ab ejQb:
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iqQ|130
2. 3. 7. Ave~ BmnvK kxivhx (476 wn)
kvwdqx gvhnvei AbZg k dKxn Bgvg Ave~ BmnvK kxivhx Beivnxg Beb Avjx (476 wn)| Zuvi gynvh&hve
MwU kvwdqx gvhnvei AbZg cavb M, nvbvdx gvhnvei nv`vqv Mi gZ| wZwb ejb:
...
ZvKexi Zvnixgvi ci Wvb nvZ evg nvZi Dci ivLv gym&Zvnve| ... Avi nq eyKi wbP ivLv gymZvnve| KviY
Iqvwqj Beb Ri (iv) _K ewYZ, wZwb ejb, Avwg `Ljvg ivm~jyjvn () mvjvZ Av`vq KiQb, wZwb Zuvi nq
eyKi Dci ivLjb...|131
2. 3. 8. eyKi Dcii nv`xm viv bvfxi Dci cgvY Kiv
Dcii eewj _K Avgiv `Ljvg h, cvPxb Kvbv dKxn eyK nvZ ivLvi gZ cKvk KiQb bv| cieZxMY
eyK nvZ ivLv A_i nv`xmjvK bvfxi Dci nvZ ivLvi cgvY wnme ck KiQb| Bgvg Bebyj gybwhi I kxivhxi
ee Avgiv Zv `Ljvg| Bgvg bvevex Ges Abvb mKj kvwdqx gynvwm I dKxn GfveB `wjj ck KiQb| cwm
nv^vjx dKxn Beb Kz`vgv (620 wn) Gic KiQb| wZwb ejb:
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Bebyj gybwhi, Avj-AvDmvZ 4/185-187|

kxivhx, Avj-gynvh&hve 1/71|
38
Avngv` _K ewYZ Ab gZ: nq bvfxi Dci ivLe| GwU mvC` Beb RyevBi I kvwdqxi gZ| KviY Iqvwqj Beb
Ri (iv) ejb: Avwg `Ljvg h, bvexDjvn () mvjvZ Av`vq KiQb, wZwb nq eyKi Dci ivLjb...|132
welqwUi cwZ `w AvKlY Ki qv`k wnRix kZKi cwm Bqvgvbx Avwjg Avj-vgv gynvv` Beb Avjx kvIKvbx
(1250wn/1834L) ejb:
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Beb LyhvBgv Iqvwqj (iv)-Gi h nv`xmwU DZ KiQb, hvZ wZwb ejQb: nq eyKi Dci ivLjb, m
nv`xmwUK kvwdqxMY `jxj wnme ck Kib| wK G nv`xm Zvì gvhnve cgvY Ki bv| KviY Zviv ejQb h, nq
eyKi wbP ivLZ ne| A_P nv`xm myfve ejv nQ h, eyKi Dci ivLZ ne|133
welqwU eve| Avgiv `LwQ h, Aviex fvlvq mv`&i (eyK) ejZ Mjvi wbP _K cUi Dby vb ch eySvbv
nq| GZ eyKi Dci ejZ bvfxi Dci eySvbv me| bvfxi Dci _K bqi Dci ch h Kvbv vb nq
ivLj Zv Dcii A_ eyKi Dci ivLv ej MY nZ cvi| GiciI eyKi Dci ejZ eyKi DcwifvM bv eywSq
wbfvM eySvbvi KviY bq| Ze KqKwU KviY Abygvb Kiv hvq:
c_gZ: Bmjvgi wZxq-ZZxq kZKi cwm gynvwm dKxnMY eyKi Dci nvZ ivLvi welq ewYZ nv`xmjvK
AMnYhvM ej gb KiQb| dj Zuviv G welq g~jZ mvnvex, Zvweqx I Zvwe-ZvweqxMYi Kg I gZi Dci wbfi
KiQb| evnZ G wZb cRbi Kvbv dKxn eyKi Dci nq ivLvi gZ cKvk Kib wb, GRb wZxq-ZZxq kZvxi
gynvwm dKxnMYi ga eyKi Dci nvZ ivLvi gZwU cvIqv hvq bv|
wZxqZ: Bgvg BmnvK, Bebyj RvIhx I Ab AbK ejQb h, bvfxi wbP nq ivLv mvjvZi webgZvi AwaK
DchvMx| G_K avivYv Kiv hvq h, eyKi Dci nq ivLvK Zuviv webqi cwicx ej gb KiZb|
ZZxqZ: cwm nvbvdx dKxn Bgvg mvivLmx (483 wn) ejb:

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bvfxi wbP nq ivLj Bn~`x-Lvbì Kgi mv`k _K ewk `~i _vKv hvq|134
G _K Abygvb Kiv hvq h, Bn~`x-LvbMYi ga Zvì mvjvZ ev cv_bv-i mgq nqZ nq eyK ivLvi
cPjb wQj| h KviY c~eeZx hyMi dKxnMY mPZbfve Gic Kg cwinvi KiQb|
PZz_Z: Avgiv `LwQ h, Bgvg Avngv` eyK nvZ ivLv gvKin ej MY KiQb| G gZi c GKwU eYbv nv^vjx
gvhnvei MjvZ DZ Kiv nqQ| Ave~ gvkvi bvgK GKRb Zvweqx ejQb, ivm~jyjvn () ZvKdxi wbla KiQb;
Avi ZvKdxi njv nq eyK ivLv| G eYbvwUi Kvbv mb` cvIqv hvq bv| Avi Ave~ gvkAvi wbRI AZ `yej ivex
wQjb| GQvov ZvKdxi A_ g~jZ mvjvZi ga ùvovbv Aevq AwZ SzuK _vKv| KvRB G eYbvwUi Dci wbfi Ki eyK
nvZ ivLvK gvKin ejv mwVK bq|135 Ze gb nq, eyK nvZ ivLvK gvKin ejvi GKwU gZ Zvweqx I Zvwe-Zvweqx
dKxnMYi ga cPwjZ wQj|
evnZ G mKj KviY cieZx gynvwm I dKxnMY eyKi Dci A_i nv`xmjv AvwiK A_ ev eyKi
DcwifvM A_ MnY bv Ki evcK A_ eyKi wbfvMi Dci ev bvfxi Dci A_ MnY KiQb|
2. 3. 9. eyK nvZ ivLvi gZ
Dcii AvjvPbv _K Avgiv `LwQ h, mvjvZi ga eyKi Dci ev e`ki DcwifvMi Dci nq ivLvi
gZwU cvPxb gynvwm I dKxnMYi ga cvIqv hvq bv| dKxnMYi ee chvjvPbv Kij cZxqgvb nq h, nvbvdx
dKxnMY mec_g G gZwU MnY KiQb| Zuviv gwnjvì Rb mvjvZi ga nq eyKi Dci ivLv Dg ej DjL
KiQb|
cvPxb nvbvdx dKxnMY G welq wKQz wjLQb ej RvbZ cvwi wb| Ze Avgiv `LwQ, mg wnRix _KB nvbvdx
dKxnMY DjL KiQb h, gwnjvì Rb mvjvZi ga nq eyKi Dci ivLv Dg| gynvv` Beb Avex evKi Beb
Avyj Kvwì ivhx (666 wn), Bebyj gvg Kvgvjyxb gynvv` Beb Avyj Iqvwn` (681 wn), Aveyj dv`j Avyjvn Beb
gvng~` Beb gvD`~` gvIwmjx (683 wn), dvLixY Dmgvb Beb Avjx hvBjvqx (743 wn), gynvv` Beb dvivg~h gvjv
132
133
134
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Beb Kz`vgv, Avj-gyMbx 1/549|

mvivLmx, Avj-gvem~Z 1/43|
gyKwej Iqv`vqx I Lvwj` kvwq, Avj-Bjvg, c. 21-23|
39
Lmi (885 wn), hvBbyxb Beb Beivnxg Beb byRvBg wgmix (970 wn) I cieZx mKj nvbvdx dKxn welqwU DjL
KiQb|
Zuvì eei g~j cwZcv`, nq GK ivLvi welq AbKjv mnxn nv`xm we`gvb| Ze nqi Aevb
welq Kvbv nv`xmB mnxn bq| GRb welqwU ck| cyilì Rb bvfxi wbP ivLvB Dg; KviY Zv webq cKvki
AwaK DchvMx| Avi gwnjvì Rb eyKi Dci ivLvB Dg; KviY Zv Zvì AveiYxqZv msiY AwaK DchvMx|136
cieZxKvj `yRb cwm nvbvdx dKxn I gynvwm bvix I cyil mKji RbB nq eyKi Dci ivLvi c gZ cKvk
Kib| kvBL gynvv` Beb Avyj nv`x wm`x (1138wn/1726L) I kvBL gynvv` nvqvZ wm`x (1163wn/ 1750L) `yRbB wmz
c`k RbMnY Kib, cwiYZ eqm g`xbvq wnRiZ Kib Ges mLvbB gZz eiY Kib| `yRbB gynvwm I nvbvdx dKxn
wnme cwm wQjb| kvBL gynvv` Beb Avyj nv`x mybvb Beb gvRvn-Gi nvwkqvq wjLb:

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mnxn Beb LyhvBgvq Iqvwqj ... _K msKwjZ nqQ... eyKi Dci| Ave~ `vE` ZvEm _K DZ KiQb... G
nv`xmwU gyimvj, Ze gyimvj nv`xm mKji wbKUB cgvY wnme MnxZ| gvU K_v nvZ bv Szwjq evg nvZi Dci Wvb nvZ
ivLv hgb mybvZ wnme cgvwYZ, Zgwb ivLvi vb wnme eyK cgvwYZ, Ab wKQzB cgvwYZ bq| Avi h nv`xm ejv nqQ:
mvjvZi ga bvfxi wbP nvZi Zvjyi Dci Zvjy ivLv mybvZ- m nv`xmwUi `yejZvi welq mKjB GKgZ| (cwm nvbvdx
dKxn I gynvwm Bgvg) Bebyj gvg (cwm kvwdqx dKxn I gynvwm Bgvg) bvevexi m~ Zv DZ KiQb Ges bxie _KQb
(Bebyj gvg bvevexi ee Lb Kib wb eis gb wbqQb)|137
kvBL gynvv` nvqvZ wm`xi gZ Avgiv BZvc~e 16 bs nv`xm AvjvPbv cm DjL KiwQ| Avgiv `LwQ h, wZwb
dvZj Mvdi dx Iqv`wqj AvB`x Avjvm my`~i (eyKi Dci nvZ ivLvi welq gvkxji DbvPb) bvg GKwU cywKv iPbv
Kib| G M wZwb G welqK nv`xmwj chvjvPbv Ki eyKi Dci nq ivLvi welq ewYZ Iqvwqj (iv)-Gi nv`xmK
mnxn ej gZ cKvk Kib| Avgiv Aviv `LwQ h, cieZx kZKi cwm Avwjg Bgvg kvIKvbx (1250 wn), Gi cii
kZKi cwm fviZxq gynvwm kvBL gynvv` Avkivd Beb Avgxi Avj-AvhxgAvev`x (1310 wn/1892L) Ges kvBL Avyi
ivngvb gyeviKc~ix (1353wn/ 1934L) GKBfve nq eyK ivLvi nv`xmK G cm GKgv mnxn ej MY KiQb|
Zuvì wevwiZ AvjvPbv cvV Kij wbgi welqwj cZxqgvb nq:
(1) G welq Zuviv ivm~jyj-vn () _K ewYZ gvid nv`xmi Dci wbfi KiZ PqQb|
(2) bvfxi wbP nq ivLvi welq ewYZ gvid nv`xmjvi my `yejZv Zuvì `w AvKlY KiQ| Zuviv
`LQb h, Gi wecixZ nq eyKi Dci ivLvi nv`xmjv mnxn A_ev AcvKZ kwkvjx|
(3) Zuviv g~jZ Beb LyhvBgvi msKjbi Dci wbfi KiQb| GQvov ZvDmi gyimvj nv`xmwUKI Zuviv cgvY
wnme ck KiQb|
mgKvjxb AvwjgMYi ga Avjvgv gynvv` bvwmixb Avjevbx eyKi Dci nq ivLvi nv`xmjvK mnxn ej MY
KiQb| Zuvi wKQz ee Avgiv BZvc~e DZ KiwQ| G welq Zuvi nv`xmZvwK AvjvPbv c~eeZxì Pq ewk
cvwZc~Y| Zuvi eei mvi msc wbgic:
(1) bvfxi wbP ev Dci nvZ ivLvi A_ ewYZ gvid nv`xmwj hqxd ev evwZj| m Zzjbvq eyK ivLvi nv`xmwj
MnYhvM|
(2) nq eyK ivLvi A_ ewYZ nv`xm wZbwUi cZKwUi `yejZv wZwb evLv KiQb| Beb nvRvi AvmKvjvbxi
eei Dci wbfi Ki G A_ PZz_ GKwU nv`xmI mnxn Beb LyhvBgv M msKwjZ nqQ ej wZwb Kvbv Kvbv M
DjL KiQb| Avgiv Abymvb Ki G nv`xmwU cvB wb| Ab Kvbv gynvwmI G nv`xmwUi DjL Kib wb| mevcwi
cvPxb I mgKvjxb gynvwmMYi AvjvPbv _K my h Ab Kvbv mb` nv`xmwU ewYZ nq wb| meZ GRbB kvBL
Avjevbx Abvb M G nv`xmwUi DjL Kib wb|
(3) kvBL Avjevbx PZz_ G nv`xmwUi cvkvcvwk ZvDmi gyimvj nv`xm (18 bs) I j&e Zvqxi nv`xm (17 bs)
GK mnxn ej MY KiQb| Ab wZwb ejQb h, Iqvwqji (iv) nv`xmi `ywU eYbv (15 I 16 bs nv`xm) GK
kw ARb Ki Ges cvkvcvwk j&e Zvqxi nv`xm (17 bs) Ges ZvDmi gyimvj nv`xm (18 bs) GK MnYhvMZv ARb
136
137
ivhx, gynvv` Beb Avex evKi, ZzndvZzj gyj~K, cv 69; Bebyj gvg, kvin dvZwnj Kv`xi 1/287; gvIwmjx, Aveyj dv`j, Avj-BLwZqvi
wjZvjxwjj gyLZvi 1/53; hvBjvqx, Dmgvb Beb Avjx, Zveqxbyj nvKvwqK 1/107; gvjv Lmi, `yivij vg kvin ivwij AvnKvg 1/300; Beb
byRvBg, Avj-evnii ivwqK 1/320; ibeyjvjx, b~ij C`vn c. 46; Beb Avwe`xb, nvwkqv ivwj gynZvi 1/487|
wmb`x, nvwkqvZz Beb gvRvn 2/210|
40
Ki|
PZz_ nv`xmwU Avgiv cvwQ bv| evwK nv`xmjv GK MnYhvM ej MY Kivi welq kvBL gyKwej I kvBL
Lvwjì Avcw Avgiv DjL KiwQ|
(4) kvBL Avjevbx 1 bs nv`xm I 5 bs nv`xmi A_ nq eyK ivLv cgvY Ki ej gZ cKvk KiQb| Avgiv
`LwQ h, welqwU wbwZ bq|
mevevq eZgvb hyM wewfb `ki AMwYZ Avwjg I mvaviY mPZb gymwjg kvBL Avjevbxi MelYvi Dci wbfi
Ki eyK nvZ ivLvi gZwU MnY KiQb| cwm dKxnMYI Zuvi MelYvi Dci wbfi KiQb| mw` Aviei cwm
dKxn kvBL gynvv` Beb mvwjn DmvBgxb (1421 wn/ 2001 L) ejb:
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hLb cKvk cvQ h, Iqvwqji nv`xmwUB G welq weZg, ZLb G nv`xmi Dci Avgj KivB Dg| kvBL
Avjevbx Zv Zvi wmdvZz mvjvwZbvex () (bexRx -Gi mvjvZ...) M ejQb: eyKi Dci ivLvB GKgv mybvn
cgvwYZ cwZ| Gi wecixZ hv wKQz ewYZ Zv nq `yej A_ev wfwnxb|138
cvi cwm mw` gynvwm I dKxn gyKwej Beb nv`x Avj-Iqv`vqx Ges Lvwj` Beb Avyjvn kvwq wfbgZ
cKvk KiQb| Zviv wevwiZ nv`xmZvwK chvjvPbv Ki cgvY KiQb h, eyKi Dci nq ivLvi A_ ewYZ
mejv nv`xmB AZ `yej, h KviY mejv eYbv GKwZ Ki nvmvb ej MY KiviI myhvM bB| G welqK
nv`xmjv mb`ZvwKfve wevwiZ chvjvPbvi ci Zuviv ejb:
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mvjvZi ga `vqgvb Aevq nq ivLvi vb welqK `jxjmg~ni wevwiZ I mvgwMK Aaqbi ci Avgvì
KvQ LyeB myfve cwZfvZ h, G welqK ivm~jyjvn () _K ewYZ mKj gvid nv`xm Ges mvnvexMY _K ewYZ
mKj gvDKd nv`xmB `yej| ZvweqxMY _K wKQz Avmvi ev gvKZ nv`xm mnxn mb` ewYZ nqQ, hjv viv wKQzUv
aviYv jvf Kiv hZ cvi| Avi h welqi `jxjjvi G Aev m welqK ckfve Qo ÌqvB Dg| nq bvfxi
Dci ivLv, bvfx eivei ivLv ev bvfxi wbP ivLv meB mgvb Ges gymjxi BQvaxb| Bgvg Avngv` GgZ cvlY KiQb|
... Bebyj gybwhiI Zv-B ejQb.... Bgvg wZiwghxi ee _KI GKB K_v Rvbv hvq ....| KD hw` eyKi wbKU nvZ ivL
ev bvfxi Dci, wbP ev mv_ nvZ ivL Ze GRb Kvbv gywgbi DwPZ ne bv Zvi cwZ Avcw cKvk Kiv| KviY welqwU
ck- Avi cksmv Zv AvjvniB| G aibi h mKj welq Kvbv `jxjB wefve cgvwYZ bq m welq Gfve ck ivLvB
DwPZ|139
2. 3. 10. gynvwm dKxnMYi ee chvjvPbv
gynvwm dKxnMYi ee chvjvPbvq Avgiv ejZ cvwi:
(1) mvjvZi ga Wvb nvZ evg nvZi Dci ivLv mvjvZi gwjK Kvbv welq bq| ck A_ GwU mybvZ, A_vr
ivm~jyj-vn -Gi KgixwZ| Avi msKxY A_ GKwU mybvZ wb`wkZ gym&Zvnve ev gym&Zvnve chvqi mybvZ|140
(2) mvjvZi ga Wvb nvZ evg nvZi Dci ivLv ev aivB g~j Bev`Z| nvZ`ywU wKfve Ges Kv_vq ivLv ev aiv
njv Zv gvUI weeP bq| h Kvbvfve nq ivLj ev aij Ges ivLv ev aiv nq h Kvbv vb ivLjB G mKj
nv`xmi wb`k cvwjZ ne| aiv ev ivLvi cwZ I vb mK dKxnMYi AvjvPbv GKvB AwZwi Dg wbaviY
cm|
(3) c_g hyMjvi Kvbv gynvwm ev dKxn eyK nvZ ivLvi gZ MnY Kib wb; eis bvfxi Dci ev wbP nq ivLZ
ejQb| eyK nvZ ivLv A_ ewYZ `yUv nv`xmB (16 I 17 bs) mydBqvb mvIixi m~ ewYZ| A_P wZwb bvfxi wbP nvZ
ivLZ ejQb| Bgvg Avngv` Zuvi gymbv` nq eyKi Dci ivLvi I bvfxi wbP ivLvi nv`xm msKjb KiQb, wK wZwb
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139
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Beb DmvBgxb, gvRg~D dvZvIqv Iqv ivmvwqj 13/66|

gyKwej Iqv`vqx I Lvwj` kvwq, Avj-Bjvg, c 29-30|
mybvZi cwiPq I wewfb A_ mK wevwiZ RvbZ cob: GnBqvDm mybvb, c. 29-50|
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wdKnx wmvi bvfxi wbP ev Dci nq ivLvi wb`k w`qQb| evnZ Gi g~j KviY G welq ewYZ nv`xmjvK
Zuviv mnxn ej MY Kib wb| GRb Zuviv Zvweqx ev Zvwe-ZvweqxMYi gZ I Kgi Dci wbfi KiQb|
(5) weMZ KqK kZvx hver KqKRb gynvwm nq eyKi Dci ivLvi nv`xm mnxn ej MY Ki Zv cvjb
Drmvn c`vb KiQb| bvfxi wbP nvZ ivLvi A_ ewYZ gvid nv`xmwji my `yej Zvi wecixZ eyKi Dci nvZ
ivLvi nv`xmjvi AcvKZ Kg `yejZv Zuvì gZi g~j wfw| mnxn nv`xm cvjbi Rb G aibi MelYv I
BRwZnv` AZxe cqvRbxq| Ze G AbKB gwjK wZbwU fyj KiQb: (K) nq ivLv Ges nq ivLvi vb:
`ywU welqK GK Ki djv, (L) G welq c~ee Zx cwm gynvwmMYi MelYv I BRwZnv` weePbv bv Kiv Ges (M) eyK
ejZ bqi vb eySv|
(6) nq ivLvi vb welq ewYZ mKj gvid~ nv`xmB `yej| wewQbfve ay mbì w`K `w w`j gymvbvd Beb
Avex kvBev Mi Kvbv Kvbv cvzwjwcZ we`gvb bvfxi wbP nq ivLvi (22 bs) nv`xmwUK G welq GKgv mnxn
nv`xm wnme MY KiZ ne| Ze Avgiv `LwQ h, nv`xmZvwK chvjvPbvq nv`xmwUi MnYhvMZv ckw e|
(7) Beb Avex kvBevi G nv`xmwU ev` w`q wewQbfve mb` wePvi Kij eyKi Dci nvZ ivLvi nv`xmjvK
AcvKZ Kg `yej ev AwaK MnYhvM ej weePbv KiZ ne| KviY Avyi ivngvb Beb BmnvK K~dxi (19 I 20 bs)
nv`xmi Pq gyAvvj Beb BmgvCji (16 bs) nv`xm Ges j&e Zvqxi (17 bs) nv`xm Kg `yej| cvkvcvwk wewQbfve `Lj
ZvEmi (18 bs) nv`xmwU gyimvj wnme nvmvb ej MY| wK nv`xmZvwZK chvjvPbvq wZbwU welq G nv`xmjvi `yejZv
ew Ki: (K) G A_i nv`xmjv evwnK `yejZvi cvkvcvwk gybKvi, kvh& I gy`vjvm, (L) c~eeZx gynvwmMY GjvK
Kvbvfve g~jvqb Kib wb Ges c_g KqK kZvxi Kvbv gynvwm G gZwU MnY Kib wb Ges (M) gyAvvj I j&e Zvqxi
(16 I 17 bs) nv`xm `ywU mydBqvb mvIixi m~ ewYZ; A_P wZwb bvfxi wbP nvZ ivLvi wb`k w`qQb|
(8) mvgwMK wePvi cZxqgvb nq h, gvid nv`xmi AvjvK welqwU hvPvB Kivi cPv dj`vqK bq| c~eeZx
gynvwm I dKxnMYi bvq G welq mvnvex-ZvweqxMYi gZ I Kg weePbvB Dg| Zuvì gZ I Kgi AvjvK ejv hvq
h, evg nvZi Dci Wvb nvZ ivLv ev aivB cgvwYZ mybvZ| GKwZ nqK `ni h vbB ivLv nvK GKBic mybvZ
cvwjZ ne| hnZz G welq wKQzB cgvwYZ bq mnZz gywgb Zvi Rb hv mnR ev myweavRbK nq ZvB Kieb A_ev
GKK mgq GKKfve nq ivLeb|
2. 3. 11. iKzi ci ùvovbv Aevq nqi Aevb
Dci AvjvwPZ AwaKvsk nv`xm mvjvZi ga ev mvjvZ ùvovbv Aevq nq GKwZ ivLvi ev aivi K_v
ejv nqQ| G mKj nv`xmi wdKnx wb`kbv Abyaveb dKxnMY gZf` KiQb| G welq Bgvg Ave~ nvbxdvi gZ
DjL Ki Bgvg gynvv` Bebyj nvmvb kvBevbx ejb:
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Avwg ejjvg: mvjvZi ga ùvwoq _vKv Aevq Wvb nvZK evg nvZi Dci fi w`q ivLv wK gymZvnve? wZwb
(Ave~ nvbxdv) ejjb: nuv|141
evnZ Gi A_ mvjvZi ga hLbB ùvwoq _vKZ ne ZLbB nq GKwZ ivLZ ne| iKzi AvM, iKzi ci,
KzbyZi mgq I Ab mKj mgqB G weavb| cieZx nvbvdx dKxnMY G gvmb~b whKi-K kZ KiQb| cwm
nvbvdx dKxn Avjvgv gviMxbvbx (593 wn) ejb:
...
G welq g~jbxwZ njv, h ùvovbvi ga gvmb~b whKi we`gvb mLvb nq GKwZ Ki ivLe|142
G g~jbxwZi wfwZ AwaKvsk nvbvdx dKxn DjL KiQb h, iKzi ci nq Szwjq ivLZ ne; KviY G mgq
Kvbv gvmb~b whKi bB| Zuvì gZ mvwgAvvjv wjgvb nvwg`vn Ges ivevbv jvKvj nvg` iKz _K DVvi mgqi
whKi, ùvovbv Aevi whKi bq| KD KD DjL KiQb h, AwZ mvgvb mgqi ùvovbvi Rb nq GKwZ Kiv
wbqvRb| Gi wecixZ Kvbv Kvbv nvbvdx dKxn iii ci `vqgvb _vKv Aevq nq GKwZ ivLv mybvZ ej MY
KiQb| G cm Beb byRvBg ejb:

....

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gynvv`
142
Bebyj nvmvb kvBevbx, Avj-gvem~Z 1/7|

gvivMxbvbx, wn`vqv 1/48|
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wmivR DjL KiQb h, bvmvdx, nvwKg, RyiRvbx I dv`jxi gZ iKzi ci ùvovbv Aevq, Rvbvhv mvjvZ Ges
Cì AwZwi ZvKexii mgq nq GKwZ ivLe| evLvKvi DjL KiQb h, Kvbv Kvbv dKxni gZ nq
GKwZ ivLv ùvovbvi mybvZ| G g~jbxwZ Dcii gZ mg_b Ki| kvBLyj Bmjvg GK vb DjL KiQb h, Bgvg Ave~
nvbxdv I Bgvg Avey BDmydi gZ iKz I mvR`vi gaeZx ùvovbv Aevq nq ai ivLe| KviY G mgqI gvmb~b whKi
we`gvb, Zv njv mvwgAvjv wjgvb nvwg`vn I ivevbv jvKvj nvg`| .... Avgiv G K_vI gb wbwQ bv h, G mgq
ùvovbvi Kvbv vwqZ ev wwZ bB| KviY dKxnMY ejQb h, mybvZ-bdj mvjvZ Av`vqKvixi Rb mvwgAvjv wjgvb
nvwg`vn ejvi ci ivevbv jvKvj nvg`y wgjAvm mvgvIqvwZ Iqv wgjAvj Aviw`... kl ch (Iqv wgjAv gv wkq&Zv wgg&
evA&`y, Avnjvm mvbvwq Iqvj gvRw`, Avnvz gv Kv-jvj Ave`y Iqv Kzjybv jvKv Avyb, Avjvv jv gvwbAv wjgv AvA&ZvBZv
Iqvjv gyA&wZAv wjgv gvbvAZv Iqvjv BbdvD hvj Rvw wgbKvj Rvy) cvV Kiv mybvZ|143
G cm Avjvgv Beb Avwe`xb kvwg ejb:
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MKvi ejQb h, iKzi ci ùvwoq nq GKwZ KiZ ne bv; KviY G mgq ùvovbvi ga Kvbv wiZv
bB| Zuvi G K_v mKj mvjvZi chvR bq| KviY, dKxnMY ejQb h, mybvZ-bdj mvjvZ Av`vqKvixi Rb
mvwgAvjv... ejvi ci ivevbv jvKvj nvg`y .... wgjAvm mvgvIqvwZ Iqvj Avi`.... gvmb~b `yAv kl ch cvV Kiv
mybvZ|... G _K cZxqgvb nq h, mybvZ-bdj mvjvZ iKzi ci DV ùvwoq nq GKwZ Ki aie| KD G gZwU
my DjL KiQb ej `wL wb|144
G fve Avgiv `LwQ h, nvbvdx gvhnvei g~jbxwZ Abymvi iKzi ci ùvovbv AevZI nq GKwZ ivLv mybvZ|
weklZ mybvZ-bdj mvjvZ gymvjxi Rb iKzi co `xN gvmb~b `yAv cvV Kiv I nq GKwZ ivLvB mybvZ|
G cm Bgvg Avngv` Beb nv^vji gZ DjL Ki Zuvi cy Aveyj dv`j mvwjn Beb Avngv` ejb:
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Avwg ejjvg: iKz _K gv_v DVvbvi ci gymjx Zvi nvZ wKfve ivLe? Wvb nvZ evg nvZi Dci ivLe? bv `y
cvk Szwjq ivLe? wZwb ejjb: Avwg Avkv Kwi, Bbkv Avjvn, welqwU msKxY bq|145
cieZx nv^vjx dKxnMY KD KD nq Szwjq ivLv gymZvnve ej DjL KiQb| Abvb nv^vjx dKxn iKzi
AvMi bvq iKzi ciI nq GKwZ ivLv gymZvnve ej DjL KiQb|146
Dcii AvjvPbv _K Avgiv KqKwU welq Abyaveb KiwQ:
(1) h mKj dKxn mvjvZ ùvovbv Aevq nq GKwZ ivLv mybvZ ev gymZvnve ej MY KiQb Zuviv iKzi
ci ùvovbv Aevq KgwU gymZvnve wK bv m welq gZf` KiQb|
(2) dKxnMYi gZfì KviY welqwU nv`xm bv _vKv| ivm~jyjvn (), mvnvexMY ev ZvweqxMY KD iKz
_K DV ùvwoq nq GKwZ Ki `ni Dci iLQb gg hgb Kvbv nv`xm ewYZ nq, Zgwb Zuviv Gic Kib
wb ejI Kvbv nv`xm ewYZ nq wb| nvbvdx dKxnMY G welqK nv`xmjv _K GKwU g~jbxwZ MnYi Pv KiQb Ges
G g~jbxwZi wfwZ Zuviv iKzi ci ùvovbv Aevq nvZ euvavi weavb w`qQb| Bgvg Avngv` welqwUK Dby iLQb|
G mgq nq GK Ki `ni Dci ivLv ev bv ivLv gymjxi BQvaxb|
(3) Kvbv Kvbv dKxn iKzi ci nq Szwjq ivLvB Dg ej gZ cKvk KiQb| Zuviv ejb, iKzi c~e
nq euvavi nv`xm Avgiv `LwQ| wK iKzi ci nq euvavi Kvbv eYbv Avgiv nv`xm `LwQ bv| GZ cZxqgvb nq
h, iKzi ci ivm~jyjvn () I mvnvexMY nq Szwjq ivLZb| KvRB nq Szwjq ivLvB mybvZ|
(3) Kvbv Kvbv dKxn iKzi AvM Ges ci Dfq ùvovbv Aevq nvZ euvav GKBic mybvZ ej MY
KiQb| Zuviv ejb, G welqK nv`xmjvZ ejv nqQ h, mvjvZi ga ùvovbv Aevq ivm~jyjvn () nvZ euvaZb
ev euvavi wb`kbv w`qQb| iKzi AvM I iKzi ci Dfq mgq ùvovbvB mvjvZi ga ùvovbv| G c_Kfve
iKzi ci ùvovbv Aevq nvZ euvavi DjL _vKvi Kvbv cqvRb bB| hnZz iKzi ci nvZ Szwjq ivLvi Kvbv K_v
143
144
145
146
Beb byRvBg, Avj-evnii ivwqK 3/229

Beb Avwe`xb, nvwkqvZ ivwj gynZvi 1/488|
mvwjn Beb Avngv`, Aveyj dv`j (266 wn), gvmvBjyj Bgvg Avngv`, cv 205|
nvg` Beb Avyjvn Avj-nvg`, kvin hvw`j gymZvbwK 5/77|
43
nv`xm bB mnZz G mKj nv`xm _K cZxqgvb h, ivm~jyjvn () I mvnvexMY iKzi AvMi bvq iKzi ciI nq
GKwZ ivLZb Ges Dfq mgq Gic Kiv G mKj nv`xmi wb`kbv|
(4) mw` Aviei mveK cavb gydwZ Avjvgv kvBL Avyj Avhxh Beb evh (1420 wn/1999 L) Ges mw`
Aviei cwm nv^jx dKxnMY iKzi ci nq GK Ki `ni Dci ivLvK mybvZ ev mybvn wb`wkZ gymZvnve ej
MnY KiQb| Gi wecixZ Avjvgv gynvv` bvwmixb Avjevbx (1420 wn/ 1999L) G KgwUK GKwU wevwgq
weÀvZ ej DjL KiQb| wmdvZz mvjvwZb bvwewq (bexwRi () bvgvh) M G cm ejb:
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iKzi ci ùvovbv Aevq nq eyKi Dci ivLv weÀvZ I wevw, G welq Avgvi Kvbv m`n bB| KviY
mvjvZ welqK nv`xmi msLv AbK; wK Kvbv nv`xm G K_v ewYZ nq wb| Gi Kvbv wfw _vKj GKwU m~ njI
Zvi eYbv Avgiv cZvg| Avgvi Rvbv gZ mvjvd mvwjnxbi KD G Kg Kib wb Ges Kvbv gynvwm G welqwU DjL
Kib wb|147
(5) Gi wecixZ kvBL Avyj Avhxh Beb evh iKz _K DVvi ci gymjx nq Kv_vq ivLe bvg GKwU cywKv
iPbv Kib| G cywKvq wZwb iKzi ci ùvovbv Aevq nq GKwZ Ki `ni Dci ivLvB mybvZ ej gZ cKvk
KiQb| kvBL Avjevbxi Avcwjv wZwb AvjvPbv KiQb| G cm wZwb ejb:
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Avgvì fvB Avjvgv kvBL bvwmixb G K_v ejQb...| Zuvi eei Dii KqKwU w`K iqQ| c_gZ wZwb
iKzi ci ùvwoq Wvb nvZK evg nvZi Dci ivLvK wevwgq weÀvZ ej wbwZ KiQb| GwU my fzj| Avgvì
Rvbv gZ Zuvi c~e Kvbv Avwjg G K_v ejb wb| Zuvi G ee BZvc~e AvjvwPZ (mvjvZi ga ùvovbv Aevq nq
GKwZ ivLvi) nv`xmjvi wecixZ| Zuvi Bjg, ghv`v, Aaqbi evcKZv Ges mybvZ welq Zuvi HKvwK AvMni welq
Kvbv m`n bB| gnvb Avjvn Zuvi Bjg I ZvIdxK ew Kib| Ze wZwb G gvmAvjvq myfve fzj KiQb| Avi
cZK AvwjgiB wKQz K_v MnYhvM I wKQz K_v AMnYhvM _vK| G welq Bgvg gvwjK ejQb: Avgvì cZKB
Abi wKQz K_v cZvLvb Kwi Ges Avgvì wKQz K_v cZvLvb Kiv nq| GKgv ewZg ivm~jyjvn ()| Zuvi AvM I
ci AvwjgMY GKB K_v ejQb | GZ Zuvì Aghv`v ev Aeg~jvqb nq bv| eis Zuviv GKwU ev `ywU cyivii ga
_vKb| ....
(kvBL Avjevbxi ee wevwiZfve Lb Kivi ci wZwb ejb) Avgvì G AvjvPbv _K my nqQ h,
Avgvì fvB ghv`vgq kvBL gynvv` bvwmixb G gvmAvjvq hv ejQb Zv Zuvi gZ cgvY Ki bv, eis Zuvi gZ Lb Ki|
Avwjgì AbymZ g~jbxwZjv j Kij Ges fvjfve wPv I MelYv Kij Zv my nq| gnvb Avjvn AvgvìK I
ZuvK gv Kib Ges Avgvì mKjKB Zuvi mnbkxjZv I gvRbv w`q ab Kib| Avkv Kiv hvq h, Avgiv GLvb h
AvjvPbv Kijvg Zv cvV Kivi ci Zuvi KvQ mZ my ne Ges wZwb mZi w`K wdi Avmeb| mZ Zv gywgbi
147
Avjevbx, wmdvZz mvjvwZb bvwewq, cv 105-106|
44
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nvivbv m`, hLbB wZwb Zv cvb Zv MnY Kib| gnvb Avjvni cksmvq wZwb (kvBL Avjevbx) mZ Abymvbx Ges mZi
c_i AwePj cw_K| wZwb mZK cKvk KiZ I mZi c_ Avnvb KiZ Zuvi egywL kg eq Ki PjQb|148
148
Beb evh, mvjvmy ivmvBj wdm mvjvZ, cv 28-32|
45
ZZxq ce:
mnxn nv`xm ebvg DvZi gZf` I wefw
mywcq cvVK, mnxn nv`xm cvjb HKgZ-mn wKfve wdKnx wmv gZf` nq Zvi bgybv Avgiv `Ljvg| Avgiv Aviv
`Ljvg h, nv`xmi wb`kbv I dKxnMYi gvhnve Dfq welqB wbwZ KiQ h, mvjvZi ga nvZ euvavi welqwU AZ
ck| wK ZviciI welqwU msKxY nqQ Ges G wbq weivM, wevU I wefwi Rb nqQ| wdKnx gvmAvjv wbq Avgvì
mgvRi AwaKvsk SMov I wef`B G chvqi| Avgiv Avkv Kwi c~eeZx AvjvPbv G SMov I wefwi KviY I cwZKvi
Abyaveb AvgvìK mvnvh Kie| GRb c~eeZx AvjvPbvi AvjvK wbi welqjvi cwZ cvVKi `w AvKlY KiwQ:
3. 1. cPwjZi cg
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cwiwPZ I AvPwiZ welqK fvjevmv gvbexq cKwZ| mKj `ki mKj gvbylB Zvi mgvR cPwjZ jvKvPvi, Lv`,
ib cwZ, cvkvK, cwiavb cwZ BZvw` cQ` Ki| Gi wecixZ wKQz `Lj Avcw I mgvjvPbv Ki| wewfb hywcgvY w`q wbR mgvRi cPwjZ welqK Dg cgvYi Pv Ki| AbK mgq G RvZxq AwZ mvaviY welq wbq SMovweZK wj nq|
agxq welqI GKBic| Lye Kg gvbylB Aaqb Ki Rb eyS ag cvjb KiZ Pv Kib| cPwjZ wbqgi
ewZg wKQz `Lj ev bj Zv cwZiva KiZB ay Zviv Aaqb i Kib| h Avwjg ev MelK cPwjZ welqwUK
mwVK ejb ZvKB Zviv MnYhvM gb Kib| cPwjZ wbqgi mvgvbZg ewZg njB Zviv ZvK agweivwaZv ej
MY Kib, KVvi mgvjvPbv Kib ev cwZivai Pv Kib| KziAvb, nv`xm, wdKn ev gvhnve NU KgwUi iZ,
Aevb ev ewZgi weavb Rvbvi Pv gvUB Kib bv|
hwÌ mvaviYZ gvhnve, ZixKv, nv`xm, gynvwm, Avwjg ev eyRyMMYi bvgB cPjbK eaZv Ìqv nq, Ze
cKZc cPjb-B gyL| mvaviYZ KziAvb, nv`xm, Avwjg, Bgvg, cxi, eyRyM, gvhnve BZvw`K cPwjZ Kg cgvY Kivi Rb
eenvi Kiv nq, cPjbi ewZg Kvbv gZ G mKj Drm _K cgvwYZ nj Zv wewfb evLv w`q ev evLv QvovB evwZj Kiv
nq| mgvRi gvbyliv h Bgvg, gynvwm ev eyRy Mi bvg cPwjZ Kgjv KiQb ZvìB gZ DZ Ki cPwjZ Kvbv Kgi
wei ev AcPwjZ Kvbv Kgi c ee ck Kiv nj Zvì AbymvixivB wewfb ARynvZ Zv gvbZ A^xKvi Kieb|
cPjb cxwZi KviYB agxq QvU I eo mKj welq wbq DMZv I Rvwnjx Dxcbv gymwjgìK Mvm KiQ| cPwjZ
Abvqjv hZB KwVb nvK Zv D`vi `wZ `LZ ne| AcPwjZ KgwU KZUzKz Abvq A_ev bvq Zv weePbv bv KiB Zv
cwZiva KiZ ne| G avivZB mvjvZi ga nqi Aevb I Abvb mKj wdKnx welqK cvwKZv| h mgvR nq
Szwjq ivLvi cPjb Zviv Gi c Bgvg gvwjKi ghv`v, g`xbvi ghv`v, g`xbvi mvnvex-ZvweqxMYi ghv`v BZvw`K `wjj
wnme ck Kib| Gi wecixZ MelYv ev KgK wdZbv I wefwi Drm wnme MY Kib| bvfxi wbP, Dci ev eyKi
Dci nvZ ivLvi welqwUI AbyicB| AwaKvsk cZKB wbR Mvxi cPjbK k Ges wecixZ KgwU evwZj ej cgvY
KiZ Pv Kib| Dci AcPwjZ h Kvbv nv`xm ev mybvZi AvjvPbvKB wdZbv, Akvw ev wekLjv mw ej MY Kib|
3. 2. Dg-Abyg Abyaveb cvwKZv
AbK gywgb cPjbi wecixZ mnxn I Dg gZ AbymiY KiZ AvMnx| Ze AbK mgq Zviv mnxn ev Dg-Gi
cKwZ Abyaveb e_ nb| hgb KD wbR cvmwK mKj nv`xm, mb`, wiRvj, Rvin-Zv`xj I wdKnx gZ Aaqb Ki A_ev
Abyic Kvbv MelKi wjLwb co RvbZ cvijb h, nq Szwjq bv iL eyKi Dci, bvfxi Dci ev bvfxi wbP ivLv
Dg| Ze Aaqbi ^Zv, vbi mxYZv, cewi AbymiY A_ev AvZcKvki D`M evmbv ZvK welqwU wbq DMZvq wj
KiZ cvi| hgb, GK ew nq eyK ivLv Dg ev mnxn Rb mwU cvjb I cPvi KiZ Ges Zv wbq weZK KiZ
AwZkq AvMnx njI KziAvb I mnxn nv`xm wb`wkZ AbK dih-IqvwRe I Riix Kg Aenjv KiZ Zvi Amyweav nq bv|
dj mnxn nv`xm AbymiYi AveM kqZvbi civPbvq Rvwnjx Dxcbv I SMov-weZK icvwiZ nq|
kvBLyj Bmjvg Beb ZvBwgqv (728 wn) wek` AvjvPbvq DjL KiQb, h mKj welq ivm~jyjvn ev mvnvexMY
_K GKvwaK mybvZ ev GKvwaK gZ ewYZ nqQ mjv Kviv gZ dih, Kviv gZ mybvZ ev bdj nZ cvi, wK G
welqi g~jbxwZ njv h, Dfq welqB mybvZ wb`wkZ Rvqh Kg| gvMwiei c~ei `y ivKAvZ bdj mvjvZ, mvjvZzj
Rvbvhvq m~iv dvwZnv cvV, ivdDj Bqv`vBb Kiv ev bv Kiv, mk ev wbtk wemwgjvn cvV, Bgvgi wcQb m~iv dvwZnv
cvV Kiv A_ev bv Kiv, mvjvZzj Rvbvhvi ZvKexi msLv, Avhvbi evKjvi msLv, BKvgZi evKjv GKevi Ki
A_ev `y evi Ki ejv, mvjvZzj weZii c_g eVK mvjvg divbv ev bv divbv BZvw` AbK welq DjL Ki wZwb
ejb: G mKj welq hwÌ GKwU Kg ev gZi Pq AbwU AwaK Dg ev kwkvjx Ze h ew `yej ev Abyg KgwU
Kijb wZwbI GKwU Rvqh KgB Kijb| GQvov Abyg ev `yej Kg Ab Kvbv myweav ev KjvYi Rb Dg ev AwaK
kwkvjx ej MY nZ cvi| Abyicfve AwaK kwkvjx ev Dg KgwUK eRb Kiv KLbv KLbv AwaK Dg ej MY
46
nZ cvi|149
h mKj myweav ev KjvYi Rb kwkvjx gZ eRb Kiv ev `yej gZ MnY Kiv Dg ej MY ne ej wZwb DjL
KiQb mjvi ga iqQ: (1) Dg KgwUi wecixZ KgwUI h mybvZ mZ ev ea Zv gymwjgìK Rvbvbv, (2) Dg
KgwU h Riix bq Zv cgvY Kiv, (3) mvaviY gvbyli `q AvKlY Kiv, (4) weZK cwinvi Kiv, (5) gymjxì weivM cwinvi
Kiv BZvw`|
Dcmsnvi wZwb ejb: Aevi KviY `xbi Kgjvi Gfve Dg ev Abyg cwiYZ nIqvi g~jbxwZ bv Rvbvi
KviY AbKB KwVb wechq wbcwZZ nb| mgvR Ggb AbK gvbyl AvQb hviv GKwU KgK gymZvnve, Dg ev AwaK
kwkvjx ej wekvm Kij ZvK dih-IqvwRei PqI iZ w`q aib| Gfve wZwb cewi AbymiY, Muvovwg-`jv`wj I
Rvwnjx Dxcbvq wbcwZZ nb| hviv Gic wKQz welq eQ wbq wbRì gZi wP, cZxK ev ewk evwbq wbqQb Zvì
ga cvVK G welqwU `Leb| Abyicfve KD KD Abyic Kg eRb KivK Dg ej gb Kib| cvVK `Leb h,
Zviv nvivg Kgmg~n eRb Kivi PqI D Abyg ev `yej Kg eRb Kivi welq AwaK hZevb| Gfve Zviv cewi
AbymiY, Muvovwg-`jv`wj I Rvwnjx Dxcbvq wbcwZZ nb| hviv Gic eRb-K Zvì gZi wP, cZxK ev ewk evwbq
wbqQb Zvì ga cvVK Gic `Leb| Gjv meB fzj|150
3. 3. cQì AbymiY
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Avgiv `Ljvg Beb ZvBwgqv Dg ev kwkvjx ev mnxn gymZvnve cvjbK dih-IqvwRe cvjb ev nvivg eRbi
Pq AwaK iZ ÌqvK cewi AbymiY ej DjL KiQb| cPjbi ARynvZ KziAvb-mybvn wfwK MelYv wdZbv
ej MY Kiv, KziAvb-mybvn wbfi wfbgZK evwZj ejv, KziAvb-mybvn wb`wkZ wbwZ wkiK, Kzdi, nvivg BZvw`
cwZivai Pq KziAvb-mybvn cgvwYZ wfbgZ cwZiva AwaK Dxcbv eva Kiv A_ev mnxn ev Dg AbymiYi bvg
gymZvnveK dih-IqvwRei gZ iZ Ìqv meB BwevDj nvIqv ( ) A_vr cew ev cQì AbymiY| AviexZ
nvIqv ki A_ cQ`, fvjjvMv, cQ`-AcQì ewMZ Abyf~wZ, vbgy cQ`, SuvK, ceYZv, ccvZ, evwZK (love;
passion; inclination, prejudice, bias) BZvw`| hLb Kvbv gvbyl Gic AveM, SvK ev fvjjvMvi wfwZ Avjvni
Bev`Z Ki ZLb m g~jZ Zvi cQì Bev`Z Ki| Zvi cQ`B Zvi gve~` cwiYZ nq| KziAvb-nv`xm evievi G welq
mveavb Kiv nqQ| gnvb Avjvn ejb: h ew Avjvni c _K n`vqvZ ewZiK wbRi cQ`-cew ev SuvKi
AbymiY KiQ Zvi Pq AwaK wev K nZ cvi?151 ivm~jyj-vn ejb: wZbwU welq gvbylK asm Ki: AcwZiva
jvf-KcYZv, wbR cewi fvjjvMv g`jvMvi AvbyMZ, gvbyli Zvi wbR gZi cwZ Zw I Avv|152
3. 4. cPjb I Aaqbi mg^q
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gymwjg mgvR `xb wnme cPwjZ Kgjv `wjj wbfi ev mwVK ne ej aviYv KivB ^vfvweK| ^fveZB gywgb Avkv
Kib h, AvwjgMY `xbi welqjv mwVKfve Zvì wbKU cuQ w`qQb| cvkvcvwk AbK nv`xm ivm~jyjvn () evievi
ejQb h, Bn~`x-Lvb I c~eeZx wev RvwZì bvq gymwjg Dvni gaI ewea wevw, AbvPvi, Kzmsvi cek Kie
Ges mybvZ gZzeiY Kie| AvwjgMYi `vwqZ mybvZ I we `xb cybixweZ Kiv| GQvov Avgiv ^xKvi KiZ eva h,
gymwjg weki mKj `k `xb wnme cPwjZ mKj wKQz KLbvB mwVK nZ cvi bv| KvRB gymwjg mgvR hyM hyM ai
cPwjZ nIqvi ARynvZ Kvbv KgK mwVK ej wbwZ nIqv hvq bv| eis cPjbi cwZ kvmn KziAvb-mybvn wfwK Aaqb
I MelYv Ges Gic MelYv wbfi mZi wbKU AvZmgcY Kiv gywgbi `vwqZ| G gywgbi `vwqZ wbic:
(1) cPjbi ARynvZ mybvZK A^xKvi Kiv mwVK bq| Kvbv mgvR hw` Ggb Kvbv Kg cPwjZ _vK hv mybvZ
beex ev mybvZ mvnvev viv cgvwYZ bq Ze mgvRi cPjb A_ev AMwYZ eyRyMi Avgji ARynvZ Zv envj ivLv Ges G
welqK mybvZ cwZK wbirmvwnZ Kiv fqi Abvq| GZ G mKj Kgi mybvZ cwZK nZv Kiv nq|
wK h mKj welq GKvwaK mybvZ we`gvb m welqwU Ab iKg| m cPjbK iZ c`vb KivB mvnvexZvweqx I Zvwe-ZvweqxMY ev mvjvd mvwjnxbi ixwZ| Gic welq gZf` Dg-Abyg ev AwaK MnYhvMZv wbq| G
wfbgZK evwZj ejv hvq bv| mgvR cPwjZ KgwUi c hw` ivm~jyj-vn ev mvnvexMYi Kvbv mybvZ cgvwYZ _vK Ze
D AvgjK evwZj ej mgvR AwiZv Zwi Kiv Abvq| Kviv KvQ Ab gZ AwaKZi kwkvjx ej cgvY nj wZwb Zv
cvjb Kieb, ZvK AwaKZi MnYhvM ejeb, Ze mgvR cPwjZ KgwUK wfwnxb ejv KLbvB DwPZ bq| GZ mybvZi
ARynvZ DvZi ga mybvn-wbwl nvbvnvwb, wel I wefw Avg`vwb Kiv nq|
cPjbi ARynvZ mybvn-mZ AcPwjZ KgwUi cwZ Aev cvlY GKBic Abvq| mgvR nq Szwjq ivLv, bvfxi
149
150
151
Beb ZvBwgqv, gvRg~D dvZvIqv (wiqv`, `vi Avjvwgj KzZze, 1991) 24/194-198|
Beb ZvBwgqv, gvRg~D dvZvIqv 24/194-199|
m~iv (28) Kvmvm: 50| Aviv `Lyb: m~iv (7) Avivd 176; m~iv (18) Kvnd 28; m~iv (20) Zvnv: 16; m~iv (25) dziKvb: 43 Ges m~iv (45) Rvwmqvn:
23 AvqvZ|
152
gybwhwix, AvZ-ZviMxe 1/230, Avjevbx, mnxZ ZviMxe 1/97|
47
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wbP ivLv, Av Avgxb ejv, ivdDj Bqv`vBb bv Kiv BZvw` cPwjZ _vKvi KviY nq ai ivLv, bvfxi Dci ev eyK ivLv,
Rvi Avgxb ejv, ivdDj Bqv`vBb Kiv BZvw` mnxn nv`xm viv cgvwYZ mybvZK Aev Kivi A_ ivm~jyj-vn -Gi cgvwYZ
mybvZK Aev Kiv Ges Zuvi ci Zuvi h mKj mvnvex, Zvweqx, Zvwe-Zvweqx I eyRyM mvjvd mvwjnxb G mKj mybvZ cvjb
KiQb ZuvìKI NYv I Aev Kiv| cw_exZ GKgv gynvv` -K-B gnvb Avjvn G ghv`v `vb KiQb h, Zuvi cwZwU
KgB weki KD bv KD cvjb KiQb| GwU gynvv` -Gi gywRhv Ges Bmjvgi ckZv| GwUK msKxYZv I wefwZ
icvi Kiv `yfvMRbK|
(2) wbRi cQ`, AveM I fvjjvMvK mybvZi Aaxb KiZ ne| mgvRi cwm AvwjgMYi wbKU _K `xb MnY
Kiv-B gnvb Avjvn I Zuvi ivm~j ()-Gi wb`kbv| Ze gywgbi my wekvm _vKe h, Avwg ivm~jyjvn ()-Gi mybvZ
Abymvi Avjvni Bev`Z KiZ PvB| AgyK dKxn, Bgvg ev Avwjgi welq Avgvi aviYv h, wZwb G welq AvgvK mwVK
wb`kbv w`Z cvieb| GRb Avwg Zvi wbKU _K `xbi wewaweavb RvbZ Pv Kwi| Ze Avwg ivm~jyjvn ()-Gi ci
Kvbv gvbylKB Av ej gb Kwi bv| Kvbv gvmAvjvq h_vh_ Aaqb I AvwjgMYK ck Kivi gvag hw` Avgvi
kvfvRb Avwjg gZ fzj ej Avwg wbwZ nB Ze Avwg AekB D Avwjgi cwZ cwic~Y kvmn Zvi D gZwU eRb Ki
mnxn mybvZ Abymvi Kg Kie|
(3) G cm kvn Iqvwj Djvn `njex ejb: `xb weKZ nIqvi GKwU KviY whwb gvm~g (bex) bb Zvi ZvKjx`
Kiv| Gic ZvKjxì nvKxKZ njv, Kvbv GKRb Avwjg BRwZnv` Kieb, Avi Zvi AbymvixMY aviYv Kieb h, wZwb
wbwZic A_ev AwaKvsk mwVK wmv w`qQb, dj Zviv G wmvi KviY GKwU mnxn nv`xm cZvLvb Kie|
gymwjg Dvn h ZvKjxì eaZvi welq GKgZ nqQb Zv Gic bq| Zuviv GKgZ nqQb h, gyRZvwn`MYi ZvKjx`
Kiv ea, mv_ mv_ GK_vi vb ivLZ ne h, gyRZvwn` fyj KiZ cvib Avevi mwVK gZI w`Z cvib Ges mv_ mv_
m gvmAvjvq bex ()-Gi ee Rvbvi Rb AvMn-Dxcbv _vKe Ges `p wmv _vKe h, hw` ZvKjx`KZ welqi
Ljvd Kvbv mnxn nv`xm cKvk cvq Ze ZvKjx` eRb Kie Ges nv`xm AbymiY Kie|153
(4) kvn IqvwjDjvn Ab ejb: wbgi AevjvZ ZvKjx` (ew, mgvR ev cPjbi wbwePvi AbymiY) wb`bxq
ev nvivg ej MY:
(K) h ewi ga BRwZnvì hvMZv we`gvb, GgbwK AZ GKwU wbw` gvmAvjvZI BRwZnv` Kivi mvg_ Zvi
AvQ Zvi Rb D gvmAvjvq|
(L) h ewi wbKU c~Yfve my nqQ h, ivm~jyjvn () G welq wb`k w`qQb ev wbla KiQb Ges welqwU
gvbm~L ev iwnZ nq wb| G gvmAvjvi mswk nv`xmjv Ges Gi c I wec gZvgZjv Aaqb Ki wZwb GwU iwnZ
nIqvi Kvbv cgvY cvb wb, A_ev wZwb `LQb h, AbK cv Avwjg G nv`xm wfwK gZ MnY KiQb Avi Gi wecixZ
gZ cKvkKvix dKxn ay BRwZnv` ev wKqvmi Dci wbfi KiQb| Gic covkvbvi gvag nv`xmi wb`kbv AeMZ nIqvi
ci ivm~jyjvn ()-Gi nv`xmi weivwaZv Kivi Rb Mvcb gybvwdKx ev cKvk AvnvwK Qvov Kvbv KviY _vKZ cvi bv|
(M) h mvaviY gvbyl Kvbv wbavwiZ GKRb dKxni ZvKjx` Kib Ges gb Kib h, D dKxni gZ gvbyli
fyj nZ cvi bv, wZwb hv ejb Zv AekB mwVK| wZwb gb Kib h, ZvKjx`-KZ D dKxni gZi wecixZ `jxj
_nxbfve cgvwYZ njI wZwb ZvKjx` cwiZvM Kieb bv| Gic wb`bxq I wbwl ZvKjx`KB wZiwghx msKwjZ
nv`xm Avwjgì ie evbvbv ej DjL Kiv nqQ| .. Avjvn ejb154: Zviv Avj-vn eZxZ Zvì cwZMYK Ges
msmvi-weivMxMYK ie-cwZcvjK ic MnY KiQ... ivm~jjy vn ejb155: Bn~`x-LvbMY Zvì (Avwjgìekì) Bev`Z KiZ bv eU, wK Zviv hLb Zvì Rb Kvbv wKQz nvjvj Ki w`Z, ZLb Zviv ZvK nvjvj ej
gb wbZ| Avi Zviv hLb Zvì Dci Kvbv wKQz nvivg Ki w`Z, ZLb Zviv Zv nvivg ej gb wbZ|
(N) wb`bxq ZvKjxì AviKwU aib Gic gb Kiv h, nvbvdxi Rb kvwdqx dKxni KvQ dvZIqv PvIqv Rvqh
bq ev nvbvdxi Rb kvwdqx Bgvgi wcQb mvjvZ Av`vq Rvqh bq| Abyic K_v h ew ej m ew c _g
kZvxjvi gymwjgì BRgv ev HKgZi weivwaZv Ki Ges mvnvex I ZvweqxMY gZi mv_ mvsNwlK gZ cvlY
Ki|156
(5) Avjvgv Avyj nvB jvLbex (1304 wn) ejb: Rb ivL! Bgvg Ave~ nvbxdv I Zuvi mxì _K eis mKj
Bgvg _K e m~ ewYZ nqQ h, hw` Kvbv my mnxn nv`xm Zuvì gZi wecixZ cvIqv hvq Ze Zuvì gZ ev`
w`Z ne| gvjv Avjx Kvix ejb: Avgvì Bgvg Avhg ejQb: Kviv Rb Avgvì gvhnve ev gZ MnY Kiv ea bq;
153
154
155
156
kvn IqvwjDjvn `njex, vZzjvwnj evwjMv 1/352|

m~iv ZvIev, 31 AvqvZ|
wZiwghx, Avm-mybvb 5/278| wZwb ejb, nv`xmwU Mixe|
kvn Iqvwj Dj-vn, vZzj-vwnj evwjMvn 1/326-329|
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hZY bv m D gvmAvjvZ Avgvì gZi `jxj KziAvb, mybvn, BRgv ev my wKqvm _K RvbZ cvie| Bgvg
Avhgi G K_vi wfwZ ZvgvK eySZ ne, hw` Kvbv welq Bgvgi Kvbv gZ ewYZ bv _vK Ze Bgvgi Abymvix
gyKvwj` Avwjg I mvaviY gvbyl mKji mywbwZ `vwqZ ivm~jyjvn _K ewYZ mnxn nv`xm Abymvi Kg Kiv| ....|157
(6) Avj-vgv jvLbex Ab ejb: GK`j gvbyl nvbvdx nIqvi welq cP Muvovwg KiQb| mnxn Kvbv nv`xm
ev mvnvex-Zvweqxi gZ cjI Zvi wecixZ dvZIqv-gvmvBj hv cqQb Zv e AbymiY KiQb| Zviv aviYv Kib
h, G nv`xm hw` mnxn nZv Zvnj gvhnvei Bgvg Zv MnY KiZb Ges Gi wecixZ gZ w`Zb bv| Bgvgi K_vi
Dci nv`xmK AMvwaKvi Ìqvi welq Bgvgi wbRi ee mK AZvi KviYB Zviv Gic KiQb| wbfihvM
QvMY Bgvg Ave~ nvbxdv _K DZ KiQb h, mnxn nv`xm I mvnvex-ZvweqxMYi eeK Zuvi eei Dci
AMvwaKvi w`Z ne| GRb mnxn nv`xmi wecixZ mewKQz cwiZvM Kiv we gZ| Avi Gfve nv`xmi KviY Bgvgi
gZ cwiZvM Kij ZvKjx` cwiZvM Kiv nq bv; eis Gic KivB Bgvgi cKZ ZvKjx`|158
Bgvg beex (676 wn) ejb: kvBL Ave~ Avgi Bebym mvjvn (643 wn) ejb: hw` Kvbv kvwdqx gyKvwj` GKwU
nv`xmi mvb cvb hv Zvi gvhnvei weivax Zvnj `LZ ne, hw` wZwb c~Yfve A_ev ay GKwU wekl Aavq ev ay GKwU
wekl gvmAvjvZ BRwZnv` KiZ mg nb Ze wZwb G nv`xmwU MnY I cvjb Kieb| Avi hw` Zvi Kvbvic BRwZnv`
Kivi gZv bv _K, wK nv`xmwUi weivwaZv Kiv Zvi Rb KKi nq Ze mI wZwb gvhnve eRb Ki nv`xmwU cvjb
Kieb, hw` (`ywU kZ c~iY nq): (1) nv`xmwU eRb Kivi c MnYhvM Kvbv Di wZwb LuyR bv cvb Ges (2) Bgvg kvwdqx
nv`xmwU MnY bv KijI Ab Kvbv gyRZvwn` Bgvg D nv`xmwU MnY Ki _vKb| G gvmAvjvq Bgvgi gvhnvei evBi
hvIqvi Rb nv`xmwU Zvi IRi wnme MY ne| Bgvg beex ejb: G K_vwU myì I GwUB GKgv wbwZ welq|159
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(1) gnvb Avjvn ejb: hvìK Avwg wKZve w`qwQ Zviv h_vh_fve GUvK wZjvIqvZ (nK wZjvIqvZ) Ki
ZvivB GUvZ wekvm Ki, Avi hviv GUvK cZvLvb Ki ZvivB wZM| (m~iv evKviv: 121 AvqvZ)| A_ Abyaveb
Ki KziAvb wZjvIqvZ KivK nv`xm kixd nK wZjvIqvZ ev h_vh_ wZjvIqvZ ej DjL Kiv nqQ|
Ab Avjvn ejb: gywgbì mKji GKmv_ ei nIqv msMZ bq, Iì cZK `ji GK Ask ei nq bv
Kb, hvZ Zviv `xb welq wdKn ARb KiZ cvi Ges Iì mc`vqK mZK KiZ cvi, hLb Zviv Zvì KvQ
wdi Avme, hvZ Zviv mZK nq| (m~iv ZvIev: 122 AvqvZ)
Gfve Avgiv `LwQ h, cZK gywgbiB `vwqZ nK fve A_vr A_ `qg Ki KziAvb wZjvIqvZ Kiv| Gic
wZjvIqvZi gvag Cgvb I ZvKIqvi MfxiZv ARb njI `xbi wevwiZ wdKn ARb nq bv| wKQz gvbylK Aviv evcK
Aaqb Ki mgvRi gvbylìK mZK KiZ ne| GRb KziAvb I nv`xmi ewMZ Aaqbi cvkvcvwk dKxnMYi
iYvcb nIqv gywgbi `vwqZ| KziAvb-nv`xm Aaqb _K wegyL nIqv g~jZ `xb welq gywgbi Aenjvi P~ov cKvk| Gic
Aenjv Cgvbi Rb fqi wZKi nZ cvi|
(2) Aviex fvlv wkv Ki KziAvb I nv`xm eyS Aaqb KivB gywgbi `vwqZ| Ze AwaKvsk gywgbi Rb Zv cvq
Ame| GRb KziAvb, nv`xm, wdKn BZvwì Abyev` Aaqb KiZ ne| Ze iZi mv_ gb ivLZ ne h, KziAvb,
nv`xm, mxivZ, mvnvex PwiZ, wdKn BZvwì Aviex Aaqb Avi Abyev` Aaqb GK bq| Abyev` Aaqb g~jZ Avwjgì ck
Kiv ev Avwjgì wbKU `xb wkviB GKwU ic gv| Abyev` A_ KziAvb, nv`xm ev wdKni A_ welq Abyev`Ki gZ|
GKRb Avwjg KziAvb, nv`xm, wdKnx M BZvw` Aaqb Ki hv eySb Abyev` ZvB wZwb wjLb| GRb Avgiv hLb Abyev`
cwo ZLb g~jZ GKRb Avwjgi wbKU em KziAvb, nv`xm ev `xb welq Zvi evLv cwo| Avwjgì gvRwjm em KziAvb,
nv`xm, wdKn BZvw` wkv Kivi bvq Zvì jLv Abyev` co KziAvb, nv`xm ev wdKn wkv Kiv GKBic iZc~Y Bev`Z|
Ze G wbRK dKxn, gydZx ev gynvwm ej Kbv Kiv wevwKi| Abyev` Aaqbi gvag ZvKIqv, Bjg I Cgvb
ARb KiZ ne| cvkvcvwk Kvbv welq mgmv ev ck Abyfe Kij AvwjgìK ck Ki Zvi Di RvbZ ne|
(3) Gic Aaqbi gvag ev Ab Kvbvfve gywgb hw` RvbZ cvib h, cPwjZ Kvbv welqi ewZg KziAvb ev
nv`xmi ee we`gvb Ze Zvi `vwqZ welqwU wbq Aaqb Kiv| wKQz b ev `LB cPjbK wb`v Kiv A_ev cPjb weivax
ej Zv gvbe bv ej NvlYv Ìqv Cgvbi mv_ mvsNwlK| hgb mgvR AvwjgìK gvIjvbv ejvi cPjb iqQ| GKRb
gywgb KziAvb Aaqb KiZ hq `Ljb h, KziAvb gnvb AvjvnK gvIjvbv (Avgvì AwffveK ev ez) ejv nqQ|
A_ev Kvbv ew ZvK ejjb h, KziAvb gnvb AvjvnK gvIjvbv ejv nqQ, KvRB AvwjgìK gvIjvbv ejv wkiK ev
Aea| G gywgbi cwZwqv wZbfve nZ cvi: (1) KziAvb gvbvi bvg ZvrwYK G wmv gb bIqv| (2) cPjbi
ARynvZ welqwUK Aev Ki ejv: KziAvb wK AvQ Zv Avgvi ìKvi Kx? Zzwg KziAvbi Kx eyS? GZ Avwjg wK wKQzB eySb
157
158
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jvLbex, Avj-RvwgDm mvMxi, Avb-bvwdDj Kvexi-mn, c. 8-9|

Avyj nvB jvLbex, Avj-Rvwg Avm-mvMxi, c. 34|
beex, Avj-gvRg~ kvij gynvh&hve 1/64|
49
bv? (3) KziAvbi welqwUK iZ mnKvi MnY Kivi cvkvcvwk cPjbK ZvrwYK wb`v bv Ki cPjbi c KziAvb ev
nv`xmi Kvbv mg_b AvQ wK bv Zv hvPvBqi Rb Aaqb Kiv Ges AvwjgìK ck Kiv|
Avgiv eySZ cviwQ h, c_g I wZxq cwZwqv gywgbi Rb fqi wZKi| gywgb gvbeb h, KziAvb AvjvnK
gvIjvbv ejv nqQ Ges Avjvni weklY ev`vi cqvM g~jZ wkiK| Ze hnZz gvbylK gvIjvbv ejv AvwjgMYi
ga cPwjZ AvQ mnZz Gi `wjj _vKvB ^vfvweK| wZwb `wjj Rvbvi Pv Kieb Ges `wjj bv cj G Kg eRb Kieb|
Avgvì AvjvP welqwUI GKBic| hw` gywgb RvbZ cvib h, eyK nvZ euvavi nv`xmwU mnxn Ze gywgb Dcii
D`vniYi gZ cPjbi ARynvZ nv`xm A^xKvi Ges nv`xm gvbvi bvg ZvrwYKfve cPjbK wb`v- Dfq Kg _K
weiZ _vKeb| eis nv`xm gvbvi cP AveM welqwU Rvbvi Pv Kieb Ges mnxn nv`xm cvjb mP _vKeb| `xbi
mKj welqB Gic|
3. 6. MelYv-msvi ebvg XvjvI wb`vev`
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Kvbv gymwjg mgvR cPwjZ agxq KgKv meB mwVK ev meB fzj Gic wPv cwinvi KiZ ne| AvwjgMY `xbK
mvagZ mwVKfve mgvR cPvii Pv KiQb| KziAvb-mybvni Aaqb mKj mgvRB we`gvb| cvkvcvwk fzjvwI mKj
mgvRB we`gvb| KziAvb-mybvn wfwK MelYv I msvi AvMnx gywgb AbK mgq mPZb ev APZbfve G aviYv `b h,
mgvRi AvwjgMY AvgvìK GZw`b fzj wkwLqQb ev mgvRi AvwjgMY wKQzB Rvbb bv| Gic aviYv fqi wevwi Drm|
GZ AvwjgMYi cwZ XvjvIfve Aev I wel cvlYi cvc QvovI mvaviY gvbylì Rb wevwi ìRv Dby nq|
eZgvb Lvb, Kvw`qvbx, wkqv, evnvqx wewfb agi cPviKMY KziAvbi KqKwU ee, eyLvix ev Ab Kvbv Mi `yGKwU nv`xm mvaviY gymwjgi mvgb ck Ki Zv w`q Zvì gZ cgvYi `vwe Kib| cvkvcvwk Zviv ejb, AvwjgMY jvfx
ev A, KvRB Zvì KvQ hveb bv, Avgiv hnZz KziAvb ev mnxn nv`xm `LvwQ KvRB Avgvì gZ MnY Kib| AbKB
Gfve wev nQb| `jxjwfwK mZ Abymvbi cvkvcvwk Avwjgì cwZ fvjevmv I kv msiY KivB KziAvb-mybvni
wb`kbv I mvjvd mvwjnxbi cwZ| `wjji AvjvK wewfb gZK fzj ejvi AwaKvi mKjiB iqQ| wK D fzj gZi
AbymvixìK NYv, nq ev Aev Kiv KziAvb-mybvn wbwl nvivg Kg| Avnjym mybvZ Iqvj RvgvAvZi AvKx`v eYbvq
Bgvg Zvnvex (321 wn) ejb:
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c~ee Zx hyMi mvjvd mvwjnxb (bKKvi c~eeZxMY) I Zvuì Abymvix cieZxKvji KjvYgq AvwjgMY, gynvwm
I nv`xm AbymvixMY Ges dKxn-gyRZvwn` I wdKn-AbymvixMY, Zuvì mKjKB h_vhvM mvb I cksmvi mv_ iY I
DjL KiZ ne| Avi h ew Zvuì mK KUzw ev weic ge Ki m v c_i Abymvix|160
GLvb Avgiv `LwQ h, nv`xm AbymiY I wdKn AbymiYi bvg gZf` Bgvg Zvnvexi c~eeZx hyM _KB we`gvb
wQj| gZf` Kiv, wbRi gZi c cgvY ck Kiv ev Abi gZ Lb KivK KD Abvq ej MY Kib wb| Ze
gZfì KviY nv`xmcx ev wdKncx KvDK Aev ev KUzw Kiv wevw ej MY KiQb Avnjym mybvZ Iqvj
RvgvAvZi BgvgMY|
Bgvg Zvnvexi G eei evLvq Beb Avwej Bh&h nvbvdx, mvwjn Avj-dvIhvb, mvwjn Beb Avyj Avhxh AvjkvBL I Abvb Avwjg DjL KiQb h, Avnjym mybvZ Iqvj RvgvAvZi G AvKx`v g~jZ KziAvb I nv`xmi wb`kbvi
cwZdjb| KziAvb I nv`xm evievi wb`k Ìqv nqQ gywgbìK fvjevmZ I ZvìK Ijx (AwffveK, c ev
ez) wnme MnY KiZ| cvkvcvwk gywgbìK wbla Kiv nqQ ewMZ ev `jMZfve GK AciK Dcnvm, Aev,
Mvwj, g`-Dcvwa, g`-aviYv ev MxeZ KiZ| G mKj Av`k I wbla KziAvb-nv`xm Aaqb wj AvwjgMYi
mevwaK chvR| ZvìK fvjevmv, c wnme MnY Kiv I Aev-Dcnvm Kiv _K weiZ _vKv gywgbi AbZg
`vwqZ| mevcwi mgvRi gvbyl Avvwjgì _KB `xbi K_v Rvbb| AvwjgMYi cwZ weZkv g~j `xbi welq gvbylK
wavM I weZk Ki Zvj| Kvbv welq Kvbv Avwjg ev Avwjg Mvxi fzj wbwZ nj Zv AekB ejZ ne| Ze
Zv cwic~Y kvi mv_ Ges Zviv G fzji Rb GKwU cyivi cveb ej Avkv KiZ ne|161
3. 7. kvBL Beb evh-Gi mZKxKiY

cPjbi ARynvZ KziAvb, mybvn, wdKn, Zvdmxi BZvw` h Kvbv welq Z_wbfi MelYv ev wfbgZK wdZbv
ej MY Kivi ceYZv jYxq| Avgiv cvqk ewj, mgvRi gvbyliv Zv fvjB wQj, AgyK ew ev Mvx bZzb G gZ cPvi
Ki wdZbv, Akvw ev AwiZv mw Ki w`j| eve Gic K_v cyivcywi wVK bq| gvbylì cyivcywi fvj _vKvi `vwe
160
161
Zvnvex, Avj-AvKx`vn, c. 18-19|

mvwjn Beby Avyj Avhxh Avj-kvBL, BZnvdzm mvwqj wegv wdj AvwK`vwZ Zvnvweqv, 45/21|
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gvUI wVK bq| Avevi mKj bZzb welq wdZbv mw Ki ej `vwe KivI wVK bq| Zvnj KziAvb I nv`xm bvqi
Av`k, Abvqi wbla, gZ mybvZ Rxe Kiv, wkiK, Kzdi, weÀvZ, cvcPvi BZvw` `~i Kivi AMwYZ wb`kbv wKmi
Rb? wdZbv g~jZ mw nq cPjb cgi cvej _K| GQvov bZzb Z_ DcvcbvI AbK mgq wdZbv mwi Rb `vwq|
GRb KziAvb-mybvn wbfi MelYvK Drmvn Ìqvi cvkvcvwk wdZbv ev wefw ivai welq Avwjg, Zvwje Bjg I mKj
gywgbi mPZb _vKv cqvRb| G cm mw` Aviei cwm Avwjg kvBL Beb evhi GKwU ee DjL Kiv hvq|
Avgiv evsjv`k mKjB mvjvZi ga nq GKwZ Ki ivwL| SMov ay ivLvi vb wbq| Avi AvwdKvq
SMov ai ivLv ev Szwjq ivLv wbq| Di cwg AvwdKvi gymwjg `kjvi cvq mKjB gvwjKx gvhnvei Abymvix|
mLvb mvjvdx, nv^vjx, kvwdqx ev nvbvdx mvjvZi ga nq eyK, cU ev bvfxi wbP ivLj Zv AbK gvbyl wdZbv
ej MY Kib| Zviv Mvqi, Mjvi ev `wjji Rvi G wdZbv iva KiZ Pv Kib| Avevi nvZ euvavi ci
gvbyliv wecì nv`xm weivax evbvZ e nq cob| Gfve nvZ euvav I Szwjq ivLvi c I wec SMov I
nvbvnvwb nZ _vK| Kvbv KgK Dg ev mybvZ ej gb wbj SMov Rg bv| GRb ZK wj gvbylMY weZwKZ
welqwUK IqvwRe ev nvivg chvq wbZ Pv Kib| kvBL Avyj Avhxh Beb evh mvjvZi ga ùvovbv Aevq iKzi
AvM I ci nq GKwZ ivLvi c GKwU cywKv wjLQb| Zuvi G cywKv co Zuvi Kvbv f hb welqwUK weZK
ev SMovi wfw evwbq gywgbì cviwiK mxwZ b bv Ki mRb wZwb Dcmsnvi wjLQb:
iZc~Y mZKxKiY: G K_v Rvbv cqvRb h, iKzi AvM I iKzi ci evg nvZK Wvb nvZ w`q ai eyKi Dci
ev Ab ivLv welqK hv wKQz AvjvPbv Kiv njv meB mybvZ chvqi Kg| AvwjgMYi gZ GwU IqvwRe Kgi Afy bq|
KvRB KD hw` iKzi AvM ev iKzi ci nvZ bv ai Szwjq iL mvjvZ Av`vq Ki Ze Zvi mvjvZ we I mwVK| m
ay mvjvZi ga Dg cwZwU cwiZvM KiQ| KvRB G gvmAvjv Ges G RvZxq Abvb gvmAvjvi ga we`gvb
gZf`K gymwjgì ga SMov, wef`, `~iZ ev wewQbZvi DcKiY evbvbv Kvbv gymwjgi DwPZ bq| Gic Kiv
gymwjgì Rb ea bq| kvIKvbx bvBjyj AvIZvi M Wvb nvZ w`q evg nvZ aivK IqvwRe ev dih nIqvi gZ MnY
KiQb| Zuvi G gZ hw` KD MnY Ki Zvi RbI G gvmAvjvK wefw I SMovi wfw evbvbv ea bq|
mKji RbB IqvwRe `vwqZ bKKg I ZvKIqvi welq ciii mnhvwMZvq mP nIqv, `jxj-cgvYi gvag
mZK Kiv Ges `qjvK GK Acii cwZ wnsmv, wel I kfvevcbZv _K cwivi ivLv| Abyicfve wefw,
wewQbZv I `~iZ mw KiZ cvi Gic mKj welq I DcKiY _K mZK _vKv| KviY gnvb Avjvn Zuvi iy HKefve
aviY Kiv Ges `jv`wj bv Kiv gywgbì Dci dih KiQb| Avjvn ejQb: Zvgiv Avjvni iy HKefve aviY Ki Ges
`jv`wj Kiv bv|162 ivm~jyjvn () ejQb: Avjvn Zvgvì Rb wZbwU welq cQ` Kib: (1) Zvgiv Zuvi Bev`Z Kie
Ges Zuvi mv_ Kvbv wKQzK kixK Kie bv, (2) Zvgiv Avjvni iy HKefve aviY Kie Ges `jv`wj Kie bv Ges (3)
Avjvn Zvgvì `vwqZ hvì Dci AwcZ KiQb ZvìK bmxnZ Kie|163 AvwdKv I Abvb `ki AbK gymwjg fvB
mK Avwg RbwQ h, Zvì ga nvZ aiv ev Qo Ìqv wbq AbK wel, wewQbZv I mKwQbZvi NUbv NU|
wbtm`n Gic Kiv Bmjvg-wbwl AvcwKi I Aea Kg| mKji Dci dih `vwqZ `jxj-cgvYi gvag mZK
Rvbvi I eySvi welq cii bmxnZ Kiv| cvkvcvwk gneZ, mxwZ, Aii cweZv I Cgvbx vZZ msiY Kiv|
mvnvexMY Ges cieZx hyMi AvwjgMY wdKnx welq gZf` KiZb| wK G KviY Zuvì ga wefw, wewQbZv ev
mKwQbZv NUZ bv| KviY cZKi jB Zv `wjj-cgvYi wfwZ mZK Rvbv| hLb Zuvì KvQ `wjj nqQ
ZLb Zuviv GKgZ nqQb| hLb Zuvì Kviv KvQ `wjj A nqQ ZLb wZwb Zuvi fvBK wev ej `vwe Kib wb| Avi
Gic gZfì KviY Zuvi fvBK eRb Kib wb, wewQb nb wb ev Zuvi wcQb mvjvZ eRb Kib wb|
GRb Avgvì gymwjgì mKji `vwqZ gnvb AvjvnK fq Kiv, mZ AuvKo aiv, mZi w`K `vIqvZ Ìqv,
cii bmxnZ Kiv I `jxji gvag mZK Rvbvi Avgvì c~eeZx mvjvd mvwjnxbi cwZ AbymiY Kiv Ges
mv_ mv_ cviwiK mxwZ I Cgvbx vZZ msiY Kiv| wdKnx welq gZweivai îc njv D gvmAvjvi `wjjwU
Avgvì Kviv KvQ A iq wMqQ, dj wZwb G welq Zvi fvBqi gZi weivwaZv KiQb| Avi Gic wdKnx
Kvbv gvmAvjvq gZf` ev weivwaZvi KviY `~iZ ev wewQbZv NUvbv cwinvi KiZ ne|....164
GLvb Beb evh `wjjwfwK MelYv I wdZbv wbqYi ga mg^qi Pv KiQb| wZwb Zuvi Aaqb viv
wbwZ nqQb h, mvjvZi ga iKzi AvM I ci ùvovbv Aevq nq GKwZ ai ivLvB mybvZ wb`wkZ Kg| Zuvi
Cgvbx `vwqZ G welqwU DvZK Rvbvbv Ges G mybvZ cvjb I cwZvi Pv Kiv| cvkvcvwk welqwU hb DvZi ga
162
163
164
m~iv Avj-Bgivb: 103 AvqvZ|

eyLvix, Avj-Av`veyj gydiv`, cv 158| nv`xmwU mnxn|
Beb evh, mvjvmy ivmvBj wdm mvjvZ, cv 32-34|
51
nvbvnvwb I Akvw mw bv Ki mw`K j ivLv| wZwb Zuvi `vwqZ cvjb KiQb| Gici Zuvi Abymvix ev weivax
Kviv viv wdZbv nj wZwb `vqgy _vKeb|
Ab Kvbv MelK Avwjg Zuvi weivwaZv KiZ cvib| hgb kvBL Avjevbx Beb evhi gZwU fzj ejQb Ges
iKzi ci nq GKwZ KivK wevwgq weÀvZ ej wbwZ KiQb| Ze G MelYvKI wdZbv ejvi myhvM bB|
Zvnj Zv AZxZ _K eZgvb ch mKj gyRZvwn` gynvwm, dKxn I Bgvgi MelYv ev BRwZnv`B wdZbv ej MY
ne|
g~jZ wdZbv, Akvw, wef` ev nvbvnvwb nq Aaqb wegyLZvi KviY| MelYv wegyLZv wewfb cKvi nZ cvi: (1)
cPjbK cg Ki Aaqbi Aeg~jvqb Kiv, (2) MelYvi Bmjvgx Avè iv bv Ki wfbgZi mgvjvPbvi bvg
wfbgZ Abymvixì wei welvMvi Kiv, (3) Beb evh ev Avjevbxi eB co Zvi A f cwiYZ nIqv| wbRi Rb
I mKji Rb Aaqb I MelYvi ìRv e Ki Beb evh ev Avjevbxi gZwUKB P~ov mZ ej MnY Kiv Ges mKjK
G gZi ZvKjxì Rb `vIqvZ Ìqv| Avi Gic wdZbvq jLK ev MelK Avwjgi `vqfvi _vK bv| weklZ hLb
wZwb AbìK MelYvq Drmvn `b Ges cvwKZv I wefì welq mZK Kib| Gic wdZbvi Rb `vqx Zuvi
MelYvwegyL Af ev gyKvwj`MY|
3. 8. mnxn nv`xm Abyaveb cvwKZv
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mnxn nv`xmi AbymiY Ges nv`xmi wecixZ Ab gZ eRb Kivi welq gymwjg Dvni Kvbv Bgvg, dKxn, gyRZvwn`
ev gvhnvei wgZ bB| hw` KD wgZ cvlY Kib Ze Zv Zvi wbRi wevw| wK mnxn nv`xm gvbvi `vweUv AbK mgq
wbic nq hvq: mnxn nv`xm gvbZ ne| KvRB Avwg ev Avgvi AbymiYKZ gynvwm h nv`xmK mnxn ejwQ ev ejQb
mwUK mnxn ej gvbZB ne Ges G nv`xm _K Avgiv h wdKn eySwQ Zv-B eySZ ne|
Avgiv eySZ cviwQ h Gic gvbwmKZv mwVK bq| Avgiv `LwQ h, mnxn nv`xm AbymiYi welq GKgZ nIqvi ciI
wewfb cKvii gZf` nZ cvi, hgb: (1) nv`xmi weZv wbYq gZf`, (2) nv`xmi wb`kbv wbYq gZf`, (3)
GKvwaK mnxn nv`xmi ga mg^qi gZf` BZvw`|
3. 8. 1. nv`xmi weZv wbaviY gZf`
nv`xmi weZv wbaviY RwUj I my welq| KvUi wePviKì hvPvB cwZi gZB my G cwZ| Avgvi jLv
nv`xmi bvg RvwjqvwZ, mvjvZzj Cì AwZwi ZvKexi, eyn~myb dx Djywgj nv`xm BZvw` M coj cvVK wevwiZfve
gynvwmMYi g~jbxwZ RvbZ cvieb| wdKni bvq G welqI gZfì AeKvk iqQ| gZfì AbKjv bgybv Avgiv
G eBq `Ljvg| MelK ev gyRZvwn` gynvwmMY G wbRiv wmv wbZ Pv Kib| mvaviY gymwjg, Zvwjeyj Bjg I
AvwjgMY G gyRZvwn` gynvwmMYi ZvKjx` Kib| Ze MelK-gyRZvwn` ev Abymvix-gyKvwj` KvivB G K_v `vwe Kiv
DwPZ bq h, wZwb ev Zvi AbymiYKZ gynvwm nv`xmi weZvi welq h wmv wbqQb Zvi ewZg Kivi A_B nv`xm
Agvb Kiv|
3. 8. 2. nv`xmi wb`kbv wbaviY gZf`
Avgiv `Ljvg h, nv`xmi weZvi welq GKgZ nIqvi ciI gynvwmMY gZf` KiQb| evi Dci nvZ
ivLvi nv`xm viv kvBL Avjevbx nq eyKi Dci ivLv eySQb| cvi Bgvg Bebyj gybwhi I c~eeZx AbK gynvwm
G nv`xm viv bvfxi Dci ev wbP nq ivLv eySQb|
G eBq Avgiv AviKwU PgrKvi D`vniY `LwQ| kvBL Beb evh h nv`xmjv w`q iKzi ci ùvovbv Aevq nq
GKwZ ivLv mybvZ ej `vwe KiQb, wVK m nv`xmjv w`qB kvBL Avjevbx Gic KgK wevwgq weÀvZ ej `vwe
KiQb| cZKB Avkv KiQb h, wfb gZi Abymvix MelK Zvi `wjjjv co wfbgZ ZvM Ki Zvi mv_ GKgZ
neb| wK Dfq Dfqi ee cvVi ciI wbR wbR gZ AUj _KQb| GLb Avgiv wK `vwe Kie h, Dfq ev GKRb
nv`xm weivax wQjb ev nv`xmi wecixZ wbRi gZ AUj _KQb? Avkv Kwi Kvbv mPZb gywgb Zv Kieb bv|
3. 8. 3. GKvwaK nv`xmi ga mg^q gZf`
Dcii mKj welq gZKi ciI gynvwm I dKxnMYi gZfì AbZg KviY GKvwaK nv`xmi mg^q A_ev
KziAvbi wb`kbvi mv_ nv`xmi wb`kbvi mg^q| Avgvì G cywKvq Avgiv Gic gZfì wKQz bgybv `LwQ| Avgiv
`LwQ h, ivm~jyjvn () mvjvZi ga nvZi Dci BwZgv` KiZ, A_vr fi w`Z ev wbfi KiZ wbla KiQb|
ZvweqxMYi hyM _K mvjvZ ùvovbv Aevq nq GKwZ KivK mvaviYZ BwZgv` A_vr fi Ìqv ev wbfi Kiv ejv
nZv| cwm Zvweqx Beivnxg bvLqx (95 wn) ejb:

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ivm~jyjvn () mvjvZi ga Zuvi Wvb nvZ evg nvZi Dci iL wbfi KiZb (fi w`Zb)|165
Gfve Avgiv `LwQ h, ivm~jjy vn () mvjvZi ga nvZi Dci fi w`Z ev wbfi KiZ wbla KiQb| Gi
wecixZ wewfb nv`xm mvjvZi ga Wvb nvZK evg nvZi Dci ivLvi wb`kbv iqQ| ZvweqxMYi hyM _K Kvbv
Kvbv dKxn Dfq wb`kbvi ga ecixZ Abyfe KiQb| Zviv wblavvK AMMY wnme MnY KiQb| Zviv nq
euvavi nv`xmjvi evLv KiQb| Zuviv gb KiQb h, `wnK `yejZv ev wekl Ihii KviY ivm~jyjvn () nq
GKwZ KiZb A_ev nq GKwZ Kivi wb`kbv wbfi Kiv-i wblavvi gvag gvbm~L ev iwnZ nq wMqQ|
KvRB gywgbi DwPZ nq `ni `ycvk Szwjq ivLv|
Avgiv Zuvì wmvi mv_ wgZ KiZ cvwi, Ze Zvì BRwZnvì Aeg~jvqb KiZ cvwi bv ev ZvìK
nv`xm A^xKviKvix ejZ cvwi bv| eZgvb hyMI hw` Kvbv MelKi AvwiK MelYv G gZwUi c hvq Ze Avgiv
Zvi mv_ wgZ cvlY KijI ZvK `vlvivc KiZ cvwi bv| Avgiv ejZ cvwi bv h, wbRi gvhnve cwZv ev Ab
Kvbv Lvivc Dk wZwb Gfve MelYv KiQb| gywgbi fqiZg AatcZb Ab gywgbi Dk ev Aii Lei
Rvbvi `vwe Kiv| Avgiv ejZ cvwi h, wZwb mZmvbx MelK, mZ mvbi Pv KiQb| Ze wZwb fyj wm
DcbxZ nqQ| Avjvn ZvK BRwZnvì cyivi c`vb Kib Ges mZ Abyavebi ZvIdxK w`b|
kvBLyj Bmjvg Beb ZvBwgqv (728 wn) ivdDj gvjvg Avwbj AvwqvwZj Avjvg (cwm BgvgMY welq DvwcZ
Avcw Lb) bvgK M ejb:
Avjvn I Zuvi ivm~j ()-K Ijx (AwffveK ev c) wnme MnY Kivi ci gymwjgì Dci IqvwRe `vwqZ
gywgbìK Ijx (c ev ez) wnme MnY Kiv| KziAvb GfveB wb`k w`qQ| weklfve AvwjgMYK Ijx wnme
MnY KiZ ne| KviY ZuvivB bexMYi DivwaKvix| gnvb Avjvn ZvìK ZviKv evwbqQb, hvì gvag Rj I j
AKvii ga c_i w`kv cvIqv hvq| gymwjgMY Zuvì n`vqvZ I vbi welq HKgZ cvlY KiQb| gynvv`
()-Gi AvMgbi c~e mKj RvwZi cwZ I iMY wQjb m RvwZi wbK gvbylì Afy| gymwjg Dvni Aev
m~Y wecixZ| gymwjg RvwZi AvwjgMY DvZi mevg gvbyl| ZuvivB Zv DvZi ga ivm~jyjvn ()-Gi Ljxdv ev
jvwfwl (Mxbkxb)| Zuvi gZ mybvZ ZuvivB cybixweZ Kib| Zuvì vivB Avjvni wKZve cwZwZ nq Ges ZuvivI
wKZve viv cwZwZ _vKb| Avjvni wKZve Zuvì K_v ejQ Ges ZuvivI Avjvni wKZvei K_v ejb|
cvVKK RvbZ ne h, DvZi ga mvaviYfve MnYhvMZv jvf KiQb h mKj Bgvg Zuvì KDB
BQvKZfve ivm~jyjvn ()-Gi QvU-eo Kvbv mybvZi mvgvbZg weivwaZv Kib wb| Zuviv mKjB mywbwZfve GKgZ
h, ivm~jyjvn ()-Gi AbymiY Riix| Zuviv Aviv GKgZ h, ivm~jyjvn () Qvov Ab mKji B wKQz K_v MnY Ges
wKQz K_v cwiZvM Kiv nq (wZwb Qvov Kviv K_vB wbwePvi MnY Kiv nq bv)| hw` Zuvì Kviv Kvbv gZ Kvbv mnxn
nv`xmi ewZg nq Ze wbwZ nZ ne h, Kvbv GKwU Ihii KviY wZwb G mnxn nv`xmwU cwiZvM KiQb|
BgvgMYi mKj Ihi wZb fvM wef: (1) wZwb wekvm KiQb h, ivm~jyjvn () G nv`xmwU ejb wb| (A_vr wZwb
nv`xmwU Rvbb wb A_ev GwUK `yej ej MY KiQb|) (2) wZwb wekvm KiQb h, G nv`xm viv h gvmAvjv cgvY Kiv
nQ ivm~jyjvn () m A_ G K_vwU ejb wb| A_ev (3) wZwb wekvm KiQb h, G nv`xmi wb`wkZ weavbwU gvbm~L ev
iwnZ nq wMqQ|166
3. 8. 4. gyRZvwn` ebvg gyKvwj`
Dcii chvjvPbv _K Avgiv `Ljvg h, nv`xmi weZv wbYq Ges nv`xmi wdKnx wb`kbv wbaviY AZ RwUj
welq| G gZf` _vKeB| wfbgZK fzj ejv hvq, Ze wfbgZi AbymvixK nv`xm weivax ejv hvq bv| cwic~Y
fvjevmv I kvevai mv_B wfbgZi mgvjvPbv KiZ ne| mKj Avwjg, Zvwjeyj Bjg, agcvY gywgbK G welq AZ
mPZb nZ ne|
jYxq h, G MelK gyRZvwn` gynvwm Ges Abymvix gyKvwjì ga cv_K iqQ| kvBL Lvwj` kvwq DjL
KiQb h, gyRZvwn` gynvwm wbRi MelYvq nv`xmi weZv I wdKnx wb`kbvi welq wbwZ nb| wZwb Zvi wbRi
MelYvi wfwZ gvbylìK mnxn nv`xm cvjbi `vIqvZ `b| Zvi wmv fzj njI wZwb GKwU cyivi jvf Kieb|
cvi Zvi MelYvi Dci wbfikxj ev gyKvwj` ew hLb wfbgZK nv`xm weivax ev weÀvZ ej `vwe Kib ZLb wZwb
g~jZ gvbylìK KziAvb ev nv`xmi w`K WvKb bv; eis GKRb gvbyli wmv gb bIqvi Rb WvKb| GwU mwVK bq|
wZwb mevP ejZ cvib h, AgyK Avwjgi gZ nv`xmwU mnxn A_ev welqwU nv`xm mZ ev nv`xm weivax Ges Avwg D
Avwjgi gZwUK mwVK ej gb Kwi|167
hgb, kvBL Avjevbx iKz cieZx ùvovbv Aevq nq GKwZ KivK wevwKi weÀvZ ej `vwe KiQb|
165
166
167
Kvhx Ave~ BDm~d, wKZveyj Avmvi, cv 67|

Beb ZvBwgqv, ivdDj gvjvg, cv 9-10|
wevwiZ `Lyb, kvBL Lvwj` kvwq Avj-Bjvg, cv 2-3|
53
GwU Zuvi BRwZnv`| wZwb `ywU ev GKwU cyivi jvf Kieb| wK Zuvi gZ Aaqb Ki Zuvi Kvbv gyKvwj` hw` iKzi
ci nvZ euvav weÀvZ ej `vwe Kib ev KD iKzi ci nq euvaj ZvK weÀvZx ej `vwe Kib Ze wZwb
gvbylìK mnxn nv`xm cvjbi `vIqvZ w`Qb bv; eis wZwb gvbylìK kvBL Avjevbxi BRwZnvì A AbymiYi
`vIqvZ w`Qb| GwU mwVK bq|
cwm mw` MelK Avjx nvmvb dvi&ivR gymvjxì fzjvw welqK Zvbexm mvwR` Bjv AvLZvwq iIqvw`j
gvmvwR` bvgK M wjLQb: gymjxì fzjvwi AbZg BRwZnv`x gvmAvjvq GK Acii cwZ Avcw cKvk Kiv Ges
G wbq `jv`wj I wefw mw Kiv| G RvZxq gvmAvjvi ga iqQ: (1) iKzi ci nq aiv ev bv aivi KviY Avcw
Kiv, (2) RvjmvZzj BmwZivnv ev wZxq I PZz_ ivKAvZ ùvovbvi AvM emv ev bv emvi KviY Avcw Kiv, (3)
Zvkvn&ì eVK kvnv`Z AvOzj bvovbv ev bv bvovbvi Rb Avcw Kiv, (4) wbwl mgq ZvwnqvZzj gvmwR` Av`vq Kiv
ev bv Kivi KviY Avcw Kiv...| mwVK K_v njv, Gjv meB BRwZnv`x welq| G gZf` MnYhvM, welqjv
ck Ges G welq weZK-weev` AbywPZ|168
3. 9. mnxn nv`xmi mnxn wb`kbv
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mnxn nv`xm cvjbi AveMx gywgbi c`jbi AviKwU mnxn nv`xm wb`wkZ welqi iZ Abyaveb
e_Zv| Kvbv nv`xmi wb`kbvi iZ D nv`xm ev cvmwK Abvb nv`xmi AvjvK eySZ ne| Kvbv Kg ivm~jyjvn
() wbR KiQb, KiZ wb`k w`qQb Ges bv Kij Avcw KiQb| Kvbv Kg wZwb wbR KiQb, KiZ wb`k ev
Drmvn w`qQb, wK bv Kij Avcw KiQb ej ewYZ nq wb| Kvbv Kg wZwb wbR KiQb ej ewYZ nqQ, wK G
welqK Kvbv wb`kbv ev Avcw ewYZ nq wb| gywgbi `vwqZ iZ I AvcwZ mybvZi AbymiY Kiv| iZi welq mybvZi
ewZgI weÀvZ cwiYZ nZ cvi|
AbK AveMx gywgb G RvZxq weÀvZ wbcwZZ nQb| AbKB KziAvb-nv`xm wb`wkZ my dih ev nvivgi Pq
G RvZxq mybvZ, gymZvnve ev gZf`xq KgjvK AwaK iZ w`Qb|
nv`xmi AvjvK eyKi Dci nq ivLvi welqwU Avgiv `Ljvg| AbK we nv`xmcx Avwjg ev avwgK gywgb G
KgwUK, A_ev ivdDj Bqv`vBb, Rvi Avgxb, Bgvgi wcQb m~iv dvwZnv, AvU ivKAvZ Zvivexn BZvw` welqK mnxn
nv`xmcx nIqvi gvb` wnme MnY KiQb| wK wcZvgvZvi `vwqZ cvjb, gvbyli nK Av`vq, nvjvj fY, c`v cvjb,
`vwo ivLv, UvLbyi Dci Kvco cwiavb I KziAvb-nv`xm wb`wkZ Abvb mywbwZ dih ev nvivgi welq LyeB D`vifve
`LQb| KD hw` c_g chvqi Kgjv cvjb Kib Ze wZxq chvqi KgjvZ Aenjv KijI ZvK wbR `ji ej
MY KiQb| Avi hw` KD wZxq chvqi Kgjv KziAvb I mnxn nv`xm Abymvi cvjb Kib wK c_g chvqi Kgjv
cvjb bv Kib Ze ZvK wbR `j ej gb KiZ cviQb bv| A_P nv`xmcx nIqvi `vwe wQj wVK wecixZgywL nIqv|
KviY mnxn nv`xmi wb`kbvq wZxq chvqi Kgjv mywbwZ dih-IqvwRe ev nvivg| cvi c_g chvqi Kgjvi
wecixZ nv`xm I mvnvex-ZvweqxMYi Kg we`gvb, gZf` ay nv`xmi weZv, wb`kbv ev mg^qi wmvi |
gvhnvecxMY G gvhnveI Agvb KiQb| kvBL gynvv` ZvKx Dmgvbx ejb: AbK Ggb gvmvBj AvQ
hjvZ BgvgMYi gZcv_K njv Dg-Abyg wbq| Rvqh-bvRvqh Avi nvjvj-nvivgi weiva bq| hgb- bvgvh iKzZ
hvevi mgq Ges iKz _K IVvi mgq nvZ Zvjv ne wK ne bv, Avgxb DPî ejv ne bv wbgî? nvZ eyKi Dci euvav ne
bv bvfxi wbP? Gme BgvgMYi gZcv_K AvQ| KD GUvK Dg ejQb KD AbUvK Dg ejQb| wK Gi
mejv cvB mKji wbKUB Rvqh AvQ| myZivs GjvK nvjvj-nvivg ch Ub wbq gymwjgì ga cii `~iZmsNvZ I jovB euvavbv KvbvfveB Rvqh nZ cvi bv|169
Gic bvRvqh KvRB gvhnvei bvg Kiv nQ| AbK we gvhnvecx Avwjg ev avwgK gywgb Rvi Avgxb ejj,
ivdDj Bqv`vBb Kij, eyK nvZ ivLj, Bgvgi LyZevi mgq ZvwnqvZzj gvmwR` mvjvZ Av`vq Kij ev Abyic AcPwjZ
Kvbv Kg Kij AZ z nb Ges KVvi Avcw Kib| wK ev`vi nK b Kij, wkiK-weÀvZ ev nvivg DcvRb wj
nj, KziAvb A wZjvIqvZ Kij, iKz-mvR`v mwVKfve bv Kij, UvLbyi wbP Kvco cij, LyZevi mgq gymwj, KwgwUi
jvKRb ev Av`vqKvixiv K_v ejj, cwieviK ec`v ivLj, `vwo gyb Kij... Abyic Avcw Kib bv| A_P gvhnvecx
nIqvi `vwe wQj wVK Dv| Bgvg Ave~ nvbxdv ev Zuvi mv_xMY c_g KgjvK Abyg ejjI Gjv cwZiva KiZ ev wb`v
KiZ Kvbvic wb`k `b wb| eis Zuviv D`vi `q Gjv MnY KiQb| Gjv cvjbKvixì cvk I wcQb mvjvZ
Av`vq KiQb| gyKvwj`ì Rb nv`xmi wfwZ Gic Avgji AbygwZ w`qQb| cvi wZxq chvqi KvRjv KziAvb,
nv`xm I gvhnve wbwl|
mvwbZ cvVK, GKUz fveyb| mw` Avie, giv, B`vbwkqv ev Ab Kvbv gvwjKx, kvwdqx ev nv^vjx AaywlZ `k
168
169
Avjx nvmvb dvi&ivR, Zvbexm mvwR`, cv 30-31|

gynvv` ZvKx Dmgvbx, gvhnve I ZvKjx` wK I Kb, c 190|
54
Kvbv nvbvdx mdi KiQb| wZwb gvKin mgq gmwR` cek Ki ZvwnqvZzj gmwR` mvjvZ Av`vq bv KiB em cojb,
bvfxi wbP nq ivLjb, ivdDj Bqv`vBb Kijb bv A_ev Ab Kvb welq cPwjZ gvhnvei ewZg Kijb| A_ev m
`kiB Kvbv ew nvbvdx mgvR evm Kivi KviY ev Kvbv nvbvdx Avwjgi K_vq cfvweZ nq wbRi `k Gic Kijb|
ZLb ZvK KVvi wZivi Kiv njv ev gmwR` _K ei Ki Ìqv njv! welqwU Avcbvi KvQ Kgb gb ne?
nv`xmcx I gvhnvecxMY GmKj gvmAvjv wbq GK Acii wei bvsiv g`-Dcvwa, g`-aviYv, Dcnvm, Aev,
MxeZ I Mvwj-MvjvR KiQb| dj mgvRi mvaviY gvbyl, weklZ hyeKMY AvwjgMY I `xbi cwZ wavM I weZk nQb|
GQvov bvwK, meagev`x ev mKj ag mwVK ej cPviKvix, AvswkK-agev`x ev Bmjvgi wKQz cvjbxq I wKQz APj ej
cPviKvix, Lvb cPviKMY, Kvw`qvbx, wkqv, evnvqx cPviKMY, AkxjZvi cPviKMY I wkiK-weÀvì wecbbKvixMY wbivc`
Lvjv gvV KvR Kivi myhvM cvQb| gnvb Avjvni KvQB gbve`bv RvbvwQ Ges Zuvi gv I ZvIdxK cv_bv KiwQ|
3. 10. mvjvd mvwjnxbi KgixwZ
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mvjvd mvwjnxbi Kgaviv _K wePzwZB Gic cvwKZv, wefw I wewQbZvi KviY| gnvb Avjvn KziAvb Kvixg
mvnvexMYK, weklZ c_g AMMvgx gynvwRi I AvbmviMYK cieZx mKj gywgbi AbyKiYxq Av`k wnme DjL
KiQb| ivm~jyjvn () Zuvi mvnvexMY Ges cieZx `yB ev wZb cRbi gvbylì KjvYgqZvi mv w`qQb| Zuvì
Kgavivq Avgiv `wL h, Zuviv Cgvb-AvKx`v well gZf` Kib wb Ges G welq gZf` ckq `b wb| AvKx`vMZ
wevwZ wj ewì wevwi KVvi cwZevì cvkvcvwk ZvìK Kvwdi ejv _K h_vme weiZ _KQb| hyi
gq`vb Zvì wei hy KijI mvaviY Aevq Zvì mv_ agxq, cvwievwiK I mvgvwRK mK I mxwZ eRvq
iLQb|
wdKnx gvmAvjvq Zviv evcK gZf` KiQb Ges gZf`K ckq w`qQb| gZf`mn GK AciK Mfxifve
fvjemQb| mvjvZi ga nq ai ivLv ev Szwjq ivLv, Avgxb Rvi ev Av ejv, ivdDj Bqv`vBb Kiv ev bv-Kiv
BZvw` gymZvnve gvmAvjvZB ay bq, dih-IqvwRe gvmAvjvZI Zuviv wbRi gZ wiZvmn wfbgZi cwZ D`vi
wQjb| nvbvdx I nv^vjx gvhnve `n _K i ei nj ev igvY Kivj Ih~ web nq| mvjvZ Av`vqi c~e D
ewi Rb Ih~ Kiv dih| cvi Bgvg gvwjKi gZ GZ Ih~ f nq bv| cZK wbRi gZi c `wjj ck
KiQb| wK Bgvg gynvv`, Ave~ BDm~d I Abvb nvbvdx dKxn g`xbvq Mj gvwjKx Bgvgì wcQb mvjvZ Av`vq
KiQb| Zviv icvZ ev igvYi ci Ih~ KiQb wKbv Zv RvbZ Pv Kib wb| GgbwK Ih~ Kib wb RvbjI
mvjvZ Av`vq KiQb| G cm kvn Iqvwj Djvn gynvwm `njex ejb :
mvnvexMY, ZvweqxMY I cieZxMY KD mvjvZi ga wemwgjvn coZb, KD coZb bv, KD Zv Rvi
coZb, KD Zv Av coZb, KD dRii mvjvZ Kzb~Z coZb, KD coZb bv, KD igvY, bvK w`q icvZ
I ewg nj Ih~ KiZb, KD Gjvi KviY Ih~ KiZb bv, KD v k Kij Ih~ KiZb, KD KiZb bv, KD
DRbvmn xK k Kij Ih~ KiZb, KD KiZb bv, KD ivbv Kiv wKQz fY Kij Ih~ KiZb, KD KiZb bv,
KD DUi MvkZ fY Kij Ih~ KiZb, KD KiZb bv| Gic wfbgZmnB Zviv GK Acii wcQ mvjvZ Av`vq
KiZb| hgb Ave~ nvbxdv, Zuvi QvMY, kvwdqx I Abvbiv g`xbvi gvwjKx BgvgMY I Abì wcQb mvjvZ Av`vq
KiZb, hwÌ g`xbvi BgvgMY mvjvZi ga Rvi ev Av KvbvfveB wemwgjvn coZb bv| Bgvg gvwjK Lwjdv
nvib ikx`K ejwQjb h, igvY ev icvZi KviY Ih~ f nq bv| GRb wZwb igvY Kivi ci Ih~ bv
KiB Bgvg nq mvjvZ Av`vq Kib| Bgvg Ave~ BDm~d Zuvi wcQb gyv`x nq mvjvZ Av`vq Kib Ges wZwb G mvjvZ
cybivq cob wb| Bgvg Avngvì gZ bvK w`q i ei nj ev igvY Kij Ih~ Kiv dih| ZuvK ck Kiv nq,
hw` Kvbv Bgvgi `n _K iiY nq wK wZwb Ih~ bv Ki mvjvZ Av`vq Kib Ze Avcwb wK Zvi wcQb mvjvZ
Av`vq Kieb? wZwb Di ejb: Bgvg gvwjK A_ev mvqx` Bebyj gymvBwqe hw` Bgvg nb Ze Avwg wKfve Zuvi wcQb
mvjvZ Av`vq bv Ki _vKZ cvwi? evh&hvwhqv M DjL Kiv nqQ h, Bgvg Ave~ BDmyd GKevi MvmjLvbvq Mvmj
Ki RygyAvi mvjvZi BgvgwZ Kib| RvgvZi ci gymjxMY Pj hvIqvi ci ZuvK msev` Ìqv nq h, MvmjLvbvi
K~ci ga GKwU gZ Bu`yi we`gvb| ZLb wZwb ejb, Zvnj Avgiv g`xbvevmxì gvhnve MnY Kijvg, KviY Zvì
gZ cvwbi cwigvY hw` `yB Kvjv nq Ze Zvi ga bvcvwK cojI Zv bvcvK nq bv|170
Dcmsnvi
mvwbZ cvVK,
wkiK, Kzdi, weÀvZ, AbvPvi, cvcvPvi, AkxjZv, Ryjyg I cebvi gnv-mvqjvei ga KziAvb-mybvn I
kixAvncx Avwjg I MelKMYi wewQbZv, wef` I `~iZ Avgvì K `q| mvjvd mvwjnxbi hyMi ZvKIqv, Bev`Z,
MelYv, KziAvb-mybvni KvQ wbtkZ AvZmgcY, cigZ mnbkxjZv, D`viZv, fvjevmv I vZZi K_v fveZ I ejZ
170
kvn Iqvwj Djvn `njex, Avj-Bbmvd, cv 109|
55
LyeB fvj jvM| gywgbi mKj AveM Zv gynvv`yi ivm~jyjvn ()-K wNi| Zuvi I Zuvi mv_xì eiKZgq mvnPh
AvjvwKZ m hyMi K_v gywgbi CgvbK DxweZ Ki| m w`bjv nqZv Avi wdi cve bv| Ze hw` wKQz Avwjg,
Zvwjeyj Bjg I mPZb gywgb m eiKgZq hyMi AvLjvK ARb KiZ mP nb Ze Zv ne Avgvì eo ARb| G
ARbi AveMB G K_vjv wjLjvg| gnvb Avjvni KvQ mKvZi Aviwh Kwi, wZwb Avgvì AijvK ivm~jyjvn
()-Gi mybvZi AbyMZ Ki w`b Ges gZK I gZf` Zuvi ckswmZ gyeviK hyMjvi bKKvi gvbylì AbyKiY I
AbymiYi ZvIdxK w`b|
gnvb AvjvnB fvj Rvbb| mvjvZ I mvjvg Zuvi ev`v, ivm~j I Ljxj gynvv` (), Zuvi cwiRb I mv_xMYi
Dci| c_g I kl, me`v I me mKj cksmv gnvb Avjvni wbwg|
Mcx
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AvBbx, eìxb gvng~` Beb Avng` (855 wn), Dg`vZzj Kvix (kvwgjv)
Avyj nvB jvLbex (1304 wn), Avb-bvwdDj Kvexi, Bgvg gynvvì Avj-Rvwg Avm-mvMxi-mn (eiZ, Avjvgyj KzZze, 1406 wn: kvwgjv)
Avyi ivh&hvK Beb nvvg mvbAvbx (211 wn), Avj-gymvbvd ( eiZ, Avj-gvKZveyj Bmjvgx, 2q msiY, 1403 wn)
Ave~ `vD`, myjvBgvb Beb AvkAvm (275 wn) Avm-mybvb (eiZ, `vij wKZve Avj-Avivex: kvwgjv)
Ave~ `vD`, gvmvBjyj Bgvg Avng` ( eiZ, `vij gvwidvn)
Ave~ byAvBg Bmcvnvbx, Avng` Beb Avyjv n (430 wn) Avj-gymbv` Avj-gymZvLivR Avjv mvnxwnj Bgvg gymwjg (eiZ, `vij KzZzwej Bjwgqvn,
1g gy`Y, 1996: kvwgjv)
Avhxg Avev`x, gynvv` Avkivd web Avgxi (1310 wn) AvIbyj gve~` kvin mybvb Avex `vD` (eiZ, `vij KzZzwej Bjwgqvn, 2q gy`Y, 1415 wn:
kvwgjv)
Avjx Beb bvwqd Avk-kvn&n~`, Avi-ivy Avjv Dm~wji ivwd`vn, gvRg~D gyAvj-vdvwZ AvKvwqwì ivwd`vn (kvwgjv)
Avjx Beb bvwqd Avk-kvn&n~`, Avj-gydvm&mvj wdi ivw (kvwgjv)
Avjx Beb myjvBgvb gvi`vex (885 wn), Avj-Bbmvd (eiZ, `vi BnBqvwqZ Zzivwmj Avivex, 1g msiY, 1419: kvwgjv)
Avjevbx, gynvv` bvwmixb (1420/1999), AvnKvgyj RvbvBh (eiZ, Avj-gvKZveyj Bmjvgx, 4_ msiY, 1406/1986: kvwgjv)
Avjevbx, BiIqvDj Mvjxj dx ZvLixwR Avnv`xwm gvbvwim mvexj (eiZ, Avj-gvKZveyj Bmjvgx, 2q gy`Y, 1405/1985: kvwgjv)
Avjevbx, RvwgDm mvMxi Iqv whqv`vZz (wiqv`, gvKZvevZzj gvAvwid: kvwgjv)
Avjevbx, hvqxd Avex `vD` (KzqZ, gyAvm&mvmvZz wMivm, 1g gy`Y, 1423: kvwgjv)
Avjevbx, hvqxdvn: wmjwmjvZzj Avnv`xwmm `vqxdvwZ Iqvj gvD`~Avn (wiqv`, `vij gvAvwid, 1412/1992: kvwgjv)
Avjevbx, mnxn Avex `vD` (KzqZ, gyAvm&mvmvZz wMivm, 1g gy`Y, 1423/2002: kvwgjv)
Avjevbx, mnxZ ZviMxe IqvZ Zvinxe (wiqv`, gvKZvevZzj gvAvwid, 5g gy`Y: kvwgjv)
Avjevbx, mvnxn Iqv hvqxd mybvwb Avex `vD` (kvwgjv)
Avjevbx, mvnxn Iqv hvqxd mybvwbZ wZiwghx (kvwgjv)
Avjevbx, mvnxnvn: wmjwmjvZzj Avnv`xwmm mvnxnvn (wiqv`, gvKZvevZyj gvAvwid: kvwgjv)
Avjevbx, wmdvZz mvjvwZb bvwewq () (eiZ, Avj-gvKZveyj Bmjvgx, 14k gy`Y, 1408)
Avjx nvmvb dvi&ivR, Zvbexm mvwR` BjA AvLZvwq iIqvw`j gvmvwR` (kvwgjv)
Avng` Beb nv^vj, Avj-gymbv` (KvBiv, gyAvm&mvmvZz KziZzev, AvibvEZi UxKv-mn: kvwgjv)
Beb Avex Bqvjv, Aveyj mvBb, gynvv` Beb gynvv` (526 wn), ZvevKvZzj nvbvwejv (eiZ, `vij gvwidvn: kvwgjv)
Beb Avex kvBev, Ave~ eKi Avyjvn Beb gynvv` (235 wn) Avj-gymvbvd (gynvv` AvIqvgvn mvw`Z, wRv, `vij wKejv: kvwgjv)
Beb Avex kvBev, Avj-gymvbvd (eiZ, `vij KzZzwej Bjwgqvn, 1g gy`Y, 1416/1995)
Beb Avex nvwZg ivhx, Avyi ivngvb Beb gynvv` (327 wn), Avj-Rvin IqvZ Zv`xj (kvwgjv)
Beb Avwe`xb, gynvv` Avgxb Beb Dgvi kvgx (1252 wn) nvwkqvZz Beb Avwe`xb: ivyj gynZvi Bjv` `yiwij gyLZvi (eiZ, `vij wdKi,
2000/1421: kvwgjv)
Beb Avyj evi&i, Ave~ Dgvi BDmyd Beb Avyjvn (463 wn) AvZ-Zvgnx` wjgv wdj gyIqvv wgbvj gvAvbx Iqvj Avmvbx` (KvBiv, gyAvm&mvmvZzj
KziZzev: kvwgjv)
Beb Avyj evi, Avj-BmwZhKvi (eiZ, `vij KzZzwej Bjwgqvn, 2000: kvwgjv)
Beb DmvBgxb, gynvv` Beb mvwjn (1421 wn/2001L), gvRg~D dvZvIqv Iqv ivmvBj (wiqv`, `vij IqvZvb: kvwgjv)
Bebyj KvBwqg, gynvv` Beb Avex evKi (751 wn), Bjvgyj gyIqvwqxb Avb ivwej Avjvgxb (eiZ, `vij Rxj, 1973: kvwgjv)
Bebyj KvBwqg, ev`vBDj dvIqvwq` (gvv gyKvi&ivgv, gvKZvevZz wbhvi gymZvdv evh, 1g cKvk, 1996/1416: kvwgjv)
Bebyj KvBwqg, hv`yj gvAv` (eiZ, gyAvm&mvmvZzi wimvjvn, 27 msiY 1994: kvwgjv)
Beb Kz`vgv, gyIqvd&dvK Dxb Avyjvn Beb Avng` (620 wn), Avj-gyMbx (eiZ, `vij wdKi, 1g msiY, 1405wn)
Beb LyhvBgv, Ave~ eKi gynvv` Beb BmnvK (311 wn), Avm-mnxn ( eiZ, Avj-gvKZveyj Bmjvgx, 1390/1970: kvwgjv)
Bebyj RvIhx, Aveyj dvivR Avyi ivngvb Beb Avjx (597 wn), AvZ-ZvnKxK dx Avnv`xwmj wLjvd (eiZ, `vij KzZzwej Bjwgqvn, 1g cKvk,
1415 wn: kvwgjv)
Beb ZvBwgqv, ZvwKDxb, Avng` Beb Avyj nvjxg (728 wn), gvRg~D dvZvIqv (wiqv`, `vi Avjvwgj KzZze, 1991: kvwgjv)
Beb ZvBwgqv, ivdDj gvjvg ( eiZ, Avj-gvKZvevZzj Avmwiqvn: kvwgjv)
Beb byRvBg, hvBbyxb Beb Beivnxg (970 wn); Avj-evnii ivwqK kvin Kvbwh` `vKvBK (eiZ, `vij gvwidvn: kvwgjv)
Beb evh, Avyj Avhxh Beb Avyjvn (1420/1999), mvjvmy ivmvBj wdm mvjvZ (wiqv`, `vij BdZv, 4_ msiY, 1401/1981: kvwgjv)
Bebyj gybwhi, gynvv` Beb Beivnxg bvBmvc~ix (319 wn) Avj-AvDmvZ (kvwgjv)
Bebyj gyjvwb, wmivR Dxb Dgvi Beb Avjx (804 wn), Avj-evìj gybxi dx ZvLixwR wKZvwek kviwnj Kvexi wjiivwdqx (wiqv`, `vij wnRivn,
2004L: kvwgjv)
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Beb gydwjn, gynvv` Beb gydwjn gvKw`mx mvwjnx (763 wn), Avj-dzi (eiZ, gyAvm&mvmvZzi wimvjvn, 1g msiY, 1424/2003)
Beb mv`, gynvv` (230 wn), AvZ-ZvevKvZzj Kzeiv (eiZ, `vi mvwì: kvwgjv)
Beb nvhg, Avjx Beb Avng` (456 wn), Avj-gynvjv (eiZ, `vij wdKi: kvwgjv)
Beb nvRvi AvmKvjvbx, Avng` Beb Avjx (852 wn), AvZ-ZvjLxmyj nvexi (eiZ, `vij KzZwz ej Bjwgqvn, 1g cKvk, 1419/1989: kvwgjv)
Beb nvRvi, dvZj evix (eiZ, `vij gvwidvn, 1379 wn: kvwgjv)
Beb nvRvi, ZvKixeyZ Zvnhxe (wmwiqv, `vii ikx`, AvIqvgvn: kvwgjv)
Beb nvRvi, ZvnhxeyZ Zvnhxe (eiZ, `vij wdKi, 1g msiY, 1404/1984: kvwgjv)
Beb wnevb, gynvv` Avj-eymZx (354wn) Avm-mnxn: ZviZxe Beb evjevb (eiZ, gyAvm&mvZzi wimvjvn, 2q gy`Y, 1414/1993, AvBe
AvibvDZi UxKvmn: kvwgjv)
Beb wnevb, Avm-wmKvZ (eiZ, `vij wdKi, 1g gy`Y, 1395/1975: kvwgjv)
Bebyj gvg, KvgvjyxY gynvv` Beb Avyj Iqvwn` (861 wn), kvin dvZwnj Kv`xi (eiZ, `vij wdKi: kvwgjv)
IqvKd I Bmjvgx KgKv gYvjq, KzqZ, Avj-gvDm~AvZzj wdKwnqvZzj KzAvBwZqvn (KzqZ, `vim mvjvwmj, wgmi, `vim mvdIqv 1404-1427:
kvwgjv)
Kvhx Ave~ BDm~d, BqvK~e Beb Beivnxg (182 wn), wKZveyj Avmvi (eiZ, `vij KzZzwej Bjwgqvn, 1355 wn: kvwgjv)
KziZzex, Avng` Beb Dgvi (656 wn), Avj-gydwng (KvBiv, Avj-gvKZvev ZvIdxwKqvn)
Kvmvbx, AvjvDxb Ave~ eKi Beb gvmE` (587 wn), ev`vBDm mvbvB ( eiZ, `vij wKZvwej Avivex, 1982: kvwgjv)
W. Beivnxg I cwil`, Avj-gyRvgyj IqvmxZ (kvwgjv)
W. Lv`Kvi Avyjvn Rvnvxi, eyn~myb dx Dj~wgi nv`xm (Avm-mybvn cvewjKk, 1g, 2007)
W. Lv`Kvi Avyjvn Rvnvxi, GnBqvDm mybvb (wSbvB`n, Avm-mybvn cve., 5g, 2007)
W. Lv`Kvi Avyjvn Rvnvxi, nv`xmi bvg RvwjqvwZ (wSbvB`n, Avm-mybvn cve., 4_, 2013)
W. gvwni Bqvmxb, Avmvi Bjvwjj nv`xm dx BLwZjvwdj dzKvnv (kvwgjv)
Zvevivbx, Aveyj Kvwmg myjvBgvb Beb Avng` (360 wn), Avj-gyRvgyj AvDmvZ (KvBiv, `vij nvivgvBb, 1415 wn: kvwgjv)
wZiwghx, gynvv` Beb Cmv (279 wn), Avm-mybvb (eiZ, Zzivwmj Avivex, kvwKi: kvwgjv)
Zvnvex, gvZbyj AvKx`vn AvZ-Zvnvweqvn, (KvBiv, gvKZvevZz Bewb ZvBwgqvn, 1g, 1988)
`vivKzZbx, Avjx Beb Dgvi (385 wn), Avm-mybvb (eiZ, `vij gvwidvn, 1966: kvwgjv)
bvevex, BqvnBqv Beb kvivd (676 wn) Avj-gvRg~ ( eiZ, `vij wdKi: kvwgjv)
bvevex, kvin mvnxn gymwjg: (eiZ, `vi BnBqvDZ Zzivm, 2q gy`Y, 1392 wn: kvwgjv)
bvmvC, Avng` Beb AvBe (303 wn) Avm-mybvb (nvjve, gvZe~AvZ Bmjvwgqv, 1986: kvwgjv)
evBnvKx, Avng` Bebyj mvBb (458 wn), Avm-mybvbyj Kzeiv (fviZ, wbhvwgqvn, 1344 wn: kvwgjv)
evKi Avey hvB`, jv Rv`x`v dx AvnKvwgm mvjvZ (kvwgjv)
evMvex, mvBb Beb gvmE` (510 wn), kvim mybvn (eiZ, gvKZveyj Bmjvgx, 2q: kvwgjv)
eveviZx, gynvv` Beb gynvv` (786wn) Avj-Bbvqvn kvij wn`vqvn (kvwgjv)
eyLvix, gynvv&` Beb BmgvCj (256 wn), Avm-mnxn (eiZ, `vi Beb Kvmxi, evMv mvw`Z, 3q gy`Y, 1987 L: kvwgjv)
eyLvix, Avj-Av`veyj gydiv` (eiZ, `vij evkvwqi, ZZxq gy`Y, 1989/1409: kvwgjv)
eyLvix, AvZ-ZvixLyj Kvexi (fviZ, nvq`vivev`, `vwqivZzj gvAvwiwdj Dmgvwbqvn: kvwgjv)
eyinvbyxb Beb gvhvn, gvng~` Beb Avng` gviMxbvbx (616 wn), Avj-gynxZ Avj-eyinvbx (eiZ, `vi BnqvwqZ Zzivwmj Avivex: kvwgjv)
gvIwmjx, Aveyj dv`j Avyjvn Beb gvD`~` (683 wn), Avj-BLwZqvi wjZvjxwjj gyLZvi (eiZ, ìj KzZzwej Bjwgqvn, 2005: kvwgjv)
gyKwej Beb nv`x Avj-Iqv`vqx I Lvwj` Beb Avyjv n Avk-kvwq, Avj-Bjvg we ZvLqxwij gymvjx wegKvwb Iqv`wqj Bqv`vBwb ev`v ZvKexivwZj
Bnivg (kvwgjv)
gyeviKcyix, Avyi ingvb (1353 wn), ZzndvZzj AvnIqvhx (eiZ, `vij KzZzwej Bjwgqvn: kvwgjv)
gvbm~i Avj-evn~Zx (1051 wn), Avi-ivD`yj gyiwe ( eiZ, `vij wdKi: kvwgjv)
gybwhwix, Avyj Avhxg Beb Avyj Kvex (656 wn), AvZ-ZviMxe IqvZ Zvinxe ( eiZ, `vij KzZzwej Bjwgqvn, 1g cKvk, 1417 wn: kvwgjv)
wgh&hx, Aveyj nvvR BDmyd Beb Avyi ivngvb (742 wn), Zvnhxeyj Kvgvj (eiZ, gyAvm&mvmvZzi wimvjvn, 1g cKvk, 1400/1980: kvwgjv)
gviMxbvbx, Avjx Beb Avex eKi (593 wn) Avj-wn`vqvn (&Avvb, R`vb, Avj-gvKZvevZzj Bmjvwgqvn: kvwgjv)
gviIqvhx, BmnvK Beb gvbm~i Avj-KvImvR Avj-gviIqvhx (251 wn), gvmvBjyj Bgvg Avng` Beb nv^vj Iqv BmnvK Beb ivnvIqvBwn (g`xbv
gybvIqviv, Bmjvgx wekwe`vjq MelYv wefvM, 1g msiY 1425/ 2002: kvwgjv)
gvwjK Beb Avbvm (179 wn), Avj-gyAvv (wgmi, `vi GnBqvwqZ Zzivm: kvwgjv)
gvjv Lmi, gynvv` Beb divg~h (885 wn), `yivij vg kvin ivwij AvnKvg (kvwgjv)
gymwjg Bebyj nvvR (261wn), Avm-mnxn (KvBiv, `vi GnBqvBj KzZzwej Avivweqv)
gynvv` Bebyj nvmvb kvBevbx (189 wn), Avj-RvwgDm mvMxi, Avyj nvB jvLbexi Avb-bvwdDj Kvexi-mn (eiZ, Avjvgyj KzZze, 1406 wn: kvwgjv)
gynvv` Beb Avyj Mbx evM`v`x (629 wn), AvZ-ZvKqx` wj gvwidvwZ iIqvwZm mybvwb Iqvj gvmvbx` (eiZ, Bjwgqvn, 1408 wn: kvwgjv)
gynvv` Bebj nvmvb kvBevbx (189 wn), Avj-gyAvv (w`gvkK, `vij Kvjvg, 1g cKvk, 1413/1991: kvwgjv)
gynvv` Bebyj nvmvb kvBevbx, Avj-gvem~Z (KivwP, B`vivZzj KziAvb: kvwgjv)
hvBjvqx, Avyjvn Beb BDmyd (762 wn), bvmeyyi ivqvn (KvBiv, `vij nv`xm, ZvwiL wenxb)
hvBjvqx, Dmgvb Beb Avjx (743 wn), Zveqxbyj nvKvwqK kvin Kvbwh` `vKvBK (KvBiv, `vij wKZvwej Bmjvgx, 1313: kvwgjv)
hvnvex, gynvv` Beb Avng` (748 wn) Avj-Kvwkd (wRv, `vij wKejv, 1992: kvwgjv)
hvnvex, gxhvbyj BwZ`vj (eiZ, `vij KzZzwej Bjwgqvn, 1995: kvwgjv)
ivhx, gynvv` Beb Avex evKi (666 wn), ZzndvZzj gyj~K (eiZ, `vij evkvwqi, 1417 wn: kvwgjv)
kvIKvbx, gynvv` Beb Avjx (1250 wn) bvBjyj AvIZvi (B`vivZzZ wZevAvwZj gywbwiqvn: kvwgjv)
kvBL wbhvgyxb I Abvb, Avj-dvZvIqvj wnbw`qv (eiZ, `vij wdKi, 1991: kvwgjv)
ibeyjvjx, nvmvb Beb Avvi (1069 wn), b~ij Chvn (`vwgkK, `vij wnKgv, 1985: kvwgjv)
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101. ibeyjvjx, gvivKxj dvjvn (kvwgjv)

102. kxivhx, Beivnxg Beb Avjx, Ave~ BmnvK (476 wn) Avj-gynvh&hve (kvwgjv)
103. kvn Iqvwj Djvn `njex, Avng` Beb Avyi ivnxg (1176/1762), vZzjvwnj evwjMv (KvBiv, `vij KzZzwej nv`xmvn, evM`v`, gvKZvevZzj
gymvbv: kvwgjv)
104. kvn Iqvwj Djvn, Avj-Bbmvd ( eiZ, `vib bvdvBm, 2q gy`Y, 1404: kvwgjv)
105. wmb`x, gynvv` Beb Avyj nv`x (1138 wn), nvwkqvZz Beb gvRvn (kvwgjv)
106. mvivLmx, gynvv` Beb Avng` (483 wn), Avj-gvem~Z ( eiZ, `vij wdKi, 1g gy`Y, 2000: kvwgjv)
107. mvwjn Beby Avyj Avhxh Avj-kvBL, BZnvdzm mvwqj wegv wdj AvwK`vwZ Zvnvweqv (kvwgjv)
108. mvwjn Beb Avng` (266 wn), gvmvBjyj Bgvg Avng` (fviZ, `vij Bjwgqvn, 1988)
109. nvBmvgx, b~ixb Avjx Beb Avex evKi (807 wn), gvRgvDh hvIqvwq` (eiZ, `vij wdKi, 1412: kvwgjv)
110. nvg` Beb Avyjv n Avj-nvg`, kvin hvw`j gymZvbwK (kvwgjv)
111. nvqvZ wm`x, gynvv` nvqvZ Beb Beivnxg (1163 wn), dvZj Mvdi (kvwgjv)

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mvjvZi ga nvZ euvavi weavb

GKwU nv`xmZvwK chvjvPbv

W. Lv`Kvi Avyjvn Rvnvxi

AavcK, Avj-nv`xm wefvM,

mvjvZi ga nvZ euvavi weavb

mvjvZi ga nvZ euvavi weavb

W. Lv`Kvi Avyj-vn Rvnvxi

weq K`: 66 cvwi`vm ivW, evsjvevRvi, XvKv-1100

nvw`qv: 70 (mi) UvKv gv|

GKwU nv`xmZvwK chvjvPbv

mvjvZi ga nvZ euvavi weavb

c_g ce: cvmwK nv`xmjvi mb` AvjvPbv /7-56

wZxq ce: chvjvPbv I wmv /57-86

2. 3. gynvwm dKxnMYi ee weklY /67

2. 2. 1. nq ivLvi cwZ /58

2. 2. mnxn-nvmvb nv`xmjvi wdKnx wb`kbv /58

2. 3. 1. c~eeZxMYi gZ weePbvi iZ /67

ZZxq ce: mnxn nv`xm ebvg DvZi gZf` I wefw /87-108

3. 9. mnxn nv`xmi mnxn wb`kbv /105

GKwU nv`xmZvwK chvjvPbv

mvjvZi ga nvZ euvavi weavb

1. 2. nq Szwjq ivLv welqK nv`xm

bvevex, Avj-gvRg~ 3/310-311|

GKwU nv`xmZvwK chvjvPbv

kvIKvbx, bvBjyj AvIZvi 2/202|

mvjvZi ga nvZ euvavi weavb

1. 3. vb DjL ewZiK nvZ euvavi wb`kbv

GKwU nv`xmZvwK chvjvPbv

Bqv`: `ni A: Kuva _K AvOyjjvi cv ch|29

whiv: gvbyli... KbyBqi cv _K gag AvOyji cv ch|30

mvjvZi ga nvZ euvavi weavb

GKwU nv`xmZvwK chvjvPbv

mvjvZi ga nvZ euvavi weavb

KbyB I nvZi Zvjyi gaeZx vb Dci _K|

Beb nvRvi, ZvKixeyZ Zvnhxe, c. 213, 573, 162|

GKwU nv`xmZvwK chvjvPbv

mvjvZi ga nvZ euvavi weavb

nvBmvgx, gvRgvDh hvIqvwq` 2/275; Avngv`, Avj-gymbv`, AvBei UxKv 4/105|

GKwU nv`xmZvwK chvjvPbv

Beb Avex Bqvjv, Aveyj mvBb, ZvevKvZzj nvbvwejv 1/189-190|

mvjvZi ga nvZ euvavi weavb

1. 4. Mjvi wbP nvZ ivLvi wb`kbv

1. 5. eyKi Dci nvZ ivLvi wb`kbv

mv`&i ( )ev eyK welq Avj-gyRvgyj IqvmxZ ejv nqQ:

Avngv`, Avj-gymbv`, AvibvDZi UxKv, 4/318|

GKwU nv`xmZvwK chvjvPbv

evg nvZi Dci eyKi Dci ivLjb|67

evBnvKx, Avm-mybvbyj Kzeiv 2/30|

mvjvZi ga nvZ euvavi weavb

Avhxg Avev`x, AvIbyj gve~` 2/324, 327|

GKwU nv`xmZvwK chvjvPbv

Bebyj KvBwqg, ev`vBDj dvIqvwq` 3/91|

mvjvZi ga nvZ euvavi weavb

Beb LyhvBgv, Avm-mnxn 2/55|

GKwU nv`xmZvwK chvjvPbv

gyKwej Iqv`vqx I Lvwj` kvwq, Avj-Bjvg we ZvLqxwij gymvjx, c 10-13|

mvjvZi ga nvZ euvavi weavb

Avwg ZuvK ejZ bwQ, nq eyKi wbKU ivLv gvKin|88

Beb gydwjn, Avj-dzi 2/109|

GKwU nv`xmZvwK chvjvPbv

gyKwej Iqv`vqx I Lvwj` kvwq, Avj-Bjvg, c. 17|

mvjvZi ga nvZ euvavi weavb

Avjevbx, AvnKvgyj RvbvBh, c. 118-119|