6

2553

2553

A DEVELOPMENT OF LANGUAGE EXERCISES FOR WRITING SKILL

IMPROVEMENT FOR PRATHOMSUKSA 6 STUDENT

By
Sompong Sripayat

A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree

MASTER OF EDUCATION
Department of Curriculum and Instruction
Graduate School
SILPAKORN UNIVERSITY
2010

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2531 : 24)

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( 2536 : 163)


( 2544 : 12)




( 2547 : 8)


( 2542 : 57)


( 2538 : 99)

( 2543 : 65)

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( 2540 : 34)

( 2548 : 59)

( 2544 : 3)
( 2531 : 32) 1)
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4) (Activity) 5)
6)
7) 8)
9)

( 2539 : 84 - 88)
1
30

87.40
86.66
80/80 ( 2540 : )
5
2

9

90.89/94.97 80/80
( 2542 : )
3
36



3
0.01
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1
1 1-2 9

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9
30

87.40
86.66
80/80 ( 2545:
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( 2543 : 2 2546 : 43 ; 2547 : 7 ; )

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1. 6
/
2.
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3.

14

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2553 7


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1 2553 1 20
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2.1

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2.2
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14

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2553

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2544
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5.
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6. 6
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1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
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3.
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4.
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(test)
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(Wiggins 1989,
: 65)

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Trespeces 1997,
: )

11.



12.




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(2535 : 8)

(2536 : 37)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
(2539 : 542)


(2539 : 60)

.2



(2533 : 1)


(2534 : 10)






(2534 : 221)




(2535 : 17)



(2535 : 1)


(2536 : 16)



(2539 : 12)

(2543 : 1)


(2530 :
81)
(2531 : 57)




(2544 : 503)

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(2531 : 5-6)
1.
2.
3.
4.

5.
6.

7.

8.

9.
10.

11.
12.

13.

14.

15.
16.

17.
18.

19.

20.

21.
( 2538 : 169 170 )





(King 1984 : 15) 6
1. (Examine)
(Prefix) (Suffix)
2. (Pronounce)
3. (Spell)

4. (Write) 5-10
5. (Use)
6. (Review)

1.
2.
3.
4.
.4
(2524 : 65)

1.
2.
3.
4. -, -, -, -,
5.
6.
7. -, -,
8.

9.
10.
11.
12.
13. ( )
14.

15.
16.

17.
18.

.
3.1



(2540 : 10)


(2541: 29-35)



.
(2545: 48)

 (2546 : 483)

(2537 : 147)

3.2









( 2537 :
16)
(2540 : 10)
(2540 : 98)

(2542 : 43)





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( : )
1.
2.
3.

4.

( 2 : - )
1.

2.
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4.

5.


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4.

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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
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10.





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(2526 : 87)
1.
2.
3.

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(2531 : 77)

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

6.
7.
8.
9.

(2532 : 42)
1.
2.
3.
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
(2538 : 33)

 (2541 : 36-37)
1.
2.

3.

4. 30-40
5.

1.

2.
3.

4.

5. 30-40

.

(2522 : 192-195)



(trial and error)


1.
1.1

1.2



1.3

1.4


1.5

2. generalization (
) interference (
)
interference ( ) negative transfer
( )

Generalization (
)

interference ( )

 negative transfer (
)







3.6

(
:
)

1.

2.

3.

4.
5.

6.

( : )
1.

2.
3.

4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
( : 46)





1.
.
.
.
2.
3.

4.

5.
6.

7.

(
: )







4.


( : 139-154)
1. (individual differences)







2. (readiness)


3. (learning process)

4. (purposeful learning)














5. (learning by doing)




6. (law of exercise) (Thorndike)

(deductive method)




7. (law of effect)







8. (law lf use and disuse)

9. (motivation)





9.1 (extrinsic motivation)

9.1.1

9.1.2

-



9.1.3

9.2 (intrinsic motivation)

10. (reinforcement)

(Skinner)

.. 1961 (Hughes)
(Manamara)

25 10
90







(Retention)




(Atkinson and Shiffrin 1968 :
89-195, 2546 : 32)
STM

(Craik and Lockhart 1972 : 671-84, 2546 : 32)

 apple
apple ()
The apple is red. It is a kind of fruit. My lover brought me an
apple yesterday.
mangosteen
eagle

grape

ostrich

apple

rose

shark

salmon

pansy

tulip

fruit

flower

fish

bird

mangosteen

tulip

salmon

eagle

grape

rose

shark

ostrich

apple

pansy

: Craik, F.I.M. and R.S. Lockhart, Level of Processing : A Framework for Memory
Research, Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 11,1 (1972) : 671-680.

Mangosteen, apple, grape

Mangosteen is sweet but grapes are sour. An apple is red but grapes are green.

(Bourne and Ekstrand 1982 : 153-156, 2546 : 33)

1. (Elaboration) horse
horse
2. (Distinctiveness)

shark
3. (Effort)
Does the car contain water?
yes car

4. (Imagery and organization)

happiness
happiness







4.

(Adams 1967 : 9 ; Atkinson and Shiffrin 1968 : 89-195 ; 2528 : 9-17,
2546 : 34)



2

4.2
(Houston
et al 1983 : 212-214,
: )




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(Houston et al 1983 : 214 215 ,
: )
. (recall)

. (recognition)

. (relearning)

(
: 286)



A
B

=
=
=

100 x (A-B)
A

4.


(Atkinson and Shiffrin 1968 : 89 195,

: 36) (
: )

(Gregory 1978 : 29,

: )
(Experimental Psychologist)

1.

 (Nunally,
: 42)

14

.
6.1
( 2539 : 84 - 88)
1
30

87.40
86.66
80/80
(2540 : )
2
30

2 80/80
12
85.96/81.00

80/80
2
( 2542 : )
3

 3
0.01
0.01
0.5
( 2542 : )
1
1 1-2 9
9
30

87.40
86.66
80/80
( 2545: )
1
1
24


83.68/83.33
(2542 : )
3

3

2
60
( 80 / 80 ) 92.29 / 80.17

.01

 3

(2542 : )
5
1 5
80/80
1
5
1 5

1
30 5
1
92.66 / 88.00 80 / 80
5







6.2
(Horn 1969 : 43)
4-12

 (Schwartz and Doehring 1977 : 55)

2-6 160

(Schwendinger 1977 : 51)
6 503


(Clanton 1977 : 2690-2691-A)

3 4 6
7 194

(Lowray 1978 : 817-A)
1 3 87
.


98.8


(Aaron 1959 : 138-142)
60 4 193 8 174

4 8 8

4
(Slattery 1970 : 380 - )
9 320



(Catalano 1976 : 4983-A)

6 7
2
(Clanton 1977 : 7220-A)
4 3
6-7 194


6 7
(Mitchell 1980 : 1392-A)
3 1 2 3
3

 3


6 (Experimental Research ) 1)
6
80/80

2)

3)

4)

1.
2.
3.

1.
2.

1.
2.
3.

63


.


6
2.
2.1 6 1
2553 7


12
2.2 6
1 2553 1
20 (Simple Random Sampling)

3.


6

1. 6
2. 6

3. 6


.
1.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.
.
2.1.1
6
316
2.1.2

316
6 7


60

2.1.3
32
30 () 20 22
10 114
6
( )
2.2

.2.
( )
2.2.2

2.2.

.2.

2.2.5

2.2.6


.
.
.
.
.
-
-
-
.
.
.

1.

2.

3.

4.

1.

2.

3.

() 1.

()
2. ()

3. ()

()

 2 ()

1.

2.

3.

4.

1.

2.
3.
.2.7

.2.8 3

(Content Validity)

IOC (Index of Item Objective Congruence)


IOC (Index of Item Objective Congruence)
( 355 )
. .9
2
6

IOC

2

2.3
.3.

.3.

.3.

.3.

.
.

.
.3.


316
.3. 316
7


60

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32 30 () 20
22 10
6

.3. 6
2.2.7
114
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2.2.8
5
.
.
.
.
.
.3.

.3.
(Content Validity)
(Index of the Iten Objective Congruence)
IOC 3
( )
+1

0

-1

 E1/E2
3

.3.

. (Individual Testing)




E1/E2 ( / )


3

(E1)
(E2)

3
3

100
40

86.67
30.33

3.21
7.51

86.67
75.83

3
6 3
(E1 )
86.67
(E2 ) 75.83 60 / 60
. (Small group Testing)

 E1/E2 ( / )

4
9

(E1)
(E2)

9
9

100
40

90.89
33.33

1.36
5.96

90.89
83.33

4
6 9

(E1) 90.89
(E2 ) 83.33
70 /70
. (Field Try Out)



E1/E2 ( / )

 5
30

(E1)
(E2)

30
30

100
40

92.70
34.87

2.42
6.12

92.70
87.18

5
6 30
(E1 ) 92.70

(E2 ) 87.18 80 / 80
2.3.13

3 2.3.12
6 1
20

IOC


3
.4


.4.

.4.


.4.

5
2.2.9

1.

2.

3. ()
4.
5.

12

10

3
3
2
21

3
1
2
11

1
2
1
8

7
6
5
40

.4. 4
1
.4.

.4.6

(Content Validity)

(IOC)
1 ( )
.4.7
3 120
()
2.4.8
(IOC)
1 (

2.4.9
0.51 0.79 0.38 0.80
40
.4.10 (Reliability)
KR 20 (Kuder & Richardson) 0.95 (
)

2544
6

IOC

.5

2.5.1
2.5.2
(Semi structure)
1.
2.
2.5.3
2.5.4

2.5.5 3

( IOC )
+1

0

-1

3
(IOC) (Index of Item Objective Congruence) 1
( )

5
3
One shot case study
X

T2

X
T2

3.1


6 7

 32
30 () 20
22 10

3.2


1
2
2 . 5
3.3

40
2

14
4

4.1
E1 / E2
80
4.2
( X ) (S.D.)
4.3
80 One Sample t- test
4.4 2
14 t-test-dependent



.
6
E1
( )
E2
( )
E1 E2
E1

X
E1 =

E1
X

X
A
N

N u 100
A

E2

f
E2 =
E2
f

f
B
N

N u 100
B

. ( IOC )
IOC
R
IOC =
n

R
n

IOC > 0.50

(. )
.

P = RH  RL

N N
H

RH

RL

r =

r
R

 RL

. &
KR-20

rtt

rtt
n
p
q

2
t

n pq
1 

n  1
S12

= 1- p

X
=

X
n

S.D. =

nn  1

S.D.

X
X

n X 

. (t-test)

(t-test one sample)
t

xP
2

s
n

t
1

 t

x
P
2
st
n1
9. ( Content analysis)
( semi structure )

 4

1)
6 80/80 2)
6 80
3)
4) 6


4

1

2

3

4

86

 1

7

(E1)
(E2)

20
20

100
40

86.90
34.70

4.70
4.80

86.90
86.75

6 20
(Posttest) 2553
5
(Posttest) 1
4 40

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Aaron, I.E. The Relationship of Selected Measures to Spelling Achievement at the Fourth
and Eight Grade Levels. Journal of Educational Research, (1959).
Catalano, Eileen Aiken. The Effect of a Spelling Program Using Words in given Context
on Reading Comprehension and Vocabulary Scores. Dissertation Abstracts
International 39, 5 (1976): 4983-A.
Clanton, Patricia Brantley. The Effectiveness of the Letter-cloze Procedure as a Method
of Teaching Spelling. Dissertation Abstracts International 38, 5
(November 1977): 2690-2691-A.
Horn, Thomas. Spelling. Encyclopedia of Educational Research. 4th ed. New York:
Macmillan Co., 1969.
King, Mabel Houk. College Spelling. 5th ed. South-Western Pub. Co. (Cincinnati), 1984.

Lowray, Eleanor Blodwyn lane. The Effects of Four Drill and Practics Times Unit on
the Decoding Performances of Student With Specific Learning Disabilities.
Dissertation Abstracts International 39, 2 (August 1978): 817-A.
Mitchell, J. C. Effects of Dictionary Skill Lesson and Written Composition on Spelling
Achievement in Grade 4, 5 and 6. Dissertation Abstracts International, no.4 (October
1980): 1392-A.
Schwartz, Sybil, and Donald G. Doehring. A Developmental Study of Childrens Ability
to Abstract Spelling Patterns. Resources in Education 12, 9 (September 1977): 55.
Schwendinger, James Rea. A Study of Modality of Inferences and Their Relationship to
Spelling Achievement of Sixth Grade Students. Resources in Education 12, 12
(December 1977): 5.
Slattery, Daniel Patterick. Effects of Practice and Emphasis on the Serial-Error- Curve in
Spelling Performance. Dissertation Abstracts International, (1970).

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14

(p)

(r)

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21

30
28
29
27
28
31
23
29
25
30
31
30
27
29
31
29
31
31
26
26
25

16
12
16
9
7
14
11
4
6
5
14
6
7
10
6
9
7
13
9
9
9

0.79
0.59
0.70
0.54
0.53
0.77
0.62
0.56
0.55
0.62
0.78
0.59
0.53
0.59
0.58
0.67
0.74
0.77
0.67
0.66
0.62

0.45
0.51
0.41
0.58
0.67
0.54
0.38
0.80
0.61
0.80
0.54
0.77
0.64
0.61
0.80
0.64
0.45
0.58
0.54
0.54
0.51

0.95

362
14
()

(p)

(r)

22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40

29
27
27
28
25
28
30
30
30
27
28
28
30
29
25
28
30
31
25

11
10
9
7
11
13
18
8
8
8
6
8
7
9
12
7
12
8
13

0.71
0.66
0.59
0.55
0.59
0.51
0.73
0.63
0.59
0.57
0.56
0.51
0.59
0.55
0.57
0.55
0.51
0.57
0.52

0.58
0.54
0.58
0.67
0.45
0.80
0.38
0.70
0.70
0.61
0.70
0.64
0.74
0.64
0.41
0.67
0.58
0.74
0.38

363
15 1 2

6

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
X
S.D

1
(40 )
38
24
34
39
32
37
34
34
39
37
26
28
38
40
37
35
39
40
28
35
34.70
4.80
86.75

2
(40 )
37
24
35
38
38
39
39
39
39
36
38
24
39
40
30
37
39
39
35
39
36.20
4.74
90.76

364
16

1
2
3
4
5
20
20
20
20
20
18
20
16
13
16
15
19
20
17
17
17
18
20
17
17
50
57
56
47
50
16.67 19.00 18.67 15.67 16.67

100
83
88
89
260
86.67

40

38
30
23
91
30.33

1.53

0.58

3.21

7.51

83.33 95.00 93.33 78.33 83.33

86.67

75.83

1
2
3

(S.D)

1.00

2.31 2.31

365
17
9

1
2
3
4
5
20
20
20
20
20
18
19
19
18
18
19
18
19
16
19
19
19
19
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
19
18
18
18
18
19
18
18
18
19
18
19
17
18
20
17
16
17
19
18
18
18
18
165 167 166 159 161
18.33 18.56 18.44 17.67 17.89

100
92
91
93
90
91
91
91
88
91
818
90.89

40

34
38
39
34
25
29
38
39
24
300
33.33

0.50

1.36

5.96

91.67 92.78 92.22 88.33 89.44 90.89

83.33

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

(S.D)

0.73

0.73

1.00

0.60

366
18
30

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

1
2
3
4
5

40

20
20
20
20
20 100
18
18
18
20
19
93
36
18
18
20
19
18
93
30
19
18
20
20
19
96
37
18
18
20
20
19
95
37
18
17
19
18
19
91
37
19
19
20
19
18
95
35
18
18
19
18
19
94
39
18
19
20
20
19
96
38
18
19
20
20
19
96
38
19
18
19
18
18
92
32
18
18
19
19
19
93
33
18
18
19
18
18
91
33
18
18
19
20
19
94
37
19
18
19
19
19
94
40
18
19
18
19
19
93
40

16
17
18

19
18
18

19
20
20

19
20
19

20
19
20

18
18
18

95
95
95

37
40
39

367
18
30 ()

19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30

(S.D)

1
20
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
14
19
19
18
543
18.10

2
3
4
5

20
20
20
20 100
19
20
17
19
93
19
20
17
18
92
18
19
18
18
91
18
18
18
18
90
20
18
18
18
92
20
18
18
15
89
20
18
17
19
92
20
18
18
19
93
18
20
17
16
87
19
18
19
19
94
18
18
15
19
89
18
19
18
19
92
559 571 556 552 2781
18.63 19.03 18.53 18.40 92.70

0.88

0.85

90.50

93.17 95.17 92.67 92.00 92.70

0.81

1.22

0.93

2.42

40

35
15
34
18
39
40
30
39
36
39
38
25
1
34.
6.
87.18

368
19

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17

1
20
17
20
13
18
15
20
19
20
19
14
12
15
17
20
17
20
20

2
20
19
20
17
19
18
19
19
17
20
19
20
16
20
19
16
19
20

3
20
18
18
19
19
18
17
15
20
19
18
18
18
17
20
17
17
19

4
20
11
17
14
12
18
17
18
17
15
18
17
17
15
17
18
17
14

5
20
16
17
15
16
18
18
14
19
17
17
18
15
16
19
13
15
15

100
81
92
78
84
87
91
85
93
90
86
85
81
85
95
81
88
88

40

38
24
34
39
32
37
34
34
39
37
26
28
38
40
37
35
39

369
19

1
2
3
4
5
20
20
20
20
20
20
18
20
17
19
20
18
18
17
16
16
18
20
14
17
352 371 365 320 330
17.60 18.55 18.25 16.00 16.50

100
94
89
85
1738
86.90

40

40
28
35
694
34.70

2.64

1.70

4.70

4.80

88.00 92.75 91.25 80.00 82.50

86.90

86.75

18
19
20

( S.D )

1.28

1.29

2.05

371

1.

2.

()
1

3.

()

372

64130

.. 2530
.. 2549

()