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Pinch and Minimum Utility Usage
Pinch and Minimum Utility Usage
IS PINCH TECHNOLGY
CURRENT?
YES and NO.
It is a good first approach to most problems.
Pinch technology is at the root of many other
heat integration technologies. It is impossible
to understand them without the basic concepts
of pinch technology.
TEMPERATURE-ENTHALPY
(T-H) DIAGRAMS
Assume one heat exchanger. These are
alternative
representations
T
H,in
TC,in
TC,out
TH,in
TC,out
TH, out
TH, out
TH,in
TH, out
TC,in
inverse of F*Cp.
Recall that Q=F Cp T
TC,out
TC,in
Q
T-H DIAGRAMS
Assume one heat exchanger and a heater
TH,in
TC,in
QH
TC,out
TH,in
TC,out
TH, out
TH, out
TH,in
TC,out
TH, out
TC,in
H
QH
TC,in
H
QH
T-H DIAGRAMS
Assume one heat exchanger and a cooler
TH,in
TC,in
TC,out
TH,in
TC,out
QC
TH, out
TH,in
TH, out
TH, out
TC,in
QC
TC,out
TC,in
Q
QC
T-H DIAGRAMS
Two hot-one cold stream
TH1,in
TH2,in
TC,in
Q1
Q2
TH2,out
TC,out
TH2,in
T
TH1,in
TC,out
TH2,out
TH2,out
TH1,in
TH1,out
TH1,out
TH2,in
TH2, out
TC,in
TC,out
TC,in
Q2
Q1
Q1
H
Q2
T-H DIAGRAMS
Composite Curve
Obtained by lumping all the heat from different streams that are
at the same interval of temperature.
T
T-H DIAGRAMS
Moving composite curves horizontally
T
Cooling
Heating
H
Smallest T
TH1,in
TC,in
Q1
TH2,in
Q2
TC,out
TH1,out TH2,out
Smallest T
TC,in
TH1,in
Q1
QC
TH2,in
Q2
QH
TH2,out
TH1,out
TC,out
T-H DIAGRAMS
T
Heating
Smallest
T
TC,in
TH1,in
Q1
QC
TH2,in
Q2
QH
TH2,out
TH1,out
TC,out
T-H DIAGRAMS
T
Cooling
Heating
TEMPERATURE-ENTHALPY
DIAGRAMS
T
Cooling
Heating
H
GRAPHICAL PROCEDURE
Fix Tmin
Construct the hot and cold composite curve
Draw the hot composite curve and leave it fixed
Draw the cold composite curve in such a way that
the smallest T=Tmin
The temperature at which T=Tmin is the PINCH
The non-overlap on the right is the Minimum
Heating Utility and the non-overlap on the left is the
Minimum Cooling Utility
HANDS ON EXERCISE
H=27 MW
H=-30 MW
REACTOR 2
T=230 0C
T=140 0C
T=200 C
H=32 MW
H=-31.5 MW
REACTOR 1
T=20 0C
Type
Reactor 1 feed
Cold
Reactor 1 product
T=40 0C
T=250 0C
T=180 0C
Stream
T=80 0C
Supply T
Target T
F*Cp
(oC)
(oC)
(MW)
(MW oC-1)
20
180
32.0
0.2
Hot
250
40
-31.5
0.15
Reactor 2 feed
Cold
140
230
27.0
0.3
Reactor 1 product
Hot
200
80
-30.0
0.25
Tmin=10 oC
200
200
p=0
.
FC
FC
p=
0.2
5
250
15
250
p
FC
.4
=0
FCp=0.15
80
40 FCp=0.15
80
40
31.5
30
48
7.5 H
180
F
0.5
=
Cp
p=
0.2
=0
.2
140
FC
FC
p
180
140
p
C
F
230
.3
0
=
.3
0
p=
C
F
20
20
32
27
24
20
15
Pinch
250
230
200
180
T= Tmin
140
80
40
20
10
51.5
7.5
COST
H
Utility
TOTAL OVERLAP
T
Tmin
PARTIAL OVERLAP
PROBLEM TABLE
STEPS:
1.
2.
3.
4.
PROBLEM TABLE
Stream
Type
Supply T
Target T
F*Cp
(oC)
(oC)
(MW)
(MW oC-1)
Reactor 1 feed
Cold
20
180
Reactor 1 product
Hot
250
40
Reactor 2 feed
Cold
140
Reactor 2 product
Hot
200
Tmin=10 oC
32.0
0.2
-31.5
0.15
230
27.0
0.3
80
-30.0
0.25
PROBLEM TABLE
1.
250
230
240
200
200
190
180
150
140
80
80
40
40
30
20
Hot
streams
Cold
streams
Hot
streams
Cold
streams
Now one can make heat balances in each interval. Heat transfer within
each interval is feasible.
PROBLEM TABLE
2.
250 F Cp=0.15
240
200
190
F Cp=0.25
150
F Cp=0.3
80
40
30
F Cp=0.2
Hot
streams
Cold
streams
Hinterval
Surplus/Deficit?
10
1.5
Surplus
40
- 6.0
Deficit
10
1.0
Surplus
40
-4.0
Deficit
70
14.0
Surplus
40
-2.0
Deficit
10
- 2.0
Deficit
PROBLEM TABLE
3.
1.5
- 6.0
1.0
-4.0
14.0
1.5
1.5
-4.5
Thus, 7.5 MW of
heat need to be
added on top to
prevent any deficit
to be transferred to
lower intervals
- 6.0
1.0
-3.5
-4.0
-7.5
14.0
6.5
- 2.0
-2.0
4.5
-2.0
- 2.0
2.5
PROBLEM TABLE
4. Add heat so that no deficit is cascaded.
7.5
1.5
1.5
9.0
1.5
- 6.0
- 6.0
3.0
-4.5
1.0
1.0
4.0
-3.5
-4.0
-4.0
14.0
14.0
6.5
-2.0
-2.0
12.0
4.5
-2.0
-2.0
2.5
This is the
position of the
pinch
0.0
-7.5
14.0
This is the
minimum heating
utility
10.0
This is the
minimum cooling
utility
IMPORTANT CONCLUSION
7.5 +
DO NOT TRANSFER
HEAT ACROSS THE
PINCH
1.5
9.0 +
- 6.0
3. 0 +
1.0
-4.0
Heating utility is
larger than the
minimum
4. 0 +
Heat is
transferred
across the pinch
0. 0 +
14.0
14. 0 +
-2.0
12. 0 +
-2.0
10. 0 +
Cooling utility is
larger by the same
amount
PROBLEM TABLE
Heating utility of smaller temperature.
0.0
7.5
1.5
1.5
Heating utility at
the largest
temperature is
now zero.
1.5 + 4.5
9.0
- 6.0
- 6.0
0.0
3.0
1.0
1.0
1.0 + 3.0
4.0
-4.0
-4.0
0.0
0.0
14.0
14.0
14.0
14.0
-2.0
-2.0
12.0
12.0
-2.0
-2.0
10.0
10.0
MATHEMATICAL MODEL
0
q1
1
q2
qi =
H
k
cp kH (Ti 1 Ti )
k iH
C
s
cp sC (Ti 1 Ti )
siC
qi
i
qi+1
i+1
qn
n
s. t
i = i 1 + q i
i 0
i = 1,... mI
PART 2
TOTAL AREA TARGETING
Tml=
(TH1-TC2)-(TH2-TC1)
ln
TC1
H
Q
(TH1-TC2)
(TH2-TC1)
Cooling
water
A1 A2
A3
A4
A5
A6
EXERCISE
Calculate the values of Q in each interval and estimate the
corresponding area. Use U= 0.001 MW m-2 oC
T
250
230
200
180
Pinch
T= Tmin
140
80
Cooling
Water
40
20
area estimate
H
Q1 Q2
Q3
Q4
Q5 Q6
EXERCISE
COMPOSITE CURVE
300
Furnace
(300 oC)
250
T, C
200
Pinch
II
III
IV
150
VI
100
Cooling
Water
T= Tmin
50
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Q, MW
HOT
Units:
Q= MW
T=
oC
A= m2
Interval
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
Q
6
4
24
20
7.5
7.5
TH1
80
90
150
200
250
300
COLD
TH2
40
80
90
150
200
250
TC1
15
20
20
140
180
205
TC2
20
30
140
180
205
230
90
EXERCISE
Interval
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
Q
6
4
24
20
7.5
7.5
TH1
80
90
150
200
250
300
TH2
40
80
90
150
200
250
TC1
TC2
Tml
15
20
20
140
180
205
20
30
140
180
205
230
40.0
60.0
30.8
14.4
30.8
81.9
150.1
66.7
778.4
1386.3
243.3
91.6
Total Area
Units: Q= MW
T= oC
U= 0.001 MW m-2 oC
, A=
m2
2716.3
ANSWERS
Is the total area predicted this way, realistic?
That is, is it close enough to a value that one
would obtain from a final design?
ANSWERS
Is the estimate, realistic or not, conservative?
That is, is it larger than the one expected from
a final design?
ANSWERS
How complex is a design built using the
vertical transfer?
Very Complex. Take for example interval 4.
There are four streams in this interval.
Stream
(MW
Type
Supply T
Target T
(oC)
oC-1)
F*Cp
(oC)
(MW)
Reactor 1 feed
Cold
140
180
8.0
0.2
Reactor 1 product
Hot
200
150
-7.5
0.15
Reactor 2 feed
Cold
140
180
12.0
0.3
Reactor 1 product
Hot
200
150
-12.5
0.25
80
90
150
FCp=0.09
FCp=0.16
R1 prod, FCp=0.15
R2 prod, FCp=0.25
FCp=0.1875
R1 feed, FCp=0.2
R2 feed, FCp=0.3
FCp=0.1125
I
15
III
II
20
30
20
IV
140
VI
80
90
150
FCp=0.16
R2 prod, FCp=0.25
20
R1 feed, FCp=0.2
FCp=0.075
R2 feed, FCp=0.3
FCp=0.1125
I
15
III
II
20
30
IV
140
VI
TOTAL= 10 Exchangers
Warehouses
30
Consumer
Centers
25
50
16
17
56
ANSWER
You need five trucks, possibly less in some other cases. Here is how
you solve the problem specifically.
30
50
25
25
17
11
16
17
39
56
ANSWER
When there is an exact balance between two streams or a
subset of streams.
25
25
25
55
17
16
16
17
39
56
SUPERTARGETING
Economy of the system is dependent on Tmin
COST
Total
Utility
Capital
Optimum
Tmin
SPECIAL CASES
There is total overlap for some values of Tmin
T
COST
Total
H
TOTAL
OVERLAP
Utility
T
Capital
H
PARTIAL OVERLAP
Tmin
Note: There is a particular overlap that requires only cooling utility
PART 3
DESIGN OF MAXIMUM
ENERGY RECOVERY
NETWORKS
MER NETWORKS
Networks featuring minimum utility usage
are called MAXIMUM ENERGY
RECOVERY (MER) Networks.
Heat Sink
Heat is obtained from
the heating utility
7.5
Minimum
heating utility
1.5
9.0
-6.0
3.0
1.0
4.0
-4.0
0.0
Pinch
14.0
14.0
-2.0
12.0
H
-2.0
Heat Source
Heat is released to
cooling utility
10.0
Minimum
cooling utility
CONCLUSION
One can analyze the two systems separately,
that is,
Heat exchangers will not contain heat
transfer across the pinch.
PINCH MATCHES
Consider two streams above the pinch
Tp
TH,in
TC,out
Tmin
Tp- Tmin
Tmin
PINCH MATCHES
Consider two streams below the pinch
Tp
TH,out
TC,in
Tmin
Tmin
Violation when FCpC > FCpH
CONCLUSION
Since matches at the pinch need to satisfy these rules,
one should start locating these matches first. Thus, our
first design rule:
QUESTION
Once a match has been selected how
much heat should be exchanged?
ANSWER
As much as possible!
This means that one of the streams has its duty
satisfied!!
THIS IS CALLLED THE
TICK-OFF RULE
HANDS ON EXERCISE
H=27 MW
H=-30 MW
REACTOR 2
T=230 0C
T=140 0C
T=200
H=32 MW
T=80 0C
H=-31.5 MW
REACTOR 1
T=20 0C
T=180
Stream
0C
Type
Reactor 1 feed
Cold
Reactor 1 product
T=250 0C
0C
T=40 0C
Supply T
Target T
F*Cp
(oC)
(oC)
(MW)
(MW oC-1)
20
180
32.0
0.2
Hot
250
40
-31.5
0.15
Reactor 2 feed
Cold
140
230
27.0
0.3
Reactor 1 product
Hot
200
80
-30.0
0.25
Tmin=10 oC
PINCH=150 oC
HANDS ON EXERCISE
FCp=0.15
H1
250 0C
40 0C
150 0C
200 0C
FCp=0.25
80 0C
H2
FCp=0.2
FCp=0.3
Stream
140 0C
180 0C
20 0C
230 0C
Type
Reactor 1 feed
Cold
Reactor 1 product
C1
C2
Supply T
Target T
F*Cp
(oC)
(oC)
(MW)
(MW oC-1)
20
180
32.0
0.2
Hot
250
40
-31.5
0.15
Reactor 2 feed
Cold
140
230
27.0
0.3
Reactor 1 product
Hot
200
80
-30.0
0.25
Tmin=10 oC
PINCH=150 oC
H1
FCp=0.25
H2
250 0C
150 0C
200 0C
180 0C
C1
FCp=0.2
FCp=0.3
230 0C
140 0C
C2
H1
FCp=0.25
H2
FCp=0.2
FCp=0.3
250 0C
150 0C
200 0C
180 0C
C1
230 0C
140 0C
C2
H1
H2
250 0C
200 0C
180 0C
FCp=0.2
FCp=0.3
150 0C
203.3 0C
230 0C
C1
181.7 0C
8
12.5
140 0C
C2
H1
FCp=0.25
H2
FCp=0.2
150 0C
40 0C
80 0C
140 0C
20 0C
C1
H1
FCp=0.25
H2
FCp=0.2
40 0C
150 0C
80 0C
52.5 0C
140 0C
20 0C
C1
17.5
COMPLETE NETWORK
AFTER PINCH MATCHES
FCp=0.15
H1
FCp=0.25
H2
250 0C
40 0C
80 0C
200 0C
140 0C
180 0C
FCp=0.2
FCp=0.3
150 0C
203.3 0C
52.5 0C
20
230 0C
17.5
181.7 0C
140 0C
C2
12.5
0C
C1
WHAT TO DO NEXT?
FCp=0.15
H1
FCp=0.25
H2
250 0C
80 0C
200 0C
140 0C
180 0C
FCp=0.2
FCp=0.3
40 0C
150 0C
203.3 0C
52.5 0C
20 0C
230
0C
17.5
181.7 0C
C1
140 0C
C2
12.5
ANSWER
FCp=0.15
H1
FCp=0.25
H2
250 0C
80 0C
200 0C
140 0C
180 0C
FCp=0.2
FCp=0.3
40 0C
150 0C
203.3 0C
52.5 0C
20
230 0C
C1
17.5
181.7 0C
0C
140 0C
C2
12.5
We first note that we will use heating above the pinch. Thus
all hot streams need to reach their inlet temperature. We are
then forced to look for a match for H1. Please locate it.
ANSWER
The match is H1-C1. We finally put a heater on the
cold stream
FCp=0.15
H1
FCp=0.25
H2
150 0C
40 0C
80 0C
200 0C
140 0C
180 0C
FCp=0.2
FCp=0.3
250 0C
17.5
230 0C
H
7.5
140 0C
7
12.5
52.5 0C
C2
C1
20 0C
ANSWER
Below the pinch we try to have the cold streams start at
their inlet temperatures and we later locate coolers (one in
this case).
FCp=0.15
H1
150 0C
250 0C
40 0C
10
FCp=0.25
H2
200
0C
80 0C
FCp=0.2
FCp=0.3
140 0C
180 0C
230 0C
8
H
7.5
140 0C
7
12.5
C2
20 0C
17.5
6.5
C1
EXAMPLE
FCp=0.15
H1
150 0C
250 0C
40 0C
C
10
FCp=0.25
H2
200 0C
80 0C
FCp=0.2
FCp=0.3
140 0C
180 0C
230 0C
8
H
7.5
140
7
0C
C2
20 0C
17.5
C1
6.5
12.5
Note: A heat exchanger network with 5 exchangers exists, but it is impractical and
costly. This is beyond the scope of this course.
UNEQUAL NUMBER OF
STREAMS AT THE PINCH
Indeed, if the number of hot streams is larger than the
number of cold streams, then no pinch matches are
possible.
FCp=0.15
H1
FCp=0.25
H2
FCp=0.1
Target=170 OC
Target=140 OC
H3
FCp=0.2
FCp=0.4
100 OC
150 OC
140 OC
130 OC
90 OC
127.5 OC
122.5
C1
OC
7.5
C2
10
ANSWER
Split cold stream until the inequality is satisfied.
FCp=0.15
FCp=0.25
FCp=0.1
H1
H2
H3
100 OC
150 OC
140 OC
130 OC
127.5 OC
Target=170 OC
FCp=0.2
Target=140 OC
FCp=0.25
130 OC
FCp=0.15
110 OC
90 OC
C1
7.5
C2
10
3
INEQUALITY NOT
SATISFIED
Consider the following case:
FCp=0.5
Target=170
OC
Target=140 OC
FCp=0.2
FCp=0.4
H1
150 OC
100 OC
90 OC
C1
C2
ANSWER
Split the hot stream
FCp=0.2
H1
150 OC
100 OC
140 OC
90 OC
FCp=0.3
Target=170 OC
FCp=0.2
Target=140 OC
FCp=0.4
C1
10
127.5 OC
C2
15
H1
FCp=0.3
H2
FCp=0.7
100 OC
Target=40 OC
Target=20 OC
90 OC
30 OC
C1
ANSWER
Below the Pinch :
FCp=0.5
H1
FCp=0.3
H2
FCp=0.5
FCp=0.2
100 OC
40 OC
60
90 OC
12
Target=20 OC
OC
30 OC
30
Target=40 OC
C1
COMPLETE PROCEDURE
ABOVE THE PINCH
Start
Yes
FCpHFCpC
Yes
SHSC
at pinch?
No
No
Split Cold
Stream
Place
matches
Split Hot
Stream
COMPLETE PROCEDURE
BELOW THE PINCH
Start
Yes
FCpH FCpC
at pinch?
No
Yes
SHSC
No
Split Hot
Stream
Place
matches
Split Cold
Stream
HANDS ON EXERCISE
Type
Supply T
(oC)
Target T
(oC)
F*Cp
(MW oC-1)
Hot
750
350
0.045
Hot
550
250
0.04
Cold
300
900
0.043
Cold
200
550
0.02
Tmin=50 oC
Minimum Heating Utility= 9.2 MW
Minimum Cooling Utility= 6.4 MW
ANSWER
FCp=0.04
550 0C
750 0C
FCp=0.045
358.89 0C
350 0C
H1
0.4
FCp=0.04
H2
686.05 0C
FCp=0.043
FCp=0.02
900
400 0C
300 0C
0C
550 0C
8.6
9.2
200 0C
1
500 0C
250 0C
C1
C2
TRANSSHIPMENT MODEL
(Papoulias and Grossmann, 1983)
0
q1
q2
S min = Min 0
s. t
i = i 1 + q i
i 0
qi
qi+1
i
i+1
Where
qi =
H
H
F
cp
k k (Ti 1 Ti )
kiH
q
n
i = 1,... mI
C
C
F
cp
s s (Ti 1 Ti )
siC
TRANSSHIPMENT MODEL
si,k,1
ri,1
i,1
pk,1
si,k,2
ri,2
pk,2
si,k,j
ri,j
i,j
pk,j
si,k,,j+1
i ,0 = 0
i , j = i , j 1 +ri , j si ,k , j j = 1,...mI
k
ri,j+1
pk,j+1
i,j+1
pk , j = si ,k , j
si,k,n
ri,n
i,n
pk,n
TRANSSHIPMENT MODEL
si,k,1
ri,1
i,1
pk,1
si,k,2
ri,2
pk,2
si,k,j
ri,j
i,j
i ,0 = 0
pk,j
si,k,,j+1
ri,j+1
pk,j+1
i, j = 1,...mI
i , j = i , j 1 +ri , j si ,k , j i, j = 1,...mI
pk , j = si ,k , j
k , j = 1,...mI
i,j+1
si,k,n
ri,n
i,n
pk,n
TRANSSHIPMENT MODEL
si,k,1
ri,1
i,1
pk,1
si,k,2
ri,2
pk,2
si,k,j
ri,j
i,j
pk,j
si,k,,j+1
ri,j+1
pk,j+1
ri,n
i,n
si ,k , j Yi ,k 0
i,j+1
si,k,n
pk,n
TRANSSHIPMENT MODEL
si,k,1
ri,1
i,1
si,k,2
ri,2
pk,2
Min
Yi ,k
s.t
si,k,j
ri,j
i,j
U ,0 = U* , 0
pk,j
pk,j+1
i,j+1
si,k,n
ri,n
i,n
i, j = 1,...mI
i , j = i , j 1 +ri , j si ,k , j i, j = 1,...mI
si,k,,j+1
ri,j+1
i ,0 = 0
pk , j = si ,k , j
k , j = 1,...mI
si ,k , j Yi ,k 0
i, k
pk,n
TRANSSHIPMENT MODEL
We are minimizing the number of matches.
Different answers can be obtained if separate
regions are not considered. These answers are
not guaranteed to be realistic.
GAMS MODEL
Min
TABLE P(K,J)
J0
C1
0
C2
0
W
0
Yi ,k
s.t
U ,0 = U* , 0
i ,0 = 0
i, j = 1,...mI
i , j = i , j 1 +ri , j si ,k , j i, j = 1,...mI
pk , j = si ,k , j
k , j = 1,...mI
VARIABLES
S(I,K,J) heat exchanged hot and cold streams
D(I,J) heat of hot streams flowing between intervals
Y(I,K) existence of match
Z
total number of matches ;
si ,k , j Yi ,k 0
i, k
GAMS MODEL
SETS
I hot streams above pinch / S, H1 /
K cold streams above pinch / C1,C2,W/
J temperature intervals / J0*J3 / ;
SCALAR GAMMA /10000/;
TABLE R(I,J) load of hot stream I1 in interval K
J0 J1 J2
J3
S 9.2 0
0
0
H1 0 0 6.75 2.25;
POSITIVE VARIABLE S
POSITIVE VARIABLE D
BINARY VARIABLE Y ;
EQUATIONS
MINMATCH
objective function-number of matches
HSBAL(I,J)
heat balances of hot stream I in INTERVAL J
CSBAL(K,J)
heat balances of cold stream J1 in K
HTINEQ1(I,K) heat transferred inequalities;
MINMATCH .. Z =E= SUM((I,K), Y(I,K));
HSBAL(I,J)$(ORD(J) NE 0) .. D(I,J)-D(I,J-1)+ SUM(K,S(I,K,J)) =E= R(I,J);
CSBAL(K,J)$(ORD(J) NE 0) .. SUM(I, S(I,K,J)) =E= P(K,J) ;
HTINEQ1(I,K) .. SUM(J, S(I,K,J))-GAMMA*Y(I,K) =L= 0 ;
MODEL TSHIP /ALL/ ;
SOLVE TSHIP USING MIP MINIMIZING Z;
DISPLAY S.L, D.L, Y.L;
GAMS MODEL
SOLUTION
---- VARIABLE S.L
J1
J2
S .C1
8.600
0.600
H1.C1
5.850
H1.C2
J3
2.150
1.000
J2
S
H1
0.900
9.200
1.000
1.000
750 0C
FCp=0.045
H1
FCp=0.04
H2
0.600
550 0C
FCp=0.043
900 0C
FCp=0.02
550 0C
1.000
EXECUTION TIME
9.2
0.090 SECONDS
500 0C
PART 4
UTILITY PLACEMENT
HEAT AND POWER
INTEGRATION
UTILITY PLACEMENT
We now introduce the GRAND COMPOSITE CURVE, which will be useful to
analyze the placement of utilities.
1.5
T
Start at the pinch
- 6.0
250
240
1.0
200
190
-4.0
Pinch
14
-2.0
150
80
40
30
-2.0
250
240
200
190
150
Process-to Process
integration takes
place here
80
40
30
UTILITY PLACEMENT
We now resort to a generic grand composite curve to show how
utilities are placed.
HP Steam
MP Steam
LP Steam
Cooling Water
H
Min
mS
QmS + cnQnW
nW
s.t
i ,0 = 0
i, j = 1,...mI
i , j = i , j 1 +ri , j si ,k , j Qi ,n , j i, j = 1,...mI
k
m , j = m , j 1 Qi ,n , j + QmS
mS
i, j = 1,...mI
mS
pk , j = si ,k , j + Qm ,k , j
mS
Results
mS
m ,k , j
k , j = 1,...mI
= QnW
k , j = 1,...mI
Interval
T( i )
Q( i )
( i )
HU1( i )
I0
I1
I2
I3
250
200
150
30
-4.5
-3
10
0
0
0
4.5
HU2( i )
CU1( i )
3
10
HOT UTILITY 1
HOT UTILITY 2
COLD UTILITY
UTILITY PLACEMENT
Hot Oil placement and extreme return temperatures
Process
Cooling water
UTILITY PLACEMENT
Furnace
Theoretical Flame
Temperature
T
Tstack
Air
Tstack
Fuel
Ambient Temperature
Stack Loss
Fuel heat value
Process
Stream
T
T
QHE
Pinch
QHE -W
QC,min +( QHE W)
TOTAL HEN
ENERGY INTAKE
QHE
QH,min -( QHE W)
T
W
Pinch
QHE -W
(Smaller)
SYSTEM TOTAL
ENERGY INTAKE
QH,min+W
vs.
(separate)
QC,min
QH,min+QHE
INTEGRATION WITH
DISTILLATION
Placement below the pinch.
QH,min
T
In this case there is a
gain of (Qcond - Qreb)
in the cooling utility.
Pinch
Qreb
Qcond
QC,min + (Qcond - Qreb)
HEAT PUMPS/REFRIGERATION
CYCLES
TOTAL HEN INTAKE
QH,min-(QHP + W)
QH,,min (QHP+W)
(smaller)
QHP +W
TOTAL SYSTEM
INTAKE
Pinch
W
QHP
QH,,min -QHP
vs. QH,,min +W (separate)
Savings in cooling utility
QHP
QC,min - QHP
QH,min ( QHP+QLP)
QHP
QHE
QHP
T
QLP
Pinch QLP
TOTAL HEN INTAKE
QH,min ( QHP+QLP)
(smaller)
QC,min
QC,min
QH,min +W
vs. QH,min+W+(QHP + QLP)
(separate)
TEX
QH,min + W+ QLOSS
vs.
QH,min + W+ QLOSS+QS
QF
QH,min -QS
T
W
Air
Pinch
QS
TEX
T0
QLOSS
QLOSS
QS
QF -W
QC,min
T0
PART 5
DISTILLATION PLACEMENT
PLACEMENT OF DISTILLATION
Placement across the pinch.
QH,min + Qreb
Qreb
Pinch
Qcond
QC,min + Qcond
PLACEMENT OF DISTILLATION
Placement above the pinch.
QH,min + Qreb - Qcond
Qreb
Qcond
Note that in this case
there is a possible gain
in the heating utility.
Pinch
QC,min
Pinch
Pinch
CRUDE FRACTIONATION
EXAMPLE
k erosen e
ste a m
PA3
w a te r
cru d e
DESALTER
d ie s e l
ste a m
HEN
g a s o il
so u r w a te r
ste a m
HEN
FURNACE
r e s id u e
CRUDE FRACTIONATION
EXAMPLE
We now show how to determine the heat load of pumparounds.
We start with a column with no pumparound (results from are
from a rigorous simulation)
1.2
PINCH
M*Cp, MMW/C
1.0
COND
0.8
CRUDE
0.6
0.4
1
0.2
RES
0
0
PRODUCTS
200
TEMPERATURE, C
300
400
CRUDE FRACTIONATION
EXAMPLE
We move as much heat from the condenser to the first
pumparound as possible. The limit to this will be when a
plate dries up. If the gap worsens to much, steam is added.
1.4
PINCH
M*Cp, MMW/C
1.2
1.0
0.8
PA1
CRUDE
0.6
COND
0.4
0.2
RES
0
0
PRODUCTS
100
200
TEMPERATURE , C
300
400
CRUDE FRACTIONATION
EXAMPLE
We continue in this fashion until the total utility reaches a minimum. .
1.4
PINCH
1.2
PA1
1.0
M*Cp, MMW/C
0.8
CRUDE
0.6
COND
0.4
PA2
0.2
RES
0
0
100
200
TEMPERATURE, C
300
400
CRUDE FRACTIONATION
EXAMPLE
Especially when moving heat from PA2 to PA3, steam usage increases
so that the flash point of products is correct and the gap is within
limits.
1.2
1.0
0.8
PA1
0.6
CRUDE
COND
0.4
1
PA1
M*Cp, MMW/C
0.2
PA2
PA3
RES
0
0
100
200
TEMPERATURE, C
300
400
CRUDE FRACTIONATION
EXAMPLE
Situation for a heavy crude
0.8
M*Cp, MMW/C
0.6
CRUDE
PA3
0.4
RES
COND
0.2
PA1
SW
PA2
0
0
100
200
TEMPERATURE,
300
400
PART 6
ENERGY RELAXED
NETWORKS
ENERGY RELAXATION
Energy relaxation is a name coined for the
procedure of allowing the energy usage to
increase in exchange for at least one of the
following effects :
a) a reduction in area
b) a reduction in the number of heat exchangers
c) a reduction in complexity (typically less
splitting)
ENERGY RELAXATION
Illustration of a Loop
FCp=0.010
H1
125 0C
175 0C
C
280
FCp=0.040
FCp=0.020
H2
65 0C
155 0C
H
360
FCp=0.015
20 0C
C1
40 0C
C2
1840
500
112 0C
560
520
Tmin=13 oC
ENERGY RELAXATION
Illustration of a Path
FCp=0.010
H1
125 0C
175 0C
C
280
FCp=0.040
FCp=0.020
FCp=0.015
H2
65 0C
155 0C
20 0C
H
360
C1
1840
500
40 0C
112 0C
(*) Heat exchanger loads are in kW
560
520
C2
ENERGY RELAXATION
175 0C
H1
C
280
H2
65 0C
155 0C
20 0C
H
360
C1
1840 +X
500 -X
112
40 0C
0C
560 -X
C2
520 +X
ENERGY RELAXATION
H1
175 0C
C
65 0C
45 0C
280
65 0C
H2
65 0C
155 0C
20 0C
C1
40 0C
C2
2340
360
112
0C
60
1020
108 0C
This exchanger is in
violation of the
minimum approach
ENERGY RELAXATION
H1
175 0C
C
65 0C
45 0C
280 +X
65 0C
H2
65 0C
155 0C
20 0C
H
360 +X
2340 -X
112 0C
40 0C
60 +X
C1
C2
1020 -X
108 0C
ENERGY RELAXATION
H1
Final Network
175 0C
C
65 0C
45 0C
1075
65 0C
H2
65 0C
155 0C
20 0C
H
1155
C1
1545
112
0C
40 0C
855
55 0C
225
C2
T RELAXATION
T RELAXATION
Consider the following problem
Stream
Type
Supply T
Target T
(oC)
(oC)
F*Cp
(MW oC-1)
H1
Hot
175
45
0.010
H2
Hot
125
65
0.040
C1
Cold
20
155
0.020
C2
Cold
40
112
0.015
Hot Utility
20 (HRAT)
0.605 MW
0.525 MW
132 OC
13 (EMAT)
0.360 MW
0.280 MW
112 OC
PSEUDO-PINCH METHOD
We now consider that the difference (245 kW= 605
kW-360 kW) needs to go across the pinch of a design
made using EMAT. Thus we first look at the solution
of the pinch design method (PDM) for Tmin =13 oC
FCp=0.010
H1
125 0C
175 0C
45 0C
280
FCp=0.040
FCp=0.020
FCp=0.015
H2
65 0C
155 0C
20 0C C
1
H
360
1840
500
112
0C
40 0C
560
520
C2
PSEUDO-PINCH METHOD
To relax this network by 245 kW we extend the only
heat exchanger above the pinch by this amount. We
then proceed below the pinch as usual.
FCp=0.010
H1
FCp=0.040
H2
45 0C
149.5 0C
175 0C
125 0C
310
65 0C
C
215
FCp=0.020
FCp=0.015
155 0C
H
605
20 0C
112 0C
255
1840
112
0C
40 0C
735
C1
C2
345
Note that the matching rules (FCp inequalities) can be somewhat relaxed.
PSEUDO-PINCH METHOD
We know the solution of the pinch design
method (PDM) for Tmin =20 oC
FCp=0.010
FCp=0.040
FCp=0.020
FCp=0.015
H1
175 0C
45 0C
125 0C
525
65 0C
125 0C
H2
155 0C
112 0C
H
500
500
105 0C
20 0C C
1
1700
40 0C C
2
H
105
700
275
T RELAXATION USING
AUTOMATIC METHODS
PART 7
MATHEMATICAL
PROGRAMMING
APPROACHES
SUPERSTRUCTURE APPROACH
CONCEPT: A single optimization model, if solved
globally, provides all the answers simultaneously.
Superstructure of matches.
SUPERSTRUCTURE APPROACH
Possible flow sheets embedded (recycles/by-passes excluded)
SUPERSTRUCTURE APPROACH
Possible flow sheets embedded (continued)
SUPERSTRUCTURE APPROACH
Model Constraints
Objective
SUPERSTRUCTURE APPROACH
This is an MINLP formulation with which several
researches have struggled. (MINLP methods could
not be easily solved globally until recently (?).
Therefore it needs some initial points.
SUPERSTRUCTURE APPROACH
Some Strategies to overcome the curse of
non-convexity
Hasemy-Ahmady et al.,
1999.
STAGE SUPERSTRUCTURE
APPROACH
With isothermal mixing. Yee and Grossmann
(1990, 1998)
Note on the side: This
is a remarkable coming
back to origins.
SUPERSTRUCTURE APPROACH
SUPERSTRUCTURE APPROACH
Hot stream i
z,H
qijm
qimz , jn
z ,C
qijn
Cold stream j
1
6
2
7
3
8
4
9
First interval
z ,H
z ,H
z ,H
K ijm
2 Yijm
Yijm
+1
z ,H
z ,H
K ijm
Yijm
Rest of intervals
z ,H
z ,H
z ,H
K ijm
Yijm
Yijm
+1
z ,H
K ijm
0
z, H
Yijm
z,H
K ijm
z,H
K ijm
10
10
z ,H
qijm
1
z,H
qijm
z,H
qijm
Cpim (T T )
U
m
L
m
z,H
qijm
1
z,H
qijm
1
PART 8
INDUSTRIAL IMPORTANCE
OF USING THE RIGHT MODEL
CRUDE FRACTIONATION
EXAMPLE
CO NDENSER
w a te r
n a p h th a
PA1
stea m
PA2
k erosen e
ste a m
PA3
w a te r
cru d e
DESALTER
d ie s e l
stea m
HEN
g a s o il
so u r w a te r
ste a m
HEN
FURNACE
r e s id u e
350
350
300
300
400
Temperature ( C)
Light Crude
250
200
150
100
250
200
150
100
50
50
0
0
50
100
150
200
250
Enthalpy (MW)
50
100
150
Enthalpy (MW)
200
CRUDE FRACTIONATION
C2
Cooling water
FURNACE
H8
H2
H3
H7
H6
H5
H1
DESALTER
H9
H10
H4
CRUDE FRACTIONATION
C2
Cooling water
FURNACE
H8
H7
H6
H2
DESALTER
H5
H4
H1
H3
H10
C1
CRUDE FRACTIONATION
C2
FURNACE
NOT USED FOR
LIGHT CRUDE
Cooling water
H8
H2
H3
H7
H6
H5
H1
DESALTER
H4
H10
H9
C1
CRUDE FRACTIONATION
It is clear from the previous results that efficient MER
networks addressing multiple crudes can be rather complex
and impractical.
CRUDE FRACTIONATION
EXAMPLE
We now illustrate the use of HRAT/EMAT procedures for the
case of crude fractionation units.
We return to our example of two crudes. The problem was
solved using mathematical programming. The networks have
maximum efficiency for both crudes.
Only the vertical model and the control on the number of units
was used. No variation in the matches was done (not really
necessary in this case) and no further optimization was
performed.
CRUDE FRACTIONATION
C2
NOT USED FOR
HEAVY CRUDE
FURNACE
Cooling water
H8
H7
H3
H6
H2
18 units
H5
DESALTER
H1
NOT USED
FOR HEAVY
CRUDE
H10
H4
H9
C1
CRUDE FRACTIONATION
NOT USED FOR
HEAVY CRUDE
FURNACE
Cooling water
H8
H3
H7
H6
H2
H5
18 units
DESALTER
H1
NOT USED FOR
HEAVY CRUDE
H10
H4
H9
C1
CRUDE FRACTIONATION
FURNACE
H3
H8
H7
H6
H2
DESALTER
17 units
H5
H1
H4
NOT USED FOR
HEAVY CRUDE
H10
H9
C1
CRUDE FRACTIONATION
Cost, MM$/yr
Combined Multiperiod Multiperiod+ Multip+Des.Temp
Network
Model
Desalt.Temp. +Higher HRAT
HRAT/EMAT
Operational
Fixed
Total
20/20
3.96
3.14
7.10
20/10
3.96
3.63
7.59
20/10
3.96
3.32
7.28
40/30
4.94
1.37
6.32
CRUDE FRACTIONATION
EXAMPLE
We now illustrate the use of more sophisticated models
that allow the control of splitting. These are essentially
transshipment models that are able to control the level of
splitting (something that regular transshipment models
cannot do).
CRUDE FRACTIONATION
Two branches unrestricted
HRAT = 40 oF
EMAT = 30 oF
FURNACE
H8
H7
H3
H6
23 units
H5
H2
H4
DESALTER
5% More Energy
Consumption
H1
H10
H9
C1
CRUDE FRACTIONATION
restricted
HRAT = 40 oF
EMAT = 30 oF
FURNACE
H7
H8
H3
H6
H2
H5
H1
21 units
H4
DESALTER
5% More Energy
Consumption
H10
H9
C1
CRUDE FRACTIONATION
Cost, MM$/yr
Multiperiod Two-branch
Model
Unrestricted
Operational
4.32
4.52
Fixed
2.07
1.90
Total
6.39
6.42
Two-branch
Restricted
4.53
2.01
6.54
CRUDE FRACTIONATION
The two-branch design
Is efficient for all feedstocks proposed.
Consumes only a few more millions Btu/hr
Has many solutions of similar energy consumption.
PART 9
RETROFIT
AND
TOTAL SITE INTEGRATION
RETROFIT
The big question in trying to do a retrofit of a HEN is
whether one really wants to achieve maximum efficiency.
Original System
Operating
Costs ($/yr)
HORIZON
RETROFIT
It is desired to produce the largest reduction of cost with
the smallest capital investment
Present Condition
Retrofits
HORIZON
EXAMPLE
Retrofits involve a) relocation, and b) addition of new units.
NEW-1
DESALTER
NEW-2
9T-2
9T-1
NEW-3
REB-T7
9T-7
RELOC
NEW-4
9T-1
9T-9
NEW-5
RELOC
9T-9
DESALTER
D101
9T-7
This particular study produced a) 700,000 annual savings with 1.2 years
payoff, b) Additional 12% capacity (not counted in the $700,000 savings)
TYPES OF RETROFIT
By inspection. Perform pinch design or pseudo pinch
design and determine heat exchangers to add
Systematic methods using tables and graphs exist
They are outside the scope of this course.
Mathematical programming approaches also exist but
they have not passed the test of usability and
friendliness
Plant 1
Plant 2
Source Profile
HP Steam
Sink Profile
PLANT 2
C O M B IN E D
PLANT
A b o v e b o th
p in c h e s
P in c h P o in t
P la n t 2
B e tw e e n
p in c h e s
P in c h P o in t
P la n t 1
B e lo w b o th
p in c h e s
P o s s ib le
L o c a t io n o f
P in c h
U1,min- QT
U2,min
Effective integration
takes place between
pinches.
Pinch 2
QT
Pinch 1
W1,min
W2,min- QT
U1,min- QT
U2,min + QT
QT
Pinch 2
Pinch 1
W1,min
W2,min
Integration outside
the inter pinch region
leads to no effective
savings.
GRAND COMPOSITE
CURVES
PLANT 1
PLANT 2
18 = 30 - 12
20 = 20
-12
-19
6 = 18 - 12
1 = 20 - 19
-1
-1
5=6-1
-15
0=1-1
Pinch
10
10
0 = 5 - 15 + 10
-2
0 = 10 - 10
0=0-2+2
Pinch
3=0+5-2
1
2=2
4=3+1
Plant
1
Temperature
120
Plan
t2
100
80
Maximum
possible savings
60
40
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
Enthalpy
10
15
20
PLANT 2
7 = 20 + 4 - 17
-7
If heat is not transferred
above the two pinches
only 13 of the maximum
17 can be saved.
16 = 20 - 4
-10
0=7-7
6 = 16 - 10
4
-10
1 = 0 + 5 - 4 Pinch
-15
14
0 = 6 - 10 + 4
14
0 = 1 - 15 + 14
-3
0 = 14 - 14
10
0=0-3+3
Pinch
7 = 0 + 10 - 3
5
3=3
12 = 7 + 5
120
100
Pla
nt 1
Assisted
Transfer
Pocket
Plan
t2
80
Maximum
possible savings
60
40
-10
-5
10
Enthalpy
15
20
25
30
Pla
nt 1
Temperature
120
100
Plan
t2
80
Maximum
possible savings
60
40
-10
-5
10
Enthalpy
140
Pl a
Temperature
120
nt 1
Assisted
Transfer
100
Pocket
P lan
80
t2
Maximum
possible savings
60
40
-10
-5
10
Enthalpy
15
20
25
30
15
20
25
30
H4
H3
H2
H6
H7
H1
H5
H8
C1
CW
Plant 1:
Crude Unit
H10
H11
H15
H13
H14
Direct Integration
(two stream circuits)
C2
Pinch location
Original HEN
Additional heat exchangers
used during integration
H12
CW
Plant 2: FCC
Unit
H4
H3
H2
H6
H7
H1
H5
H8
Utility (MMBtu/hr)
C1
CW
H10
H11
H15
H13
Savings
Pinch location
Additional heat exchangers
used during integration
Cooling
147.7
96.2
H14
Direct Integration
Original HEN
No Integration
Direct Integration
Heating
252.9
201.4
H12
CW
1,000,000 $/year
PLA N T 3
(C & F )
2 5 4 .9
PLA N T 4
(4 sp 1 )
4 2 6 .4
128
300 C
249 C
9 8 .3
1 2 0 .7
5 2 .9
200 C
1 0 4 .5
160 C
1 0 7 .5
90 C
40 C
40
5 8 1 .1
1 9 9 5 .5
3 1 .1
FUTURE TRENDS
Mathematical programming will be the dominant
tool.
Software companies are struggling to make the
proper choice of existing methods for each case
and most important numerically reliable.
The best option for the time being is to
intelligently interact with experts while using
existing software.