Clicker Question1 Q. Can a steady flow system have a change in kinetic energy from the input to the output? Explain your answer. Which answer do you agree with most? A. “No, the definition of steady flow is that the properties dogot freee: with time; that includes kinetic energy.If it does change, it is usually negligible.” Horch AU, . “Yes.Energy must be conserved,but the form the energy takes can change e.g.KE ->PE.” @; . “Yes indeed a steady flow system can have a change in kinetic energy, since all that is required to have a steady flow system is a constant TOTAL energy and not properties changing over time.” ara aan “Yes,because kinetic energy is not a intensive property nor is it dependent on intensive properties. Only intensive | properties stay constant in a steady flow system.” . “Yes when you add a nozzle the KE energy increases and the enthalpy from the output. since it is a steady state as Ein = Eout. When adding a diffuser t ee KE decreasesbut the enthalpy . increases at the output.”starting point for analysis of any system Waa) (6 / Control \ volume mass,in ~ ah. , Exnaseout) = AU + AKE + APEEnergy balance for open systems 3 Energy balance: Ein - Eout = AE system SH Li fav Work Waar (Ry mass a vues, oh * with all the details: Bree - Wret a De GY + g2 + h) Ie ae la + g% + h) = ABs ou =O, Hedy, J 3 often rate of energy transfer is more useful: d dt : : Avie wl Quer ~ Wee + >) 15” f gz+h) mG? + gz + h) Esys outClicker question 2 ; Gm — Wone + D1 ( vit geth)- Yim (Zv+92+n) = ao out Open system energy balance: what simplification can be made for a steady-flow process? A. Q=0 a&Xabektc . ->B. dEsys/dt = 0 a de Sourhion . c. W=0 a SD. mp=Mu L akso single sNeCU ee tA qQemeses E. More than one of the above % 8 — . Zing = AM ENGG1500 Ugeture 5 (p65)Clicker Question 3 * It takes me about 3 minutes to inflate my bicycle tyre to full pressure from empty. What is the best description of this process? A. Steady flow process with uniform flow at inlet(s)/exit(s) B. Steady flow process with non-uniform flow at inlet(s)/exit(s) Cc. D. _ Unsteady flow process with non-uniform flow at inlet(s)/exit(s) = et so potable / Unsteady flow process with uniform flow at inlet(s)/exit(s) eee \) game ORT CvOss - sec\tow o& Se pipe- ) ore ne ie ee Lend pop: li “Need more information __ Yor eto. -Clicker Question 4 WwW =O Consider a throttle in a supply line e as-shown. In this situation, there isn work and the changes in potential and kinetic energy of the flow are (@) Ai adjustable Valve negligible. Assume also that heat transfer can ke =O ( also be ignored. =O pe =O ee balance for this system simplifies to deaby- Clow (a) hin = hou Yo “(\. O, 2 } — sae (\ + FREAK b) win =Uout X J: Wud bis +S a (©)_tin + Pin Vin = Uout + PouiYout > - We — d) hin + Pin Vin = Rout t+ PoutVout Wout ( look Sie ce 3 y Mat ar e) None of the above = wry = woot hook also Wnt Wel, —> wee bol,Non-steady or transient flow —+ Supply line = —+ + Single inlet example eerie wr hd RU aaa fil = : ‘1 1 Control : ! volume H ——— Dye + ; SN CV boundaiy ~ rachye ~ a Die — Waet Tmt preg h) - my mR = AE sys b — a 0 ve ney + = — (E — _ = mha= Ss Esys. = EL gua\ ae Eiwisish Pe have = Hea | = CMa x OgaN, = wess — clavce. ae 7 WAR = WAC ~ astral ee wal 7For discussion An insulated steady flow s system has shaft work going into the system and no work out. If it has a single input mass flow and a single output mass flow, is the change in enthalpy of the flow negative, zero or positive? Explain your answer. These answers are almost correct, but what’s wrong with them? _=O “According to energy balance equation, Ein-Eout=change in Esystem, the Ein is positive and no Eout in the system. So if the kinetic energy change and potential energy change are zero, the changé in ] Esystem | will be positive. Hence the enthalpy of the flow is positive.” “The change in energy is positive as there is energy entering,but not leaving the system; which means there is no heat or work transfer out of the system. This system is thus not at-steady | state due to the shaft work going in but not outwhich means Ein=Koutdoesn't _apply. As a result, the value for enthalpy is positive. h=mCpdeliaT>For discussion (ctd). An insulated steady flow system has shaft work going into the system and no work out. If it has a single input mass flow and a single output mass flow, is the change in enthalpy of the flow negative, zero or positive? Explain your answer. These answers are almost correct, but what’s wrong with them? “Assuming potential and kinetic energies been negligible we take just internat energy into account. Assuming mass flow rate constant Qin+ Win +mass) ‘rate(energy) = Qout+ Wout + mass rate(energy)/but Wout= 0 , and Qout= 0 Qin+ Win +mass rateCint. ernal energy); =mass rate( internal il energy2) q+wtul= u2 so the change in h should be positiveto keep the conservation of energy principle.” Eee = Cus (ee WAKA, “should be positive,because it is a steady flow system and the mass flow is constant, but the system has shaft work going to the system which means the energy into the system, so the pntropy}i is positive” enor 4 + bE evdsley .energy: relative size K Consider a flow of saturated liquid water at 25°C. Suppose that over some section, the flow velocity is increased from 1 m/s to 2 m/s, the height is increased by 1m and the temperature is increased by 1 °C. What is the change in 2 eet b \ 3 ~ ave ev = BR BUS. wtelp kinetic energy per kg? ata 3 \ * AL AQ | mar ~~ \n \e potential energy per kg? Ay = om Br enthalpy per kg?) han 4 Led KY k q. f 00 Sika - 4-8 ws bow = 28 Slkg : Tene . = 4 ive avout . 27Nozzles and Diffusers - increase velocity Gazal 3K purpose: in e velocity (Bozz e) or pressure (diffuser) lows zi We vy, Te Nozzle —++V, 1 > features: change in cross-sectional area; high- a} velocity flow ws | eee r. Qro @ = * assumptions: steady flow, adiabatic, no work, aa | ——— a ; negligible changes in p.e. Wier i 1 tow *x [— =. Vit Diffuser | —++ Vp energy balance; aa: (ee Haigh : (2%. he e. “Seen! 3 (pvt thy) =Turbines and Compressors x* purpose: generate shaft work (turbines) or use shaft work to increase pressure (compressors, pumps, fans) 3K features: fans (small increase in P) and compressors (large increase) for a gas; pumps work on a liquid assumptions: steady flo ; adiabatic neglect — *K 1p ly | oat 4 = Reg) = 600 kPa pe. Usually neglect ke i) =400K K energy balance: oi zo ha-Ww) ‘) | T, = 280KP,\=2MPa | ser bee vapor Example Turbine: T, = 400°C Tele AG Qour = 0 kKi/kg Calculate the shaft work Qo [wee ® — ts be delermined. lanoe CE + KE changes. ae _ alee) = wm uhh -) fabeaeg (ie rane kslka { a, = 2483-9 silky. (?2 = 100 kPa -01 le > wWer= 6 Ae x (22464-24950) eS} kq 2 = 150°C Us cok = : leSfle ( m’=6 kg/s = 6 kals x65 % | a shl\ supeclrented vapor’ 2tday kS/s = 2-44 MW ged a is pehween iwek oud ovbleb Nee. The cpecthee ewral yy enged buy y6St ks b oS lA aque a linedic ees of the Se size mek veloc) wee Wha voc Xs 7 ° i 7 = ‘ y Fi - [% 4 Sune tS/leq. 30 = oy Gale > A Cree eeeThrottling valves Ret Crrgerchor : Wa? low PL € purpose: large drop in temperature or pressure =e wae used) ue WT @ low * features: uses flow-restricting device, small An “fajustable valve € assumptions: steady flow, adiabatic, no work, ignore p.e. and (usually) k.e. changes K energy balance: hb = \ (b) A porous plug (c) A capillary tube 31* purpose: mix two streams together \ 1 y i oe * features: can just be a “Y” or “T” elbow “xy i Mixing ‘ joint i chamber Ws : \ 1 1 1 1 1 i Me ! * assumptions: steady flow, usually \ well jm f ' insulated, no work, negligible p.e. and ke. =O: : %K energy balances hy + My 7 Wess boalannce . WM RM, = Hot T-elbow ‘Water 32.Heat exchangers 3K purpose: transfer of energy as heat between fluids without mixing Fluid B 70°C > features: simplest design uses concentric pipes (‘double tube’, or ‘tube and shell’); large surface area between fluids 50°C | Fluid A assumptions: steady flow, no work, whole device is usually insulated, negligible changes in p.e. and k.e. energy balance: which terms are important? 35°C Cv = Single Fluid ka Qo |B. we Cc. ke E wk 0Heat exchangers 3K purpose: transfer of energy as heat between fluids without 70°C mixing + features: simplest design uses concentric pipes (‘double tube’, or ‘tube and shell’); large surface area between fluids 50°C = ry scloobed Lig wake fables Cacho Ny cou pressed, bob wet to a igh oressuce ) 40Example 5-10: Heat Exchanger * R-134a (mass flow = 6 kg/min) is cooled by water. Neglecting any pressure drops, (b) what is heat transfer rate from R-134a to the water? Tale corvrl volume bo be soot wer. Z _> Nok adsa veo Qt#O Way wt Q Qué Mohs = mahy - Qian as Mw Me ~ hi) Water 15°C 300 kPa 41