ee Serie com UNIT - VI GRAVITATION ‘© Nowton’s law of gravitation. It etatos that the gravitational force of attraction acting between two bodies of the universe is directly proportional to the product of their masses and is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them, Le, ¢ = GMM; where G is the universal gravitational constant The value of G = 6.57 x 10°11 Nm? kg? © Gravity : It's the force of attraction exerted by earth towards its centre on a body lying on or near the surface of earth, ‘© Acceleration due to gravity (9). It is dofined as the accoloration set up in a body while faling freely under the effect of gravity alone. Its a vector quantity whore M and R are the mass and radus of the earth. ‘© Variation of acceleration due to gravity. ia 2h and g'~g|1~<2 (Rony a @ Effect of altitude, 7 “Tho fst relation i valid whon Mis comparable with Fad the second relation In valdwhen he A The vais of g docoases wih increase nh 2) (i) Effect of depth, = 9/15) ‘The acceleration due to gravity decreases with increase in depth d and becomes zero at the contre of earth XI Physles 76= Gravitational field. It is the space around a material body in which its gravitational pull can be experienced by other bodies. The intensity of gravitational field ata point at a cistance rfrom the centre fof the body of mass M Is givon by / = GIMi = g (accoleration due to ravi). Gravitational potential. The gravitational potential at a point in a ‘gravitational field is defined as the amount of work done in bringing a body ‘of unit mass from infinity to that point without acceleration, Gravitational work done(W) _ Gat ‘Yestmase(me) potential at a point, V Gravitational potential eneray U Gu gravitational potential x mass of body Gravitational intensity (fis related to gravitational potential (V) at a point Satellite, 4 satolite is a body which is rovoNving continuousty in an orbit around 2 comparatively much larger body. (i) Orbital speed of a satellite when itis revolving around earth at height nis given by — When the satelite is orbiting close to the surface of earth, /.., << Ry then vy =F {2 = 0 Rly aR Gi) Time period of satellite (7). It is the time taken by the satelite to ‘complete one revolution around the earth. lRane ax(R +h) _ 2x [iA +n) eye 7 Xd — Physies myCBSEguide.comee Serie com (ii) Height of satellite above the earth's surface = ona, [Be] _R z (iv) Total energy of satellite, E = PE. + KE. GM m 1 ye GM GM )_ Gum (Ren) 2° (pen) 1 27 Ay 2(R +h) If the satelite is orbiting close to earth, then A. Now total energy of cate ium oF ‘© Escape speed. The escape speed on earth Is defined as the minimum speed with which a body has to be projected vertically upwards from the surface of earth so that it just crosses the gravitational field of earth, Escepe velocity v, is given by, v= POM oar Va 9 For eath, the vals of escape speed is 1.2 kms VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTION (1 MARK EACH) @ 1. The mass of moon is nearly 10% of the mass of the earth. What will be tie gravitational force of the earth on the moon, in comparison to the gravitational force of the moon on the earth? @ 2, Why does one feel giddy while moving on a merry round? @ 3. Name two factors which determine whether a planet would have atmosphere oF not @4. The force of gravity due to earth on a body is proportional to its mass, then why doos a heavy body not fall faster than a lightor body? XI Physies 7sas. a7, on aa ate a13, ow. = “The force of attraction due to a hollow spherical shell of uniform density ‘on a point mass situated inside is zero, so can a body be shielded from ‘gravitational influence? ‘The gravitational force between two bodies in 1 IV If the distance between them fs doubled, what will be the force between them? ‘A body of mass 5 kg is taken to the centre of the earth. What will be its () mass {i} weight there, Whi is gravitational potential energy negative? A salellte revolves close to the surface of a planet, How is its orbital Velocity related with escape velocity of that planet. Doss tho escape velocity of a body from the earth depond on (i) mass of the body (i) direction of projection Identity the position of sun in the following diagram ifthe linear speed of the planet is greater at C than at D. A satelite does nol require any fuel to orbit the earth. Why? A satelite of small mass burns during its desent and not during ascent. Why? Is it possible to place an artticial satelite in an orbit so that itis always. visible ovar New Delhi? Ifthe density of a planet is doubled without any change in its radius, how does ‘g' change on the planet. Mark the direction of gravitational intensity at (i) cantro of a homischerical shell of uniforr mass density (i) any arbitrary point on the upper surface ‘of hemisphere, Why an astronaut in an orbiting space eratt is not in zero gravity although ‘weight less? Write one important use of (i) geostationary satelite (i) polar satelite 9 XI = Physies myCBSEguide.comQ20. a2 az. = ‘A binary star system consists of two stars A and B which have time periods T, and T,, radius R, and Ry and masses m, and m, which of the ‘three quantities are same for the stars. Justity ‘Tho time period of tho satellto of tho earth Is 5 hr. If the separation between earth and satelite is increased to 4 times the previous value, ‘thon what will be the new time period of satelite, “The distance of Pluto trom the sun is 40 times the distance of earth ifthe masses of earth and Pluto he equal, what will be ratio of gravitational foroas of sun on these planets. If suddenly the gravitational forea of attraction between earth and satellite become zero, what would happen to the satelite? SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (2 MARKS) It the radius of the earth were to dectease by 1%, keeping its mass same, how will the acceleration due to gravity change? I'g' be tho acceleration due to gravity on earth's surface. Caleulate the ‘gain in potential energy of an object of mass m raised from the surface of ‘arth to a height equal to the radius or earth in torm of ‘a’. A satelite is moving round the earth with velocity v, what should be the ‘minimum percentage increase in its velocity go that the satellite escapes. ‘Two planets of radii r, and r, are made ftom the same material. Calculate the ratio of the acceleration due to gravity on the surlace of the planets, If earth has a mass 9 times and radius 4 times than that of a planet‘. Calculate the escape velocity at the planet 'P'if its value on earth is 14.2 kme-* ‘At what height from the surface of the earth will the value of'g! be reduced by 96% of its value at the surface of earth, ‘At what depth is the value of 'g' same as at a height of 40 km from the surfaco of earth. XI Physies 0 myCBSEguide.comas as. ar a.13, an, a1. ate = ‘The mean orbital radius of the earth around the sun is 1.5 x 10 km, Calculate mass of the sun if G = 6.67 x 101 N makg 2? Draw graphs showing the variation of acceleration due to gravity with (i) height (i) depth from the surface of earth, Which planet ofthe solar system has the greatest gravitational fiekd strength? ‘What Ie the gravitatonal field strength of a planet where the weight of a 60 kg astronaut is 300 N. . Two satellites are at different heights from the surface of earth which ‘would have groator volocity. Compare the speeds of two satalites of masses m and 4m and radii 2A and R respectively. What is () inertial mass, (i) gravitational mass. Are the two different? Why the space rockets are generally launched west to East? Expiain why a tennis ball bounces higher on hills than in plane? ‘The gravitational force on the earth due to the sun is greater than moon. Homever tidal effect due to the moon's pull is greater than the tidal effect ‘duo to sun. Why? uw . The mass of moon is 5; (where M is mass of earth). Find the distance ‘of the point where the gravitational field due to earth and moon cancel ‘each other. Given distance of moon from earth is 60 R, where R is radius of aarth, “The figure shows elliptical orbit of a planet m about the sun S. The shaded area of SCD is twice the shaded area SAB. i is the time for the planet to move from D to C and tis time to move from A to B, what is the relation between t, and,” Calculate the energy required to move a body of mass m from an orbit of radius 2F to 38, I XI = Physics myCBSEguide.com= 19. Aman can jump 1.5m high on earth. Calculate the height he may be able at. a2 a4 a5 as, a0. a. to jump on a planet whose density is one fourth that of the earth and whose radius is one third of the earth, SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (3 MARKS) Define gravitational potential at a point in the gravitational field. Obtain a relation for It. What is the position at which It is () maximum (i) minimum. Find tho potential onorgy of a system of four particles, each of mass m, placed at the vertices of a square of side. Also obtain the potential at the cenire of the square, ‘Thies mass points each of mass m are placed at the vertices of an ‘equilateral triangle of side |. What is the gravitational field and potential at the centroid of the triangle due to the three masses. Briefly explain the principle of launching an artificial satelite, Explain the ‘use of multistage rockets in launching a satelite. In a two stage launch of a satelite, the first stage brings the satelite to ‘a height of 150 km and the 2” stage gives it the necessary critical speed to put it in a circular orbit. Which stage requires more expenditure of fuel? ‘Givon mass of earth = 6.0 x 10 kg, radius of earth = 6400 km ‘The escape velocity of a projectile on earth's surface is 11.2 kms! A body is projected out with thrice this speed. What is the speed ot the body far away from the earth? Ignore the presence of the sun and other planets. A satellite orbits the earth at 2 height ‘R’ from the surface. How much ‘enoray must be expended to rocket the satellite out of earth's gravitational influence? Deduce the law of gravitation from Kepler's laws of planetary motion, ‘Mention at least three conditions under which weight of a person can become zero, LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (5 MARKS) What is accoloration due to gravity? Obtain relations to show how the value of ‘g’ changes with ()) attitude (i) dopth XT Physics 2 myCBSEguide.comae, a3 as, a6. 02, a3 ea, as, = Define escape velocity obtain an expression for escape velocity of a booy from the surface of earth? Does the escape velocity depend on (}) location from where itis projected (i) the height of the location trom where the body is launched. State Kepler's three laws of planetary motion. Prove the second and third law. Derive expression for the orbital velocity of a satelite and its time period What is a geostationary satelite, Obtain the expression for the height of the geostationary satelite. State universal law of gravitation. Explain brietly how Newton discovered the universal law of gravitation. Define the term gravitational potential energy. Is it @ scalar or vector? Dorwve an exprossion for the gravitational potential energy at a point in the gravitational field of earth, NUMERICALS ‘The mass of planet Jupiter is 1.9 x 107 kg and that of the sun is 1.99 x 10%kg, The mean distance of Jupiter from the Sun is 7.8 x 10"'m. Calculate ‘gravitational force which sun exerts on Jupiter, and the speed of Jupiter ‘Amass ‘Mis broken into two parts of masses m, and m,.How are m, and rm, related s0 that force of gravitational attraction betwosn tho two parts It the radius of earth shrinks by 2%, mass remaining constant. How would the value of acceleration due to gravity change ? A body hanging from a spring stretches it by 1 om at the earth's surface, How much wil the same body stretch at a place 1600 kim above the ‘earth's surface? Radius of earth 6400 km. Imagine a tunnel dug along a diameter of the earth. Show that a particle dropped fron one end of the tunnel executes simple harmonic motion, What is the time period of this motion? ‘The gravitalional field intensity at a point 10,000 km from the centre of the earth Is 4.8 N kg. Calculate gravitational potential at that point 8 7X — Physies myCBSEguide.comQz. 08 a8, ato. = A geostationary satelite orbits the earth at a height of nearly 36000 km. What is the potential due to earth's gravity at the site of this satellite (take the potential energy at » to be zero). Maas of earth is 6 x 10 kg, radius of earth is 6400 km. How much faster than the present speed should the earth rotate so that bodies lying on the equator may tly off into space. The distance of Neptune and Saturn from the sun is nearly 10% and 10m respectively. Assuming that they move in circular orbits, then what will bo the ratio of their periods. Let the speed of the planet at perihelion P in fig be v, and Sun planei distance SP be r, Relate (r,. v,) to the corresponding’ quantities at the aphelion (Fy, v4). Will the planet take equal times to traverse BAC and cre? B c ANSWER FOR VERY SHORT QUESTIONS (1 MARK) Both forces wil bo equal in magnitude as gravitational force is a mutual force between the twa bodies. When moving in a merry go round, our weight appears to decrease when ‘wo move down and increases when we move up, this change in waight makes us feel giddy () Value of acceleration due to gravity (i) surface temperature of planet. Mm Gm oF F am but g= 27 and does not depend on m’ hence =a 9 Ge and does not depend on mh they bodias fall with same ‘g No, the gravitational force is independent of intervening medium. XI Physies 4 myCBSEguide.com" 42, 13, 14, 15, 16. 7, 18, 19, 20. 21 ee Serie com Mass does not change. Because it arises due to attractive force of gravitation. No, ve ‘Sun should be at B as speed of planet is greater when itis closer to sun “The gravitational force between satelite and earth provides the necessary ccenttipetal force for the satelite to orbit the earth, ‘The speed of satellite during descent is much larger than during ascent, and so heal produced is large. No, A satelite will be always visible only if it revolves in the equatorial plano, but New Dolhi doss not lio in the region of oquitorial plane. gets doubled as g « p (density) PS. In both cases it will be downward The astronaut is in the gravitational tield of the earth and experiences gravity. However, the gravity is used in providing necessary centripetal force, so is in a state of free fall towards the earth, Geostationary satellite are used for tole communication and polar satellite for remote rensing, Angular velocity of binary stars are same is w, = Ws, Ts 5 2d = PhysiesBe ry caste com Fes _ [lo ee 22, “To caala wove anor tote onal ob wth a vlety wh eens SHORT ANSWER (2 MARKS) GM 4 R 1 0-28 denen ty 1% Becomes 2 weone 5 om g increases by 0.02 Re therefore increases by 2%. GMm_{ GMm)_GMm_gR®m_ 4, But vg Bug =A. ug —(140.444)v, The inn increase ree, a the oy slate is asim ee meen 4s gar Hon Fics 86= = Pos a = 7.47 knvece R| 2x40 10 km R=1.5 x 109 km = 15 x 10! m T = 965 days = 365 x 24 x 3600 5 Contripetal force = gravitational force rw? _ Gm _m(2nk? _ GNtm R Re ALT id ate? 49.87%(1.810")° PGT 6.641077 x (365 x24 x9600)* M, 2.01 x 10 kg uo XI Physies myCBSEguide.comee Serie com G0} above sacs ofeathi = R+h gar below surface of earth; r= Rd ‘on surface of earth. gis max for 10. Jupiter has maximum gravitational field strength gravitational fild strength F_ 300 m 60 = 5 Niko! Gu NOV Velocity of satelite closer to the earth's surface will be groator _ toa VR vos (4) Yo is independent of mass of the satelite. F 12. Inertial mass is the measure of inertia of the body =m, ~ = Gravitational mass of a body determine the gravitational pull between ‘earth and the body. FRE ° GM Both inortal mass and gravitational mass are not different but aro oquivalont XI= Physics ry13 14. 18. 46. 7, ee Serie com Since the earth revolves trom west to east, so when the rocket is launched from west to east the relative velocity of the rocket increases which helps it to rise without much consumption of fuel. ‘The value of ‘gon hills is less than at the plana, so the weight of tennis ball on the hills is lesser force than at planes that is why the earth attract, the ball on hills with lesser force than at planes. Hence the ball bounces high The tidal effect depends inversely on the cube of the distance, while gravilational force depends on the squate of the distance. 60R, conn) 2 Gravitational field at C due to earth = Gravitational field at © due to earth moon om__ omar (soR-xP x? Btr? = (GOR — x)? x = 60 Rx x=6R According to Kepler’ lIM law areal velocity for the planet is constant Ae 89Sieeeeto: 18. Gravitational PE of mass m in orit of rackus = USHA Mm 4 2R umn aR AU=U, -U, =GMn 19. 9 4 =4.0R'9 g3 ‘The gain in PE at the highest point wil be same in both cases. Hence mgt mah 21 Physics %Be ry caste com ANSWER FOR 3 MARKS QUESTIONS A ow e, =m (ocy Bp _ 12 From 4 008 Coe ao = 20-22 __ i ~ Gos 30 o8. Gravitational field at O due to m al A, Band C is say EE; & Ep = EEE EE, Cost20" SP ee] ASEM) 2) 36M along OD E | equal and opposite to E; not gravitational flld = z0r0 m 7X1 = PhysiesArs eSeeide con As gravitational potential is scalar VeV, +, 4V, oM_ou_oM oe OB Se sc 56m Vong 5. Wik done on setelite Inst sage = W, = PE at 150 ken ~ PE atthe surace lim [Guim wee Sa) iim a(R en) Work done cn satelite in 2° stage = W, velocity v, = energy required to give orbital W, 2h _ 2150 WR 8400 W, > W), So second stage requires more energy 6. v, = 11.2 kms", velocity of projection = v = 3v, Let m be the mass of projectilo and v, the velocity after it escapes gravitational pull By law of conservation of energy v? Arm me 22 — Je “ oa ~ Jae 224 = 31.68 ken s* XT Physies 2= ‘The energy required to pull the satelite from earth influence should be ‘equal to the total energy with which it is revolving around the earth 1 1 Gut The KE. of satelite =4mi? = +, satelite <5? => The PE of satolito = SM elite = Ath 1.mGM GMm __1.GMm 2(R+h) (Ren) 2(R +n) Gam Energy required willbe By Fea 2(R+h) ‘Suppose a planet of mass m, moves around the sun in a circular orbit of racius ‘f with velocity v. ‘Then centripetal force F 2ur ant? mri Fam ii _ eta ran According to Kepler's tt aw Par Take mr4n® _ 4xém_ 4n? ke ke “The force between planet and sun must be mutual, so must be proportional to mass of sun, Seam 2 Slew © t eum = SE his i Newtons la of gravitation 93 myCBSEguide.comee () When the person is at centre of earth (i) When the person is at the null points in space (at these points the gravitational forces due to ditforent masses cancel each other) (ii) whon a porson is standing in a frooly falling It. (i) When a person is inside a space craft which is orbiting around the earth ANSWER FOR NUMERICALS 6.6710 '1x1,99x10 «1.9107 (r8x10")" Fa 41x 108N pom, ya FL fue re oe ee £ 67x10 "1.910" 78x10" v=13x tofmet Let m, = m then m, = M=m Force between them when they are separated by distance Gm(M_m) a) Sa) Slain a) F For F to be maximum, differentiate F w.rt m and equate to zero # _S XI= Physics ry= increases by 4% hr ili kx, = Si In equtium mg = kx, = SY 18, 25 Btem—0.640m 5 The acceleration due to gravity at a depth belaw the earth's surface is given by aloa| =2y were ys dstace om cote ot er 939) 90y ‘As acceleration is proportional to displacement and is directed towards mean position, the motion would be S.H.M "\ acceleration r 2n, fae F aft T= Time period = S ‘X= Physics myCBSEguide.comSieeeeto: on 6. Gravitational intensity = => a GM ravitational potential V=——- Gravitational potential! a on V=-ExR oF V = 4.8 x 10,000 x 10° = -4.8 x 107 J kg? 7. U= Potential at height h=— = Potential at height N= —2"—> 6.67 x10 x6 10%" SST RTO G10 = 9.44x10° J 64x10 + 06x10" ° 8. The speed of earth = at present 2x 640010" 243600 ‘The gravitational force should be equal to the centripetal force so that fs coral re gn ty BH mv R [EM _ [o.e710*xex10* 640010" 1. Y<17, 2 The velocity should become 17 times the present velocity XI Physics %68 10. = By keplar’s Ill lew =10V70 = 10x3.16=31.6 Tet = 36621 ‘The magnitude of angular momentum at P is L, =m, fy vp Similarly magnitude of angular momentum at A is Ly = Mele From conservation of angular momentum tah up Soy area bounded by SB & SC(SBAC > SPC) .» By 2° law equal areas are swept in equal intervals of time, Time taken to transverse BAC > time taken to traverse CPB. 97 myCBSEguide.com