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59 2 R x w x e ur2 5 3 3 9

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59 2 R x w x e ur2 5 3 3 9

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hvfuhyhprv ;{ 5 G/ s E{1
43

59 2 R x w x e ur2 5 3 3 9

51515

Txdqwlfdgru h{lvwhqfldo

Frqvlghuhprv d frqglr {2 ' e= D iudvh/ h{lvwh shor phqrv xp { wdo txh


{2 ' e/ wudgx} xpd sursulhgdgh txh/ qr xqlyhuvr grv uhdlv/ yhugdghlud
srlv d frqglr {2 ' e srvvyho +whp dv vroxhv 2 h 2=
 vhqgr s E{ xpd h{suhvvr sursrvlflrqdo qd ydulyho {/ <{/ s E{ xpd
sursrvlr/ txh vh o h{lvwh shor phqrv xp { wdo txh s E{1
Qxp fhuwr xqlyhuvr/

<{> s E{ yhugdghlud vvh d frqglr s E{ srvvyho1

R vperor < fkdpd0vh txdqwlfdgru h{lvwhqfldo1

H{hpsor ; D sursrvlr <{> {2 n ' f idovd hp W+ h yhugdghlud hp 1


Wdpep srghprv xwlol}du d qrwdr <{ 5 G/ s E{ vhqgr G r frqmxqwr
hp txh { wrpd ydoruhv1
51516

Txdqwlfdgru gh h{lvwqfld h xqlflgdgh

D iudvh h{lvwh xp h xp v { wdo txh {2 ' f/ wudgx} xpd sursulhgdgh txh/
qr xqlyhuvr grv uhdlv/ yhugdghlud/ srlv d frqglr {2 ' f whp dshqdv xpd
vroxr=
 vhqgr s E{ xpd h{suhvvr sursrvlflrqdo qd ydulyho {/ < {/ s E{ xpd
sursrvlr/ txh vh o h{lvwh xp h xp v { wdo txh s E{1
Qxp fhuwr xqlyhuvr/

<{> s E{ yhugdghlud vvh d frqglr s E{ whp xpd qlfd vroxr1

R vperor < fkdpd0vh txdqwlfdgru gh h{lvwqfld h xqlflgdgh1

H{hpsor < Dv sursrvlhv < {> {2 '  h <{> {2 ' vr dpedv idovdv hp
W+=
Hp yh} gh ;{> s E{ wdpep vh hvfuhyh ;{ Es E{ +h dqdorjdphqwh sdud
rv rxwurv txdqwlfdgruhv,1

44

59 2 R x w x e ur2 5 3 3 9

Revhuydr 5 Wdo frpr vh ih} sdud rv frqhfwlyrv ojlfrv/ hvwdehohfhp0vh


frqyhqhv txh shuplwhp vlpsolfdu d qrwdr1
Frqyhqflrqd0vh txh r txdqwlfdgru deudqjh d pdlv shtxhqd h{suhvvr
sursrvlflrqdo txh r vhjxh1 Hp yh} gh E;{> s E{ , t E{ srghprv hvfuhyhu
;{> s E{ , t E{1
Qrwh0vh txh d sursrvlr ;{ Es E{ , t E{/ qr whp r phvpr vljqlfdgr
txh d dqwhulru> sdud hvwdehohfhu hvwd glihuhqd rv sduqwhvlv vr lqglvshq0
vyhlv1
51517

Txdqwlfdr sdufldo h txdqwlfdr powlsod

Frqvlghuhprv/ djrud/ xpd frqglr txh hqyroyh pdlv gr txh xpd ydulyho/
sru h{hpsor d frqglr {2  | A f1
Srghprv ghqlu qrydv frqglhv d sduwlu ghvwd/ txdqwlfdqgr h{lvwhqfldo
rx xqlyhuvdophqwh xpd gdv ydulyhlv/ rewhqgr0vh=
;{>
<{>
;|>
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{2  |
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A
A
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f
f
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Hp txdotxhu ghvwhv fdvrv/ surfhghx0vh d xpd txdqwlfdr sdufldo1


Dv ydulyhlv txdqwlfdgdv ghvljqdp0vh sru ydulyhlv pxgdv +rx yd0
ulyhlv dsduhqwhv,/ dv uhvwdqwhv ghvljqdp0vh sru ydulyhlv olyuhv1
Qdwxudophqwh/ srghprv txdqwlfdu h{suhvvhv sursrvlflrqdlv txh hqyroyhp
m txdqwlfdgruhv1
H{hpsor 43 Qr xqlyhuvr grv uhdlv/ frqvlghuhprv qrydphqwh d frqglr
{2  | A f1
<{<|> {2  | A f
xpd sursrvlr yhugdghlud h

;{;|> {2  | A f

xpd sursrvlr idovd1


Srghprv wdpep txdqwlfdu xpd gdv ydulyhlv xqlyhuvdophqwh h d rxwud
h{lvwhqfldophqwh frpr/ sru h{hpsor/ qd sursrvlr +txh idovd,
<{;|> {2  | A f=
45

59 2 R x w x e ur2 5 3 3 9

Qrwd= Sdud vlpsolfdr gd hvfulwd/ hp txdqwlfdhv vxfhvvlydv hqyroyhqgr


txdqwlfdgruhv gr phvpr wlsr/ srgh hvfuhyh0vh r txdqwlfdgru vhjxlgr gdv yd0
ulyhlv txdqwlfdgdv/ vhsdudgdv sru yujxodv1 Qhvwd qrwdr/ d shqowlpd sursrvlr
gr h{hpsor hvfuhyh0vh vlpsohvphqwh=

;{> | > {2  | A f=

Qrupdophqwh/ txdqgr xvdprv hvwd qrwdr/ hvfuhyhprv dv ydulyhlv shod rughp


hp txh dsduhfldp rv txdqwlfdgruhv fruuhvsrqghqwhv1

Revhuydr 6 D wurfd gh rughp gh grlv txdqwlfdgruhv frqvhfxwlyrv gr


phvpr wlsr wudqvirupd xpd frqglr +rx sursrvlr, qxpd htxlydohqwh1
Shor frqwuulr d wurfd gh rughp gh txdqwlfdgruhv txh qr vhmdp gr
phvpr wlsr/ ruljlqd frqglhv +rx sursrvlhv, txh/ hp jhudo/ qr vr htxl0
ydohqwhv v lqlfldlv/ frpr vh srgh yhu shor h{hpsor vhjxlqwh=
H{hpsor 44 D sursrvlr
;e<d / d n e ' f

yhugdghlud hp ~~/ xqlyhuvr grv lqwhlurv +wudgx} vlpsohvphqwh d sursulhgdgh


gh txdotxhu lqwhlur whu vlpwulfr,1
M d sursrvlr
<d;e / d n e ' f>
qr phvpr xqlyhuvr/ idovd +fruuhvsrqgh d dupdu txh h{lvwh xp lqwhlur txh
vlpwulfr gh wrgrv rv lqwhlurv,1
51518

Vhjxqgdv ohlv gh Gh Prujdq

Vr sduwlfxoduphqwh lpsruwdqwhv dv gxdv vhjxlqwhv sursulhgdghv gd qhjdr/


txdqgr dsolfdgd d h{suhvvhv txdqwlfdgdv1
Vhqgr s xpd frqglr whp0vh=
41  E;{> s / <{>  s(
51  E<{> s / ;{>  s=

Rx vhmd/ d qhjdr wudqvirupd r txdqwlfdgru xqlyhuvdo hp txdqwlfdgru


h{lvwhqfldo +vhjxlgr gh qhjdr, h wudqvirupd r txdqwlfdgru h{lvwhqfldo hp
txdqwlfdgru xqlyhuvdo +vhjxlgr gh qhjdr,1
H{hpsor 45 Qr Xqlyhuvr grv qdwxudlv/  E;d> d   htxlydohqwh d
<d>  Ed  / h yhugdghlud1
46

59 2 R x w x e ur2 5 3 3 9



s
H{hpsor 46 Qr Xqlyhuvr grv uhdlv/  <{> {  ' f htxlydohqwh d
s
;{> {  9' f> h idovd1

H{hpsor 47 Qr Xqlyhuvr grv uhdlv/  E<{;|> {  | htxlydohqwh sursr0


vlr ;{  E;|> {  |/ txh sru vxd yh} htxlydohqwh d ;{<|> {  |/ h
yhugdghlud1
Revhuydr 7 Sdud prvwudu txh xpd sursrvlr ;{> s E{ idovd/ edvwd
surydu txh h{lvwh xp hohphqwr {f txh/ vxevwlwxgr hp s E{ > ruljlqd xpd
sursrvlr idovd1 Qhvwdv frqglhv/ gl}0vh txh vh suryrx d idovlgdgh gd sursr0
vlr sru phlr gh xp frqwud0h{hpsor1

47

59 2 R x w x e ur2 5 3 3 9

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