UNIVERSITY OF CENTRAL FLORIDA CECE DEPARTMENT F.E. REVIEW COURSE “CHEMISTRY” REVIEW OUTLINE / HANDOUT PROF. BENJAMIN M. FRIESSECTION 1 OXIDATION STATE ‘A. OXIDATION STATE (VALENCE) 4. Elements have lute shells. The shells are only completely fill id (stable) for the noble gases. A non-noble element can achieve a more stable shell by adding or losing ___sldtvon, (47) 2. Common Valence States Hydrogen (H) * Calcium (Ca) 42 ‘Oxygen (0) -2 Magnesium ( Mg) +2 Carbon (C) aay Manganese (Mn) sat Fluorine (F) Sulfur (8) nwheh Chlorine (CO) 1545 ‘Aluminum (Al) 3 3. Example Problem - Oxidation States What are the oxidation numbers of all the elements in chlorate (CIO). = Oxygen has only one oxidation state: = Forchlorate, there are __t/1v/f, oxygen atoms, which have _ electrons. = There is __0/\ net e”, so the Cl has to share _livi|%) e; it oxidation state is_+5 4, Example Problem - Oxi a. The valance (oxidation state) of manganese in potassium permanganate, KMnO, is: (@ +7 () +5 © 4 @ +3 = Oxygen has only a _=2. _ oxidation state; K has an oxidation state of __+ = ‘There is no charge on the molecule, thus, Mn must have an oxidation state of __+ = ChemisLUCE CECE EReviow Course SECTION 2 INORGANIC CHEMISTRY A. DEFINITIONS dq: 2. 1. ‘Atomic Number: ‘Number of __puclons (4*) _ in the nucteus of atom. Carbon 12: Has protons, neutrons, and _ _ electrons in one atom. ‘Atomic Weight: The weight of an atom compared to _Cav\t/t-|2_. Carbon 121s defined as having an atomic weight of 12, and every other element is compared to this, In the periodic table, Carbon has an atomic weight of 12.011, because naturally occurring Carbon contains a little Carbon 13 and Carbon 14. Two atoms with the same atomic __iu/biy"_but different atomic weight. Forexample, Carbon 13 has 6 protons, 6elecirons, and 7 neutrons. le (One gram-mole (usually “mol” or “gmol’) of carbon 12 is 12 grams. The ‘number of atoms or molecules in @ mole is equal to Avogadro's number: 6.023 * 10°, A mole of any gas at STP occupies 22.4 L. ‘Amount of @ substance whose mass in _@y/iv> is equal to its atomic or molecular weight. Number of moles of a substance divided by _to{l__ moles present. Molecular or atomic weight divided by the number of _gli tH ov, ‘exchanged in a chemical or electrochemical reaction. ene rut z re ic is a EXAMPLE PROBLEMS “ue duubrone fohaige How many electrons are there in 0.01 g of gold? = The atomic weight of gold is 4.4 gimole. ool ge) wil | F-02%%107% oT atone 4 Tae shel) yl 4,060710" atoms a0eexi0” nla ChemistyLUCK CECE - FE Review Course ‘ 2. Calculate the equivalent weight of the elements/compounds listed in following reactions: a AM +3e = Al = The atomic weight of Alis approximately _2-_gimole. = There are __tywis (2) electrons exchanged. = Thus, the equivalent weight is: MW 2xt lw) fe t > Alnul ~ | 4 oly b. HS, + HO = 2H + S0;? + HO = Thereare __4no (2) H+ produced in the reaction ‘= Thus, the equivalent weightis: jos MW 4% Sima) se = a tt sl ZA nal C. REACTIONS / EQUATIONS 1. The FE exam may include some simple chemical reactions to balance. In these problems, the elements on both sides of the equation have to be equal. 2. Bra sm - Balancing Equations Balance the following reaction: FeS, +0, = Fe,0, + SO; Balance the p (4) 2b +0 F203 + Or Balance the cult (6) LF, + 02 > ads + 602 Balance the__daaui (0 ChemistryReview Course D. OXIDATION-REDUCTION REACTIONS General @. Oxidation-Reduction reactions are more complicated; not only do the reactants and products have to be balanced, but also the valance state Savi on some of the ‘elements, so the charge has to be balanced too. 1)_ In oxidation: An element or molecule Dito electrons) and thus becomes more ___poeitivy 2) In Reduction: An element or molecule gains electron(s) and thus becomes more uueiivl Balancing Oxidation-Reduction Reactions ‘a. To balance Oxidation-Reduction reactions, perform the following: 1) Write the unbalanced equation. 2) Assign vida Hon ‘numbers to all elements, 3) Find the elements that sang oxidation state. 4) Balance so there are the same number of Mle 10 on both sides for oxidized and reduced elements, 5) Balance the ___vivitaividiy __of the equation as a simple reaction. E, STOICHIOMETRY The Wiis of reactants is used to find the Mie of the products, or vice versa. The following steps should be followed: a valanay the equation. b. Find the atomic or molecular _wtia Jat of everything in the equation. &. Combining weights are peopovuini to the product of the molecular weights and the coefficients. 2. Example Problem = Stoichiometry How many kilograms of NaOH are made from 2,000 kg_of Na,CO; by the following reaction? Assume there is enough Ca(OH), to convert all the Na,CO; Na,CO, + Ca(OH), = 2NaOH + CaCO, ChemistyWy Naths" MW Wet = 20 b/g Hl [Wal NaDH 7g ky Wade} \ Wy, “ata 2000 4 Nazld> “20 ot | oto la Net CrenisnycE CECE SECTION 3 SOLUTIONS A. GASES IN LIQUIDS 1 Aliquid has “__wvigty_4 " between its atoms or molecules, which is available for gases to Sey The amount of gas that will be absorbed by a liquid is proportional to the _wsld fvaHiow. Example Problem - Gases in Liquids At 20°C and 1 atm, 1 L of water will absorb 0.043 g of pure 0, or 0.19g of pure N» The air contains 20.9% O, by volume, and the rest is N,? What masses of O, and N, will be absorbed by 1 L of water at 20°C and 1 atm? Wie Magen = (0.20% Y 0.022 Mrogen = (1 0.208)(0:18 $f) > 0 B, UNITS OF CONCENTRATION 1 Motarity: Number of gramt-moles per aay of solution. Motalty Number of gram-moles per 00 game of solvent Normality: =21)] Number of gram-_spuivalint ywla/tte per L of solution. Normal solution: Gram equivalent weight per_u Ld" of solution. Example Problem - Units of Concentration > “ A solution is made by dissolving 0.3539 of Alj(SO,), in 730 g of water. Assuming 100% ionization, what isthe solution's normality, molarity, and concentration in mg/L? zb nr Aaib pe 9m) al a = AMG i ChemisUCE CECE ) 280 5 = 0a Tio 4 Molarity aintiany Neat 0 op mete 828 - =mr¥ 5 Motatity = 6.000 MI) room Mm | Om & a Con: Concentration = 04H} L Pe afc) Concentration = serif ar.6 NL | ACIDS AND BASES 4. General information a. Acids: Molecules that, in water, release___ i" _ions. b, Bases: Molecules that, in water, release ___/ii”__ ions. pH = = logs fH] ( IH‘) is H* concentration ) co) d. pOH = 10g;0 [OH] (OH is OF concentration ) it (®/.) e pH > 7: Definesa bas f. pH <7: Definesan atid @. pH= 7: Definesa wut solution he pH + poH = pt (2644 | nem) 2. Example Problem - Acids and Bases A 0.1N solution of hydrochloric acid has a pH of 1.1. What is the percent ionization? ChemistyD. However, [H'] = vaehion ienizad x maanty Since HCI releases only __a/i/__H" per molecule, the normality and molarity are the _ ile ‘Therefore, the solution’s molarity is 0.1 Fraction lonized 1 ww} lary Fraction lonized 0.034 | 0.1 Fraction tonized = 0.4 (\00%)= | 49% ionieed | NEUTRALIZATION 1. When acids and bases combine, they lose H” and OH" to make H,O, and the other ions form salts. 2. Forthe case where the __{iyial ptt after neutralization is _2.0 _, the following relationship is valid: weatll, N= 2M VaNa = Woe oe 2) x) 3 3. Normality and Molarity are relatéd through the factor "__2°_", which again is reaction dependent and depends upon (ion charge, p” or e” transfer). 4, Example Problem - Neutralization To neutralize 4 grams of NaOH dissolved in 1 of water requires 1 L of (@) 0.001 NHCIsoln (0) QO NHCIsorn f@) DI NHCIsoIn —_() 1.NHCIso/n ChenianyUGE CECE - FE. Review Course 10 MW Na ORL 2 2) wee a, Nonalitiy Aww NarNe Ayan (oD 04 N \ Nae orn | E. CHEMICAL REACTIONS, REACTION KINETICS AND THE EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANT 1. Reversible reaction rates depend on: a cupola int in reaction. b. Exposed eustany, (equilibrium occurs faster with a larger surface area). © Cova tions (ifthe starting concentration of reactants and products is close {6 equilibrium, then equilibrium will be reached soon) “punt. (as in Le Chatelier's principe). e. a alae ee (a catalyst will alow an energy state between the reactants and preduets and will favor the reaction that requires energy). 2. Fora general reversible reaction equation and the mass-action relationship aA+bB =~ cC +4D ‘The equllibrium reaction is written as follows: «oe le, ee Wunders, [ay Ley” where: K = Equilibrium constant [AL[B}{C}[D] = molarconcentrations of A, 8, C and D 3. Allof the concentrations must be expressed in _(Maléa/ iubd ‘The equations are only valid if the system is at equilibrium, implying that some solid is present In addition, the reaction direction thatis assumed for specification of the K corresponds to dissolution of the solid to form ions. F, SOLUBILITY PRODUCT / CONSTANT 41. Dissolved ions can react with each other and form a solid compound that precipitates out of solution: —— ees ChemistyUCE CECE - FE Review Course n ca + CO, - CaCO, 1) Aquid SS rpleet fi. ual Uunn 2. Solids dissolve in water and exist as ions: caso, - Ga? + $0,% 3, The solubility product, K., is calculated similarly to the equilibrium constant except that the terms for pure solids and liquids are omitted (concentrations taken as “unity’) 4, As with the general case of ionization constants, the solubility product for slightly soluble solutes Is essentially constant at a standard value. For the general reaction A.B, = mA + 0B ‘The solubility product becomes: x = tout TT eget weatlart [amb _—e t neue wid =| G. EXAMPLE PROBLEMS 1. Chemical Reactions Determine the quantity of oxygen required for biological nitrification of 25 mg/l of NH, The balanced equation for the reaction is given as follows: NH, + 20, “Ht + NOy + HO a. Determine the molar concentration of NH, 26h Nay LS | abr Nib m4 b. Determine the quantity of oxygen required (molar basis) (ie Mie |e 02 5 aa wctals i et Nes ThemianyUGE CECE - FE Review Course 2 c. Convert the O, required from @ molar to mass basis zal mel 02 | 92 ese Prim bebe | ca omr 2. Example Problem - Solubilty Product Ca(ou)2 =z Cd** +208 Calculate the pH necessary for removal of soluble cadmium in a water supply to 0.10 mg/. by precipitation as the hydroxide. The Ky, for Ca(OH). is 2x 10%. a. Determine the basis for the reaction (molar concentration of Ca”) sie mol Og 3? Wat wy cd (Cd) = gy 10 [ca] b. Determination of the [ OH" ] ee BHAT. pan [OH] = [OH] = c. Determination of the [H* ie = k= THT dee iw 0 ( cows] = ef Dent tr) = bb . Determination of the pH of the solution pi = log Lhtaxto™ | ChemistryVCE CECE - FE Res ‘Course 28 pH = 0G H. IDEAL GAS LAW 4. Foran ideal gas undergoing any process: iM, pe qT tT “Te nwo be nt dealt | 2. Modified for more than one mole of a gas fv ney is wun n= mw 3. The volume of one mole of an ideal gas at standard temperature and pressure is _22. liters 4, Example Problem — ideal Gas Ethane gas burns according to the equation: 2CH, +70, = 400, + 6H,0 Whet volume of CO, measured at standard temperature and pressure, is formed for each gram-mole of C,H, bumed? Assume an ideal gas. (2) 2.4L (b)) 44.84 (©) 88.0L (6) 89.6L Cc AE ak 1 wal ob ial ques © senda orion’ = 227+ Aum ( —\ N00 Eh Ht. L\ r Vain ( 132 aye \ Ve Yat Ayeoo v) CheneyUcE CECE Course 5 J. MISCELLANEOUS CHEMISTRY PROBLEMS 41. What is the simplest formula for a substance that contains 16.09% potassium (K), 40.15% platinum (Po, and 43.76% chlorine by weight? (@) KPrc, (b) KPI,CI, (0) K,PICl, () KPt,Cl, eae \WO 4 caiviplt K 16.09% Wy.ot 39.10 ote 2 Pt 40.15% tee 195.09 1.205% \ cl 43.76% | v.ab 35.46 ee a | Assume that the element with the__ivtglld4-_ number of moles has __AV/ atom in the molecule. Divide the other numbers of moles by the number of moles of that element. ‘Thus, the simplest formula is: ete Qly 2. Pure sulfuric acid (H,SO,) is added to 200 mL of pure water to produce an aqueous sulfuric acid containing 42.3% by weight of H,SO, with a specific gravity of 1.175. The volume of this diluted acid is most nearly? (9 200 mL. (®) 300 mL (o) 360. mL (¢) 400 mL The percent by weight of water in the diluted acid is calculated as follows: % by Weight (water) = 00 -+2.3-35.4 % The total mass of the diluted acid is the weight of __wali” divided by the __fvi@H of water in the solution: (Windy TotalMass = — AO ee eae BHbb 0.5A3 ChemistryUCE CECE - FE Reviow Course 48 ‘The volume of the solution is its __wWifssl, divided by its clue thus Thea ed” a ifn) — = 24% mL 3. A solution has a pH of 3.6. The concentration of hydronium (hydrogen) ions in the solution is most nearly: Volume (@) 2.4% 10 ions. @)25x 10" onst (©) 2.6% 10% ions. (d) 2.7.x 104 fons 4, The number of molecules of hydrogen gas in a 1.0 mL sample at 20°C and 1 mm Hg is most nearly: (a) 33x 10% (b) 33x 10° (9) 43x10" “yf, 80% 10” . (man a)( 10 mean) VenkT => n-th. on 060 mt) f © ET lex orUCE CECE - FE Review Cou x 5. The fraction of ionized molecules in acetic acid, HC;H,O,, is 1.34x 10% What is the pH of a 0.10 M solution? (@) 26 (b) 27 © 29 32 Chemistry