Personal Prot aor Personal pronouns are words which substtute for proper or common nouns. PRONOUN Fonw oF Taansuarion a 1 & am a We ¢ ne a You (honorific) = Ne ww You (familiar) a Are q You (intimate) & Ne Weae HelShest/This/That : is aa They, These, Those é we Person AA first person pronoun refers to the speaker, @ second person pronoun refers to the addressee, and a third person pronoun refers to others. Number A singular pronoun refers to a single entity whereas a plural pronoun refers to multiple entities. Grammatical Plurality Hovrever, the second person personal pronouns 3177 and GF are grammatically plural. They can address a single person or multiple people, yet grammatically, with respect to their agreement with other words, they are treated as plural. For instance, if either is the ‘subject of a verb, the verb must be plural, and if either nas a predicate adjective, the adjective must be plural, as in “3TT AF (‘how are you?") Even f 31FT refers to a single person, i ronetheless requires the plural verb # and the plural adjective F&C Hovever, in colloquial Hindi, especially among younger generations, some speakers will say “HTT a er First Person Personal Pronouns The first person personal pronouns in Hindi are # (‘I) and FH ("we") In colloquial Hindi, #1 may be used to refer to @ single person. Regardless, G4 is always grammatically plural. Women may use masculine plural forme when using 84 to refer to themselves, as in “GH He @" ("1 am fine’, literally “We are fine [masculineplurall"). The word “SIT (“peaple") may be used to explicitly differentiate singular and plural references, as in "FA ANT (we: People”). Second Person Personal Pronouns and Honorifics Hindi has three second person personal pronouns. Each pronoun represents the degree of intimacy between the speaker and addressee, the relative age of the speaker versus the addresses, and the relative social status of the speaker versus the addressee BATTis formal and respecttul. It is used for elders, superiors, seniors, and respectfully for peers. HTT is always grammatically plural, regardeess of how many people it addresses. The word “CHIT” (‘people’) may be used to explctly distinguish a singular reference from a plural reference, as in “317 ANT” (“you people”). HTT is used with the plural torm of Ble: &. ‘FAs informal and familiar tt is generally used to address peers as a sign of informally and familiarity For instance, friends might address each other with #1. GH may also be used by an elder person or person of higher social status to address a younger person or person of lower social status. GT is grammatically plural, regardless of how many people it addresses. The word “ATT” (‘people") ‘may be used to explicitly distinguish a singular reference trom a plural reference, as in ‘HT SP (‘you people”). Gis used wih a ‘special form of ta at ‘is intimate. Very close friends and some family members may use & [may be used to refer to smal children. may be used for asymmetical elatonships, such as masters addressing Servants or parents addressing children. Zs always grammatically Singular tt may net refer to more than one person. The form of @laT used with Fis &. Third Person Personal Pronouns ‘There are no third person personal pronouns in Hindi, There are no words which directly correspond to the Engish words ‘he’, “she”, “itor “they’. Instead, Hindi uses demonstrative pronouns for this purpose. ‘Thus, for example, in the sentence UE AT 31 Z ("He is my brother’), the pronoun “AE literally means “this”, but is used as a personal pronoun, so the sentence is Iterally ‘this (person) is my brother’ Pronunciation Note In spoken Hindi, 3 is typically pronounced as “At”, and Ag is typically pronounced as “2 Proximity and Third Person Pronouns ‘Since demonstrative pronouns in Hindi convey proximity, is important to distinguish between “proximal” (e g,, nearby) and “distal” (eg, cistant) references. For instance, in English, “this’ and ‘these’ refer to something which is somehow ‘nearby” or present, and “that” and “those” refer to something which is somehow “distant” or absent. Likewise, in Hindi, "UE" (‘this’) and Z (“these”) are ‘proximal demonstrative pronouns, and "4®" (‘that’) and “@? (‘those’) are distal demonstrative pronouns. ‘Thus, for instance, UE AMT 31S & ana “SE ANT 37S B both mean essentially the same thing (‘he is my brother’), though the former sentence implies that the brother is present or nearby, and the letter sentence implies that the brother is somehow absent or remote, The Oblique Case‘Some personel pronouns have distinct forms in the oblique case. eg gt) gy 2H agaqgag Special Forms with the Postoosition 1 ‘Several pronouns have optional special fore when they appear wh te postpostion — art arat saat saat *|S) a a) eg) a] 44 2249443 84 Note that the aitemative forms end inthe vowel T, and the plural forms are nasalized. A'so note thatthe alternative forms involving 2E and @@ have only a single F, which differentiates them from SB and SAH Compound Postpositions Many postpositions consist of more than one word. The first word will be & or @5Y. When a personal pronoun is the object of a ‘compound pastposition, the possessive form corresponding to the personal pronoun is used in the oblique case Some pronauns have corresponding distinct possessive adjectives, and some do not‘PRONOUN WITH TE aRR Ie aa eT sae Te sas oe sas TT a ;s sag) ge) a) ™ ‘Thus, for example, the form "AST 4 UTA’ would not be correct: instead AT UT would be used. However, STF has no corresponding possessive adective, so 37 9 THis correct Improper Forms ‘Many Hindi speakers use possessive forms with postposttions which are not compound. For instance, a very common phrase is "AX ‘FP which is used instead of FST Separated/Adjoined Postpositions Postpositions may be joined to personal pronouns of written separately, e.g. IF FT or ARTERY. However, typically only a few postpositions are adjoined, particularly #, &, and 1; Hindi speakers generally prefer to adjoin these postposttions to personal pronouns,