3.

( )
. ,
.
powerspeed multispeed.
power shift .
.

3.1.

( )
.
: ) (
), )
, ) )
( - ).
(Browning, 1978).

, , , ,
, (P.T.O.)
540/1000 rpm (SYNCHRO).
95 HP 3.1.
(Lamborghini Trattori, 1988).
: )
) .

.

3.1 .

3.1.1
(clutch) ,
. : ) ) .

: ) , ) , ) , )
, ) . :

( ),
(, 1985).
. ,
.
, (, 2012). ,
, . (-)
: ) ) .
(),
( ).
, , ,
().
, ( )
( ) ( .., 2001).
,
,
(P.T.O.). , (
).
.
.
,
.
. ,

(, 1997).
( 3.2)
( ),
( ),
(McCormick Tractors).
, . ,
.
, ,
.
. ,
.

. , ,
.
.
.
power shift (, 1997).

 3.2 .

(torque converter) .
() ,
. , ,
. ,
(
). (
), .
. ,
(), ,
, (, 1985).
( 3.3) : )
( ), ( ) ) ( ),
.

.
, ( .., 2001).

 3.3 .

. , ,
. ,
, . ,
, .
, , .
, . ,
.
, .
, ,
(, 2012).

3.1.2
()
.

 . .
.
.
(, 1997).
,
.
.
,
(, ), .
, :
.
( ).
().
( ).
, ,
:
.
.
.

.
,
.
. ()
(, 1985; , 1997).

.
,
. ,
.
.
,

(, 1985; , 1997).
, ,
( 3.4).

. .
.
,
.

.
.
,
.
(, 1985;
, 1997).
,
. ,
. ,

. ,
.

 3.4 .

, ,
,
. , ,
.
( ),
(
). , .
. ,

(, 2012).
(reduction gear box), ,
.
H=1, -
(=3 4).
(L=9,64 SR=27,12) (, 2012).
,
.
,
.

3.1.3
,
( ) (,
2012). :
, .
( ), .

, .
,
,
.
, ( 3.5),
(, 1985; , 1997):
,
.
, ( ).
,
.
( ).
,
(
). , ,
( ).

3.5 .

3.1.4
, .
,
( ) ,
(, 1997). ,
, -
, .


, . ,
. ,
, .

3.6 .

- :
, ,
.
. ,
( 3.6),
.
, ,
(, 1987).
: )
, )
, )
, ) (, 1999).

( .., 2009),
.

3.2. -
,
, . ,
()
.

3.2.1 powerspeed
powerspeed
.

 powerspeed
(Lamborghini Trattori, 1988) (rocker
switch) ( 3.7).
, . 20 + 20
40 km/h, powerspeed,
: 40 + 40 .

3.7 powerspeed.

powerspeed
(multidisc clutch). (f),
(a) (sp) ( 3.8).
1. (f),
(s) (a) ( 3.9). ,
( 17%) (b).

3.8 () powerspeed.

 3.9 () powerspeed.

3.2.2 multispeed
multispeed powerspeed
( 3.1)
. multispeed
(Low-Med-High) ( 3.10).
.

( 3.11)
(Same-LamborghiniHrlimann, 1992).
(), Med ,
Belleville . ,
High ,
,
1. (), Med
, Belleville . ,
Low ,

( 0,695). (), multispeed

Belleville Med. Med ,

(
0,828).




mm

bar

()
()
()

Low
4
129,5

Med
2
129,5

High
2
129,5

3+1

2+1

2+1

18

18

18

1+(32/72)=1,444
1+(20x18)/(72x24)=1,208
1

3.1 multispeed.

3.10 multispeed.

3.11
multispeed.
. ( 18 bar), B. , C.
.

 3.12 - power shift

. , multispeed
, , 27 27
. multispeed
- ,
.
( ). ,
(reverse gear unit)
. 1 2 ,


. 3 ,
. , S (slow) V (fast).
,
. ,
- (super-reduction gear unit)
.
multispeed 3.2.

3.12 - power shift Lamborghini

Formula 135V, .

multispeed

1
2
3
L
N
H
A
R
SR
S
V

20/40=1/2,1500
28/36=1/1,2857
36/28=1/0,7778
(93+42/93)=1,4516
1+(24/93 x 33/42)=1,2028
1
1
(24/33) x (33/29) x (36/28)=1,0640
(48/21) x (43/26) x (67+17/17)=18,678
(48/21) x (43/26)=3,7802
1

3.2 - power shift.

3.3. power shift

(semi-automatic gearboxes)
.
() .

- .
( , )
.
3.13 power shift
. , multispeed ,
,
27 27 . ,
. ,
.
.
. 3.14
, S (slow)
V (fast). ,
. , (super-reduction gear unit) . -
.

3.13 power shift Lamborghini Racing

165, .

 3.14 Lamborghini Racing 165.

1. -, 2.
, 3. .

3.15 power shift

(Technical training center at the Same Deutz-Fahr Academy in Treviglio).

power shift,
, ,
. ,
, ,
.

 -
:
). ,
(1) (a)
(2) ( 3.16).
). , (3)
(4). ,
(4) (b).
(c) (d) .
, (e)
(2) (5) ( 3.16).
). (
), (ECU) (6) (7)
(8). (X)
(9), (X1)
. (9),
(f) (e)
. , (g)
(5) (2)
. , (c) (a)
( 3.17).
). ,
(3) (4).
(b), (c) (a) ( 3.18).
). ,
(a) . (g) , (2)
(5)
(a) (h) ( 3.19). ,
.

3.16
( Lamborghini Victory 230/260).

 3.17
( Lamborghini Victory 230/260).

3.18
( Lamborghini Victory 230/260).

 3.19
( Lamborghini Victory 230/260).

, ,
. ,
, , , , ,
. ,
, .
(ECU) power shift

.
.
.
. 3.20
,
, power shift
(McCormick Tractors).
, ,
( 3.21) (Same-Lamborghini-Hrlimann, 1992).

 3.20 ,
, power shift.

 3.21 power shift, .

power shift :
( , ,
, ) .
,
, .
, , ,
.

.
, , .
power shift :
.

.
.

3.4. power shift

power shift
- .
, ,
, , , .
3.22 power shift.

.
. ,
.
,
, . ,
- ,
.

3.22 power shift Lamborghini Racing

165.
1. , 2. , 3. , 4. - , 5.
, 6.
, 7. - , 8. , 9. , 10.
.

3.4.1
3.23 . ,
(1)
(2), .
(5) (4) .
,
(6).
(3) .
.
1,1 1. , ,
3.1.1.

3.23 power shift

Lamborghini Victory 230/260.
1. , 2. , 3. , 4. , 5. , 6.
, 7. , 8. , 9. .

3.4.2
: )
, ) )
.
,
, .
3.24, A, B, C, D, F, G
,
: L (), M (), H () S ( ).

3.24 A, B,
C, D, F, G Lamborghini Victory 230/260.

3.25,
.
(ECU), , (),
(), .

 3.25 .

ECU
, ,
, . ,
CAN ECU
( , ).
.
, ECU
, ,
, .. ,
(operating modes): (manual), (automatic economy)
(automatic power). ,
( ),
. (enable button)
, - ( 3.26),
.
,
. ,
(reverse shuttle button), ,
. , ECU
( SOS) .

 3.26 (joystick)
Lamborghini Racing 165.

3.27 -
(). .

. , ,

.

 3.27 ()
Lamborghini Victory 230/260.
(Y6). , (Y7).
, (VR).
/ , (S2). , (B1). , (G1).
A/B F/G, (S1). , (H2). C/D, (H1).
A/B F/G, (Y3). H2, (Y4).
H1, (Y1).
G1, (Y5). /, (Y2).
G2 C D, (P3).
(10 bar), (G2). C D, (P4).
(19.8 bar), (U). /, (P1). ,
(P2). , (R1). .

 3.3 () 3.3 ()

(A, B, C, D, F G) .

Y6
Y7
Y1
Y2
Y3
Y4

M
H

M
H

3.3 () ,
L S (L-M-H-S).

Y6
Y7
Y1
Y2
Y3
Y4

H
M

H
M

3.3 () ,
S L (S-H-M-L).

3.4.3
power shift
.
(ECU)
( ) ( 3.28).
()
.

 3.28 - Lamborghini Victory

230/260.
1. , 2. , 3. , 4.
, 5. , 6. .

3.3.

3.5.
(continuously variable transmission),
CVT, . CVT
(, ),
( ) (Carbone et al., 2007).
CVT
( 3.4). (
),
,
,
. (Renius, 1968;
Renius, 1999).

 3.4 (Copyright 2005 by Renius and

Resch).

CVTs
( 3.5) (Linares et al., 2010). ,
.
. , ,
.
.
(.. ). ,
.
, .

3.5 CVT .

 CVTs 100 . Renault (1907)

- .
,
. Stock (1907) CVT
.
. Hans Thoma
1937, , , , ..
.
1942 Denison.
CVTs
(NIAE) Silsoe (1954). ,
CVTs
. , CVT
"Eicher" "Mammut HR"
"Taurodyne" Dowty 1965. 80 Claas
Fendt - . To CVT
"Vario" Fendt AGRITECHNICA 1995
Fendt 926 Vario, 1996.
CVT "Vario" Fendt, Steyr
John Deere, - (Renius and
Resch, 2005).

3.5.1 CVT
CVTs . ,
. CVT
( 3.29).

.
, . ,

(Sorge, 1996; Srivastava and Haque 2009).

3.29 CVT.
1. , 2. , 3. .

 3.30 CVT
- ()
(Kress, 1962; Kress, 1968; Renius and Resch, 2005). -
.

, . ,

. , ,
,
V , .

. H,

. R,
,
. L, (
) . 3.31
n2/n1, CVT
(Renius and Resch, 2005).

3.30 CVT . - ()
(Copyright 2005 by Renius and Resch).

 3.31 n2/n1, CVT

(Copyright 2005 by Renius and Resch).

Torotrak plc , ,
IVT (Infinitely Variable Transmission)
CVT ( 3.32) (Mantriota, 2002). Torotrak
(Brockbank and Burtt, 2007).
. ,
.
,
.
. ,
.
Toroidal .
.
.
,
(Akehurst et al., 2006). , ,
,

, . ,
,
(Tanaka, 2003).

 3.32 Torotrak.

3.5.2 - CVT
( 3.1.4)
,
.
,
.
, - .
,
,
. ,
, (, 1997).
-
.
,
. ,
. ,

(Gravalos, 1986; , 1997).
- (Macor and
Rosseti, 2011). CVT IVT Fendt, Steyr John Deere
. 3.33
"Vario" Fendt. -
.
-30 +45 233 cm3
0 +45 233 cm3.

. (L) 32 km/h, (H)

 50 km/h.
.
, .
100% ( )
.

3.33 - "Vario" , Fendt (Copyright 2005 by

Renius and Resch).

3.34 - "S-Matic" ,
Steyr. : ) , )
,
)
.
-55 55 cm3
55 cm3. ,
,
.
4 . (dog clutches) K1, K2, K3 K4
, (Aitzetmller, 2000).

 3.34 - "S-Matic" , Steyr (Copyright 2005 by

Renius and Resch).

3.35 IVT (Infinitely

Variable Transmission) John Deere.
. : )
45 160 cm3
) 45 .
, .
,
.
, (Low, max. 15 km/h)
, (High, max. 50 km/h) . ,
(Reverse, max. 17 km/h)
.

3.35 - IVT John Deere (Copyright 2005 by

Renius and Resch).

3.5.3 CVT
(CVT)
: ) ) (ECU),
.
, ,
( ).
: ) ) . 3.36
: ) ,
) , ) ) (Mlle, 2004).
,
. (torque sensor) -

. ,
.
. ,
, .

.
(16 bit, 20 MHz). ,

CVT .

3.36 .

, ( 3.37) : )
, ) , )
) (Stckl, 2004).
CVT.

 .
,
CVT.
, ,
.

3.37 .

CVT, ECU : )
ECU (.. , ), )
) (.. ).
3.38 MPC56x Freescale
Semiconductor CVT.
(,
, ). , - ,
.

 3.38 MPC56x Freescale Semiconductor

CVT.

- CVT
. / .
CAN-Bus (Control Area Network)
, ECU
( 3.39).
,
CVT.
: ,
.

.
( 3.40) (Massey Ferguson, 2005).
CAN-Bus ECU.

 3.39 CVT CAN-Bus

.

3.40 - CVT
.
1. , 2. , 3. , 4.
, 5. , 6. , 7.
, 8. , 9.
, 10. , 11. , 12. , 13, ,
14. , 15. , 16.
, 17. 1 , 18. 2 , 19.
.


, .
,
, .
.
3.41 (ZF Gmbh)

CVT. CVT,
. , CVT
. ,
. , CVT
. 3.42 (ZF Gmbh)
CVT, . ,
.

.

3.41 CVT
.

 3.42 CVT
.

.
, , .
,
.

Aitzetmller, H. (2000). Steyer S-Matic - The future CVT systems. FISITA World Automotive Congress,
Seoul, Korea.
Akehurst, S., Parker, D. A., Schaff, S. (2006). CVT rolling traction drives - a review of research into their
design, functionality, and modeling. ASME Journal of Mechanical Design, 128 (5), 1165-1176.
Brockbank, C., Burtt, D. (2007). Infinitely and continuously variable full toroidal traction drive transmissions
for transverse applications in sub A, A & B sector vehicles. Transmission Conference 2007, Ple
Lonard de Vinci, Paris La Defence, France.
Browning, E. P. (1978). Design of agricultural tractor transmission elements. In: ASAE distinguished lecture
No. 4. MI (USA): St. Joseph.
Carbone, G., Mangialardi, L., Bonsen, B., Tursi, C., Veenhuizen, P. A. (2007). CVT dynamics: theory and
experiments, Mechanism and Machine Theory, 42 (4) 409-428.
Fendt: Favorit 816, 818, 822, 824, Xaver Fendt GmbH & Co. D-87616 Marktoberdorf E 3/97-5.
Fendt: Favorit 900 Vario 916, 920, 924, 926, AGCO GmbH & Co. D-87616 Marktoberdorf, E 10/00-2.
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. (2005). Electronic transmission control/ Continuously variable transmission
control. SG2023/REV2.
Gravalos, I. (1986). Nvrh hydrostatickho pevodovho stroj pro kolov traktor stedn vkonov tdy (80100 kW). Diplomov prce. Vysok kola Zemdlsk v Praze.
John Deere. Materials of IVT "AutoPowr"
Kress, J. H. (1962). Variable-speed transmission combined with planetary drive. United States Patent. No
3,251,243.

Kress, J. H. (1968). Hydrostatic power-splitting transmissions for wheeled vehicles. Classification and theory
of operation. SAE Paper No. 680549.
Lamborghini Trattori (1988). Front rank technology. Edition for Lamborghini sales organisation. Treviglio
(BG), Italia.
Lamborghini Trattori. Workshop Manual. Victory 230/260. Treviglio (BG), Italia.
Linares, P., Mndez, V., Cataln, H. (2010). Design parameters for continuously variable power-split
transmissions using planetaries with 3 active shafts. Journal of Terramechanics, 47, 323-335.
Macor, A., Rosseti, A. (2011). Optimization of hydro-mechanical power split transmissions. Mechanism and
Machine Theory, 46, 1901-1919.
McCormick Tractor XTX 145, XTX 165, XTX 185, XTX 200 & XTX 215 Operators Manual Digital.
Mantriota G. (2002). Performances of a series infinitely variable transmission with type II power flow.
Mechanism and Machine Theory, 37, 555-578.
Massey Ferguson 7400. Workshop service manual no 3378553m3. AGCO S.A., Massey Ferguson, February
2005.
Mlle, R. (2004). Control and operating behavior of continuously variable chain transmissions. SAE
International Continuously Variable and Hybrid Transmission Congress.
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(3), 97-106.
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, ., ., , . (2001). . ,
.
, ., , ., , ., , ., , . (2009).
. 6 , 8-10
, .
, . . (2009). . .
, . . (1987). . ..
, . . (1997). .
, . (2012). . . ,
, .
, . (1985). . .
, . (1997). . -.