THIRD EDITION
A
IMUNICATIVE
GRAMMAR
OF ENGLISH
GEOFFREY LEECH
AND JAN SVARTVIKA Communicative
Grammar
Geoffrey Leech of Eng lish
Jan SvartvikContents,
PREFACE.
‘To the student 4. To the teacher 5. Note on phonetic
Part One Varieties of English 9
Part Two Intonation 21
Part Three Grammar in use
SECTION A: CONCEPTS. ‘
Referring to objects, substances and materials 26. Abstractions 29. Amount or
quantity 31, Definite and indefinite meaning 35. Relations between ideas expressed
by nouns 42. Restrictive and non-restrictive meaning 45. ‘Time, tense and aspect 46.
Time-when 59. Duration 62. Frequency 64, Place, direction and distance 65.
Manner, means and instrument 74. Cause, reason and purpose 76. Condition and
contrast 79. Degree 82. Role, standard and’ viewpoint 86. Comparison 87. Addition,
exception and restriction 90. Subject matter: about and on 92
SECTION B: INFORMATION, REALITY AND BELIEF
Statements, questions and’ respanses 93. Omission of information 99. Reported
statements” and questions 100. Denial and affirmation 403. Agreement and
disagreement 106. Fact, hypothesis and neutrality 107. Degrees of likelihood 111.
Attitudes to truth 115
SECTION C: MOOD, EMOTION AND ATTITUDE,
Emotive emphasis in speech 117. Describing emotions 120. Volition 124. Permission
and abligation 126, Influencing people 128. Friendly communications 134. Vocatives
Be
SECTION D: MEANING IN CONNECTED DISCOURSE
Linking signals 139. Linking constructions 141. ‘General purpose’ links 143
Substitution and omission 145. Presenting and focusing information 152. Order and
emphasis 158
Part Four Grammatical Compendium
Haw to use the Compendium 169. Adjectives 172. Adjective or adverb? 1
Adjectives as heads 176. Adverbials 177. Adverbs 182. Apposition 184. Articles
185. Auxiliary verbs 187. Case 191. Clauses 191. Cleft sentences 195. Commands
196. Comment clauses 196. Comparison 197. Complements 200. Concord 200.
Coordination 203. Demonstratives 205. Determiners 205. Exclamations 210. Gender
210. Genitive 210. Interrogatives 253. Introductory it 215. Introductory there 216
Irregular verbs 218, Main verbs 222. Nationality words 224, Negation 226. Nominal
clauses 228. Noun phrases 231. Number 232. Numerals 233. Objects 236. Operators
236. Passives 237. Personal and reflexive pronouns 239. Phrasal and prepositional
verbs 243. Plurals 246. Postmodifires 248. Premoditires 251. Prepositional phrases
253. Prepositions and prepositional adverbs 254. Pronouns 255. Pronuncimion of
endings 256. Proper nouns 257. Quantifires 259. Questions 263. Reciprocal
pronouns 26S. Relative clauses 265. Sentences 268. Somewords and any-words 269.
Spelling changes 271. Subjects 273. Subjunctives 274. Subordination 274. Verb
patterns 277. Verb phrases 283. Word-classes 287
Index 289