Name:

Lab section (eg. MW 11 2):

Chemistry 120B

Exam #4 04/23/10

Exam # A___

Instructions:
o Your cell phone must be off and all other materials must be put away
before beginning the exam.
o You are only allowed to use a SINGLE LINE NON-PROGRAMMABLE
CALCULATOR.
o Do not start the exam until you are told to do so.
o Print your name on the top of every page. One point will be removed
from your total score for every page on which you do not write your name.
o Read each problem carefully before you begin.
o Make sure you answer what the problem is asking.
o Answer each problem clearly and legibly.
o Check your work for errors.

Always ask yourself Does this answer make sense?.
o Partial credit will be awarded for partial answers so always try!
o If there is any evidence of cheating (either during the exam or while it is
being graded) you will receive a zero for the exam and you will be
reported to the Dean of Students in the Office of Judicial Affairs.

This exam consists of this cover page, and 7 pages of problems. Make sure that all
8 pages are present.

Sign your name below and include the last four digits of your CWID (student ID
number). Failure to include the last four digits of your CWID will result in an automatic
score of zero.
Your signature indicates that you have read and understand these instructions.

Signature

Last 4 digits of CWID

Question # Points possible Your points

1
18
2
18
3
21
4
21
5
22

Hudson

Chemistry 120B Exam #4A

pg. 1 of 9

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Name:
Watch your units and significant figures.
1) Answer the following questions regarding internal energy, heat, work, enthalpy, and
entropy.
(18 points total)
a) Correct the following incorrect statements:

(6 points)

i) The first law of thermodynamics states that the total energy of the universe is
increasing. CONSTANT
ii) The second law of thermodynamics states that Sreaction > 0 for a spontaneous
reaction. STOTAL > 0
iii) The third law of thermodynamics states that the entropy of a perfect crystal at 0C
is zero. 0 K

b) Identify the sign of q and w (+, -, or 0) for the following systems given the
information below:
(4 points)
i) Temperature of surroundings decreases and the volume of the system increases
qsys = __+__ wsys = __-__
If the temperature of the surroundings decreases heat is flowing into system,
q>0. If the volume of the system increases then work is done by the system, w<0.
ii) Exothermic reaction where work is done by the system
qsys = __-__ wsys = __-__
If it is an exothermic reaction heat is flowing out of the system, q<0. If work is
done by the system w<0.
c) Identify the sign of enthalpy and entropy (+ or -) for the following reactions given the
information below. Explain your reasoning.
(8 points)
i) the condensation of gaseous nitrogen to liquid nitrogen
ii) the condensation of gaseous nitrogen to liquid nitrogen
N2 (g)  N2 (l)
Hrxn = __-__ Srxn = __-__
This is an exothermic reaction because heat must be removed from the system in
order to condense nitrogen, Hrxn<0. Disorder is decreasing from gas to liquid,
Srxn<0.
iii) the spontaneous conversion of ozone to oxygen under all temperature conditions
2 O3 (g)  3 O2 (g)
Hrxn = __-__ Srxn = __+__

Hudson

Chemistry 120B Exam #4A

pg. 2 of 9

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Name:
Watch your units and significant figures.
Disorder is increasing from 2 mole gaseous reactants to 3 mole gaseous products.
If the reaction is spontaneous under all temperature conditions then Hrxn must
be negative. Think about your table:
Hrxn Srxn Spontaneous?
+
always
+
never
T < H / S
+
+
T > H / S

Hudson

Chemistry 120B Exam #4A

pg. 3 of 9

SHOW ALL WORK

Name:
Watch your units and significant figures.
2) Ethylene (C2H4) plays an important role in the ripening of certain fruits and
vegetables. The production of C2H4 by plants is quite complex, but imagine it is
produced by the simple breakdown of glucose according to the reaction:
(18 points)
C6H12O6 (s)  3 C2H4 (g) + 3 O2 (g)
Hrxn = 1430.5 kJ
a) Multiple choice: Which reaction represents Hf (the heat of formation) for glucose
(C6H12O6), a source of ethylene (C2H4).
(2 points)
a) 6 C (s) + 6 O (g) + 12 H (g)  C6H12O6 (s)
b) 3 C2H4 (g) + 3 O2 (g)  C6H12O6 (s)
c) C6H12O6 (s)  6 C (s) + 3 O2 (g) + 6 H2 (g)
d) 6 C (s) + 3 O2 (g) + 6 H2 (g)  C6H12O6 (s)
e) 6 C (s) + 6 H2O (l)  C6H12O6 (s)
b) Given the following thermodynamic values, calculate Srxn in J/K. Qualitatively
explain if your answer makes sense.
(10 points)

S (J/mol K)

C6H12O6 (s)

C2H4 (g)

O2 (g)

212.1

219.3

205.2

Srxn = npSproducts - nrSreactants

Srxn = (3 mol O2)(205.2 J/molK) + (3 mol C2H4)(219.3 J/mol K) (1 mol C6H12O6)(212.1 J/molK)

Srxn = 1061.4 J/K = 1.061 x 103 J/K

c) Because the production of C2H4 (g) ripens fruit, people often put fruit in the
refrigerator to make the fruit last longer. Explain why this does or does not make sense
given the Hrxn above.
(6 points)
Yes, this makes sense. Because Hrxn > 0 it is an endothermic reaction. This means
heat acts as a product. If we decrease the heat it shifts the equilibrium to the
reactant side. This decreases the amount of C2H4 produced which should make the
fruit last longer.

Hudson

Chemistry 120B Exam #4A

pg. 4 of 9

SHOW ALL WORK

Name:
Watch your units and significant figures.
3) Carbon monoxide (CO) is toxic to your body because it bonds more strongly to the
iron in hemoglobin (Hgb) than does O2. Consider the following reactions and
approximate standard free energy changes:
(21 points total)
Hgb (s) + O2 (g) HgbO2 (s)
Hgb (s) + CO (g) HgbCO(s)

Grxn = -40. kJ/mol

Grxn = -80. kJ/mol

a) How is a spontaneous reaction defined using free energy? Be specific.

(3 points)

Grxn < 0
b) Using the above equations, show that CO displacing O2 from hemoglobin is
spontaneous according to free energy. Show all work.
(6 points)
HgbO2 (s) + CO (g)  HgbCO (s) + O2 (g)
The first reaction must be reversed which changes the sign of the G
HgbO2 (s)  Hgb (s) + O2 (g)

Grxn = +40. kJ/mol

The second reaction stays in the same direction

Hgb (s) + CO (g)
 HgbCO(s)

Grxn = -80. kJ/mol

The sum of these two reactions yields the desired reaction:

HgbO2 (s) + CO (g)  HgbCO (s) + O2 (g)
Grxn = 40-80 kJ/mol = -40 kJ/mol
Because Grxn < 0 this is a spontaneous reaction.

Hudson

Chemistry 120B Exam #4A

pg. 5 of 9

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Name:
Watch your units and significant figures.
3 cont. c) In order to treat carbon monoxide poisoning, patients are given 100% oxygen
therapy or put in a hyperbaric oxygen chamber to increase the partial pressure of oxygen
in their system reversing the reaction below:
(12 points)
HgbO2 (s) + CO (g)  HgbCO (s) + O2 (g)
Grxn = -40. kJ/mol
i) Quantitatively determine what pressure of O2 (g) is required to reverse the above
reaction (to make the reaction non-spontaneous) if pCO = 5.00 x 10-4 atm, T = 37C?
o
G rxn = G rxn
+ RT ln Q

To be non-spontaneous, Grxn > 0 which means Grxn + RT ln Q > 0.

o
0 < Grxn
+ RT ln Q
o
Grxn
< RT ln Q
o
Grxn
< ln Q
RT
pO
Q= 2
pCO

pO2
pCO

>e

o
Grxn
RT

pO2 > pCO e

pO2
pO2

o
Grxn
RT

( 40 kJ / mol )

(8.314 J / molK ) 1kJ ( 37+ 273)

1000 J

> (5.00 x10 4 ) e

4
15.5
> (5.00 x10 ) e

pO2 > (5.00 x10 4

( )
)(e )
15.5

pO2 > 2748 atm pO2 > 2.75 x10 3 atm

ii) Qualitatively explain if this reaction is non-spontaneous for pressures of O2 greater
than or less than your answer above? Explain your answer.

Qualitatively the answer must be for pressures greater than 2.75 x 103 atm
because we want to make the reaction non-spontaneous. O2 is a product so the
larger the value the more it will shift the reaction to the left (in the nonspontaneous direction).

Hudson

Chemistry 120B Exam #4A

pg. 6 of 9

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Name:
Watch your units and significant figures.
4) Consider the equilibrium between red and white phosphorous:

(21 points total)

P (s, red)  P (s, white)

Hrxn = 17.6 kJ
Srxn = 18.3 J/K
a) How is a spontaneous reaction defined according to entropy? Be specific.

(3 points)

STOTAL > 0
b) Calculate Ssurroundings for the above reaction at T = 350 K in J/K. According to
entropy, is this reaction spontaneous at T = 350 K? Show all work.
(10 points)
S

o
surroundings

o
H system

Tsurroundings

17.6kJ
= 5.03 x10 2 kJ / K = 50.2 J / K
350 K

o
S system
= 18.3 J / K
o
o
o
Stotal
= S system
+ S surroundin
gs = 18.3 J / K + ( 50.2 J / K ) = 31.9 J / K

Because STOTAL < 0 this reaction is non-spontaneous at 350 K.

(8 points)
c) Given the values for enthalpy and entropy above:
i) Complete the graph of ln K vs 1/T with a line that corresponds to Hrxn = 17.6 kJ
and Srxn = 18.3 J/K. Explain your answer.
ii) Identify on the graph where the conversion from red to white phosphorous is
spontaneous (always, never, high T, low T). Explain your answer.

This line has a positive intercept

(because intercept = +S/R) and a
negative slope (because slope = -H/R).

ln K

spontaneous
1/T

It is spontaneous under high

temperature conditions which is closest
to zero on the x-axis.

non-spontaneous

Hudson

Chemistry 120B Exam #4A

pg. 7 of 9

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Name:
Watch your units and significant figures.
5) Answer the following questions about the phase diagram of water and phase changes.
(22 points total)

(10 points)

Pressure (atm)

a) Given the phase diagram for water:

y
1 atm

B
A
C
Temperature (C)

i) Identify the phase of H2O in regions A, B, and C

A___solid___

B___liquid___

C___gas___

ii) Identify the temperature (in C) at points x and y

x___0 C___

y___100 C___

iii) Explain where Grxn = 0 (HINT: What does it mean when Grxn = 0 and where can
you find this condition on the phase diagram?)
Grxn = 0 when the system is in equilibrium. This is found along the phase
boundaries of the phase diagram (along the lines).

Hudson

Chemistry 120B Exam #4A

pg. 8 of 9

SHOW ALL WORK

Name:
Watch your units and significant figures.
5 cont. b) Boiling water can be dangerous! Which burn is more severe (worse), a burn
from 3.27 g liquid water at 100 C or a burn from an equal amount of steam (water
vapor) at 100C?
(12 points)
i) Calculate the amount of heat deposited on the skin (37C) for
each process given the following reactions and information.
Which system releases more heat?
Liquid water burn:

H2O (l), 100C  H2O (l), 37C

Water vapor burn:

H2O (g), 100C  H2O (l), 37C

Liquid water burn:

H2O (l), 100C  H2O (l), 37C
q = mCT

MW H2O

18.01 g/mol

CH2O (s)

2.09 J/gC

CH2O (l)

4.18 J/gC

CH2O (g)

2.01 J/gC

Hfusion

6.02 kJ/mol

Hvaporization

40.7 kJ/mol

q = (3.27 g )(4.18 J / g oC )(37 100o C )

q = 861J
432 J of heat are released from the liquid water to the skin.
Water vapor burn:
H2O (g), 100C  H2O (l), 37C
This reaction takes place in two steps:
H2O (g), 100C  H2O (l), 100C
H2O (l), 100C  H2O (l), 37C
q = nH
mol
(40.7 kJ / mol )
q = (3.27 g )
18.01g
q = 7.389 kJ = 7389 J
q = mCT
q = (3.27 g )(4.18 J / g oC )(37 100o C )
q = 861J
qtotal = nH + mCT = 7389 J 861J = 8251 J = 8.25 x103 J = 8.25kJ

More heat is released from the water vapor to the skin (4.14 x 103 J) versus from
the liquid water to the skin.

ii) Qualitatively explain which burn is more severe (worse).

The burn from the water vapor is more severe because it releases heat in two steps
(conversion from gas to liquid and decrease of liquid temperature) rather than just
the one step of decreasing the liquid temperature.

Hudson

Chemistry 120B Exam #4A

pg. 9 of 9