Dự án mẫu nông trường bò sữa

CNG HA X HI CH NGHA VIT NAM
c lp T do Hnh phc
---------- ----------
THUYT MINH D N U T
NNG TRNG B SA
A IM
: X CM
CH U T
: CNG TY
Thanh Ha - Thng 11 nm 2011
CNG HA X HI CH NGHA VIT NAM

c lp T do Hnh phc
----------- ----------
THUYT MINH D N U T
NNG TRNG B SA
CH U T
CNG TY C PHN
N V T VN
CNG TY
Tp.H Ch Minh - Thng 8 nm 2011
NI DUNG
CHNG I: GII THIU CH U T V D N........................................................5
I.1. Gii thiu ch u t.........................................................................................................5
I.2. M t s b d n..............................................................................................................5
I.3. C s php l...................................................................................................................... 5
CHNG II: HIN TRNG CHN NUI B SA VIT NAM.....................................9
II.1. Pht trin cht lng v s lng ging b sa.............................................................9
II.2. Phn b n b sa theo cc vng sinh thi.................................................................10
II.3. Tng sn lng sa ti................................................................................................10
II.4. Th trng tiu dng sa trong nc............................................................................10
II.5. Hiu qu kinh t trong chn nui b sa......................................................................11
II.6. Thun li v kh khn trong chn nui b sa Vit Nam............................................12
II.7. Chin lc pht trin chn nui n 2020 ca Chnh ph..........................................13
II.8. Chnh sch khuyn khch pht trin chn nui b sa Thanh Ha........................14
CHNG III: PHN TCH MI TRNG U T.....................................................15
III.1. iu kin t nhin.........................................................................................................15
III.1.1. V tr a l..................................................................................................................15
III.1.2. a hnh......................................................................................................................15
III.1.3. Kh hu.......................................................................................................................15
III.1.4. Thy vn.....................................................................................................................16
III.1.5. Ti nguyn t............................................................................................................16
III.1.6. Ti nguyn rng.........................................................................................................16
III.1.7. Ti nguyn khong sn..............................................................................................17
III.2. Kinh t huyn Cm Thy Thanh Ha......................................................................17
III.2.1. Dn s v ngun nhn lc.........................................................................................17
III.2.2. Kinh t x hi huyn Cm Thy...............................................................................17
III.3. Hin trng khu t xy dng d n............................................................................18
III.3.1. Hin trng s dng t..............................................................................................18
III.3.2. ng giao thng.......................................................................................................18
III.3.3. Hin trng thng tin lin lc......................................................................................18
III.3.4. Hin trng cp in....................................................................................................18
III.3.5. Cp Thot nc.......................................................................................................19
III.4. Nhn xt chung.............................................................................................................19
CHNG IV: S CN THIT PHI U T.................................................................20
IV.1. Mc tiu ca d n........................................................................................................20
IV.2. S cn thit phi u t................................................................................................20
CHNG V: QUY M CNG SUT D N...................................................................21
V.1. Cc hng mc trong trang tri.......................................................................................21
V.2. Phng n thi cng cng trnh.......................................................................................21
V.2.1. Giai on 1.................................................................................................................... 21
V.2.2. Giai on 2.................................................................................................................... 23
V.3. Sn phm chnh............................................................................................................... 23
CHNG VI: GII PHP QUI HOCH THIT K C S..........................................24
VI.1. Gii php thit k cng trnh.......................................................................................24
VI.1.1. Cc ch tiu kinh t k thut ca d n....................................................................24

VI.1.2. Gii php quy hoch..................................................................................................24
VI.1.3. Gii php kin trc....................................................................................................24
VI.1.4. Gii php kt cu.......................................................................................................24
VI.1.5. Gii php k thut.....................................................................................................24
VI.1.6. Kt lun....................................................................................................................... 25
VI.2. Quy hoch h thng h tng k thut..........................................................................25
VI.2.1. ng giao thng.......................................................................................................25
VI.2.2. Quy hoch chun b t xy dng............................................................................26
VI.2.3. H thng thot nc mt...........................................................................................26
VI.2.4. H thng thot nc bn v sinh mi trng.......................................................26
VI.2.5. H thng cp nc.....................................................................................................27
VI.2.6. H thng cp in chiu sng cng cng...............................................................27
CHNG VII: GII PHP CHN NUI B SA..........................................................28
VII.1. Ging b sa................................................................................................................28
VII.1.1. Chn ging b sa....................................................................................................28
VII.1.2. Chn ngoi hnh........................................................................................................28
VII.2. Ngun thc n.............................................................................................................. 28
VII.2.1. Thc n th xanh......................................................................................................28
VII.2.2. Thc n tinh.............................................................................................................. 30
VII.2.3. Thc n p...........................................................................................................31
VII.2.4. Thc n b sung........................................................................................................31
VII.2.5. Ph phm ch bin...................................................................................................32
VII.2.6. Mt s loi thc n khc..........................................................................................35
VII.2.7. Ngun nc...............................................................................................................36
VII.3. Chm sc v nui dng.............................................................................................36
VII.3.1. Nui dng b t 1 ngy tui n b trng thnh...............................................36
VII.3.2. Nui dng b vt sa.............................................................................................37
VII.3.3. Nui dng b cn sa.............................................................................................37
VII.3.4. Nui b sa cng ngh cao.......................................................................................38
VII.4. Chung tri v phng tr bnh...................................................................................38
VII.4.1. Chung tri...............................................................................................................38
VII.4.2. Ma bnh chm sc..................................................................................................38
CHNG VIII: NH GI TC NG MI TRNG...............................................40
VIII.1. nh gi tc ng mi trng..................................................................................40
VIII.1.1. Gii thiu chung......................................................................................................40
VIII.1.2. Cc quy nh v cc hng dn v mi trng....................................................40
VIII.2. Cc tc ng mi trng...........................................................................................40
VIII.2.1. Cc loi cht thi pht sinh....................................................................................41
VIII.2.2. Kh thi....................................................................................................................41
VIII.2.3. Nc thi.................................................................................................................42
VIII.2.4. Cht thi rn...........................................................................................................44
VIII.3. Bin php gim thiu tc ng mi trng..............................................................44
VIII.3.1. X l cht thi rn..................................................................................................44
VIII.3.2. X l nc thi........................................................................................................45
VIII.3.3. X l kh thi, mi hi............................................................................................45
VIII.3.4. Gim thiu cc tc ng khc................................................................................45

CHNG IX: TNG MC U T D N....................................................................47
IX.1. C s lp tng mc u t...........................................................................................47
IX.2. Ni dung tng mc u t............................................................................................47
IX.2.1. Ni dung...................................................................................................................... 47
IX.2.2. Kt qu tng mc u t...........................................................................................50
CHNG X: NGUN VN U T - THC HIN D N.........................................52
X.1. Ngun vn u t ca d n..........................................................................................52
X.1.1. Cu trc ngun vn v phn b vn u t..............................................................52
X.1.2. Tin s dng vn....................................................................................................52
X.1.3. Ngun vn thc hin d n.........................................................................................53
X.1.4. Phng n hon tr vn vay v chi ph li vay.........................................................54
X.2. Tnh ton chi ph ca d n...........................................................................................55
X.2.1. Chi ph nhn cng........................................................................................................55
X.2.2. Chi ph hot ng........................................................................................................56
CHNG XI: HIU QU KINH T -TI CHNH...........................................................59
XI.1. Cc gi nh kinh t v c s tnh ton.......................................................................59
XI.2. Doanh thu t d n.......................................................................................................59
XI.3. Cc ch tiu kinh t ca d n......................................................................................61
XI.4. nh gi hiu qu kinh t - x hi...............................................................................63
CHNG XII: KT LUN V KIN NGH.....................................................................64
XII.1. Kt lun........................................................................................................................ 64
XII.2. Kin ngh...................................................................................................................... 64
CHNG I: GII THIU CH U T V D N

I.1. Gii thiu ch u t
Ch u t
: Cng Ty C Phn u T Ha Tng Intracom
ai din php lut
Chc v
: Tng Gim c
a ch tr s
: Qun Cu Giy, Thnh ph H Ni.
I.2. M t s b d n
Tn d n
: Nng trng B sa Cm Thy - Thanh Hoa.
a im xy dng
: Tnh Thanh Hoa.
Hnh thc u t
: u t xy dng mi
I.3. C s php l
Vn bn php l
Lut Xy dng s 16/2003/QH11 ngy 17/6/2003 ca Quc Hi nc CHXHCN Vit
Nam;
Lut t ai s 13/2003/QH11 ngy 26/11/2003 ca Quc Hi nc CHXHCN Vit
Nam;
Lut u t s 59/2005/QH11 ngy 29/11/2005 ca Quc Hi nc CHXHCN Vit
Nam;
Lut Doanh nghip s 60/2005/QH11 ngy 29/11/2005 ca Quc Hi nc CHXHCN
Vit Nam;
Lut u thu s 61/2005/QH11 ngy 29/11/2005 ca Quc Hi nc CHXHCN Vit
Nam;
Lut Kinh doanh Bt ng sn 63/2006/QH11 ngy 29/6/2006 ca Quc Hi nc
CHXHCN Vit Nam;
Lut Nh 56/2005/QH11 ngy 29/11/2005 ca Quc Hi nc CHXHCN Vit Nam;
Lut Thu thu nhp doanh nghip s 14/2008/QH12 ngy 03/6/2008 ca Quc Hi
nc CHXHCN Vit Nam;
Lut Bo v mi trng s 52/2005/QH11 ngy 29/11/2005 ca Quc Hi nc
CHXHCN Vit Nam;
B lut Dn s s 33/2005/QH11 ngy 14/6/2005 ca Quc Hi nc CHXHCN Vit
Nam;
Lut thu Gi tr gia tng s 13/2008/QH12 ngy 03/6/2008 ca Quc Hi nc
CHXHCN Vit Nam;
D n Nng Trng B Sa Cm Thy Thanh Ha

--------------------------------------------------------- Ngh nh s 12/2009/N-CP ngy 12/02/2009 ca Chnh ph v vic Qun l d n
u t xy dng cng trnh;
Ngh nh s 124/2008 N-CP ngy 11 thng 12 nm 2008 ca Chnh Ph v thu thu
nhp doanh nghip;
Ngh nh s 123/2008/N-CP ngy 08/12/2008 ca Chnh ph Qui nh chi tit thi
hnh Lut Thu gi tr gia tng;
Ngh nh 140/2006/N-CP ca Chnh ph ngy 22 thng 11 nm 2006 quy nh vic
bo v mi trng trong cc khu lp, thm nh, ph duyt v t chc thc hin cc
chin lc, quy hoach, k hoach, chng trnh v d n pht trin;
Quyt nh 1579/Q-BNN-KHCN ngy 26/5/2008 ban hnh Quy trnh thc hnh
chn nui tt cho chn nui b sa an ton do B trng B Nng nghip v Pht
trin nng thn ban hnh.
Thng t 16/2009/TT-BNN ngy 19/3/2009 v nh s tai b sa, b tht do B Nng
nghip v Pht trin nng thn ban hnh.
Ngh nh s 80/2006/N-CP ngy 09 thng 8 nm 2006 ca Chnh ph v vic qui
nh chi tit v hng dn thi hnh mt s iu ca Lut bo v mi trng;
Ngh nh s 21/2008/N-CP ngy 28/02/2008 ca Chnh ph v sa i b sung mt
s iu ca Ngh nh s 80/2006/N-CP ngy 09/08/2006 ca Chnh ph v vic
quy nh chi tit v hng dn thi hnh mt s iu ca Lut Bo v mi trng;
Thng t s 12/2008/TT-BXD ngy 07/05/2008 ca B xy dng hng dn vic lp
v qun l chi ph kho st xy dng;
Thng t s 05/2009/TT-BXD ngy 15/04/2009 ca B Xy dng hng dn iu
chnh d ton xy dng cng trnh;
Thng t s 12/2008/TT-BXD ngy 07/05/2008 ca B Xy dng hng dn vic lp
v qun l chi ph kho st xy dng;
Thng t s 33/2007/TT-BTC ngy 09/4/2007 ca B Ti chnh hng dn quyt ton
d n hon thnh thuc ngun vn nh nc;
Cng vn s 1777/BXD-VP ngy 16/08/2007 ca B Xy dng v vic cng b nh
mc d ton xy dng cng trnh - Phn lp t h thng in trong cng trnh, ng
v ph tng ng, bo n ng ng, ph tng v thit b khai thc nc ngm;
Cng vn s 1779/BXD-VP ngy 16/08/2007 ca B Xy dng v vic cng b nh
mc d ton xy dng cng trnh - Phn Kho st xy dng;
Thng t s 08/2006/TT-BTNMT ngy 08/9/2006 ca B Ti nguyn v Mi trng
hng dn v nh gi mi trng chin lc, nh gi tc ng mi trng v cam
kt bo v mi trng;
Ngh nh s 12/2009/N-CP ngy 12/2/2009 ca Chnh ph v vic Qun l d n
u t v xy dng cng trnh;
--------------------------------------------------------------------------n v t vn: Cng ty CP T vn u t Tho Nguyn Xanh

--------------------------------------------------------- Ngh nh s 209/2004/N-CP ngy 16/12/2004 ca Chnh ph v vic Qun l cht
lng cng trnh xy dng v Ngh nh s 49/2008/N-CP ngy 18/04/2008 ca
Chnh ph v vic sa i b sung mt s iu ca Ngh nh 2009/2004/N-CP;
nh mc chi ph qun l d n v t vn u t xy dng km theo Quyt nh s
957/Q-BXD ngy 29/9/2009 ca B Xy dng;
Ngh nh s 99/2007/N-CP ngy 13/06/2009 ca Chnh ph v qun l chi ph u
t xy dng cng trnh;
Quyt nh s 167/2001/Q-TTg ngy 26/10/2001 ca Th tng Chnh ph v mt
s bin php v chnh sch pht trin b sa Vit Nam giai oan 2001-2010
Cc vn bn khc ca Nh nc lin quan n lp Tng mc u t, tng d ton v
d ton cng trnh.
Cc tiu chun Vit Nam
D n Nng trng B sa Cm Thy Thanh Hoa c thc hin trn nhng tiu
chun, quy chun chnh nh sau:
Quy chun xy dng Vit Nam (tp 1, 2, 3 xut bn 1997-BXD);
Quyt nh s 04 /2008/Q-BXD ngy 03/4/2008. Ban hnh Quy chun k thut
Quc gia v Quy hoach xy dng (QCVN: 01/2008/BXD);
TCVN 2737-1995
: Ti trng v tc ng- Tiu chun thit k;
TCXD 229-1999
2737 -1995;
: Ch dn tnh ton thnh phn ng ca ti trng gio theo TCVN
TCVN 375-2006
: Thit k cng trnh chng ng t;
TCXD 45-1978
: Tiu chun thit k nn nh v cng trnh;
TCVN 5760-1993
dng;
: H thng cha chy - Yu cu chung thit k lp t v s
TCVN 5738-2001
: H thng bo chy t ng - Yu cu k thut;
TCVN 2622-1995
: PCCC cho nh, cng trnh yu cu thit k;
TCVN-62:1995
: H thng PCCC cht chy bt, kh;
TCVN 6160 1996 : Yu cu chung v thit k, lp t, s dng h thng cha chy;

TCVN 6305.1-1997
: (ISO 6182.1-92)
TCVN 6305.2-1997
: (ISO 6182.2-93);
TCVN 4760-1993
: H thng PCCC - Yu cu chung v thit k;
TCXD 33-1985
k;
: Cp nc - mang li bn ngoi v cng trnh - Tiu chun thit

--------------------------------------------------------- TCVN 5576-1991
: H thng cp thot nc - quy pham qun l k thut;
TCXD 51-1984
chun thit k;
: Thot nc - mang li bn trong v ngoi cng trnh - Tiu
TCVN 4474-1987
: Tiu Chun Thit k h thng thot nc trong nh;
TCVN 4473:1988
: Tiu Chun Thit k h thng cp nc bn trong;
TCVN 5673:1992
: Tiu Chun Thit k h thng cp thot nc bn trong;
TCVN 4513-1998 : Cp nc trong nh;

TCVN 6772 : Tiu chun cht lng nc v nc thi sinh hoat;
TCVN 188-1996
: Tiu chun nc thi th;
TCVN 5502 : c im k thut nc sinh hoat;

TCVN 5687-1992
: Tiu chun thit k thng gio - iu tit khng kh - si m;
TCXDVN 175:2005 : Tiu chun thit k n ti a cho php;

11TCN 19-84
: ng dy in;
11TCN 21-84
: Thit b phn phi v tram bin th;
TCXD 95-1983
dn dng;
: Tiu chun thit k chiu sng nhn tao bn ngoi cng trnh
TCXD 25-1991
cng cng;
: Tiu chun t ng dy dn in trong nh v cng trnh
TCXD 27-1991
cng;
: Tiu chun t thit b in trong nh v cng trnh cng
TCVN-46-89 : Chng st cho cc cng trnh xy dng;

EVN
: Yu cu ca ngnh in lc Vit Nam (Electricity of Viet Nam).

----------------------------------------------------------
CHNG II: HIN TRNG CHN NUI B SA VIT NAM

II.1. Pht trin cht lng v s lng ging b sa
Ngnh chn nui b sa nc ta co lch s pht trin kh lu i, nhng b sa tht
s pht trin nhanh t nm 2001 k t khi co Quyt nh s 167/2001/Q-TTg vo ngy
26/10/2001 ca Th tng Chnh ph v mt s bin php v chnh sch pht trin b sa
Vit Nam giai oan 2001-2010. Theo ch trng ny t nm 2001 n 2004 mt s a
phng nh TP H Ch Minh, An Giang, Bnh Dng, Thanh Ho, Tuyn Quang, Sn La,
Ho Bnh, H Nam, nhp mt s lng kh ln (trn 10 nghn con) b HF thun t
Australia, M, New Zealand v nui. Mt s b Jersey cng c nhp t M v New
Zealand trong dp ny.
Vi ch trng lai tao v pht trin b sa trong nc thng qua ph duyt chng
trnh cc d n ging b sa 2001-2005 v 2006-2010 co gi tr u t hng chc t ng
nhm h tr nng dn tinh b sa cao sn, dng c, vt t v cng phi ging tao ra trn
75.000 b sa lai HF (F1, F2, F3) cho cc a phng nui b sa trn pham vi c nc.
Ngoi ra, cn b k thut v ngi chn nui c tp hun nng cao trnh qun l
ging, k thut chn nui, thc n, th y, v sinh phng bnh, v sinh vt sa...v...v. gop
phn nng cao nng sut v cht lng n b sa. Theo s liu Thng k, tng n b sa
ca nc ta tng t 41.000/2001 ln n 115.000/nm 2009 v theo o, tng sn lng sa
ti sn xut hng nm tng ln 4 ln t 64.000tn/2001 ln n 278.000tn/2009.
Trong qu trnh lai tao chn lc v nhn ging b sa trong nc, n b lai HF thch
nghi v pht trin tt vi iu kin kh hu nong m ca Vit Nam, sinh trng, sinh sn v
cho sa tt. Trong thi gian qua ngoi lai tao ging b sa trong nc vic nhp cc ngun
gien b sa mi cng c tin hnh thng qua nhp b c ging HF ca cc nc trn th
gii nh M, c v sn xut tinh b ng lanh trong nc phc v nhn ging b sa trn
pham vi c nc. ng thi trn 15 ngn b ci sa ging HF v Jersey cng c nhp v
t M, c, New Zealand, Thi Lan v nhn thun p ng nhu cu nui b sa thun cao
sn ca mt s t chc v c nhn trong nc. Hin nay tng n b sa ging HF ca nc
ta khong 20.000 con v s tng ln nhanh trong nhng nm sp ti do nhu cu nhp ging
ca cc Cng ty sa v doanh nghip ngy cng cao.
Pht trin bn vng v s lng v cht lng n b sa l mt trong nhng mc
tiu quan trng trong ch ao thc hin i vi chin lc pht trin b sa ca nc ta giai
oan 2001-2010 v chin lc chn nui ca Vit Nam giai oan 2011-2020. n b sa ca
Vit Nam pht trin tt khng ch v s lng m c cht lng trong thi gian gn 10
nm va qua. Theo s liu ca Tng Cc thng k Vit nam, n thng 10 nm 2009 tng
n b sa nm 2009 ca nc ta l 115.518 ngn con, sn lng sa at 278 ngn tn.
Tng n b sa lin tc tng trong 10 nm va qua, tuy nhin 2005-2009 tc tng
n thp thm ch nm 2007 s lng b sa gim do khng hong v gi: gi sa bt th
gii thp nn tc ng n gi thu mua sa ti ca cc cng ty sa. Trong nhiu thng gi
sa ti ca nng dn bn bng v di gi thnh buc ngi chn nui phi gim n,
thanh lc loai thi n. Trong qu trnh gim n nhng b sa nng sut thp, ngoai hnh
xu, sinh sn km b loai gop phn chn lc v nng cao cht lng ging b sa Vit

---------------------------------------------------------Nam. Do o nm 2007 mc d s lng b sa gim 12% so vi 2006 nhng tng sn lng
sa ti sn xut ra vn tng trn 8.5%. T nm 2008 -2009 tc tng n thp th nht do
khng hong v melanine t Trung Quc nh hng n sn xut ch bin v tiu dng
sa Vit nam. Sa ti ca nng dn H Ni v mt s tnh ln cn khng tiu th c
phi i, nhiu b sa phi bn gi b tht nh hng n pht trin chn nui b sa.
Th hai do khng hong kinh t ti chnh th gii v Vit Nam nh hng n pht trin
kinh t nc ta noi chung v tc pht trin ca chn nui v b sa noi ring. Tuy nhin
t nm 2010 nn kinh t th gii v Vit Nam chuyn sang giai oan phc hi v ang co
tc ng tt n Chng trnh pht trin b sa ca nc ta giai oan mi.
II.2. Phn b n b sa theo cc vng sinh thi
n b sa ca nc ta pht trin trn tt c cc vng sinh thi ca Vit Nam. Tuy
nhin s phn b khc nhau v s lng th hin s pht trin ca b theo vng sinh thi
v li th ca tng vng. n b sa Vit Nam tp trung ch yu tai vng ng Nam B vi
khong 79 ngn con, chim trn 68% tng n b sa c nc, trong o thnh ph HCM l
ni co n b sa nhiu nht Vit Nam v chim gn 60% tng n b sa Vit Nam.
Theo s liu ca Tng Cc thng k nm 2009 tng n b sa c nc co trn 115
ngn con. Mi tnh co n b sa ln nht l: Thnh ph H Ch Minh 73,328 con, H Ni
6,800, Long An 6,104, Sn La 5,136, Soc Trng 5,071, Tin Giang 3,371, Lm ng 2,833,
Bnh Dng 2,351, Tuyn Quang 1,748, v ng Nai 1,670 con.
Theo quy lut pht trin chn nui b sa ca nhiu nc trn th gii v khu vc, th
vic pht trin vng nguyn liu sa trn quy m ln vi phng thc chn nui cng
nghip, khp kn v sn xut hng hoa s l xu hng tt yu ca ngnh sa Vit Nam trong
nhng nm ti.
II.3. Tng sn lng sa ti
Tc tng trng v tng sn lng sa ti sn xut trong nc trong thi gian 10
nm qua trung bnh trn 30% nm, tc tng sn lng sa cao hn tc tng n b sa
cho thy nng sut sa v cht lng ging c ci thin. Theo thng k, tng sn lng
sa ti trong nc hng nm tng nhanh t s lng 18,9 ngn tn sa ti nm 1999 tng
ln 278 ngn tn nm 2009. Nm 2009 mc d gi sa bt th gii gim t 5,500 USD
xung 3,500 USD/tn nhng gi sa ti ca Vit Nam khng chu nh hng ca gi sa
ti th gii. Trong lc nng dn cc nc EU phi sa ti do gi thu mua sa thp
nhng Vit Nam gi sa ti vn mc cao t 8,000-9,000 ng trn 1 kg. Thng 6 nm
2010, gi sa ti vng Ba V H Ni hin nay ngi chn nui c tr tai nh my l
9,200 ng /lt.
Hin nay sa b ti trong nc ang c ngi tiu dng Vit Nam a chung hn
cc sn phm sa ch bin khc. Gi sa ti thu mua ca cc cng ty sa ang mc cao
co li cho ngi nui b v khuyn khch cho ngi chn nui y manh sn xut.
II.4. Th trng tiu dng sa trong nc
Tm l ngi Vit Nam trong tiu dng thng thch hng ngoai v sa ngoai, tuy
nhin sau bo v sa Trung Quc co Melanine vo cui nm 2007 v u nm 2008 th tm
10

---------------------------------------------------------l v tiu dng sa Vit Nam co thay i. Hin nay vic s dng sa ti sn xut trong
nc c nhiu ngi a chung khng ch gi mua r hn m cht lng tt v an ton
hn. Mt khc xu hng ngi Vit Nam tiu dng hng Vit Nam cng tc ng n ng
o ngi tiu dng sn phm sa Vit. Bnh qun sn lng sa ti sn xut trong nc
trn u ngi hin nay l 3,2kg chim khong trn 20% tng lng sa tiu dng hng
nm. Trong mi nm gn y mc tiu dng sa v cc sn phm sa ca ngi Vit Nam
gia tng nhanh chong do thu nhp v i sng ngy cng c nng cao.
Theo thng k ca T chc Lng thc v Nng nghip Lin Hp Quc (FAO), hin
nay chu ang dn u th gii v mc tng trng tiu th sa. Trong o, mc tiu th
cc sn phm t sa bnh qun ca ngi Vit Nam hin nay l 14 lt/ngi/nm, cn thp
hn so vi Thi Lan (23 lt/ngi/nm) v Trung Quc (25 lt/ngi/nm). V th tc tng
trng v mc tng trng tiu th sa Vit Nam cn rt ln. Bn canh o, khi thu nhp
bnh qun u ngi ca Vit Nam tng cao th nhu cu tiu dng sn phm cng s tng
cao.
II.5. Hiu qu kinh t trong chn nui b sa
Chn nui b sa ca Vit Nam ch yu l chn nui b sa nng h quy m nh
nng sut thp, tuy nhin chn nui b sa nng h thc s co hiu qu kinh t v gop phn
nng cao thu nhp ci thin i sng cho nng dn. Kt qu iu tra nghin cu nm 2009
ca Cc Chn Nui v chn nui b sa nng h cho thy:
- Trung bnh v quy m n b sa nui trong cc nng h ca c nc l 5 con
trong o cc tnh min Bc l 4 con/h (dao ng t 2 con n 17 con/h), t l n b
khai thc sa tng i cao, chim 65,15% tng n, trung bnh cc tnh min Nam l 6
con h (dao ng t 3 n 25 con) .
- Ging b sa hin ang nui Vit Nam trn 80% l b lai HF co t mu
HF t 50-97,5%, nng sut sa trung bnh nm 2009 trung bnh t 4.000-4.500
lt/chu k cho sa. Khong 15% tng n b sa l b thun HF co sn lng sa
trung bnh 5.500-6.000 lt/chu k cho sa.
- V gi thnh sn xut ra 1kg sa b ti bnh qun l 6.100 ng/kg (dao ng t
5.900-62.000 ng /lt ph thuc vo quy m chn nui v nng sut bnh qun ca n. Vi
gi bn trung bnh 7.800-8.500 ng/kg, mi kg sa sn xut ra ngi chn nui b sa li
khong 2.000-2.500 ng. Nu tnh c thu nhp khc t chn nui b sa nh bn b ging,
b tht v phn chung th li thc t t 1 kg sa l 2.800 -3.000 ng.
- V c cu gi thnh sa ti sn xut iu kin nng h ca Vit Nam hin
nay chi ph thc n chim t l cao nht l 55,5%, tip theo chi ph lao ng 25% v chi
ph c nh 13.9%. Trong chi ph thc n, th chi ph thc n tinh chim 63.4%, v thc n
th xanh chim 30.4%.
- Chn nui b sa nng h nm 2009 co hiu qu kinh t cao, thu nhp hn hp v
li trung bnh/con b sa/nm tng ng l 16,6 triu v 11,6 triu ng. V t sut li
nhun (li/chi ph) trong chn nui b sa nng h h nm 2009 l 36%.
11

---------------------------------------------------------Kt qu nghin cu khng nh rng vic u t tin vn vo pht trin chn
nui b sa hin nay l mt trong nhng la chn u t co tnh kh thi cao.
II.6. Thun li v kh khn trong chn nui b sa Vit Nam
Sau gn 10 nm thc hin Chng trnh pht trin b sa theo Quyt nh 167 ca
Chnh ph chng ta co mt s nh gi v nhn xt v chn nui b sa trong thi gian qua
nh sau:
Thun li v thnh tu: Chn nui b sa Vit Nam v ang c Chnh ph co
chnh sch h tr cho ngi chn nui b sa theo Quyt nh 167. Cc d n ging b sa
thng qua cc chng trnh tp hun gip ngi chn nui nng cao trnh v k thut
chn nui b sa.
Hu ht ging b sa c lai tao Vit Nam hin nay l b lai HF, thng qua cc d
n ging cc ngun gen b sa cao sn c nhp ni gop phn nng cao nng sut v
cht lng ging.
Nng sut v sn lng sa ca b sa Vit Nam hin nay 4.000-4.500 kg/ chu k
tng ng hoc cao hn vi mt s nc trong khu vc nh Thi Lan, Indonesia,
Philipine v Trung Quc.
Chn nui b sa l mt ngh co hiu qu kinh t cao, gop phn tao vic lm, tng
thu nhp, nng cao i sng cho nng dn
Kh khn: Ngnh chn nui b sa l mt ngh mi Vit Nam, mt s ngi chn
nui vn cn t kinh nghim nn cn nhiu kho khn, nng sut thp v cht lng sa cha
cao.
Quy m chn nui b sa cn nh, phng thc chn nui cn han ch, thc n chn
nui tn dng nn a s nng dn cha co iu kin p dng khoa hc cng ngh cao vo
pht trin chn nui b sa.
Phn ln ngun nguyn liu thc n tinh v cc cht premix, vitamin dng trong
chn nui b sa phi nhp khu nn chi ph u vo chn nui b sa cao, gi thnh cao
kh nng canh tranh v cht lng sn phm cn han ch.
t dnh cho chn nui b sa cn nhiu han ch nn ngi chn nui khng co kh
nng m rng quy m sn xut (hoc thm ch l t b ngh chn nui b sa). iu ny s
khin tnh trang thiu ht ngun nguyn liu sa s tip tc din ra.
Thi tit v kh hu nhit i nong m Vit nam khng thch hp vi vic chn nui
b sa cao sn nh hng n nng sut, cht lng v gi thnh sn phm chn nui.
C hi: Vit Nam l mt trong nhng nc phc hi kinh t nhanh sau khng hong
kinh t v co mc tng trng kinh t cao trn th gii do o sc mua ca ngi dn ngy
cng tng dn, trong o co c sn phm sa.
Hin nay, mc tiu th sa bnh qun u ngi ca Vit Nam mi ch at khong
14.8 kg/ngi thp hn so vi mc 35 kg/ngi ca khu vc Chu do vy nhu cu v th
trng sa ca Vit Nam cn rt cao.
12

---------------------------------------------------------II.7. Chin lc pht trin chn nui n 2020 ca Chnh ph
Theo Quyt nh s 10/2008/Q-TTg ngy 16/1/2008 ca Th tng Chnh ph v
vic ph duyt Chin lc pht trin chn nui n nm 2020 vi quan im pht trin
ngnh chn nui tr thnh ngnh sn xut hng ho, tng bc p ng nhu cu thc phm
cho tiu dng trong nc v xut khu. Tp trung pht trin sn phm chn nui co li th v
kh nng canh tranh nh ln, gia cm, b. ng thi pht trin sn phm chn nui c sn
ca vng, a phng. Khuyn khch cc t chc v c nhn u t pht trin chn nui theo
hng trang trai, cng nghip, ng thi h tr, tao iu kin h chn nui theo phng thc
truyn thng chuyn dn sang phng thc chn nui trang trai, cng nghip.
Vi mc tiu pht trin c th nh sau: Giai oan 2010 - 2015 at khong 6 - 7% nm
v giai oan 2015 - 2020 at khong 5 - 6% nm. Sn lng tht x cc loai n nm 2010
at khong 3.200 ngn tn, trong o tht b chim 3%. n nm 2020 at khong 5.500 ngn
tn, trong o tht b 4%. nh hng pht trin n nm 2020, tng n b sa tng bnh
qun trn 11% nm, at khong 500 ngn con, trong o 100% s lng b sa c nui
thm canh v bn thm canh.
Chn nui b sa tp trung cc vng cao nguyn Lm ng, Mc Chu v cc tnh
co iu kin u t, kinh nghim chn nui. Chn nui b tht tp trung Bc Trung B,
Duyn hi Nam Trung B, Ty Nguyn, ng Nam B v mt s vng co kinh nghim chn
nui v kh nng u t. Ci tin nng cao tm voc n b theo hng Zbu ho trn c s
pht trin nhanh mang li th tinh nhn tao v s dng b c ging tt qua chn lc
cho nhn ging nhng ni cha co iu kin lm th tinh nhn tao. Chn lc trong sn
xut cc ging b Zebu, b sa cao sn v nhp ni b sung mt s ging b co kh nng
thch nghi vi iu kin sinh thi trong nc tao n ci nn phc v cho lai tao ging b
sa v b tht cht lng cao, cung cp b c cho nui v bo b tht. Nhp b sung tinh b
tht cao sn, b sa nng sut cao v mt s b c cao sn sn xut tinh.
V ti chnh: Ngn sch Nh nc s h tr c s ha tng, con ging cho cc vng
su vng xa, thc n cho gia sc, h tr cho vic t chc hi ch, trin lm, hi thi v u
gi ging vt nui. Nh nc h tr cho vay u t d n pht trin ging vt nui, xy dng
mi, m rng c s chn nui gia sc gia cm, c s c s git m, ch bin gia sc, gia cm
theo hng cng nghip. Cc ngn hng thng mai bo m vn vay cho cc t chc, c
nhn vay u t c s vt cht, i mi cng ngh, con ging pht trin chn nui v git
m, bo qun, ch bin cng nghip.
U ban nhn dn tnh, thnh ph trc thuc Trung ng cn c iu kin c th tng
a phng trnh Hi ng nhn dn tnh, thnh ph trc thuc Trung ng co chnh sch h
tr li sut tin vay cho cc d n u t pht trin chn nui, git m, bo qun, ch bin
cng nghip trn a bn. Xy dng chnh sch bo him sn xut vt nui khc phc ri
ro v thin tai, dch bnh, gi c... theo nguyn tc: ngn sch nh nc h tr mt phn,
ngui chn nui tham gia ong gop v ngun hp php khc.
V thng mi: T chc lai h thng tiu th sn phm, khuyn khch t chc, c
nhn u t xy dng ch u gi ging vt nui, sn phm chn nui v kiot tiu th sn
phm chn nui. Trin khai co hiu qu chng trnh xc tin thng mai, t chc hi ch,
trin lm, pht trin th trng.
13

---------------------------------------------------------V t ai: Ch c s chn nui trang trai, tp trung cng nghip v git m, bo
qun, ch bin cng nghip c h tr, tao iu kin thun li giao t, thu t theo quy
nh ca php lut v t ai, c u i cao nht v thu tin s dng t v thi gian s
dng t.
V thc n: Xy dng chng trnh pht trin thc n v nui dng vt nui theo
hng s dng thc n, cc cht dinh dng, ph gia v khng sinh trong khu phn chn
nui phi m bo nhu cu sinh trng, pht trin, sn xut ca vt nui v an ton th y, an
ton v sinh thc phm. Pht trin phng thc chn nui theo hng s dng thc n chn
nui cng nghip v qua ch bin. Nguyn liu v thc n chn nui phi c kim sot,
m bo cht lng trc khi s dng cho vt nui. i vi thc n chn nui cng nghip
phi co ngun gc ni sn xut, nh cung cp, co nhn mc cht lng, bao b quy cch theo
tiu chun ca nh sn xut ph hp vi tiu chun c c quan qun l nh nc cng
nhn.
II.8. Chnh sch khuyn khch pht trin chn nui b sa Thanh Ha
Cn c vo quyt nh s 3978/2009/Q-UBND ngy 10/11/2009 ca UBND tnh
Thanh Hoa v vic iu chnh, b sung chnh sch khuyn khch pht trin trang trai chn
nui tp trung giai oan 2010 2012 vi mc tiu khuyn khch h tr u t xy dng mi
trang trai tp trung chn nui tru b, ln ngoai v gia cm, sm khi phc v pht trin chn
nui theo hng cng nghip, hiu qu, an ton dch bnh v pht trin bn vng.
i vi chn nui b:Trang trai chn nui b co qui m 100 con b tr ln c h
tr u t ha tng, trang thit b, gii phong mt bng trc tip cho ch trang trai 100 triu
ng/trang trai i vi min xui; 120 triu ng/trang trai i vi min ni. Trang trai chn
nui b co qui m 50 con b n di 100 con c h tr u t ha tng, trang thit b, gii
phong mt bng trc tip cho ch trang trai 50 triu ng/trang trai i vi min xui; 60
triu ng/trang trai i vi min ni.
Cc t chc co lin quan s h tr, hng dn, n c cc x la chn nhng a
im, nhng h co tiu chun v iu kin ng k u t xy dng trang trai chn nui
gia sc, gia cm tp trung. Sau khi trang trai c u t, cn c thc t v qui m, tnh hnh
t chc chn nui ca trang trai, cc qui nh tai Quyt nh ny v hng dn ca lin
ngnh tin hnh xem xt, quyt nh mc h tr kinh ph cho tng trang trai; nghim thu,
hon chnh h s, th tc cp pht, thanh quyt ton theo qui nh hin hnh ca nh nc v
hng dn ca lin ngnh. Ch tch UBND huyn chu trch nhim ton din trc Ch tch
UBND tnh v php lut trong vic quyt nh mc h tr kinh ph cho cc trang trai trn a
bn qun l.
R sot, b sung quy hoach pht trin chn nui, tao iu kin thun li cho cc t
chc c nhn c giao t, thu t u t cc khu trang trai chn nui tp trung. Ngoi
chnh sch h tr ca tnh, cn c vo iu kin c th ca huyn xut HND huyn
ban hnh chnh sch h tr pht trin trang trai chn nui tp trung ca huyn.
14

----------------------------------------------------------
CHNG III: PHN TCH MI TRNG U T

III.1. iu kin t nhin
III.1.1. V tr a l
D n Nng trng B sa Cm Thy Thanh Hoa c xy dng tai X Cm T

huy n Cm Thy Tnh Thanh Hoa co v tr a l nh sau:
- Pha ng Nam gip ng mn Thnh ph H Ch Minh, pha bn ng l h
Hai Dng co tc dng iu ha v cung cp nc ti tiu cho khu vc t d n.
- Pha Bc gip vng i ni thp, c giao cho dn trng ch yu cc cy lu nm
nh cao su, keo, l trm, bach n..... Khu sn dc hin l khu quy hoach trng ma, sn
ca b con nng dn.
- Pha Ty l cnh ng la ch yu trng 1- 2 v/nm. y l khu dn c tp trung ,
a hnh bng phng.
- Pha trong khu t d n l c mt vng t rng khong 40 ha tng i bng
phng, khu vc ny l qu t ca x Cm T.
Huyn Cm Thy l mt huyn trung du min ni co din tch 425.03km 2 nm pha
Ty Bc, cch thnh ph Thanh Hoa 70km. Ton huyn hin co 19 x v 1 th trn trong o
co 10 x c cng nhn l x vng cao, c bit l 4 x kho khn thuc chng trnh 135
ca Chnh ph gm x Cm Lin, Cm Lng, Cm Qu v Cm Chu.
III.1.2. a hnh
a hnh huyn Cm Thy co a hnh dang lng cho v thp dn t pha Ty Nam
v ng Bc xung thung lng sng M, trong o trn 80% din tch l i ni. cao
trung bnh t 200 - 400m, dc trung bnh 25 - 30, co ni n cao 953m, ni Hac cao
663m.
III.1.3. Kh hu
Do huyn Cm Thy c tha hng ch bc xa mt tri nhit i nn nhit
tng i cao. Nhit trung bnh nm: 24-250C; nhit cao nht: 38 - 40 0C, nhit thp
nht: 15,5-16,50C. m bnh qun hng nm l 86%, m cao nht 89%(vo nhng ngy
cui ng sang xun), m thp nht l 50% (thng xy ra vo thng 12). Lng ma
trung bnh hng nm l 1.600-1.900mm. Ma ko di t thng 5-10, trung bnh thng at
200-300mm, ln nht vo thng 8 at 350mm, t thng 12 n thng 2 nm sau t ma, trung
bnh 10-20mm/thng. Hng nm co khong 130 ngy co ma.
Lng bc hi bnh qun hng nm l 788mm, ch s m t K ( lng ma/lng
bc hi) trung bnh nm 2,2-2,7 t thng 1 n thng 7 hng nm, ch s K<1, thng xuyn
xy ra han hn, cn co k hoach chng han cho cy trng. Tc gio trung bnh 1-1,5m/s.
Tc gio manh nht o c trong bo 30-35 m/s v o c trong gio ma ng Bc
khng qu 25m/s. Hng gio thnh hnh hng ng Bc vo ma ng v hng ng
Nam vo ma h. Nhn chung thi tit kh hu ca Cm Thy thun li cho pht trin ca
cy trng nng nghip, vt nui v thm canh tng v.
15

---------------------------------------------------------III.1.4. Thy vn
Ngun nc mt trn a bn Huyn Cm Thy c cung cp ch yu bi sng M,
co tng chiu di 512 km theo hng nghing ca a hnh Ty Bc ng Nam. Ma kh t
thng 11 n thng 5 nm sau, co dng chy khong 7,81s/km 2, lu lng trung bnh
215m3/s vi tng lng nc 3,9 x 109m 3 cung cp cho ha lu. Ngoi h thng sng, trn
a bn huyn cn co nhiu h, p nm phn tn ri rc. Ngun nc xung quanh khu vc
d n ch yu c cung cp t h Hai Dng, v ph thuc vo ma ma t u thng 3 n
thng 8.
Nc ngm co hu ht cc ni trong huyn, ty theo a hnh tng khu vc v
nng, su khc nhau. Nc ngm Cm Thy c trng cho nc ngm vng Sng M,
su n tng nc ngm khong 50-100m. Nc ngm hin ang c khai thc v s dng
phc v cho sinh hoat v sn xut ca nhn dn.
Ngun nc ngm khu vc d n: Theo kinh nghim ca ngi dn trong vng, h
thng o ging khi su 15-20m ty thuc vo a hnh v mach nc t trn i
xung (tt nht o ging gn khu vc h Hai Dng).
III.1.5. Ti nguyn t
Tng din tch t t nhin huyn Cm Thy l 42.583,19ha. Din tch t canh tc
mu m, ti xp rt d trng c, ng lam thc n chnh nui b. Theo phn loai t ca
FAO UNESCO nm 2000, t ai huyn Cm Thy co 13 loai, trong o co mt s loai t
chnh l :
- Nhom t xm feralt (k hiu AC fa) co din tch 24.088,80 ha. Phn b nhiu cc
x Cm Thnh, Cm Thach, Cm Lin, Cm Bnh, Cm T, Cm Ngc, Cm Long, Cm
Ph. t hnh thnh trn nhiu loai m khc nhau, nhng ch yu l magma trung tnh.
a hnh ph bin l cc dang i thp, i bt p, tng dy t phn ln trn 1m, dc
phn ln di 80.
- t ph sa bo ho baz in hnh (k hiu Fle-h): din tch 5.452,74 ha, phn b
ch yu dc sng M. Bn cht l t ph sa ca h thng sng M co no baz trn 80%.
- t ph sa bin i kt von nng hoc su (k hiu Fle-fe1, 2): din tch 1.684,79
ha. Bn cht l t ph sa ca h thng sng M nhng nm a hnh cao hn.
- t ph sa chua gly nng (k hiu FLd-gi): din tch 161,84 ha. Bn cht l t ph
sa ca h thng sng M nhng nm a hnh thp hn, ngp nc trong thi gian di.
- t nu in hnh (k hiu FRr-h): din tch 226,94 ha. Sn phm ch yu do
phong ho vi, t co cu trc vin xp, d b mt nc do hin tng Ct-t.
- t tng mng chua in hnh (k hiu Fpd-h): din tch 428,56 ha. t b xi mn
manh, co ni tr si , tng dy t mng di 30 cm.
III.1.6. Ti nguyn rng
Theo s liu thng k, din tch t lm nghip huyn Cm Thy nh sau:
16

---------------------------------------------------------- t rng sn xut: 10.684,03 ha. Trong o gm co t co rng t nhin sn xut, t
co rng trng sn xut, t khoanh nui phc hi rng sn xut, t trng rng sn xut.
- t rng phng h: 10.863,12 ha. Trong o bao gm ddt co rng t nhin phng
h, t co rng trng phng h, t khoanh nui phc hi rng phng h, t trng rng
phng h.
III.1.7. Ti nguyn khong sn
Khong sn Cm Thu kh phong ph, co c khong sn kim loai nh: Qung st
Cm Giang, Cm Lin, Cm Thach; ch Cm Thach, Cm Qu; vng gc Cm Qu, Cm
Tm; vng sa khong sng M; ngtimoan Cm Qu. Khong sn phi kim nh than
Cm Yn, Phc Do, Cm Ph.
Huyn Cm Thu co hn 7000 ha ni vi, tp trung nhiu cc x: Cm Chu,
Cm Bnh, Cm Qu, Cm Giang, Cm Lin; st co Cm Ngc, Cm Sn, Cm Vn;
ct xy dng sng M. y cng l ngun khong sn lm nguyn vt liu xy dng
phong ph.
III.2. Kinh t huyn Cm Thy Thanh Ha
III.2.1. Dn s v ngun nhn lc
Dn s ton huyn n ngy 01/04/2010 l: 113.333 ngi. Mt dn s l 709
ngi/km2 .Co 3 dn tc anh em sinh sng, trong o: Dn tc Mng 52,4 %, dn tc Kinh
44,5 %, dn tc Dao 2,9 % cn lai l cc dn tc khc. Cm Thu co lc lung lao ng di
do, chim 45,6 % dn s. S lao ng qua o tao khong 8.285 ngi, chim 16,2 %,
trong o lao ng c o tao ngh l 3.968 ngi, o tao cc trnh chuyn mn khc
4.317 ngi.
Ton huyn co 48.532 ngi trong tui lao ng. Trong o lao ng thuc nhom
ngnh nng lm nghip my nm gn y gim, nhng hin nay vn cn chim t l cao
(76,3%) trong tng s lao ng, lao ng nhom ngnh cng nghip xy dng tng thm
3,06% ( chim t l hin nay 6,41%) v lao ng nhom dch v thng mai tng thm 2,58%
( chim t l hin nay 9,61%). Hin nay vn cn khong 27,2% tng s lao ng cha co
vic lm thng xuyn.
III.2.2. Kinh t x hi huyn Cm Thy
Cm Thy l mt huyn trung du min ni nm pha Ty - Bc ca tnh Thanh Hoa.
Nm 2010 ai hi ng b cc cp, nhn dn cc dn tc huyn Cm Thy tng bc
khc phc kho khn v vn ln pht trin kinh t at c mt s thnh tch ng k.
Tc tng trng kinh t giai oan 2006 - 2010 at 10,7%/nm, tng 2,4% so vi
giai oan 2001 - 2005. C cu kinh t chuyn dch theo hng tch cc, t trng cng
nghip, tiu th cng nghip nm 2005 at 15,56%, n nm 2010 at 17,36%; ngnh
thng mai - dch v tng t 25,57% nm 2005 ln 38,22% nm 2010.
Trong sn xut nng, lm nghip tp trung ch ao theo hng sn xut hng hoa, tch
cc chuyn i c cu cy trng, vt nui vi vic thc hin chnh sch dn in i
17

---------------------------------------------------------tha quy hoach vng sn xut la cht lng cao. Tng gi tr sn xut ngnh nng nghip
nm 2010 at 301,8 t ng, tng 29,5% so vi nm 2005.
Bn canh o mt s ngnh khc cng c ch trng v pht trin, cng nghip xy
dng c bn, tiu th cng nghip v dch v ang hoat ng co hiu qu. Gi tr tng thm
ca cng nghip, xy dng bnh qun at 24,3%/nm. Tng gi tr sn xut ngnh cng
nghip, xy dng 2010 at 123,3 t ng, tng 118% so vi nm 2005. Gi tr tng thm
dch v bnh qun at 15,5%/ nm.
Tng gi tr dch v thng mai nm 2010 at 308 t ng, tng 216,5% so vi nm
2005. Thu nhp bnh qun u ngi at 7,45 triu ng, tng 4,33 triu ng so vi nm
2005. Thu ngn sch trn a bn tng 20,2%/nm, nm 2010 at 22 t ng tng gp ba ln
so vi nm 2005. Sn lng lng thc at trn 57.000 tn. Hng nm huyn Cm Thy
trng mi c 985 ha rng trng, nng che ph ln 37%, tng 7,2% so vi nm 2005.
III.3. Hin trng khu t xy dng d n
III.3.1. Hin trng s dng t
Khu t d kin xy dng nng trng b sa co din tch 70 ha, trong o : Din tch t
trng la ca b con nng dn chim 40ha, din tch trng ma chim 20 ha, cn lai l din
tch t ca ngi dn. y l khu t co din tch rng v thun li cho vic giao lu kinh
t vi cc vng ln cn.
III.3.2. ng giao thng
Trn a bn huyn Cm Thy co 689,30 km giao thng ng b bao gm: Quc l, tnh
l, huyn l v giao thng nng thn. H thng giao thng trn a bn huyn c phn b
kh hp l nhm tao iu kin cho cc huyn x thng thng trong v ngoai tnh.
Hin nay, ton huyn co 19/20 x, th trn co ng nha n trung tm x, hng nm
lm c 3 5 Km ng b tng lin thn. H thng giao thng trn a bn huyn ang
dn c hnh thnh v hon thin.
III.3.3. Hin trng thng tin lin lc
Mang li in thoai ph khp khu vc huyn Cm Thy nn rt thun li v
thng tin lin lac. H thng in thoai hu tuyn n 20/20 x th trn v hu ht cc a
im dn c trn a bn huyn. Mt in thoai 12 my/100 dn.
III.3.4. Hin trng cp in
Ngun in s dng: Hin nay co 100% s x c s dng mang li in quc gia,
co 1 thn vng su ( Cm Long) cha co in.
Tuy nhin, theo kho st s b cng ty C phn u t Ha tng Intracom nhn thy
ngun in phc v khu dn c l mt tram bin p nh nm su trong khu vc dn c vi
cng sut gn 110KVA phc v cho ton khu dn c trong vng. H thng bin p c,
ng dy ch yu l dy h. Ngoi ra cn co mt ng in cao p (ng trc ca huyn
Cm Thy) chay dc tuyn ng H Ch Minh v pha h Hai Dng cch mt ng
khong 200m. Tuyn ng in ny ang c cc doanh nghip khc u ni tram BA
18

---------------------------------------------------------ring s dng. Ct ng l ct b tng ly tm. Do ng dy cch kh xa khu d n nn
y cng l mt tr ngai ln cho gii php ko in v chn cng trnh.
T thc t trn Cng ty C Phn u t Ha tng Intracom co mt s kin ngh sau:
- Do phn t quy hoach co hn 30 h dn ang nh c nn Cng ty Intracom kin
ngh a phng di di cc h dn trn ra khi vng d n m bo mi trng v sinh
trong khu vc chn nui ( trnh ly lan cc dch bnh t gia sc, gia cm trong dn) bng
hnh thc h tr, xy dng khu ti nh c, nh canh cho b con nng dn.
- a phng h tr Cng ty chi ph in nc vo d n.
III.3.5. Cp Thot nc
Ngun cp nc: Hin nay huyn ang xc tin u t xy dng cng trnh h thng
nc sach. Thc hin chng trnh 134 ca Chnh ph, n nay huyn co 2.000 h/2.018
h h tr cng trnh nc sinh hoat phn tn. Hon thnh 4/8 cng trnh nc sinh hoat tp
trung. Qua kho st Cng ty C phn u t Ha tng Intracom nhn thy vng lm d n
nc sinh hoat cha co, ngi dn ch yu dng bng nc ging khoan.
Ngun thot nc: S c xy dng trong qu trnh xy dng d n.
III.4. Nhn xt chung
T nhng phn tch trn, ch u t nhn thy rng khu t xy dng d n rt thun
li tin hnh thc hin. Cc yu t v t nhin, kinh t, ha tng l nhng yu t lm nn
s thnh cng ca mt d n u t vo lnh vc chn nui b sa.
19

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CHNG IV: S CN THIT PHI U T

IV.1. Mc tiu ca d n
D n Nng trng B sa Cm Thy Thanh Hoa c tin hnh nhm cung cp
sa ti cho cc nh my ch bin sn phm sa, sa ti thanh trng phc ph cho ngi
dn a phng. Cc ging b sa cao sn cht lng tt, cung cp b tht t b c v b
loai thi . Xy dng m hnh trang trai in hnh ca huyn.
Bn canh o, cng ty chng ti cn mong mun rng d n s mang lai hiu qu x
hi to ln. Ngoi vic gop phn chuyn dch c cu kinh t ca a phng theo hng pht
trin cng ngh cao, d n s phn no gii quyt vic lm, tng thu nhp cho ngi nng
dn, tng bc xy dng v ci tao mi trng sng trong cng ng dn c. c bit chng
ti hy vng rng, nhng sn phm t chnh t v nc, t bn tay lao ng ca ngi dn
Bc Trung B s c c nc on nhn.
IV.2. S cn thit phi u t
Ngnh chn nui b sa tri qua bao thng trm hn na th k nc ta. Khong
mi nm tr lai y, b sa tr thnh mt loai gia sc c chn chn nui v nhng li
ch cho nn kinh t - x hi nc nh. c Chnh ph quan tm, nng dn u t v p
dng nhng k thut chn nui tin tin, ngnh chn nui b sa ha hn s khi sc hn
vo thi gian ti.
Cng ty C phn u t Ha tng Intracom chng ti cn nhc v phn tch k cng
cc yu t, t nhng im manh, im yu n c hi, thch thc i n quyt nh u t
vo d n trang trai chn nui b sa Cm Thy Thanh Hoa. Nm bt c hi t chnh
sch u tin pht trin chn nui b sa ca nh nc v th trng tiu th sa b ngy
cng gia tng, chng ti manh dan u t xy dng trang trai chn nui b sa tai tnh
Thanh Hoa, ni co ngun t ai mu m trn a hnh xen k gia cao nguyn v thung
lng, gia ni i v bnh nguyn. Vng t ny ha hn s xy dng trang trai b sa thnh
cng bi kh hu mt m, ngun nc, thc n di do s lm tng nng sut v cht lng
sa cao. Bn canh o, trang trai s t gy hai n mi trng bi sc ti ni y tng i
ln v bn thn trang trai lun p dng nhng cng ngh chn nui cao.
Vi nim tin sn phm do chng ti tao ra s c ngi tiu dng trong nc a
chung, vi nim t ho s gop phn tng gi tr tng sn phm nng nghip, tng thu nh p
v nng cao i sng ca nhn dn v tao vic lm cho lao ng tai a phng, chng ti tin
rng d n nng trai chn nui b sa Cm Thy l s u t cn thit trong giai oan hin
nay.
20

----------------------------------------------------------
CHNG V: QUY M CNG SUT D N

V.1. Cc hng mc trong trang tri
Khu t d kin lm trang trai b sa Cm Thy co din tch khong 70ha vi tng n
b 500 con, trong o b vt sa l 300 con. Qu t trang trai s c phn b nh sau:
- Din tch ng c l 60 ha.
- Din tch xy dng chung trai: 3,995ha.
- Qu t dnh cho ng giao thng trang trai: 2,485 ha.
- Qu t dnh cho giao thng trong ng c: 1.8 ha (D kin chim 3% din tch t
trng c);
- Qu t dnh cho cy xanh v thm thc vt: 2,3 ha.
V.2. Phng n thi cng cng trnh
V.2.1. Giai on 1
V.2.1.1. T thng 11/2011 2/2012
Chng ti s tin hnh cc cng vic c th sau:
-
iu tra th trng.
Kho st m hnh cc trang trai in hnh.
Nghin cu, kim tra ngun nc.
Tm hiu ngun ging.
nh gi cht lng t.
iu tra v iu kin t nhin.
L p bo co nghin cu kh thi v bo co u t
Trnh h s xin chp thun u t ti UBND tnh
Kho st mt bng lp phng n quy hoach.
Kho st ha tng k thut ( in, nc).
Hi tho khoa hc vi cc chuyn gia v mi trng, u t chn nui b sa tai Cm

Thy v phn tch iu kin thch nghi cho b sa.
xut cc chnh sch u i cho d n.
V.2.1.2. T thng 3/2012 07/2012

Cc cng vic c th gm co:
-
Nhn quyt nh ph duyt ca Tnh
Nhn bn giao mt bng
Bn giao mc gii
21

----------------------------------------------------------
nh gi tc ng mi trng, an ton PCCC
nh gi kh nng cch ly khu chn nui m bo b khng nm trong vng dch

bnh.
Quy hoach xy dng
San lp mt bng
Ci tao t.
Trng cy thm canh( chun b thc n d tr cho b)
Khi cng xy dng.
K hp ng mua sm thit b.
K hp ng bao tiu sn phm u ra cho d n.
V.2.1.3. T thng 06/2012 01/2013

Cc cng vic c th sau s c chng ti tin hnh:
-
Xy dng chung trai,
Ci tao t v trng cy thc n th xanh (qu t trng c)
La chn ging c.
Trng c
o tao Cn b qun l, k thu t, cng nhn.
Nhp thit b ( th tc thng quan).
La chn b ging giai oan 1
V.2.1.4. T thng 2/2013 5/2013

Cc hang mc cng vic c th gm:
-
Lp t thit b.
Nghim thu b ging trc khi nhp v.
Vn hnh th thit b.
V sinh cng nghip, chung trai.
Ch bin thc n chun b cho vic nhp b.
Nhp b giai oan 1: 100 con b t co cha t 3 n 5 thng.
Tip tc c o tao cn b, cng nhn tai cc c s co kinh nghim.
V.2.1.5. T thng 6/2013 9/2013

Cng vic c th s c trin khai gm co:
-
nh gi rt kinh nghim.
22

----------------------------------------------------------
Hi tho chuyn gia v iu kin sinh trng ca b giai oan 1, kh nng thch nghi
mi trng, iu kin sng.
La chn b ln 2 vi s lng 200 con
Nhp b ln 2 khong 200 con ( tng nhp ko di 2 thng, chia lm 4 ln)
V.2.2. Giai on 2
Giai oan 2 bt u t thng 9/2013 6/2014 vi nhng hang mc v cng vic sau:
- Thc hin d n, tip tc u t chiu su nng cao trong cc lnh vc: Cng ngh
sinh sn, cng ngh cy truyn phi, cng ngh v th y, cng ngh trng - thu ct - ch bin
thc n.
- ng dng cng ngh thng tin trong qun l ging v b sa.
- ng dng cng ngh cao trong chun on vim v b.
- Cp nht, ci tin chung trai, ng c theo m hnh cng ngh cao ...
Cui nm 2014 s tng kt nh gi hiu qu, hon thin quy trnh cng ngh ca D n.
V.3. Sn phm chnh
D n Trang trai b sa Cm Thy Thanh Hoa c xy dng nhm cung cp cc sn
phm sau:
-
Sa ti cung cp cho nh my ch bin cc sn phm sa.
Sa ti thanh trng phc v cho ngi dn a phng.
Ging b sa cao sn cht lng cao.
B tht t b c v b loai thi .
Xy dng m hnh trang trai in hnh ca huyn
23

----------------------------------------------------------
CHNG VI: GII PHP QUI HOCH THIT K C S

VI.1. Gii php thit k cng trnh
VI.1.1. Cc ch tiu kinh t k thut ca d n
Ch tiu s dng t
Din tch t xy dng
:70ha.
Ch tiu ha tng k thut

- ng giao thng
+ Tc thit k
: 10-35 km/h
+ B rng 1 ln xe
: 3.5 m
+ B rng va h
: 2.5 m
- H thng thot nc
+ H thng thot nc mt v thot nc bn c b tr ring v dn v khu x l
nc thi trc khi thi ra mi trng.
+ Nc thi t cc khu v sinh phi c x l qua b t hoai xy ng quy cch
trc khi x vo cng.
VI.1.2. Gii php quy hoch
T chc mt trang trai nui b sa vi y cc yu cu v cng nng s dng, co
tnh thm m, kinh t v bo m co mt mi trng kinh doanh tt, trong lnh, sach s,
thong mt v c bi t trong vn cam kt bo v mi trng.
VI.1.3. Gii php kin trc
Cc khi nh trai, nh kho, khu vn phng lm vic c b cc tao nn qun th
khng gian kin trc hi ha, m bo vn an ton giao thng, phng chy cha chy v
thng thong t nhin cho cng trnh.
VI.1.4. Gii php kt cu
Dng h khung dm chu lc.
Tng bao ngoi cng trnh dy 1,5 n 2cm.
VI.1.5. Gii php k thut
H thng in:
H thng chiu sng bn trong c kt hp gia chiu sng nhn tao v chiu sng
t nhin.
H thng chiu sng bn ngoi c b tr h thng n pha, ngoi vic bo m an
ninh cho cng trnh cn tao c nt thm m cho cng trnh vo ban m. Cng trnh c
b tr tram bin th ring bit v co my pht in d phng. H thng tip t an ton, h
thng in c lp t ring bit vi h thng tip t chng st. Vic tnh ton thit k h
24

---------------------------------------------------------thng in c tun th tuyt i cc tiu chun qui nh ca tiu chun xy dng v tiu
chun ngnh.
H thng cp thot nc:
H thng cp thot nc c thit k m bo yu cu s dng nc:
+ Nc sinh hoat.
+ Nc cho h thng cha chy.
+ Nc ti cy
Vic tnh ton cp thot nc c tnh theo tiu chun cp thot nc cho cng trnh
cng cng v theo tiu chun PCCC quy nh.
H thng chng st
H thng chng st s dng h thng kim thu st hin ai at tiu chun.
H thng tip t chng st phi m bo Rd < 10 v c tch ring vi h thng
tip t an ton ca h thng in.
Ton b h thng sau khi lp t phi c bo tr v kim tra nh k.
Vic tnh ton thit k chng st c tun th theo quy nh ca quy chun xy dng
v tiu chun xy dng hin hnh.
H thng Phng chy cha chy
Cng trnh c lp t h thng bo chy t ng tai cc khu vc cng cng m
bo an ton tuyt i cho cng trnh. H thng cha chy c lp t nhng ni d thao
tc v thng xuyn co ngi qua lai.
H thng cha chy: ng trng km, bnh cha chy, hp cha chy, s dng thit
b ca Vit Nam at tiu chun v yu cu PCCC ra.
Vic tnh ton thit k PCCC c tun th tuyt i cc qui nh ca qui chun xy
dng v tiu chun xy dng hin hnh.
H thng thng tin lin lac
Ton b cng trnh c b tr mt tng i chnh phc v lin lac i ni v i
ngoai. Cc thit b telex, in thoai ni b, fax (nu cn) c u ni n tng phng.
VI.1.6. Kt lun
Vi gii php b tr mt bng, gii php mt ng, kt cu bao che v cc gii php
k thut nh trn, phng n thit k tho mn c cc yu cu sau:
Mt bng b tr hp l, cc khu chc nng c phn khu r rng, m bo c an
ninh cng cng. H thng k thut an ton ph hp vi yu cu s dng trong tnh hnh hin
tai v tng lai.
VI.2. Quy hoch h thng h tng k thut
VI.2.1. ng giao thng
25

--------------------------------------------------------- Bnh tuyn
Cao xy dng mt ng trung bnh + 1.0 m.
Kt cu mt ng b tng nha, va h, va h lt gach terazzo, trng cy xanh, thm
c 2 bn ng.
Trc ngang tuyn ng
dc ngang mt ng hai mi l: i = 2%
Kt cu mt ng l btng nha ri nong
Nn mong ng c gia c ca trm v lp m ct
S b chn kt cu phn ng nh sau:
+ Lp m ct
+ Lp cp phi si
+ Lp cp phi 0 4
+ Lp btng nha ri nong
Trc dc ng:
Cao thit k tai tim ng mi bng cao tim ng hin hu, dc dc tuyn
ng i = 0%.
VI.2.2. Quy hoch chun b t xy dng
Khu t co nn hin hu thp do o gii php tn cao nn theo t hin hu l gii
php kh thi nht.
+ dc nn thit k: i = 0.3 % - 0.4 %.
+ Kt cu nn san lp: (dng ct san lp)
Phn khi lng c tnh bao gm:
+ Khi lng b cao thit k san nn.
+ Khi lng b do boc lp t hu c.
+ Khi lng b ln do san lp.
VI.2.3. H thng thot nc mt
D kin xy dng h thng cng kn D=400 - D=1200 phc v thot nc mt
cho khu quy hoach. Cc tuyn ng ny s x trc tip ra h thng thot nc mt pha sau.
VI.2.4. H thng thot nc bn v sinh mi trng
Nc thi sau khi x l cc b c dn ra h ga qua khu x l nc thi ca trang
trai v thot ra h thng thot nc khu vc bng tuyn ng 600 mm dc theo cc tuyn
ng ni b v chy vo h thng cng thu gom x l trc khi x ra mi trng. Rc c
thu gom hng ngy sau o c xe chuyn dng thu v a n cng trng x l rc chung.
26

----------------------------------------------------------
VI.2.5. H thng cp nc
Ch tiu cp nc cha chy: q = 10 lt/s cho 1 m chy, s m chy xy ra ng
thi cng lc l 1 m chy theo TCVN 2622-1995.
VI.2.6. H thng cp in chiu sng cng cng
S dng ngun in cp t tram in ring ca nh my.
Chiu sng ng ph dng n cao p sodium 150W 220W chiu sng trc
ng chnh, ph ni b v t trn tr thp trng km 200 cao 8m, khong cch trung
bnh gia hai tr n l 30m.
27

----------------------------------------------------------
CHNG VII: GII PHP CHN NUI B SA

VII.1. Ging b sa
VII.1.1. Chn ging b sa
B sa c nui Vit Nam thng l ging b lai gia b Hol - stein Friesian (HF)
v b Red sindhi hoc co th l b lai Sind (ci lai F1 gia b vng Vit Nam lai b Sind)
cng co th l Holstein vi Sind v Jersey. Do iu kin t nhin ca Cm Thy Thanh
Hoa nn trang trai chn ging B Holstein Friesian thun chng (B HF) v b lai Sind th
h F1 hoc F2 ( 1/2 hoc 3 - 4 mu b HF) l ph hp nht. V b cng co nhiu mu b HF
th nng sut sa cng cao nhng rt kho nui dng v mu b co tnh n i.
Ngay t th k 15 nhiu nc nhp ging b ny v nui nhn thun v lai tao
vi b a phng ci tao ging. Hin nay b HF c nui nhiu nc trn th gii
v tao ra nhng ging b HF ca chnh nc o, nh: M, Nht, Canada, Trung quc,
Australia, Newzealand
VII.1.2. Chn ngoi hnh
Voc dng tng qut ca b: Dng thanh, n chiu ngang, dng i p, cc goc canh r
nt, ming rng, mt lanh li trong sng, vai tng i lin lac, lng thng phng, xng
chn dp thng goc vi thn mnh. Mt cch tng qut b ci sa co dang hnh tam gic
vung goc, m goc vung nm phn mng, phn thn sau phi pht trin rng chiu ngang
tao iu kin pht trin ca bu v.
C di lp lin lac vi vai v c, khong cch chnh gia cc xng sn phi rng,
hai i phi cch xa nhau.
Da mm mai, lng bong mn
Ngc pht trin tng i, thng thng b sa co dang thanh
B phn nh tuyn: Bu v l b phn quan trng sau kt cu ton thn, bu v phi
ln co kh nng tch tr nhiu sa, no th hin chiu di, chiu rng v chiu su. Bu
v phi c kt hp cht vo sn bng, phi gn b di chuyn c d dng. Trnh
trng hp b co v di x xung d b tn thng do di chuyn hoc do cc vt la pha
di. Bn ngn ca bu v phi u, nm v phi n r d dng vt sa. Thng nm v
hnh tr khng b thng tt. Kt cu ca bu v phi mm, n hi khng co v eo, tnh
mach v phi ni r ngon ngoo.
VII.2. Ngun thc n
VII.2.1. Thc n th xanh
Thc n th xanh l tn gi chung ca cc loai c xanh, thn l cy cn xanh, k c
mt s loai rau xanh v v ca nhng qu nhiu nc....c im ca thc n th xanh l
cha nhiu nc, d tiu hoa, co tnh ngon ming v gia sc thch n. Noi chung thc n
xanh co t l cn i gia cc cht dinh dng, cha nhiu protein v vitamin cht lng
cao.
VII.2.1.1. C t nhin v c trng
28

---------------------------------------------------------C t nhin l hn hp cc loai c ha tho, ch yu l c g, c l tre, c mt.... C
t nhin mc trn cc g, bi, b , b rung, trong vn cy, cng vin,..C t nhin co
th c s dng cho b sa ngay trn ng bi di hnh thc chn th hoc cng co th
thu ct v v cho n tai chung. Thnh phn dinh dng v cht lng c t nhin bin ng
rt ln v ty thuc vo ma v trong nm, ni c mc, giai oan pht trin ca c (non hay
gi) v thnh phn cc loai c trong thm c. Khi s dng c t nhin cn lu trnh cho b
sa b ri loan tiu hoa hoc ng c bng cch sau khi thu ct v phi ra sach c loai c
bi bn, cc hoa cht c hai, thuc tr su. Loai c cn non hoc c thu ct ngay sau khi
mua cn phi c phi ngay phng b sa b chng bng y hi.
C l thc n quan trng khng th thiu trong qu trnh chn nui b sa, cung cp
cht x cho b. Di y l cc loai c cho b sa:
C voi (Penisetum purpuseum): thuc h ho tho sng lu nin. Thn r cng, ho
g, mang nhiu r kho v n su; thn ng ging cy ma, cao 3-4m, mc thnh bi di
rng rut, co nhiu t. C voi c trng bng hom thn, mc rt nhanh v kho, trng mt
ln thu hoach 4-5 nm mi phi trng lai, mi nm ct c 7-8 la, nng sut c ti at
120-150 tn/ha/nm. Trng thm canh v thu ct kp thi nng sut gp i, thm ch co th
at 400 tn/ha/nm nh Gia Lm (H Ni) C Chi, Hoc Mn (TP. H Ch Minh).
C s (Panicum maximum): Mc thnh bi nh cy s, cn gi l c Ghi N v co
ngun gc t Ghi N c nhp vo nc ta t 50-60 nm nay v tr thnh c mc t
nhin nhiu a phng trong c nc. C s c trng lm thc n xanh th cho tru, b,
nga dang ti ngoi bi chn hoc xanh v phi kh d tr. Trng mt ln co th thu
hoach 3-4 nm, mi nm ct 8-10 la. Nu chm soc tt co th at 280-300 tn/ha/nm.
C Stylo (Stylosathes hamata): L ging c h u, thn ng, phn nhiu cnh, co
th cao ti 1 m. B r rt pht trin n su xung t khong 70cm, do o nhiu ni cn
trng chng xoi mn t, bo v thn p rt tt. y l loai thc n v\xanh rt tt cho
gia sc v gia cm v co t l am cao v chng thch n. C Stylo trng mt ln co th thu
hoach 4-5 nm, nng sut co th at 90- 100 tn/ha/ nm nu c chm soc, thm canh tt.
C h u (Centro sema v Centro cavalcade): C h u thng cho nng sut cao
mi loai t, mi iu kin kh hu. C h u mc dy thnh lp nn co th trng thnh
ng c chn th hoc ct lm c kh d tr qua ng cho b sa rt tt. Mt khc c h u
co kh nng c nh am cho t rt ln (120kg nitrogen/ha) nn va co gi tr ci tao t
va dng lm thc n cho gia sc, c bit l chn nui b sa. Co th trng xen c h u
vi cc loai c khc. Gieo trng ch yu bng hat vi lng 3kg/ha lm ng c chn th
hoc 10kg/ha nu trng ct c lm c kh.
C Pt (Paspalum Attratum) thuc loai c bi thn cao. Co th sinh trng tt
nhng chn t ngho dinh dng v t chua co pH < 4. C Pt thch hp vi kh hu
m, thch nghi vi nhng vng thng b ngp lt. Lng cht xanh cao, b rt thch n. Co
th trng bng thn hom hoc gieo hat vi lng 5-6 kg/ha. Trng mt ln thu hoc lin tc 3
nm mi trng lai.
C Signal (Brachiaria dicumben): Thch nghi rng vi nhiu iu kin kh hu, t ai
nhiu ni nc ta. C Signal co th sinh trng tt nhng vng t ngho dinh dng v
29

---------------------------------------------------------vng t chua phn (pH<4) Nhng ni co ma kh ko di chng vn gi c mu xanh,
canh tranh vi c dai, chu c s dm ap ca gia sc nn thch hp cho xy dng ng c
chn th thng xuyn.
Vic trng c rt quan trng, c bit l trong chn nui thm canh v chn nui theo
quy m trang trai. Trng c bo m ch ng co ngun thc n th xanh cht lng v n
nh quanh nm. Lng c cho b sa thay i ty theo tng i tng, trung bnh mi ngy
co th cho mt con n mt lng c ti bng 10 - 12% th trng ca no.
VII.2.1.2. Ngn ma
Ngn ma l phn ngn thi ra sau khi thu hoach thn cy ma lm ng. Thng
thng ngn ma chim 20% ca c cy ma. Nh vy, vi 45-50 tn/ha th mi hecta thi ra
khong 9 tn ngn ma v s ngn ma ca mi hecta co th nui c 4 con b trn 3 thng
(mi con b n 25kg ngn ma/ngy).
Hin nay, tai nhng vng ven sng c bit l nhng vng quy hoach ma ng ca
nc ta, hng nm lng ngn ma thi ra l rt ln v ngn ma l ngun thc n xanh co
gi tr, cn tn dng v co th dng nui b sa rt tt. Tuy nhin, v ngn ma cha hm
lng ng v x cao nhng lai ngho cc thnh phn dinh dng khc, do o ch nn s
dng ngn ma nh mt loai thc n b sung ng m khng nn thay th hon ton c
xanh trong mt thi gian di.
VII.2.1.3. V v t da
V v t da l ngun ph ph phm vi khi lng rt ln, do cc nh my ch
bin da xut khu thi ra. V v t da co cha nhiu ng nhng lai thiu protein v x.
Chnh v vy, khng nn s dng v v t da thay th hon ton c xanh. Mt khc, trong
v da co cha Bromelin nn khi b sa n nhiu s rt li. Tt nht nn cho b sa n mi
ngy khong 10-15kg v v t ma nhng phi chia ra lm nhiu ln.
VII.2.1.4. Cy ng sau thu bp non
Cy ng sau khi thu bp non (ng bao t) co th dng lm ngun thc n xanh rt tt
cho tru b. Thnh phn dinh dng ca cy ng sau khi thu bp non rt ph hp vi sinh l
tiu hoa ca tru b. Cy ng loai ny co th dng cho n trc tip hay xanh d tr
cho n v sau.
VII.2.2. Thc n tinh
L nhng thc n co khi lng nh nhng hm lng cht dinh dng cao. Nhom
thc n ny bao gm cc loai hat ng cc v bt ca chng (ng, m, gao,..), bt ca cc cy
co c, cc loai hat ca cy h u v cc loai thc n tinh hn hp c sn xut cng
nghip.
c im ca thc n tinh l hm lng nc v x u thp, cha nhiu cht dinh
dng quan trng nh protein, cht bt ng, cht bo, cc cht khong v vitamin. T l
tiu hoa cc cht dinh dng kh cao.
Thng thng ngi ta thng s dng thc n tinh hon thin cc khu phn n
cu thnh t thc n th. Mc d, thc n tinh co hm lng cc cht dinh dng cao nhng
30

---------------------------------------------------------khng th ch dng mt mnh no nui b sa m phi dng c cc loai thc n th bo
m cho qu trnh tiu hoa din ra bnh thng.
Bt ng: L loai thc n tinh quan trng trong chn nui b sa. Bt ng co hm
lng tinh bt cao v c s dng nh mt ngun cung cp nng lng. Tuy nhin, cng
nh cm gao, khng nn ch s dng bt ng nh mt ngun thc n tinh duy nht m phi
trn thm bt xng, bt s v mui n vo khu phn, bi v hm lng cc cht khong
nht l canxi v photpho trong bt ng thp.
Bt sn: Bt sn c sn xut ra t sn c thi thnh lt v phi kh. Bt sn l loai
thc n tinh giu cht ng v tinh bt nhng lai ngho cht protein, canxi v photpho. V
vy, khi s dng bt sn cn b sung thm ur, cc loai thc n giu protein nh b u
nnh, b bia v cc cht khong nng cao gi tr dinh dng ca khu phn v lm cho
khu phn cn i hn. Bt sn l loai thc n r, lt sn phi kh co th bo qun d dng
quanh nm. Mt im bt li ca sn l co cha axt HCL c i vi gia sc. lm gim
hm lng ca loai axt ny nn s dng c sn boc v, ngm vo nc v thay nc nhiu
ln trc khi thi thnh lt v phi kh. Cng co th nu chn loai b HCL.
VII.2.3. Thc n p
L loai thc n c tao ra thng qua qu trnh d tr cc loai thc n th xanh di
hnh thc chua. Nh chua, ngi ta co th bo qun thc n trong thi gian di, ch ng
co thc n cho b sa, nht l vo thi k khan him c t nhin. Ngoi ra, chua cn lm
tng t l tiu hoa cho thc n, do cc cht kho tiu trong thc n b mm ra hoc chuyn
sang dang d tiu.
Thc n chua tt co c tnh sau:
-
Co mi thm d chu (Nu co mi kho ngi chng t b thi hng)
Co v hi chua, khng ng v khng chua gt.
Mu ng u, gn tng t nh mu ca cy trc khi em (hi nhat hn mt

cht).
Khng co nm mc.
Gia sc thch n.
V nguyn tc, ngi ta co th chua cc loai thc n xanh, k c thc n hat v c qu.
Nhng thng thng ngi ta thng chua thn cy, l cy ng, c voi, c t nhin v
trong khi ngi ta thng thm r mt ng v mui. Co th s dng thc n chua
thay th mt phn c ti. Lng thay th khong 15 20kg. i vi b sa, nn cho n sau
khi vt sa trnh cho sa co mi c .
VII.2.4. Thc n b sung
L nhng thc n c thm vo khu phn vi s lng nh cn bng mt s cht
dinh dng thiu ht nh: Protein, khong v vitamin. Trong s cc loai thc n b sung,
quan trng nht l Ur v hn hp khong.
31

---------------------------------------------------------VII.2.4.1. Ur
Ur l mt trong nhng cht cha Nit phi protein c s dng t lu v rng ri
trong chn nui b noi chung v b sa noi ring. S d loi gia sc nhai lai s dng c
Ur v trong da c ca chng co cc qun th vi sinh vt co kh nng bin i, phn gii nito
trong ur v tng hp nn cc cht protein co gi tr sinh vt hc cao cung cp cho c th.
Ngi ta co th s dng ur theo 4 cch: trn vo thc n hn hp, trn vo r mt
ng, trn vi mt s thnh phn lm bnh dinh dng v trn vi c hoc rm. Khi s
dng ur cn ch mt s vn sau:
- Ch b sung ur khi khu phn c s thiu N cn cho vi sinh vt da c. Ch , b sung
1g Ur cung cp thm c 1,45g PDIN.
- Phi m bo co Gluxit d ln men trong khu phn ca b nhm gip cho vi sinh
vt trong da c co nng lng s dng amoniac phn gii ra t ur v tng hp nn
protein vi sinh vt.
- i vi nhng con b trc o cha n ur th cn co thi gian tp lm quen bng
cch hng ngy cho n tng t mt v thi gian ko di t 5 n 10 ngy.
- Ch s dng ur cho b ln, khng s dng cho b non v h vi sinh vt da c ca
chng cha pht trin hon chnh.
- Khi b sung ur vo khu phn co th b sa khng thch n, v vy cn trn ur vi
mt s loai thc n khc. Co th cho thm r mt ng gia sc d n v cho n lm nhiu
ln trong ngy, mi ln 1 t.
-
Khng ha ur vo nc cho b ung.
VII.2.4.2. Thc n b sung khong.

Cc cht khong co vai tr rt quan trng i vi gia sc nhai lai, c bit l i vi
b sa. Do thc n ca b sa co ngun gc t thc vt nn khu phn n thng thiu cht
khong, k c khong a lng v khong vi lng. b sung khong a lng canxi
ngi ta thng dng bt vi, bt s. b sung phtpho dng bt xng, phn ln nung
chy hoc dicanxi photpht.
Cc loai khong vi lng ( Coban, ng, km,...) thng c dng di dang mui
sulphat. Trong thc t, vic cung cp tng cht khong ring l gp nhiu kho khn, c bit
l loai khong vi lng l nhng cht rt cn thit nhng ch cn s lng nh nn rt kho
bo m nh lng chnh xc. V vy, ngi ta thng phi hp nhiu loai khong vi nhau
theo t l nht nh di dang remix khong, dng trn vi cc loai thc n tinh. Ngi ta
cng co th b sung khong cho b sa di dang lim.
VII.2.5. Ph phm ch bin
VII.2.5.1. B u nnh
B u nnh l ph phm ca qu trnh ch bin hat u nnh thnh u ph hoc
thnh sa u nnh. No co mi thm, v ngt, gia sc thch n. Hm lng cht bo v
protein trong b u nnh rt cao. Chnh v vy, no co th c coi l loai thc n cung cp
32

---------------------------------------------------------protein cho gia sc nhai lai v mi ngy co th cho mi con n t 10 15kg.
Cn lu khi s dng b u nnh sng cng lc vi mt s loai thc n co cha ur
(nh bnh dinh dng, thc n tinh hn hp ) l phi chia nh lng thc n ny ra thnh
nhiu ba m bo an ton cho b sa. V trong b u nnh sng co cha men phn gii
Ur nn nu cho n cng mt lc v vi s lng ln hai loai thc n ny th Ur b phn
gii nhanh chong, tao ra mt khi lng ln amoniac v rt d gy ng c.
VII.2.5.2. B bia
B bia l mt loai thc n co nhiu nc, co mi thm v v ngon. Hm lng
khong, vitamin (ch yu l vitamin nhom B) v c bit l hm lng protein trong b bia
cao. V vy, no co th c coi l loai thc n b sung protein v c dng rt rng ri
trong chn nui b sa. T l tiu hoa cc cht trong b bia rt cao. Ngoi ra, no cn cha
cc cht kch thch tnh thm n v lm tng kh nng tit sa ca b nui trong iu kin
nhit i.
Thnh phn v gi tr dinh dng ca b bia ph thuc ch yu vo t l nc ca no.
Thi gian bo qun cng nh ngun gc xut x ca b bia cng nh hng n cht lng.
Khi bo qun lu di, th qu trnh ln men s lm mt i mt phn cht dinh dng, ng
thi lm cho chua ca bia tng ln. Chnh v vy, trong thc t ko di thi gian bo
qun b bia ngi ta thng cho thm mui n vi t l 1%.
i vi b sa, lng b bia trong khu phn cn tnh ton lm sao co th thay th
khng qu lng thc n tinh ( c 4,5 kg b bia co gi tr tng ng vi 1 kg thc n
tinh) v khng nn cho n trn 15kg b bia mi con, mi ngy. Cho n qu nhiu b bia s
lm gim t l tiu hoa cht x, cc cht cha nit v ko theo s gim cht lng sa. Tt
nht l trn b bia v cho n vi thc n tinh, chia lm nhiu ba trong 1 ngy.
VII.2.5.3. B sn
B sn l ph ph phm ca qu trnh ch bin tinh bt sn t c sn. B sn co c
im l cha nhiu tinh bt (khong 60%) nhng lai ngho cht protein. Do o, khi s dng
b sn nn trn v cho n thm ur hoc b u nnh. Nu cho thm bt s hay bt khong
vo hn hp th cht lng dinh dng s tt v cn i hn. Hn hp ny co th c s
dng thay th mt phn thc n tinh trong khu phn.
B sn co th c d tr kh lu, do mt phn tinh bt trong b sn b ln men v tao
ra pH= 4 -5. B sn ti co v hi chua, gia sc nhai lai thch n. V vy co th cho gia sc n
ti (mi ngy cho mi con b n khoang 10-15kg). Cng co th phi, sy kh b sn
lm nguyn liu phi ch thc n hn hp.
VII.2.5.4. R mt ng
R mt ng l ph phm ca qu trnh ch bin ng ma. Lng r mt thng
chim 3 % so vi ma ti. C ch bin 1000kg ma th ngi ta thu v 30kg r mt ma. Nh
vy, t mt hecta ma mi nm thu v trn 1300kg r mt. Do cha nhiu ng nn r mt l
ngun cung cp nng lng quan trng. Ngoi ra, no cn cha nhiu nguyn t khong a
lng v vi lng cn thit cho b sa.
R mt ng c s dng b sung ng khi chua thc n, l thnh phn chnh
33

---------------------------------------------------------trong bnh dinh dng hoc cho n ln vi rm la,...Do co v ngt nn b sa rt thch n.
Tuy nhin, mi ngy ch cho mi con b n 1-2kg r mt ng. Khng nn cho n nhiu
trn 2kg v r mt ng nhun trng v co th gy a chy. Nn cho n ri u trnh lm
gim pH da c t ngt gy c ch vi sinh vt phn gii x trong da c.
VII.2.5.5. Kh du
Kh du l mt nhom cc ph phm cn lai sau khi chit tch du t cc loai hat co
du v t cm da nh: kh du lac, kh du u tng, kh du bng, kh du vng, kh
du da,..Kh du l loai sn phm rt sn co nc ta v c xem nh l loai thc n
cung cp nng lng v protein cho b sa. Hm lng protein v gi tr nng lng trong
kh du ty thuc vo cng ngh tch chit du cng nh nguyn liu ban u. Nhn chung,
kh du u tng, kh du lac thng cha t canxi, photpho v vy khi s dng cn b
sung thm khong.
Co th cho b sa n kh du ring l hoc phi ch kh du vi mt s loai thc n khc
thnh thc n tinh hn hp.
VII.2.5.6. Cm go
Cm gao l ph phm ca xay xt gao v c dng ph bin trong chn nui gia sc
nhai lai. Thnh phn hoa hc v gi tr dinh dng ca cm gao ph thuc vo quy trnh xay
xt thoc, thi gian bo qun cm. Cm gao cn co mi thm, v ngt, gia sc nhai lai thch
n. Nhng cm gao lu, nht l trong iu kin bo qun km, du trong cm s b oxy
hoa, cm tr nn hi, kht, co v ng, thm ch b von cc, b mc v khng dng c na.
Cm gao co th c coi l loai thc n cung cp nng lng v protein. Tuy nhin
khng nn ch s dng cm gao trong khu phn, bi v hm lng canxi trong cm qu
thp. Cn b sung bt xng, bt s v mui n vo khu phn cha nhiu cm gao.
VII.2.5.7. Bt c
Bt c l thc n ng vt co cht dinh dng cao c ch bin t c ti hoc t
sn phm ph cng nghip ch bin c hp. Trong protein bt c co cha y axit amin
khng thay th: lyzin 7,5%, menthionin 3%, izolxin 4,8%,..Protein bt c sn xut nc
ta bin ng t 35 60%, khong tng s bin ng t 19,6 34,5% trong o mui 0,5
10%, canxi 5,5 8,7%, photpho 3,5 4,8%. Cc cht hu c trong bt c c gia sc, gia
cm tiu hoa v hp thu vi t l cao 85-90%.
B sung bt c vo cc loai thc n x th co tc dng rt tt nh kch thch vi sinh
vt da c pht trin v b sung protein thot ra. Bt c c phn gii chm trong da c nn
gop phn cung cp mt s axit amin, c bit l nhng axit amin co mach nhnh rt cn cho
vi sinh vt phn gii x. V bt c co t l thnh phn protein thot qua cao nn co th cung
cp trc tip axit amin tai rut cho vt ch.
VII.2.5.8. Bt tht xng
Bt tht xng c ch bin t xc gia sc, gia cm khng c dng lm thc
phm cho con ngi hoc t cc ph phm ca l m. Thnh phn dinh dng ca bt tht
xng thng khng n nh, ph thuc vo ngun nguyn liu ch bin. T l protein trong
bt tht xng t 30-50%, khong t 12-35%. Gi tr sinh hc ca protein trong bt tht
34

---------------------------------------------------------xng cng bin ng v ph thuc vo t l cc m lin kt trong nguyn liu. T l m
lin kt cng nhiu, gi tr sinh hc ca protein cng thp.
VII.2.5.9. Ht bng
Hat bng co hm lng protein v lipit cao nn co th coi l loai thc n tinh. Nhng
mt khc, x ca no tng ng vi c nu xt v mc tiu hoa ca da c. Phn ng ca
gia sc khi b sung hat bng thay i rt ln ph thuc vo khu phn c s. T l phn gii
cao ca protein hat bng lm cho hm lng amoniac trong da c tng cao. Nng lng gia
nhit ca hat bng thp nn co li khi gia sc n trong iu kin nhit mi trng cao.
Tuy nhin, do co hm lng lipit cao v co c t gosypol nn co th nh hng xu n
hoat lc ca vi sinh vt da c v han ch mc s dng.
Hin nay, ngi ta ngh mc b sung ch di 150g/kg thc n ca khu phn. Ch
bin, c bit l x l nhit co th lm tng t l lipit v protein khng b phn gii da c
v gim gosypol t do trong hat bng nn co th tng mc s dng trong khu phn. Nghin
v kim hoa co th lm tng t l tiu hoa ca hat bng.
VII.2.6. Mt s loi thc n khc
VII.2.6.1. C kh
C kh l loai thc n th xanh c sy kh hoc phi kh nh nng mt tri v
c d tr di hnh thc nh ng hoc ong bnh. y l bin php bo qun thc n
d thc hin, cho php ta d tr vi khi lng ln dng vo nhng thi im khan him.
Tuy nhin, gi tr dinh dng ca c kh lun thp hn gi tr dinh dng ca c chua.
VII.2.6.2. Rm la
Rm la l loai thc n th c dng ph bin cho tru b nc ta. T l gia rm
v thoc thng bin ng trong khong 0,7 1/1. Nh vy, vi tnh hnh trng la nc ta
hin nay, mi nm chng ta co th thu v khong 25 30 triu tn rm. Ngun ph phm
ny hin nay vn cha c tn dng mt cch hiu qu trong chn nui loai nhai lai m ch
yu dng lm cht t, phn bon, thm ch cn t chy ngoi ng gy lng ph v nhim
mi trng.
Thc t, tuy rm la cha nhiu cht x lignin hoa kho tiu hoa, ngho protein v
mui khong nhng sau khi thu hoach, c phi kh d tr cn thn vn c xem l
ngun thc n qu gi th qu gi cho b sa.
Rm la thng c s dng tng lng cht kh, m bo chon da dy, tng
lng kh trong khu phn nht l i vi khu phn thiu x. Do rm la co gi tr dinh
dng v t l tiu hoa thp nn hin nay, ngi ta thng p dng mt s bin php kim
hoa rm nh rm vi ur hoc dung dch amoniac. Vic x l ny khng nhng lm tng
t l tiu hoa ca rm m cn lm cho no mm ra, ng thi lm tng hm lng nit trong
rm, b sa thch n hn.
VII.2.6.3. C qu
Thc n c qu bao gm khoai lang, khoai ty, c rt, c ci, bu, b,...y l loai
thc n rt tt cho b sa. Chng co mi thm, v ngt, gia sc thch n. Thc n c qu co
35

---------------------------------------------------------hm lng nc, cht bt ng v vitamin C cao. Han ch ca chng l ngho protein, cht
bo, x v cc mui khong, kho bo qun v d tr lu di.
Do nhng c tnh trn, ngi ta thng dng thc n c qu ci thin nhng khu phn t
nc, nhiu x, ngho cht bt ng. Lng thc n c qu trung bnh mi ngy khong 45kg cho mt con b sa.
VII.2.7. Ngun nc
Loai thc n m b sa cn rt ln so vi b khng cho sa o l nc ung. iu
ny cng d hiu v thnh phn nc co trong sa b chim n 87,5%. Nh vy b sn xut
cng nhiu sa, nhu cu v lng nc ung vo s cng cao. Mt b can sa nhu cu nc
mi ngy ch t 40 70 lt/con trong khi mt b ang vt sa vi sn lng 20 kg/ngy cn
n 200 lt nc/ ngy.
VII.3. Chm sc v nui dng
VII.3.1. Nui dng b t 1 ngy tui n b trng thnh
1. B t 0-7 ngy tui :
Sa m trong 7 ngy u co nhiu Colostrum do thnh phn sa co khng th v nng
dinh dng cao nn phi cho b b khng nhp chung vo sa hng hoa. i vi b khai
thc sa khng c cho b b trc tip m phi vt sa ra x ri tp cho b ung trnh cho
b m co phn xa mt v rt kho vt sa sau ny.
- Cch cho b ung sa:
+ Nhng ngon tay vo sa ri b vo ming b cho b mt. T t ko dn ngon tay
xung x sa, b mt ngon tay s mt lun c sa vo ming. Tp khong 3-4 ln l b quen
s t ng ung sa trong x c.
u im: Nhanh, v sinh x chu d, tit kim.
Khu phn sa t 5 - 6 kg/ngy ty trng lng b s sinh.
2. B t 8-120 ngy tui:
Ngoi sa lm thc n chnh cn phi tp cho b n c, cm sm pht trin da c.
B 4 thng chun b giai oan cai sa phi b sung thm am, khong vi lng v a lng
vo khu phn.
Khu phn sa:
- B 08 - 30 ngy tui : 6 kg.
- B 30 - 60 ngy tui : 4 kg.
- B 60 - 90 ngy tui : 2 kg.
- B 90-120 ngy tui : 1 kg.
Ty iu kin chm soc nui dng m ta co th thay t t mt phn sa bng cho
bp hay tm... Nu b tiu chy phi cn i lai khu phn kp thi.
36

---------------------------------------------------------3. Giai on b cai sa n t l:
y l giai oan chuyn tip rt quan trng, nh hng n sc khe con ngi, tnh
trang k thut v bnh tt, s pht trin ca c th l nhng yu t nh hng trc tip n
tui thnh thc v sn lng sa ca b sau ny. Do o vic chm soc nui dng, ch n
ung, tm chi v vn ng phi thc hin tt v nghim ngt.
Khu phn cho b giai oan ny bao gm:
- Thc n tinh: cm hn hp (16 - 18% protein)
* 4 - 12 thng tui: 0,6 - 0,8 kg/con/ngy.
* T l: 1 - 1,2 kg/ngy.
- Thc n b sung bao gm mt, mui, Urea, nhng loai thc n ny thng b sung
vo ma nng, c kh khng dinh dng cho b bng cch ha nc ti vo c.
Ch : Ur ch b sung cho n 9 - 12 thng vi lng 15-20 gr/con chia 3 ln/ngy.
- Thc n th: C, rm cho n t do.
VII.3.2. Nui dng b vt sa
Yu cu: Cho sn lng sa cao, ng dc sm, trang thi sc khe tt. Khu phn:
Bao gm khu phn sn xut v khu phn duy tr.
* Khu phn sn xut:
0,4 n v thc n cho 01 kg sa (1 VT = 1 kg cm HH).
* Khu phn duy tr: 0,1 n v thc n cho 100 kg th trng.
Trong thc t ta ch cung cp cm cho khu phn sn xut cn khu phn duy tr cp
bng c, mt v.v...
Thc n xanh cho n t do (tng ng 10% trng lng c th).
Lng nc cn 40 - 50 lt nc/con/ngy. B co sn lng sa cao co th cn ti 100
- 120 lt nc tr ln. Ma kh b sung thm nng lng (r mt) v am (Urea 60 - 80
gr/con/ngy chia 3 ln).
VII.3.3. Nui dng b cn sa
Thi gian khai thc sa ko di khong 270-300 ngy. Tuy nhin mt s con co nng
sut sa cao, chm ln ging co th khai thc trn 300 ngy.
Thi gian b mang thai 9 thng 10 ngy th b . Ty theo bin ng sinh l trong
giai oan mang thai m thi im b tng hoc gim 5-6 ngy.
Khi b mang thai c 7 thng bt buc phi cho can sa, d nng sut nhiu hoc t
mc ch m bo sn lng sa, sc khe b m, sc khe b con trong la ti. Thc n
thi k ny phi km theo khu phn mang thai.
Nhng ngy sp v nhng ngy u sau khi , xt tnh trang sc khe ca tng
con m gim thc n kch thch tit sa (cm, mt v.v...)
37

---------------------------------------------------------Cch cn sa: B vt sa n thng mang thai th 7 bt buc can sa. Ty b sa
nhiu hoc t co th can sa theo 2 cch sau:
* i vi b 4-5 lt tr ln:Gim s ln vt trong ngy t 2 ln xung 1 ln/ngy hoc
2 - 3 ngy vt 1 ln.
* Thay i gi vt sa.
* Ct thc n tinh v thc n nhiu nc, han ch nc ung.
* i vi b 2 - 3 kg/ngy co th can sa bng cch 3-4 ngy vt 1 ln sau o sa
t tiu. Song song phi thay i iu kin sng v chm soc ca b nh trn. Thng xuyn
theo di, kim tra xem b co b vim hay khng.
Sau giai oan can sa, Cho b n lai khu phn bnh thng.
Thc n tinh: 1,5 kg/con/ngy.
Thc n th: T do.
Ma kh:B sung thm nng lng (mt ng)1,2-1,5 kg/con/ngy v am (Ura)
60 - 80 gr/con/ngy.
VII.3.4. Nui b sa cng ngh cao
Chung trai c xy dng theo cng ngh hin ai v tiu chun cao co h thng
mi chng nong, h thng quat lm mt trong chung, h thng dn phn t ng; nm
ngh ca b c lot nm v mng ung t ng thun tin cho vic v sinh
H thng vt sa hin ai v t ng. n b c cho n theo phng php trn
tng hp. Trang trai c u t h thng s l cht thi hin ai bo v mi trng. Mua
sm my vt sa, my bm c, my trn thc n, s dng cc ch phm kh mi hi v ng
dng cng ngh biogas x l cht thi...
VII.4. Chung tri v phng tr bnh
VII.4.1. Chung tri
Chung trai phi hp v sinh, thng thong ma h, m ma ng v co sn vn ng
cho b tin li cho vic qun l, chm soc v nui dng v m bo v sinh mi trng.
Mt chung trai tt phi tao cho b iu kin n, tt v s qun l chm soc n b sa d
dng v co hiu qu. Ngi chn nui ch at li nhun cao khi b sa cm thy thoi mi
(n, , ngh ngi, i lai) v no co nh hng trc tip n kh nng sn xut ca b (co th
tng lng thc n n vo, tiu ho tt hn v tip o l nng cao sn lng sa v nng xut
sinh sn, gim chi ph th y). Bn canh o, chung b phi c thit k sao cho co s an
ton cao nht i vi ngi chn nui. Trong khu chung trai cn thit k chung p vt
sa v phi ging cho b.
VII.4.2. Ma bnh chm sc
V sinh n ung: Thc n phi sach khng b thi, chua, mc, nc ung sach,
khng dng nc co ngun bnh dch.
38

---------------------------------------------------------V sinh thn th: Tm chy cho b thng xuyn nh k phun thuc dit ve cho b
(Dipterex 0,2%, Tactik 20 ml/8 lt nc v.v...). Sau mt thi gian nu ln thuc co th lun
phin thay i thuc khc.
Tiu c nh k mi thng 1 ln bng vi sng, Formol hoc St. Chung phi lun
kh ro, sach s.
* Tim phng mt s bnh: T huyt trng, L mm long mong.
* nh k kim tra pht hin bnh nht l cc bnh truyn nhim d ly lan cho
ngi.
39

----------------------------------------------------------
CHNG VIII: NH GI TC NG MI TRNG

VIII.1. nh gi tc ng mi trng
VIII.1.1. Gii thiu chung
Xy dng Trang trai chn nui b sa c xy dng tai huyn Cm Thy, tnh Thanh
Hoa vi din tch xy dng 70ha.
Mc ch ca nh gi tc ng mi trng l xem xt nh gi nhng yu t tch cc
v tiu cc nh hng n mi trng trong xy dng trang trai v khu vc ln cn, t o
a ra cc gii php khc phc, gim thiu nhim nng cao cht lng mi trng han
ch nhng tc ng ri ro cho mi trng v cho xy dng trang trai khi d n c thc thi,
p ng c cc yu cu v tiu chun mi trng.
VIII.1.2. Cc quy nh v cc hng dn v mi trng
Cc quy nh v hng dn sau c dng tham kho
- Lut Bo v Mi trng s 52/2005/QH11 c Quc hi nc CHXHCN Vit
Nam khoa XI k hp th 8 thng qua thng 11 nm 2005;
- Ngh nh s 80/2006/N-CP ca Chnh ph ngy 09 thng 8 nm 2006 v vic
quy nh chi tit v hng dn thi hnh mt s iu ca lut Bo v Mi trng;
- Ngh nh s 21/2008/N-CP ca Chnh ph ngy 28 thng 2 nm 2008 v Sa
i, b sung mt s iu ca Ngh nh s 80/2006/N-CP ngy 09 thng 8 nm 2006 cu
Chnh ph v vic quy nh chi tit v hng dn thi hnh mt s iu ca lut Bo v Mi
trng;
- Thng t s 05/2008/ TT-BTNMT ca B Ti nguyn v Mi trng ngy
18/12/2008 v vic hng dn v nh gi mi trng chin lc, nh gi tc ng mi
trng v cam kt bo v mi trng;
- Quyt nh s 62/Q-BKHCNMT ca B trng B Khoa hc Cng ngh v Mi
trng ban hnh ngy 09/8/2002 v vic ban hnh Quy ch bo v mi trng khu cng
nghip;
- Quyt nh s 35/Q-BKHCNMT ca B trng B Khoa hc Cng ngh v Mi
trng ngy 25/6/2002 v vic cng b Danh mc tiu chun Vit Nam v mi trng bt
buc p dng;
- Quyt nh s 23/2006/Q-BTNMT ngy 26/12/2006 v vic ban hnh Danh mc
cht thi nguy hai km theo Danh mc cht thi nguy hai;
-
Tiu chun mi trng do B KHCN&MT ban hnh 1995, 2001 & 2005;
- Quyt nh s 22/2006/Q-BTNMT ngy 18 thng 12 nm 2006 ca B Ti

Nguyn v Mi trng v vic bt buc p dng 05 Tiu chun Vit Nam v Mi trng v
bi b p dng mt s cc Tiu chun quy nh theo quyt nh s 35/2002/QBKHCNMT ngy 25 thng 6 nm 2002 ca B trng B KHCN v Mi trng;
VIII.2. Cc tc ng mi trng
40

---------------------------------------------------------VIII.2.1. Cc loi cht thi pht sinh
Trong qu trnh hoat ng, d n chn nui gia sc, gia cm thi ra ngoi mi trng
phn, nc tiu v thc n tha. Cc cht ny ong vai tr rt ln trong qu trnh gy
nhim mi trng chn nui. Bn thn cc cht thi ra trong qu trnh chn nui ny cha
nhiu nhn t c hai nhng co th quy ra 3 nhom chnh :
+ Cc vi sinh vt co hai
+ Cc cht c hai
+ Cc kh c hai
C 3 nhom yu t c hai ny co lin quan mt thit vi nhau v ph thuc rt nhiu
vo qu trnh chn nui cng nh bnh tt vt nui. Ngun gy nhim mi trng t cc
c s chn nui bao gm cht thi rn nh lng, phn, rc, thc n tha v cht thi lng nh
nc tiu, nc ra chung, v sinh mng n, mng ung, nc tm ra cho gia sc.
Trung bnh mt con b thi 3.5 7 kg phn v 50 - 150 lt nc thi.
Trong cht thi chn nui co nhiu cht gy nhim mi trng. Cc nh khoa hc
phn chia cc cht nhim trong cht thi chn nui thnh cc loai: cc cht hu c d b
phn hu sinh hc, cc cht hu c bn vng, cc cht v c, cc cht co mi, cc cht rn,
cc loai mm bnh ... Cc cht nhim ny co th tn tai c trong kh thi, nc thi, cht
thi rn.
VIII.2.2. Kh thi
Cc cht co mi
Cc cht co mi pht sinh t phn v nc thi, gy nhim khng kh. Khng kh

trong chung nui cha khong 100 hp cht kh (Haitung v Phillips,1994 ); H 2 v CO2 t
nhng ni cha phn lng di t co th gy nn s ng c cp tnh hoc mn tnh cho vt
nui. Mi phn c bit hi thi khi tch lu phn phn hu trong trang thi ym kh, kh
c hai to ra mi trng xung quanh nng cao co th gy nn ma, ngat th, ngt xu
hoc cht ngi. Lng NH3 v H2S vt qu gii han cho php s gy mi hi v kch thch
vt nui, c bit l ln ng h hp. Cc cht gy mi cn c nh gi bi hm lng
cht rn bay hi v m d tha trong cht thi. Cc cht d tha dang cha phn hu tao
iu kin cho vi sinh vt gy thi ra pht trin.
Cc cht kh nhim
CO2 l loai kh khng mu, khng mi v, nng hn khng kh (1.98 g/l). No c

sinh ra trong qu trnh th v cc qu trnh phn hu ca vi sinh vt. Nng cao s nh
hng xu n s trao i cht, trang thi chung ca c th cng nh kh nng sn xut v
sc chng bnh tt do lm gim lng oxy tn tai. Nng CO 2 s tng ln do kt qu
phn gii phn ng vt v do qu trnh h hp bnh thng ca ng vt trong mt khng
gian kn. V vy trong cc chung nui co mt cao v thng kh km, hm lng cacbonic
tng cao co th vt qu tiu chun v tr nn rt co hai i vi c th vt nui. Theo
Helbak v cng s (1978) tin hnh th nghim i vi g mi nui trong chung co
41

---------------------------------------------------------nng kh CO2 l 5% trong 24h thy g ngat th, r, ng khng vng, phn nhiu nc,
pH mu gim.
H2S l loai kh c tim tng trong cc chung chn nui gia sc gia cm. No c
sinh ra do vi sinh vt ym kh phn hu protein v cc vt cht hu c co cha Sunfua khc.
Kh thi H2S sinh ra c gi lai trong cht lng ca ni lu gi phn. Kh H 2S co mi rt
kho chu v gy c thm ch nng thp. Sc vt b trng c H 2S ch yu do b my
h hp ht vo, H2S tip xc vi nim mac m t, ho hp vi cht kim trong c th sinh
ra Na2S. Nim mac hp thu Na2S vo mu, Na2S b thu phn gii phong ra H2S s kch thch
h thng thn kinh, lm t lit trung khu h hp v vn mach. nng cao H 2S gy vim
phi cp tnh km theo thu thng. Khng kh cha trn 1mg/l H 2S s lm cho con vt b
cht trang thi t ngt, lit trung khu h hp v vn mach ( Ngc Ho,1995) (Dn theo
Bi Th Phng Ho). co v ng c i vi cng nhn chn nui do ht phi H 2S nng
cao trong cc chung chn nui. Ngi ta co th xc nh c mi H 2S nng rt
thp (0.025ppm) trong khng kh chung nui.
NH3 l mt cht kh khng mu, co mi kho chu, ngng gii han tip nhn mi l
37 mg/m3, t trng so vi khng kh l 0.59. No co mi rt cay v co th pht hin nng
5 ppm. Nng NH3 in hnh trong chung co mi trng c iu ho v thng thong
tt l 20 ppm v at 50 ppm nu phn tch t trn nn cng. Vo ma ng tc thng
gio chm hn th co th vt 50 ppm v co th ln n 100 200 ppm (Hi ng hat cc
Hoa K, 1996). Hm lng amoniac trong cc c s chn nui ph thuc vo s lng cht
thi, cht hu c tch t lai trong cc lp n chung, tc l ph thuc vo mt nui gia
sc, gia cm, m, nhit ca khng kh v ca lp n chung, nguyn liu v xp
ca lp n chung. Thng th khu vc bn cha nhiu NH 3 hn khu vc sach. Nng
ca NH3 c pht hin trong cc trai chn nui thng < 100 ppm.
CO l mt cht kh co hai trong khng kh chung nui. Trong khng kh bnh thng
CO nng l 0.02 ppm, trong cc ng ph l 13 ppm v nhng ni co mt giao
thng cao co th ln n 40 ppm. Loai kh ny gy c cho vt nui v con ngi do canh
tranh vi Oxy (O2) kt ni vi st trong hng cu. i lc lin kt ny cao hn 250 ln so vi
O2 do o no y oxy ra khi v tr ca no. Kh CO kt hp vi st ca hng cu tao thnh
kh carboxyhemoglobin lm cho O2 khng dc a ti m bo gy nn tnh trang thiu oxy
trong h hp t bo. Nng CO cao ti 250 ppm trong cc khu chn nui ln sinh sn co
th lm tng s lng ln con non, ln con ra b cht nhng xt nghim bnh l cho
thy khng co lin quan ti cc bnh truyn nhim.
CH4 Cht kh ny c thi ra theo phn do vi sinh vt phn gii ngun dinh dng
gm cc cht x v bt ng trong qun trnh tiu ho. Loai kh ny khng c nhng
nhng no cng gop phn lm nh hng ti vt nui do chim ch trong khng kh lm gim
lng oxy. iu kin kh quyn bnh thng, nu kh CH 4 chim 87-90% th tch khng
kh s gy ra hin tng kho th vt nui v co th dn n tnh trang hn m. Nhng quan
trng hn l nu hm hng kh metan ch chim 10-15% th tch khng kh co th gy n,
y l mi nguy him chnh ca kh metan.
VIII.2.3. Nc thi
42

---------------------------------------------------------Nc thi pht sinh t trang trai chn nui do lm v sinh chung trai, mng n, mng
ung, nc tm ra cho gia sc hng ngy, nc tiu do gia sc bi tit ra mi trng. Thnh
phn nc thi chn nui bin ng rt ln ph thuc vo quy m chn nui, phng php
v sinh, kiu chung trai v cht lng nc v sinh chung trai....Trong nc thi, nc
chim 75 95%, phn cn lai l cc cht hu c, v c v mm bnh. Cc cht hu c d b
phn hu sinh hc. Gm cc cht nh: Cacbonhydrat, protein, cht bo.... y l cht gy
nhim ch yu ca nc thi khu dn c, cng nghip ch bin thcphm, l m, ch bin
sa.Cht hu c tiu th xy rt manh, gy hin tng gim xy trong ngun tip nhn dn
n suy thoi v gim cht lng ngun nc.
Cc cht rn tng s trong nc
Bao gm cht rn l lng v cht rn ho tan, cht rn bay hi v cht rn khng bay
hi do cc cht keo protein, hydratcacbon, cht bo co trong nc thi hoc c tao ra khi
gp iu kin nh: pH, nhit , cng thch hp. Lng cht rn l lng cao trong nc
gy cn tr qu trnh x l cht thi. Cht rn l lng trong nc thi chn nui ch yu l
cn phn vt nui trong qu trnh v sinh chung trai, trong phn co Nitrogen, pht pht v
nhiu vi sinh vt. Phn ln N trong phn dang Amonium (NH 4+) v hp cht nit hu c.
Nu khng c x l th mt lng ln Amonium s i vo khng kh dang Amonia
(NH3). Nitrat v vi sinh vt theo nc thi ra ngoi mi trng co th nhim vo ngun nc
ngm v lm t b nhim.
Cc cht hu c bn vng
Bao gm cc hp cht Hydrocacbon, vng thm, hp cht a vng, hp cht co cha
Clo hu c trong cc loai ho cht tiu c kh trng nh DDT, Lindan.....cc cht ho hc
ny co kh nng tn lu trong t nhin lu di v tch ly trong c th cc loai sinh vt. Cc
cht v c. Bao gm cc cht nh Amonia, ion PO 43+ , K+, SO42- , Cl+. Kali trong phn l
cht lng tn tai nh mt loai mui ho tan, phn ln l t nc tiu gia sc bi tit ra
khong 90%. Kali trong thc n cng c gia sc bi tit ra ngoi. Ion SO 42- c tao ra do
s phn hu cc hp cht cha lu hunh trong iu kin hiu kh hoc ym kh.
(CH3)2S + 2H2 2CH4 + H2 ( ym kh)
CH3SH + O2 +H2O CH4 + H2SO4 (Mercaptan )
(CH3)2S + O2 +H2O CH4 + H2SO4 (hiu kh)
Clorua l cht v c co nhiu trong nc thi, nng Clorua vt qu mc 350mg/l
s gy nhim t, nc ngm v nc b mt........
Cc yu t vi sinh vt
Trong nc thi co cha mt tp on kh rng cc vi sinh vt co li v co hai, trong
o co nhiu loai trng k sinh trng, vi trng v virus gy bnh nh: E.coli, Salmonella,
Shigella, Proteus, Arizona.... Bnh thng, cc vi sinh vt ny sng cng sinh vi nhau trong
ng tiu ho nn co s cn bng sinh thi. Khi xut hin tnh trang bnh l th s cn bng
o b ph v, chng han nh gia sc b a chy th s lng vi khun gy bnh s nhiu hn
v ln p tp on vi khun co li.
43

---------------------------------------------------------Trong nhng trng hp vt nui mc cc bnh truyn nhim khc th s o thi vi
trng gy bnh trong cht thi tr nn nguy him cho mi trng v cho cc vt nui khc.
VIII.2.4. Cht thi rn
Cht thi rn t hoat ng chn nui bao gm phn, rc, cht n chung, thc n d
tha, xc gia sc cht hng ngy. T l cc cht hu c, v c, vi sinh vt trong cht thi ph
thuc vo khu phn n, ging, loi gia sc v cch dn v sinh.
Trong cht thi rn cha : nc 56 - 83%, cht hu c 1 - 26%, nit 0.32 1.6%, P
0.25 1.4%, K 0.15 0.95% v nhiu loai vi khun, virus, trng giun sn gy bnh cho
ngi v ng vt. Cc thnh phn trong cht thi rn co th khc nhau v t l cc thnh
phn ny cng khc nhau tu tng loai gia sc, gia cm. Ngoi mt s thnh phn nh trn
th trong cht thi rn cn cha mt s vi sinh vt gy bnh cho ngi v ng vt.
VIII.3. Bin php gim thiu tc ng mi trng
VIII.3.1. X l cht thi rn
Nguyn tc chung
Cht thi rn pht sinh trong qu trnh chn nui phi c thu gom gn gng sach s,
co ni thu gom, cha cht thi rn, thng cha phi bng vt liu bn, co np y kn, khng
r r, thm ht, chy trn. Thng xuyn dng ho cht, vi bt st trng ni cha cht
thi rn. Khng tn tr cht thi rn tai chung trai v ni thu gom ca c s qu 24 gi m
khng co bin php x l thch hp. Phng tin vn chuyn cht thi rn phi m bo kn,
khng r r, khng ri vi, khng thot mi hi. Cht thi rn sau khi x l phi m bo at
tiu chun mi trng theo quy nh. Tt nht nn xy hm Biogas x l cht thi rn v
tn dng c ngun cht t cho sinh hoat. Tuy nhin, i vi chn nui quy m nh (< 10
con ln) th phi xy dng b phn xanh. Hng ngy tin hnh thu gom phn rc tp
trung v h hoai mc trc khi s dng bon cho cy trng. Nn chung nui v h x l
cht thi phi c xy v lng xi mng d dng cho qu trnh c ra v sinh v trnh
c s thm thu cht lng ra ngoi mi trng, tao c ym kh ca h , gip phn
chong hoai mc.
Quy trnh phn xanh
phn xanh l qu trnh x l phn v cc cht thi rn bng cch trn ln vi vi bt
+ t bt + phn ln + l phn xanh (tt nht l cy ct ln, theo kinh nghim dn gian co tc
dng kh mi rt tt) hoc tru, hoai mc. Co 2 cch phn xanh nh sau:
- trn mt t bng cch ri mt lp vi bt pha trn mt t sau o di mt lp
phn, cht n ln. C mt lp phn dy 20-30 cm lai ri mt lp vi bt cho n khi ng
phn cao khong 1-1.2m th p kn bn ngoi bng mt lp bn dy khong 5-7cm.
- o h su 2-2.5m, chu vi h tu thuc vo lng cht thi cn x l. Ri mt lp
vi bt ln b mt ca h sau o a cht thi xung v lm tng t nh trn mt t,
khong cch t lp cht thi trn cng ti mt t l 50cm.
Sau khi tin hnh kh trng tiu c khu vc xung quanh bng vi bt, hoc cc
ho cht sau: Formol 2-3%, Xt 2-3%, Chloramin, Prophyl, Virkon, Biocid,...
44

---------------------------------------------------------Trong qu trnh , nh k 3- 5 ngy cn phi ly nc (tt nht l nc thi v sinh
chung trai) ti u trn b duy tr m v cugn cp thm dinh dng cho vi khun
k kh pht trin. Thng thng, sau khong 1 thng th phn xanh hoai ht, ly ra bon
cho cy trng.
H thng Biogas
Biogas l mt loai kh t sinh hc c tao ra khi phn hy ym kh phn thi ra ca
gia sc. Cc cht thi ca gia sc c cho vo hm kn (hay ti ), o cc vi sinh vt s
phn hy chng thnh cc cht mn v kh, kh ny c thu lai qua mt h thng ng dn
ti l t, phc v sinh hoat ca gia nh. Cc cht thi ra sau qu trnh phn hy trong
hm kn (hay ti ) gn nh sach v co th thi ra mi trng, c bit nc thi ca h
thng Biogas co th dng ti cho cy trng.
K thut x l bng b Biogas co nhiu cch, ph thuc vo nng sut s dng nh
ti sinh kh Biogas bng cht do, hm co np tri ni v hm co np c nh.
Tt nht nn chn v tr xy dng hm phn hu gn chung trai v h thng cp thot
nc thun tin. Co th xy dng ngay trong chung trai tit kim t.
VIII.3.2. X l nc thi
Nguyn tc chung
Phi m bo h thng thot nc v sinh chung trai lun khai thng, khng t
ng pht sinh mi hi, rui mui. Nc thi phi c x l bng hm t hoai, hm biogas,
ao lng lc v cc phng php khc m bo khng pht sinh mi hi hoc chy trn ra mi
trng xung quanh. Nc thi sau khi x l phi m bo at tiu chun theo quy nh. i
vi cc c s chn nui nh, h gia nh khng co h thng x l nc thi th ton b nc
thi trong qu trnh chn nui, v sinh chung trai,... phi c x l bng cc ho cht st
trng trc khi chy vo h thng thot nc chung. Ngoi ra co th xy dng h thng b
lng lc co trng cy thu sinh x l. i vi cc c s chn nui ln, nc thi trong
qu trnh chn nui, v sinh chung trai,... phi c x l qua h thng x l nc thi
trc khi thi ra ngoi, m bo v sinh an ton dch bnh, v sinh mi trng. Thng
thng, nc thi v sinh chung trai c x l cng vi cc cht thi rn trong hm
Biogas, tuy nhin phn nc thi sau Biogas thi ra vn lm nhim mi trng xung
quanh.
VIII.3.3. X l kh thi, mi hi
Thng xuyn v sinh chung trai gim thiu mi hi pht sinh trong qu trnh
chn nui. Kh thi trong qu trnh nui nht, tn tr cht thi phi c x l bng cc bin
php thch hp khng pht sinh mi hi nh hng n mi trng xung quanh.
VIII.3.4. Gim thiu cc tc ng khc
X l ting n: Cc khu vc tp trung ng dn c, chung trai phi co tng bao
quanh, xy dng cao ti thiu l 2m. Ting n phi x l at tiu chun theo quy nh TCVN
5949-1998.
45

---------------------------------------------------------- St trng, v sinh chung trai: nh k phun dipterex tr rui, mui, k sinh trng;
nh k ty u chung trai v mi trng chung quanh.
- Trng cy xanh tao bong mt v chn c gio lanh, gio nong, ngoi ra cy xanh
cn quang hp ht kh CO 2 v thi kh O2 rt tt cho mi trng chn nui. Nn trng cc
loai cy nh: nhn, vi, keo du, mung.
- Tiu c kh trng i vi phng tin vn chuyn gia cm, sn phm gia cm Trang b dng c bo h lao ng khi s dng hoa cht (phun thuc st trng, thuc ty u,
)
46

----------------------------------------------------------
CHNG IX: TNG MC U T D N

IX.1. C s lp tng mc u t
Tng mc u t cho d n u t xy dng nh my c lp da trn cc phng
n trong h s thit k c s ca d n v cc cn c sau y :
- Lut Xy dng s 16/2003/QH11 ngy 26/11/2003 ca Quc Hi Nc Cng ho
X hi Ch ngha Vit Nam;
- Lut thu thu nhp doanh nghip ca Quc Hi khoa XII k hp th 3, s
14/2008/QH12 Ngy 03 thng 06 nm 2008 ;
- Ngh nh s 12/2009/N-CP ngy 12/2/2009 ca Chnh ph v vic Qun l d n
u t v xy dng cng trnh;
- Ngh nh s 209/2004/N-CP ngy 16/12/2004 ca Chnh ph v vic Qun l cht
lng cng trnh xy dng v Ngh nh s 49/2008/N-CP ngy 18/04/2008 ca Chnh ph
v vic sa i b sung mt s iu ca Ngh nh 2009/2004/N-CP;
- Ngh nh s 99/2007/N-CP ngy 13/06/2009 ca Chnh ph v qun l chi ph
u t xy dng cng trnh;
- Ngh nh s 123/2008/N-CP ngy 08/12/2008 ca Chnh ph quy nh chi tit thi
hnh Lut thu gi tr gia tng;
- Ngh nh s 148/2004/N-CP ngy 23/07/2004 sa i, b sung Khon 1 iu 7
Ngh nh s 158/2003/N-CP;
- Thng t s 05/2007/TT-BXD ngy 27/05/2007 ca B Xy dng v vic Hng
dn vic lp v qun l chi ph d n u t xy dng cng trnh;
- Thng t s 129/2008/TT-BTC ngy 26/12/2008 hng dn thi hnh Ngh nh s
123/2008/N-CP;
- Thng t 130/2008/TT-BTT ngy 26/12/2008 hng dn thi hnh mt s iu ca
Lut Thu Thu Nhp Doanh Nghip.
- Thng t s 02/2007/TTBXD ngy 14/2/2007. Hng dn mt s ni dung v: lp,
thm nh, ph duyt d n u t xy dng cng trnh; giy php xy dng v t chc qun
l d n u t xy dng cng trnh;
- nh mc chi ph qun l d n v t vn u t xy dng km theo Quyt nh s
957/Q-BXD ngy 29/9/2009 ca B Xy dng;
- Thng t 33-2007-TT/BTC ca B Ti Chnh ngy 09 thng 04 nm 2007 hng
dn quyt ton d n hon thnh thuc ngun vn nh nc;
- Thng t 203/2009/TT-BTC ca B Ti Chnh ngy 20 thng 10 nm 2010 hng
dn ch qun l, s dng v trch khu hao ti sn c nh;
- Cc vn bn khc ca Nh nc lin quan n lp Tng mc u t, tng d ton v
d ton cng trnh.
IX.2. Ni dung tng mc u t
IX.2.1. Ni dung
Mc ch ca tng mc u t l tnh ton ton b chi ph u t xy dng D n
Nng trng b sa Cm Thy Thanh Hoa, lm c s lp k hoach v qun l vn u
t, xc nh hiu qu u t ca d n.
47

---------------------------------------------------------Tng mc u t ca d n bao gm: Chi ph xy dng v lp t, Chi ph my moc
thit b; Chi ph qun l d n; Chi ph t vn u t xy dng v cc khon chi ph khc;
D phng ph (bao gm tr li vay trong thi gian xy dng).
Chi ph xy dng v lp t
Chi ph xy dng bao gm xy dng chung trai khu vt sa, nh vn phng, nh my
hu c vi sinh biogas, h thng x l phn, xy dng h thng giao thng trong ni b trang
trai v ci tao t trng c.
Bng cc hng mc xy dng
VT : 1,000
Stt Hng mc
S
VT n Thnh tin VAT
Thnh
lng
gi
trc thu
tin sau
thu
I
Chi ph xy dng + lp
t
1
Xy chung b + khu vt 25,000 m
300
7,500,000.00 750000
8,250,000
sa
2
Vn phng
800
m
1,500 1,200,000.00 120000
1,320,000
3
Nh my hu c vi sinh, 12,000 m
100
1,200,000.00 120000
1,320,000
biogas
4
H thng x l phn
2,150
m
100
215,000.00
21,500
236,500
5
Cy xanh v thm thc vt 23,000 m
120
2,760,000.00 276000
3,036,000
6
Giao thng trang trai
24,850 m
100
2,485,000.00 248500
2,733,500
7
Giao thng trong ng c
18,000 m
200
3,600,000.00 360000
3,960,000
8
Ci tao khu vc trng c 594,200 m
20
11,884,000
1,188,400 13,072,400
cao sn
Tng cng
30,844,000
3,084,400 33,928,400
Chi ph my mc thit b
Chi ph mua my moc thit b phc v sn xut bao gm :
Bng cc my mc thit b u t
Stt
Hng mc
II
Chi ph trang thit b

my mc
Dy chuyn vt sa t
ng
H thng thanh trng sa
My cy John Deer 6000
H thng b nc cho b
tm
1
2
3
4
VT : 1,000
Thnh tin
VAT
trc thu
SL
VT
n gi
HT
1,200,000
3,600,000
360,000
3,960,000
1
3
1
HT
My
HT
840,000
137,000
375000
840,000
411,000
375,000
84,000
41,100
37500
924,000
452,100
412,500
Thnh
tin sau
thu
48

---------------------------------------------------------5
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
My trn ri thc n
TMR
Thit b lc nc t ng
Amiad
My lin hp trng c
Amiad
My ct c a nng
My bm
Tram bin p
My pht in 300KVA
H thng PCCC
Tng cng
My
50,000
50,000
5,000
55,000
50
My
45,000
2,250,000
225,000
2,475,000
HT
1,050,000
1,050,000
105,000
1,155,000
100
20
2
2
1
ci
ci
ci
My
HT
3,800
2,200
320,000
200,000
50,000
380,000
38,000
418,000
44,000
4,400
48,400
640,000
64,000
704,000
400,000
40,000
440,000
50,000
5,000
55,000
10,090,000 1,009,000 11,099,000
49

---------------------------------------------------------Theo quyt nh s 957/Q-BXD cng b nh mc chi ph qun l d n v t vn u t
xy dng cng trnh, lp cc chi ph nh sau:
Chi ph qun l d n
Chi ph qun l d n tnh theo nh mc chi ph qun l d n v t vn u t xy
dng cng trnh.
Chi ph qun l d n bao gm cc chi ph t chc thc hin cc cng vic qun l
d n t giai oan chun b d n, thc hin d n n khi hon thnh nghim thu bn giao
cng trnh vo khai thc s dng, bao gm:
Chi ph t chc lp d n u t.
Chi ph t chc thm nh d n u t, tng mc u t; chi ph t chc thm tra
thit k k thut, thit k bn v thi cng v d ton xy dng cng trnh.
Chi ph t chc la chn nh thu trong hoat ng xy dng;
Chi ph t chc qun l cht lng, khi lng, tin v qun l chi ph xy dng
cng trnh;
Chi ph t chc m bo an ton v v sinh mi trng ca cng trnh;
Chi ph t chc nghim thu, thanh ton, quyt ton hp ng; thanh ton, quyt ton
vn u t xy dng cng trnh;
Chi ph t chc nghim thu, bn giao cng trnh;
Chi ph khi cng, khnh thnh;
Chi ph qun l d n = (GXL+GTB)*2.086% =939,318,000(3)
GXL: Chi ph xy lp
GTB: Chi ph thit b, my moc
Chi ph t vn u t xy dng
Bao gm:
- Chi ph t vn lp d n u t;
- Chi ph lp thit k cng trnh;
- Chi ph thm tra thit k bn v thi cng, tnh hiu qu v tnh kh thi ca d n u
t, d ton xy dng cng trnh;
Chi ph lp h s yu cu, h s mi s tuyn, h s mi thu v chi ph phn tch
nh gi h s xut, h s d s tuyn, h s d thu la chn nh thu t vn, nh
thu thi cng xy dng, nh thu cung cp vt t thit, tng thu xy dng;
Chi ph gim st kho st xy dng, gim st thi cng xy dng v gim st lp t
thit b;
V cc khon chi ph khc nh: Chi ph qun l chi ph u t xy dng: tng mc
u t, d ton, nh mc xy dng, n gi xy dng cng trnh, hp ng; Chi ph t vn
qun l d n;
Chi ph lp d n = (GXL + GTB) x 0.68% = 306,072,000
Chi ph lp TKBVTC = GXL x 2.225% = 246,982,000
Chi ph thm tra TKBVTC = GXL x 0.173% = 58,547,000
Chi ph thm tra d ton = GXL x 0.231% = 78,375,000
Chi ph lp HSMT xy lp = GXL x 0.21% = 71,130,000
Chi ph lp HSMT mua my moc thit b: GTB x 0.276% = 30,619,000
50

--------------------------------------------------------- Chi ph gim st thi cng xy lp: GXL x 2.187% = 742,165,000
Chi ph gim st thi cng lp t thit b: GTB x 0.778% = 86,375,000
Chi ph kim nh ng b h thng thit b : GTB x 0.3% = 33,297,000
Chi ph t vn u t xy dng =1,653,561,000 (4)
Chi ph khc
Chi ph khc bao gm cc chi ph cn thit khng thuc chi ph xy dng; chi ph thit
b; chi ph qun l d n v chi ph t vn u t xy dng noi trn:
Chi ph bo him cng trnh;
Chi ph kim ton, thm tra, ph duyt quyt ton vn u t;
Chi ph lp bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng;
Chi ph bo him xy dng = GXL x 1.5% = 508,926,000
Chi ph kim ton= (GXL +GTB) x 0.27% = 121,724,000
Chi ph thm tra, ph duyt quyt ton vn u t = (GXL+GTB) x 0.175% =
78,873,000
Chi ph l p bo co nh gi tc n g mi trng = 55,000,000
Chi ph khc =764,523,000 (5)

Chi ph mua con ging
Chi ph b ra mua 500 con b l 20,350,000,000 ng (6)
D phng ph
D phng ph bng 10% chi ph xy lp, chi ph thit b, chi ph qun l d n, chi ph
t vn u t xy dng v chi ph khc ph hp vi Thng t s 05/2007/TT-BXD ngy
25/07/2007 ca B Xy dng v vic Hng dn lp v qun l chi ph d n u t xy
dng cng trnh.
Chi ph d phng= (GXl+ Gtb+Gqlda+Gtv+Gk+Gg)*10%=6,873,480,000 (7)
IX.2.2. Kt qu tng mc u t
Bng Tng mc u t
STT
HNG MC
I
II
III
IV
Chi ph xy dng
Chi ph my mc thit b
Chi ph qun l d n
Chi ph t vn u t xy
dng
Chi ph lp d n
Chi ph lp TKBVTC
Chi ph thm tra TKBVTC
1
2
3
GT
TRC
THU
30,844,000
10,090,000
853,926
1,503,237
278,248
224,529
53,224
VT: 1,000
VAT
GT
SAU THU
3,084,400
1,009,000
85,393
150,324
33,928,400
11,099,000
939,318
1,653,561
27,825
22,453
5,322
306,072
246,982
58,547
51

---------------------------------------------------------4
5
6
7
8
9
V
2
3
4
5
VI
IX
Chi ph thm tra d ton

Chi ph lp HSMT xy lp
Chi ph lp HSMT mua sm
thit b
Chi ph gim st thi cng xy
lp
Chi ph gim st lp t thit b
Chi ph kim nh ng b h
thng thit b
Chi ph khc
Chi ph bo him xy dng
Chi ph kim ton
Chi ph thm tra ph duyt
quyt ton
Bo co nh gi tc ng mi
trng
Chi ph con ging
CHI
PH
D
PHNG=Gcp*10%
TNG CNG NGUN VN
U T
71,250
64,663
27,835
7,125
6,466
2,784
78,375
71,130
30,619
674,695
67,470
742,165
78,523
30,270
7,852
3,027
86,375
33,297
695,021
462,660
110,658
71,703
69,502
46,266
11,066
7,170
764,523
508,926
121,724
78,873
50,000
5,000
55,000
18,500,000
6,248,618
1,850,000
624,862
20,350,000
6,873,480
68,734,802
6,873,480
75,608,283
CHNG X: NGUN VN U T - THC HIN D N

X.1. Ngun vn u t ca d n
X.1.1. Cu trc ngun vn v phn b vn u t
STT
1
2
3
4
5
Khon mc chi ph
Chi ph xy dng
Chi ph thit b
Chi ph t vn
Chi ph qun l d n
Chi ph khc
Thnh tin
trc thu
30,844,000
10,090,000
1,503,237
853,926
695,021
VT : 1,000
VAT
Thnh tin
sau thu
3,084,400
1,009,000
150,324
85,393
69,502
33,928,400
11,099,000
1,653,561
939,318
764,523
52

---------------------------------------------------------6
8
9
Chi ph con ging

D phng ph
Cng
Li vay trong thi gian xy
dng
18,500,000
6,248,618
68,734,802
1,850,000
624,862
6,873,480
Tng mc u t
20,350,000
6,873,480
75,608,283
6,465,942
82,074,225
X.1.2. Tin s dng vn

VT: 1,000
STT
Hng mc
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Chi ph xy dng
Chi ph my moc thit b
Chi ph t vn
Chi ph qun l d n
Chi ph khc
Chi ph con ging
D phng:
Cng
STT
Hng mc
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Chi ph xy dng
Chi ph my moc thit b
Chi ph t vn
Chi ph qun l d n
Chi ph khc
Chi ph con ging
D phng:
Cng
Qu II/2012
Qu
IV/2012
8,482,100
2,774,750
826,781
469,659
152,905
Qu
III/2012
8,482,100
2,774,750
826,781
469,659
152,905
1,374,696
19,788,240
1,374,696
14,080,890
1,374,696
12,784,451
Qu I/2013
Qu II/2013
16,964,200
2,774,750
2,774,750
152,905
152,905
20,350,000
1,374,696
24,652,351
1,374,696
4,302,351
152,905
Tng cng
33,928,400
11,099,000
1,653,561
939,318
764,523
20,350,000
6,873,480
75,608,283
X.1.3. Ngun vn thc hin d n

VT: 1,000
STT
1
2
Hng mc
Vn ch s hu
Vn vay ngn hng
Cng
Qu II/2012
Qu III/2012
Qu IV/2012
7,915,296
5,632,356
5,113,780
11,872,944
19,788,240
8,448,534
14,080,890
7,670,670
12,784,451
53

---------------------------------------------------------STT
Hng mc
Qu I/2013
Qu II/2013
Tng
T l (%)
Vn ch s hu
1,720,940
9,860,940
30,243,313
40%
Vn vay ngn hng

Cng
2,581,410
4,302,351
14,791,410
24,652,351
45,364,970
75,608,283
60%
100%
Vi tng mc u t 75,608,283,000 ng ( By mi lm t su trm l tm triu

hai trm tm mi ba ngn ng).
Trong o: Ch u t b vn 40% tng u t tng ng vi s tin 30,243,313,000
ng. Ngoi ra cng ty d nh vay ca Ngn hng 60% trn tng vn u t, tc tng s
tin cn vay l 45,364,970,000 ng. Ngun vn vay ny d kin vay trong thi gian 40 qu
vi li sut d kin theo mc li sut chung hin nay l 19%/nm.
Phng thc vay vn: n gc c n han trong thi gian xy dng, ch tr li vay
theo d n u k v vn vay trong k. Bt u tr n t khi d n i vo hoat ng qu
III/2013. Tr n gc u hng nm v li vay tnh theo d n u k.
Tin rt vn vay v tr li vay c trnh by bng sau:
HNG MC
N u k
Vay trong k
Tr n
- Li vay
- Vn gc
N cui k
Qu II/2012 QuIII/2012
QuIV/201
2
Qu I/2013
Qu II/2013
11,872,944
8,448,534
965,270
965,270
20,321,478
7,670,670
1,329,627
1,329,627
27,992,149
2,581,410
1,452,244
1,452,244
30,573,559
14,791,410
2,154,836
2,154,836
20,321,478
27,992,149
30,573,559
45,364,970
11,872,944
563,965
563,965
11,872,944
S vn vay ny k vng s c gii ngn nhiu ln vo u mi qu, vi tng s tin l

45,364,970,000 ng. Trong thi gian xy dng cui mi qu s tr ton b li vay ch cha
tr vn gc v cha co ngun doanh thu, vi tng li vay trong thi gian xy dng l
6,465,942,000 ng. Li vay trong thi gian xy dng c chi tr bng s tin d phng ph
hoc t ngun vay vn ngn hng.
Khi d n i vo khai thc kinh doanh, co ngun thu s bt u tr vn gc. Thi gian
tr n theo tng qu d tnh trong 40 qu vi li sut 19%/nm, s tin phi tr mi qu bao
gm li vay v vn gc vi nhng khon vn gc u mi qu.
Qua hoach nh ngun doanh thu, chi ph v li vay theo k hoach tr n cho thy d
n hoat ng hiu qu, co kh nng tr n ng han rt cao, mang lai li nhun ln cho nh
u t v cc i tc hp tc nh ngn hng.
K hoach vay tr n theo cc k c th hin c th qua bng k hoach vay tr n
trong phn ph lc.
X.1.4. Phng n hon tr vn vay v chi ph li vay
54

---------------------------------------------------------Phng n hon tr vn vay c xut trong d n ny l phng n tr li v n
gc nh k hng nm t khi bt u hoat ng d n. Phng n hon tr vn vay c th
hin c th tai bng sau:
VT: 1,000
T l vn vay
60%
S tin vay
45,364,970
Thi han vay
40
Qu
n han
5
Qu
Li vay
4.75%
/Qu
Thi han tr n
35
Qu
Bng lch tr n
Qu III
45,364,970
VT: 1,000
2014
Qu IV
Qu I
Qu II
Qu III
Qu IV
44,068,828 42,772,686 41,476,544 40,180,402 38,884,260
3,450,978
2,154,836
1,296,142
44,068,828
3,389,411 3,327,845 3,266,278 3,204,711 3,143,144

2,093,269 2,031,703 1,970,136 1,908,569 1,847,002
1,296,142 1,296,142 1,296,142 1,296,142 1,296,142
42,772,686 41,476,544 40,180,402 38,884,260 37,588,118
2013
HNG MC
N u k
Vay trong k
Tr n
- Li vay
- Vn gc
N cui k
HNG MC
N u k
Vay trong k
Tr n
- Li vay
- Vn gc
N cui k
Qu I
37,588,118
2015
Qu II
Qu III
36,291,976 34,995,834
Qu IV
33,699,692
3,081,578
1,785,436
1,296,142
36,291,976
3,020,011
1,723,869
1,296,142
34,995,834
2,896,877
1,600,735
1,296,142
32,403,550
2,958,444
1,662,302
1,296,142
33,699,692
Hng qu ch u t phi tr vn gc cho s tin i vay l 1,296,142,000 ng v s

tin ny tr trong 35 qu tip theo. Cn s li vay ch u t s tr km vi li gc da vo
d n u k ca mi qu. Theo d kin th n qu I/2022 ch u t s hon tr n ng
han cho ngn hng.
X.2. Tnh ton chi ph ca d n
X.2.1. Chi ph nhn cng
i ng qun l v nhn s d kin ca d n gm 44 ngi, trong o :
- Ban gim c chu trch nhim qun l chung gm :
+ Tng gim c : 1 ngi
Chu trch nhim chnh i vi ton b hoat ng ca nng trng.
55

---------------------------------------------------------+ Gim c : 1 ngi
Ph trch v chu trch nhim v hoat ng ca nng trng, bo co trc tip cho
Tng Gim c.
- B phn hnh chnh: 2 ngi
Chu trch nhim t chc hoat ng v iu phi cng vic do Gim c phn cng.
- B phn bo v: 2 ngi
Chu trch nhim bo v ti sn chung v gi gn trt t cho c nng trng.
- B phn nhn s - tin lng: 2 ngi
Ph trch nhn s v chu trch nhim tin lng ca cng nhn vin..
- B phn k ton: 2 ngi
Chu trch nhim v thu chi theo ng k hoach v phng n kinh doanh ca Gim
c a ra.
- B phn ph trch chung: 3 ngi
Chu trch nhim trng coi, iu phi mi hoat ng ca nng trng thng qua
kin ca Ban gim c.
- Lao ng ph thng: 30 ngi
Tham gia trc tip vo tng khu sn xut nng trng.
- Y t: 1 ngi
Chm soc sc khe, bo m an ton cho ngi lao ng nng trng.
Chi ph nhn cng hng nm bao gm lng ca cn b cng nhn vin, ph cp v
cc khon chi ph BHXH,BHYT, tr cp khc.,mi nm chi ph ny c tnh trung bnh
khong 2,106,000,000 ng, lng nhn vin tng khong 3%/nm. Chi lng c th nh
bng sau:
VT: 1,000
Chi ph
Chi
ph
Lng
Tng
Tng
Ph
BHXH,
BHXH,
TT Chc danh
SL
CB
lng
lng
cp
BHYT
BHYT
thng
nm
(thng)
(nm)
2
6,500 500
14,000
2,800
182,000
36,400
1
Ban gim c
2
3,500 500
8,000
1,600
104,000
20,800
2
Hnh chnh
3,500 500
8,000
1,600
104,000
20,800
3
Nhn s - tin lng 2
2
3,000 500
7,000
1,400
91,000
18,200
4
K ton
3
4,500 500
15,000
3,000
195,000
39,000
5
Ph trch chung
2
2,000 500
5,000
1,000
65,000
13,000
6
Bo v
30
2,000 500
75,000
15,000
975,000
195,000
7
Lao ng PT
1
2,500 500
3,000
600
39,000
7,800
8
Y T
44
135,000
27,000
1,755,000 351,000
Tng chi lng
X.2.2. Chi ph hot ng
Chi ph hoat ng bao gm chi ph hoat ng ca trung tm v nh my sn xut, c
th
Chi ph thc n
56

---------------------------------------------------------Chi ph thc n cho b bao gm cc loai nguyn liu tao ra thc n tng hp, b bia,
xc m, rm, thuc v chi ph cho cc loai thc n khc. Lng thc n c th hin c th
qua bng chi ph thc n nh sau:
VT: 1,000
Hng mc
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
S lng b
500
560
835
1,221
1,438
n gi thc n/ngy/con 64
65
66
68
69
1
+Thc n tng hp/1 36.0
36.7
37.5
38.2
39.0
ngy/1 con
S lng (kg)
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
n gi (1,000/kg)
6.0
6.1
6.2
6.4
6.5
2
+ B bia/1 ngy/1 con
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
S lng (kg)
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
n gi (1,000/kg)
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.1
1.1
3
+ Xc m/1 ngy/ 1 con
4.6
4.7
4.9
5.1
5.3
S lng (kg)
6.5
6.6
6.8
6.9
7.0
n gi (1,000/kg)
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.8
4
+ Rm/ 1 ngy/1con
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
6.0
S lng (kg)
5.5
5.5
5.5
5.5
5.5
n gi (1,000/kg)
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.1
1.1
5
+ C/1 ngy/ 1 con
6.0
6.1
6.2
6.4
6.5
S lng (kg)
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
n gi (1,000/kg)
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
7
+ Thuc/ 1 ngy/ 1 con
4.0
4.1
4.2
4.2
4.3
8
Chi ph cc thc n khc
3.0
3.1
3.2
3.2
3.3
TNG CNG
5,801,447 13,275,067 20,220,858 30,201,901 36,336,585
Chi ph qung co, tip th
Chi ph hoat ng ny s c trch ra t 1% doanh thu hng nm, chi ph qung co tip th
nm u tin l 107,970,000 ng.
Chi ph in nc
Chi ph in nc bng 4% doanh thu mi nm, tng chi ph hai qu III v IV ca
nm u hoat ng l 431,880,000 ng.
Chi ph bo tr my mc thit b
Chi ph ny c tnh bng 2% chi ph mua my moc thit b, tng 3%/ nm.
Chi ph bo him my mc, thit b
Chi ph mua bo him cho cc loai my moc, thit b s dng bng 1% gi tr my
moc thit b, chi ph ny tng 3%/nm.
Chi ph qu phc li, BHYT, BHXH, tr cp tht nghip, khen thng
57

---------------------------------------------------------Theo quy nh, chi ph ny khong 25% chi ph lng, chi ph ny theo quy nh gm
20% chi BHYT, BHXH v 5% chi cho cc khon tr cp khen thng, c tnh nm u tin
khong 219,375,000 ng/nm.
Chi ph khc
Chi ph ny chim 10% cc loai chi ph t d n.
BNG TNG HP CHI PH HOT NG CA D N
VT: 1,000
Nm
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
Hng mc
1
2
3
4
5
Chi ph tip th qung co
107,970
436,629
556,464
636,889
805,559
Chi ph in, nc
431,880
1,746,518 2,225,857 2,547,556 3,222,235
Chi ph bo tr my moc
110,990
114,320
117,749
121,282
124,920
thit b
Ph bo him
55,495
114,320
117,749
121,282
124,920
Qu phc li, bo him
219,375
451,913
465,470
479,434
493,817
tht
nghip,
tr cp, khen thng
Chi ph thc n
5,801,447 13,926,967 22,703,059 32,230,844 38,442,186
Chi ph khc
672,716
1,679,067 2,618,635 3,613,729 4,321,364
TNG CNG
7,399,873 18,469,733 28,804,984 39,751,015 47,535,001
CHNG XI: HIU QU KINH T -TI CHNH

XI.1. Cc gi nh kinh t v c s tnh ton
Cc thng s gi nh trn dng tnh ton hiu qu kinh t ca d n trn c s tnh
ton ca cc d n trin khai, cc vn bn lin quan n gi bn, cc ti liu cung cp t
Ch u t, c th nh sau:
- Thi gian hoat ng ca d n l 50 nm. Tuy nhin nh gi tnh kh thi ca d
n v tnh chnh xc cho qu trnh hoat ng ca d n ch u t s phn tch ti chnh
trong vng 20 nm, d qu III nm 2013 d n s i vo hoat ng;
- Vn ch s hu 40%, vn vay 60%;
- Cc h thng my moc thit b cn u t m bo cho d n hoat ng tt;
- Doanh thu ca d n c t sn xut cc sn phm nh sa ti cung cp cho nh
my ch bin cc sn phm sa, sa ti thanh trng phc v cho ngi dn a phng,
ging b cao sn cht lng cao v b tht b c v b loai thi.
- Chi ph khu hao Ti sn c nh: p dng phng php khu hao theo ng
thng, thi gian khu hao s c tnh ph thuc vo thi gian d bo thu hi vn. Trong
tnh ton p dng thi gian khu hao theo ph lc nh km.
58

---------------------------------------------------------- Li sut vay i vi ni t tam tnh: 19%/nm; Thi han tr n 40 qu, tr 1 nm 4
ln c gc v li;
- Thu thu nhp doanh nghip ca d n thu sut p dng l 25%.
XI.2. Doanh thu t d n
nm u hoat ng, s lng b cho sa l 300 con trong tng s 500 con, t l ny
chim 60%, sang nm tip theo c 500 con u t u cho sa chim 95%, tuy nhin
nhng nm sau khi s lng n b tng ln th t l b cho sa at mc n nh l 85%
trong tng n b trng thnh. Nm u tin ch hoat ng 2 qu cui nn s ngy cho
sa 153 ngy, cc nm sau mi chu k cho sa ca b l 300 ngy. Cng sut cho sa nm
u tin 80%, nm 2014 cng sut tng ln 90% v at cng sut ti a 100% cc nm sau.
S lng n b tng t nhin bng s lng b nm trc v s lng b con sinh ra
mi nm. S lng n b tng thm do s lng b trng thnh tao ra vi t l sinh c
tnh chim 70%.
Trong tng n b tng t nhin o bao gm: S lng b trng thnh, s lng b
loai thi v s lng b con sinh ra. S lng b trng thnh mi nm bng s b trng
thnh ca nm trc v s lng b mi, c tnh s lng ny chim 25% tng s b con
trong n b nm trc c gi lai pht trin s lng n b. S b con ca mi nm s
c chm soc v bn ging cao sn chim 25%, 50% s b c cn lai thanh l thnh tht.
D kin sau 5 nm hoat ng, d n s co b loai thi, t l b loai thi bng 10%
tng n b ca mi nm.
Doanh thu ca d n bao gm sa cung cp cho cc nh my ch bin, sa thanh
trng phc v cho ngi dn a phng, cung cp ging b sa cao sn cht lng cao, tht
b sa loai thi v tht b t c.
Sa cung cp cho cc nh my ch bin
Ngun sa cung cp cho cc nh my d kin chim 70% trong tng s sa thu c
ca nng trng.
Doanh thu = tng s lng sa x 70% x n gi
Sa thanh trng phc v cho ngi dn a phng
Ngun sa ny chim 30% tng lng sa ca nng trng
Doanh thu = tng s lng sa x 30% x n gi
Cung cp ging b sa cao sn cht lng cao
Ngun thu ny co c bt u t nm hoat ng th 2, khi tng s lng n b tng
ln, c tnh b bn ging cao sn chim khong 25% s lng b t sinh ra.
Doanh thu = S b t x 25% x n gi/con
Tht b sa loi thi
59

---------------------------------------------------------Doanh thu t tht b sa loai thi bt u t nm th 5, s lng b loai thi c tnh
chim 10% trong tng s lng n b.
Doanh thu = khi lng b loi thi x n gi/kg
Tht b t c
B t c chim khong 50% s lng b t mi sinh ra mi nm
Doanh thu = khi lng b t c x n gi/kg
Sau y l bng tng hp doanh thu ca d n qua cc nm:
Stt
HNG MC
S lng n b tng t
nhin (con)
S lng b con
S lng b sa trng
thnh
S lng b thanh l
(con)
T l b cho sa/tng
n b trng thnh
S lng b cho sa
Khi
lng
sa/ngy/con
Cng sut cho sa
S ngy cho sa
S lng sa (kg)
1 Cung cp cho cc nh
my ch bin
Sn lng sa (kg)
n g (1,000/kg)
2 Bn l sa ti thanh
trng
S lng sa (kg)
n g (1,000/kg)
3 Ging b sa cao sn
cht lng cao
S con
n g/con
4 Bn tht
2013
1
500
2014
2
850
2015
3
1,200
500
350
500
350
588
VT: 1,000
2016
2017
4
5
1,611
2,084
411
675
473
778
208
60%
95%
90%
85%
85%
300
20
475
20
529
20
574
20
484
20
80%
153
732,000
90%
300
2,565,000
100%
300
3,172,500
100%
300
3,442,500
100%
300
2,904,131
6,405,000 23,565,938 30,604,711 34,869,836 30,887,410

512,400 1,795,500 2,220,750 2,409,750 2,032,892
12.50
13.13
13.78
14.47
15.19
4,392,000 16,159,500 20,986,088 23,910,744 21,179,938
219,600
20.00
-
769,500
21.00
1,312,500
951,750
22.05
1,351,875
1,032,750
23.15
1,636,107
88
15,000
3,937,500
88
15,450
4,055,625
103
118
15,914
16,391
4,908,320 28,488,527
871,239
24.31
1,936,176
60

---------------------------------------------------------4.1 Thanh l b sa loi
- 22,680,000
thi
Khi lng (kg)
141,750
n gi/kg
160
4.2 B t c
3,937,500 4,055,625 4,908,320 5,808,527
S con b t c
175
175
206
236
Khi lng (kg)
26,250
26,250
30,844
35,438
n gi/kg
150
155
159
164
TNG CNG
10,797,000 43,662,938 55,646,423 63,688,900 80,555,875
XI.3. Cc ch tiu kinh t ca d n
Bo co thu nhp ca d n:
Nm
Doanh thu
Chi ph
Chi ph sx kinh doanh
Chi ph khu hao
Chi ph li vay
Lng nhn vin
Li nhun trc
thu
Thu TNDN (25%)
Li nhun sau thu
2013
2014
2015
10,797,000 43,662,938 55,646,423
17,602,152 31,038,707 40,423,990
7,399,873 18,469,733 28,804,984
1,469,594
3,056,565
3,056,565
7,855,185
7,757,410
6,772,342
877,500
1,755,000
1,790,100
(6,805,152) 12,624,230 15,222,433
(6,805,152)
3,156,058
9,468,173
VT: 1,000
2016
2017
63,688,900 80,555,875
50,420,756
57,256,192
39,751,015
47,535,001
3,056,565
3,056,565
5,787,274
4,802,206
1,825,902
1,862,420
13,268,144
23,299,683
3,805,608
11,416,825
3,317,036
9,951,108
5,824,921
17,474,762
Trong nm u tin v d n hoat ng hai qu cui nm v ch co 300 con cho sa

trong tng n b 500 con nn ngun doanh thu mang lai cho d n khng cao, khng mang
lai li nhun cho ch u t. Nhng nhng nm tip theo, doanh thu ca d n tng ln do
cng sut hoat ng ngy cng tng, ng thi co sn th trng u v th mang lai li
nhun cao cho ch u t. Ban Gim c d n cng t ra cc phng n sn xut hp l
nng trng co th hoat ng n nh, hiu qu v lu bn cng vi d n.
Bng bo co ngn lu:
Nm
NGN LU VO
Doanh thu
Vay ngn hng
Tng ngn lu vo
NGN LU RA
Chi ph u t ban u
2012
0
2013
1
27,992,149
27,992,149
10,797,000
17,372,821
28,169,821
46,653,581
28,954,701
2014
2
VT: 1,000
2015
3
2016
4
43,662,938
55,646,423
63,688,900
43,662,938
55,646,423
63,688,900
61

---------------------------------------------------------Chi ph hoat ng
Chi ph nhn cng
N vay
Tng ngn lu ra
Ngn lu rng trc
thu
Thu TNDN
Ngn lu rng sau thu
H s chit khu
Hin gi ngn lu rng
Hin gi tch lu
NPV
IRR
Tpb
7,399,873
877,500
2,858,862
10,447,469
49,512,443
46,802,043
(21,520,295) (18,632,223)
(21,520,295)
1.00
(21,520,295)
(21,520,295)
29,640,709
33%
8
18,469,733
1,755,000
5,184,568
23,654,301
20,008,637
28,804,984
1,790,100
11,956,910
40,761,894
14,884,530
39,751,015
1,825,902
10,971,842
50,722,857
12,966,043
3,156,058
3,805,608
3,317,036
(18,632,223) 16,852,579
11,078,922
9,649,007
0.81
0.66
0.54
0.44
(15,148,148)
11,139,255
5,953,634
4,215,627
(36,668,443) (25,529,188) (19,575,554) (15,359,927)
nm
TT
1
Ch tiu
Tng mc u t
75,608,238,000
Gi tr hin tai thun NPV
29,640,709,000
T sut hon vn ni b IRR (%)
Thi gian hon vn
33%
8 nm
nh gi
Hiu qu
Vng i hoat ng ca d n l 50 nm tuy nhin thi gian phn tch hiu qu ti

chnh ca d n trong vng 20 nm k t nm bt u xy dng.
Dng tin thu vo bao gm: tng doanh thu hng nm; ngun thu t vn vay ngn
hng; gi tr ti sn thanh l.
Dng tin chi ra gm: cc khon chi u t ban u nh xy lp,mua sm MMTB; chi
ph hoat ng hng nm (khng bao gm chi ph khu hao); chi ph nhn cng; chi tr n vay
ngn hng gm c li vay v vn gc; tin thu np cho ngn sch Nh Nc.
Vi sut sinh li Ch u t k vng s ln hn li vay m bo kh nng thanh
ton n vay l re = 23%
Da vo kt qu ngn lu vo v ngn lu ra, ta tnh c cc ch s ti chnh, v kt
qu cho thy:
Hin gi thu nhp thun ca d n l :NPV = 29,640,709,000 ng >0
Sut sinh li ni tai l: IRR = 33%
Thi gian hon vn tnh l 8 nm (bao gm c 1 nm u t xy lp)
62

---------------------------------------------------------Qua qu trnh hoach nh, phn tch v tnh ton cc ch s ti chnh trn cho thy d
n mang lai li nhun cao cho ch u t, sut sinh li ni b cng cao hn s k vng ca
nh u t, v kh nng thu hi vn nhanh.
XI.4. nh gi hiu qu kinh t - x hi
D n Nng trng b sa Cm Thy Thanh Hoa co nhiu tc ng tch cc n s
pht trin kinh t x hi. ong gop vo s pht trin v tng trng ca nn kinh t quc dn
noi chung v ca khu vc noi ring. Nh nc v a phng co ngun thu ngn sch t
Thu GTGT, Thu Thu nhp doanh nghip, thu xut khu. Tao ra cng n vic lm cho
ngi lao ng v thu nhp cho ch u t;
Khng ch tim nng v mt th trng lnh vc mi trng, d n cn rt kh thi
qua cc thng s ti chnh nh NPV = 29,640,709,000 ng ; Sut sinh li ni b l: IRR =
33% ; thi gian ho vn sau 8 nm k c nm xy dng. iu ny cho thy d n mang lai
li nhun cao cho nh u t, nim tin ln khi kh nng thanh ton n vay cao v thu hi
vn u t nhanh. Thm vo o, d n cn ong gop rt ln cho ngn sch Nh Nc v gii
quyt mt lng ln lc lng lao ng cho c nc.
CHNG XII: KT LUN V KIN NGH

XII.1. Kt lun
Theo T chc Nng lng th gii (FAO), chn nui b sa co kh nng canh tranh
ln, tr thnh cng c manh trong vic gim ngho, b sung dinh dng v ci thin sinh k
cho ngi ngho nhiu nc ang pht trin. Do o vic thc hin u t D n Nng
trng b sa Cm Thy Thanh Hoa s gop phn ng k trong vic chuyn i c cu sn
xut nng nghip, tao vic lm, tng thu nhp, ci thin i sng ngi dn a phng,
nhiu h xoa ngho v vn ln lm giu, nhiu h tch ly tng quy m nui tr thnh
doanh nghip, trang trai nui b sa. Bn canh o, chn nui b sa cng cung ng ngun
nguyn liu sa ti quan trng cho cc nh my ch bin sa, p ng yu cu th trng
ngy cng tng trn c nc v tit kim ngoai t nhp khu, xy dng nng thn mi ca
tnh cng nh c nc.
Cng ty C Phn u T Ha Tng Intracom chng ti khng nh d n trang trai
chn nui b sa Cm Thy p ng c nhu cu v li ch kinh t - x hi. Ring v mt
ti chnh c nh gi rt kh thi thng qua k hoach vay vn s dng vn, chi ph u t,
chi ph hoat ng v ngun doanh thu co cn c da vo phn tch iu kin kinh t tnh hnh
th trng trong v ngoi nc.
XII.2. Kin ngh
Cn c kt qu nghin cu v phn tch, chn nui b sa l mt ngh co hiu qu
kinh t cao, gop phn tao vic lm, tng thu nhp, nng cao i sng cho nng dn. Bn canh
63

---------------------------------------------------------o, d n nhm kch thch v thu ht ngi tiu dng s dng sn phm sa co ngun gc
ni a chm soc sc khe v kch cu ni a. Do vy chng ti xin c kin ngh mt
s kin sau:
- Tao iu kin thun li giao t, thu t theo quy nh ca php lut v t ai, c
u i cao nht v thu tin s dng t v thi gian s dng t tao c hi cho n b sa
co thc n th mt cch ch ng v cht lng. ng thi, yu t t ai cn l nhn t
quan trng quyt nh n nng sut sa ca n b v l ng lc thc y n b sa pht
trin.
- Cc c quan cn hng dn r nhng qui nh php lut, trnh t, th tc cp pht,
thanh quyt ton ngun kinh ph h tr nhm tao iu kin cho d n c trin khai trong
thi gian sm nht.
- u i v kinh ph vay vn, con ging v ngun tiu th sn phm vi gi thnh hp
l. Trin khai co hiu qu chng trnh xc tin thng mai nhm pht trin th trng sa
trong v ngoi nc. Bn canh o, Nh nc h tr chnh sch bo him sn xut vt nui
khc phc ri ro v thin tai, dch bnh, gi c.
- Cc t chc, c quan cn hon thnh vic xy dng tiu chun, quy chun k thut
cho tng loai nguyn liu, sn phm ca ngnh chn nui ph hp vi thng l quc t.
D n ny co lin quan mt thit n s pht trin ca Cng ty C Phn u T Ha Tng
Intracom chng ti, knh ngh cp co thm quyn sm xem xt ph duyt d n lm
trin khai cc bc tip theo.
Thanh Ha, ngy
thng nm 2011
CH U T
64

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CNG HA X HI CH NGHA VIT NAM

Thanh Ha - Thng 11 nm 2011

CNG HA X HI CH NGHA VIT NAM

Tp.H Ch Minh - Thng 8 nm 2011

VI.1.1. Cc ch tiu kinh t k thut ca d n....................................................................24

VIII.3.4. Gim thiu cc tc ng khc................................................................................45

CHNG I: GII THIU CH U T V D N

: Cng Ty C Phn u T Ha Tng Intracom

ai din php lut

: Qun Cu Giy, Thnh ph H Ni.

: Nng trng B sa Cm Thy - Thanh Hoa.

: Tnh Thanh Hoa.

D n Nng Trng B Sa Cm Thy Thanh Ha

D n Nng Trng B Sa Cm Thy Thanh Ha

: Ti trng v tc ng- Tiu chun thit k;

: Ch dn tnh ton thnh phn ng ca ti trng gio theo TCVN

: Thit k cng trnh chng ng t;

: Tiu chun thit k nn nh v cng trnh;

: H thng cha chy - Yu cu chung thit k lp t v s

: H thng bo chy t ng - Yu cu k thut;

: PCCC cho nh, cng trnh yu cu thit k;

: H thng PCCC cht chy bt, kh;

TCVN 6160 1996 : Yu cu chung v thit k, lp t, s dng h thng cha chy;

: H thng PCCC - Yu cu chung v thit k;

: Cp nc - mang li bn ngoi v cng trnh - Tiu chun thit

--------------------------------------------------------------------------n v t vn: Cng ty CP T vn u t Tho Nguyn Xanh

D n Nng Trng B Sa Cm Thy Thanh Ha

: H thng cp thot nc - quy pham qun l k thut;

: Thot nc - mang li bn trong v ngoi cng trnh - Tiu

: Tiu Chun Thit k h thng thot nc trong nh;

: Tiu Chun Thit k h thng cp nc bn trong;

: Tiu Chun Thit k h thng cp thot nc bn trong;

TCVN 4513-1998 : Cp nc trong nh;

: Tiu chun nc thi th;

TCVN 5502 : c im k thut nc sinh hoat;

: Tiu chun thit k thng gio - iu tit khng kh - si m;

TCXDVN 175:2005 : Tiu chun thit k n ti a cho php;

: Thit b phn phi v tram bin th;

: Tiu chun t ng dy dn in trong nh v cng trnh

: Tiu chun t thit b in trong nh v cng trnh cng

TCVN-46-89 : Chng st cho cc cng trnh xy dng;

: Yu cu ca ngnh in lc Vit Nam (Electricity of Viet Nam).

--------------------------------------------------------------------------n v t vn: Cng ty CP T vn u t Tho Nguyn Xanh

D n Nng Trng B Sa Cm Thy Thanh Ha

CHNG II: HIN TRNG CHN NUI B SA VIT NAM

D n Nng Trng B Sa Cm Thy Thanh Ha

D n Nng Trng B Sa Cm Thy Thanh Ha

--------------------------------------------------------------------------n v t vn: Cng ty CP T vn u t Tho Nguyn Xanh

D n Nng Trng B Sa Cm Thy Thanh Ha

D n Nng Trng B Sa Cm Thy Thanh Ha

D n Nng Trng B Sa Cm Thy Thanh Ha

--------------------------------------------------------------------------n v t vn: Cng ty CP T vn u t Tho Nguyn Xanh

D n Nng Trng B Sa Cm Thy Thanh Ha

CHNG III: PHN TCH MI TRNG U T

D n Nng trng B sa Cm Thy Thanh Hoa c xy dng tai X Cm T

D n Nng Trng B Sa Cm Thy Thanh Ha

--------------------------------------------------------------------------n v t vn: Cng ty CP T vn u t Tho Nguyn Xanh

D n Nng Trng B Sa Cm Thy Thanh Ha

--------------------------------------------------------------------------n v t vn: Cng ty CP T vn u t Tho Nguyn Xanh

D n Nng Trng B Sa Cm Thy Thanh Ha

D n Nng Trng B Sa Cm Thy Thanh Ha

--------------------------------------------------------------------------n v t vn: Cng ty CP T vn u t Tho Nguyn Xanh

D n Nng Trng B Sa Cm Thy Thanh Ha

CHNG IV: S CN THIT PHI U T