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Vn 1. Rt gn biu thc cha cn

A. PHNG PHP GII TON

Bi ton 1.1 Cho biu thc P

x2 x
xx
vi x 0, x 1.

x x 1
x 1

a) Rt gn biu thc P
b) Tm x khi P 0.
(Trch thi tuyn sinh vo lp 10 tnh Nam nh nm 2011)
Li gii. a) Vi x 0, x 1 ta c
P

x x x 1

x 1 x

x x 1

x 1

x 1 x x 1
x x 1

3
x x 1
x x 1

x x 1
x 1

x x

x 1 x

x x x x 2 x.
Vy vi x 0, x 1 th P x 2 x.
b) Vi x 0, x 1 ta c
x 0
x 0
x 0
x 2 0

x 4
x 2
x 2 0
i chiu vi iu kin x 0, x 1 ta thy hai gi tr ny u tha mn.
Vy vi P 0 th x 0, x 4.
P 0 x2 x 0 x

Nhng im cn lu
K nng cng nh cch gii chung cho dng ton nh cu a nh sau
t iu kin thch hp, nu bi nu iu kin xc nh th ta vn phi ch ra trong
bi lm ca mnh nh li gii nu trn.
a phn cc bi ton dng ny, chng ta thng quy ng mu, xong ri tnh ton rt gn t
thc v sau xem t thc v mu thc c tha s chung no hay khng rt gn tip.
Trong bi ton trn th khng quy ng mu m n gin biu thc lun.
Khi lm ra kt qu cui cng, ta kt lun ging nh trn.
i vi dng ton nh cu b
Cch lm trn l in hnh, khng b tr im.
Ngoi cu hi tm x nh trn th ngi ta c th hi: cho x l mt hng s no bt rt gn
P, gii bt phng trnh, tm gi tr ln nht nh nht, tm x P c gi tr nguyn, chng
minh mt bt ng thc. Nhng thng th ngi ta s hi nh sau: tm x P c gi tr no
(nh v d nu trn), cho x nhn mt gi tr c th tnh P.
Cu hi m 1. Rt gn P khi x 3 2 2.
Ta c x 3 2 2 12 2.1. 2 ( 2)2 (1 2)2
Khi , vi x 0, x 1 th

x (1 2) 2 1 2

Do P x 2 x 3 2 2 2(1 2) 3 2 2 2 2 2 1.
Vy vi x 3 2 2 th P 1.
Cu hi m 2. Tm gi tr nh nht ca P
Vi x 0, x 1 ta c P x 2 x ( x )2 2 x 1 1 ( x 1)2 1
V x 1 nn ( x 1)2 0 ( x 1)2 1 1
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Vy vi x 0, x 1 th P khng c gi tr nh nht.
Trong loi cu hi ny, ta cn ch n iu kin xc nh. Chng hn vi iu kin x 4 ta rt
gn c P x x th ta s khng lm nh trn m s lm nh sau
Vi x 4 ta c P x 2 x x x ( x 2) x
V x 4 x 2 x 0, x 2 0 x ( x 2) x 0 2 2
Vy min P 2 , du bng xy ra khi v ch khi x 4 (tha mn iu kin).

Cu hi m 3. Chng minh rng P 1 th ta lm nh trn nhng kt lun l P 1.

Cu hi m 4. Tm s nguyn x P c gi tr nguyn.
V d trn, ta c P x 2 x , th thng bi s khng hi n nghim nguyn. Chng hn vi
3x
iu kin x 1 ta rt gn c P
, bi hi: tm s nguyn x P nhn gi tr nguyn th ta
x 1
lm nh sau
3x
3( x 1) 3
3

3
Vi x 1 , ta c P
x 1
x 1
x 1
3
3

3 ( x 1)
T vi x l s nguyn, P 3
x 1
x 1
Tng ng vi x 1 l c ca 3, m c ca 3 l 3; 1;1;3 ( x 1) 3; 1;1;3
M x 1 x 1 2 x 1 3 x 2 (tha mn iu in)
Kt lun: vy x 2 l gi tr cn tm.
3 x 1
1
1

Bi ton 1.2 Cho biu thc P

vi x 0, x 1.
:
x 1 x x
x 1
a) Rt gn biu thc B
b) Tm x 2 P x 3.
( chung Chuyn L Hng Phong Nam nh nm 2011)

Li gii. a) Vi x 0, x 1 ta c

3 x 1
x 1
B x x

( x 1)( x 1) ( x 1)( x 1)

x ( x 1).

3 x 1 x 1
( x 1)( x 1)

x (2 x 2) 2 x ( x 1)

2 x.
x 1
x 1

Vy vi x 0, x 1 th P 2 x.
b) Vi x 0, x 1 v P 2 x ta c

2P x 3 4 x x 3
x4 x 3 0
x x 3 x 3 0
x ( x 1) 3( x 1) 0
( x 1)( x 3) 0
x 1 0
x 1
x 1

x 3 0
x 3 x 9
Kt hp vi iu kin nu trn th ch c x 9 tha mn bi ton.
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B. CC BI TON RN LUYN
Bi 1: Cho biu thc P

a 2
a 3

5
a a 6

1
2 a

a) Rt gn P
b) Tm gi tr ca a P < 1

x x 3
x 2
x 2
:

Bi 2: Cho biu thc P = 1

x 1 x 2 3 x x 5 x 6

a) Rt gn P
b) Tm gi tr ca x P < 0
x 1
1
8 x 3 x 2
: 1

Bi 3: Cho biu thc P =

3 x 1
9
x

1
3
x

1
3
x

a) Rt gn P
6
b) Tm cc gi tr ca x P =
5

a 1
2 a
:

Bi 4: Cho biu thc P = 1

1
a

1
a
a

a) Rt gn P
b) Tm gi tr ca a P < 1
c) Tm gi tr ca P nu a 19 8 3

Bi 5: Cho biu thc P =

a)
b)

1 a3

a (1 a)2 1 a3
:
a .
a
1 a

1 a
1 a

Rt gn P
Xt du ca biu thc M a( P 0,5).

x 1

2x x
x 1
2x x

1 : 1

Bi 6: Cho biu th P =

2
x

1
2
x

1
2
x

1
2
x

a) Rt gn P
1
b) Tnh gi tr ca P khi x . 3 2 2
2

2 x

Bi 7: Cho biu thc P =

x x x x 1
a) Rt gn P
b) Tm x P 0

1
x
: 1

x 1
x 1

2a 1
1 a3
a

a
Bi 8: Cho biu thc P =

1
1

a
a

a) Rt gn P
b) Xt du ca biu thc P 1 a

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1 2x x 1 2x x x x
1
Bi 9: Cho biu thc P

:
x 1 x
1 x x
1 x

a) Rt gn P
b) Tnh gi tr ca P vi x 7 4 3
c) Tnh gi tr ln nht ca a P > a

1 a a
1 a a

Bi 10: Cho biu thc P =

a .
a
1 a
1 a

a) Rt gn P
b) Tm a P < 7 4 3
2 x
Bi 11: Cho biu thc P =

x 3
a) Rt gn P
1
b) Tm x P <
2
c) Tm gi tr nh nht ca P

x
3x 3 2 x 2
:

1
x 3 x 9 x 3

x3 x
9 x
x 3
x 2

Bi 12: Cho biu thc P =

1 :

x 3
x9
x x 6 2 x
a) Rt gn P
b) Tm gi tr ca x P < 1

Bi 13: Cho biu thc P =

15 x 11 3 x 2 2 x 3

x 2 x 3 1 x
x 3

a) Rt gn P
b) Tm cc gi tr ca x P =
c) Chng minh P

1
2

2
3

Bi 14: Cho biu thc P =

2 x
x
m2
vi m > 0

2
x m
x m 4 x 4m

a) Rt gn P
b) Tnh x theo m P=0.
c) Xc nh cc gi tr ca m x tm c cu b tho mn iu kin x >1.
Bi 15: Cho biu thc : P=
a)
b)
c)
d)

a2 a
2a a

1
a a 1
a

Rt gn P
Bit a > 1 Hy so snh P vi P
Tm a P = 2
Tm gi tr nh nht ca P

a 1
a 1

ab a
ab a

1 :

1
Bi 16: Cho biu thc P =
ab 1
ab 1
ab 1
ab 1

a) Rt gn P
3 1
b) Tnh gi tr ca P nu a = 2 3 v b =
1 3
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a b 4

c) Tm gi tr nh nht ca P nu
Bi 17: Cho biu thc

a a 1 a a 1
1 a 1
a 1

a a
a a
a a 1
a 1

a) Rt gn P
b) Vi gi tr no ca a th P = 7
c) Vi gi tr no ca a th P > 6
a
1

Bi 18: Cho biu thc P =

2
2
a

a) Rt gn P
b) Tm cc gi tr ca a P < 0
c) Tm cc gi tr ca a P = -2

Bi 19: Cho biu thc P =

a 1
a 1

a 1

a b 4 ab a b b a
.
a b
ab

a) Tm iu kin P c ngha.
b) Rt gn P
c) Tnh gi tr ca P khi a = 2 3 v b = 3
x2
x
1
:

Bi 20: Cho biu thc P =

x
x

1
x

1
1

a) Rt gn P
b) Chng minh rng P > 0 vi x 1

x 1
2

2 x x
1
x 2
: 1

Bi 21: Cho biu thc P =

x 1
x x 1
x x 1
a) Rt gn P
b) Tnh P khi x = 5 2 3

3x

2
1
:
Bi 22: Cho biu thc P = 1 :
2
2 x 4 x 42 x 42 x

a) Rt gn P
b) Tm gi tr ca x P = 20
x y
x3 y 3

Bi 23: Cho biu thc P =

x y
yx

a) Rt gn P
b) Chng minh P 0

x y xy
x y

1
3 ab
1
3 ab
a b
.
:

Bi 24: Cho biu thc P =

a b a a b b a b a a b b a ab b
a) Rt gn P
b) Tnh P khi a = 16 v b = 4

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2a a 1 2a a a a a a
.
Bi 25: Cho biu thc P = 1

2 a 1
1 a a
1 a

a) Rt gn P
b) Cho P =

6
1 6

tm gi tr ca a

c) Chng minh rng P >

2
3

x5 x

25 x
Bi 26: Cho biu thc:P=
1 :

x 25
x 2 x 15
a) Rt gn P
b) Vi gi tr no ca x th P<1

x 5

x 3

x 3

x 5

a 1. a b
3 a
3a
1
:
Bi 27: Cho biu thc P =

a b 2a 2 ab 2b
a ab b a a b b
a) Rt gn P
b) Tm nhng gi tr nguyn ca a P c gi tr nguyn
1 a 1
a 2
1

Bi 28: Cho biu thc P =

:
a a 2
a 1
a 1

a) Rt gn P
b) Tm gi tr ca a P >

1
6

1
1
2
1 1
Bi 29: Cho biu thc P =

.
:

y x y x y
x
a) Rt gn P
b) Cho x.y = 16. Xc nh x, y P c gi tr nh nht.

Bi 30: Cho biu thc P =

x3 y x x y y 3
x3 y xy3

x3
2x
1 x

.
xy 2 y x x 2 xy 2 y 1 x

a) Rt gn P
b) Tm tt c cc s nguyn dng x y = 625 v P < 0,2.

Vn 2. Phng trnh bc hai mt n

A. PHNG PHP GII TON
Xt phng trnh ax2 bx c 0 vi a khc 0, bit thc b2 4ac.

H thc Viet
x1 x2

b
c
; x1 x2
a
a

Nu ac 0 th PT c 2 nghim phn bit.

PT c nghim 0.
PT c nghim kp 0.
PT c 2 nghim phn bit 0.

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