7h5.<('(%g/*(6(/)$5./,/,.

/$5,11('(1/(5
9(
%8)$5./,/,./$5,1$=$/7,/0$6,1$<g1(/.
32/7.$g1(5/(5

































+D]UOD\DQ 

0HKPHW.,50d

2NXO)DNOWH

+DUUDQhQLYHUVLWHVL%)

%|OP 

NWLVDW%|OP

6QI 



HPDLOPHKPHWNLUPLF#P\QHWFRP

$GUHV%D\QGUONYHVNDQ0GUO
DQOXUID

'$1,0$1
<UG'Ro'U6DGHWWLQ3$.62<

7h5.<('(%g/*(6(/)$5./,/,./$5,11('(1/(5
9(%8)$5./,/,./$5,1$=$/7,/0$6,1$<g1(/.32/7.$
g1(5/(5

+D]UOD\DQ0HKPHW.,50d
+DUUDQhQL%))DNOWHVL
NWLVDW%|OP6QIgUHQFLVLDQOXUID
PHKPHWNLUPLF#P\QHWFRP


.$95$0/$5

.DONQPD.DYUDP
NWLVDWOLWHUDWUQGHHNRQRPLNE\PHYHHNRQRPLNNDONQPDV|]FNOHULoRXNH]ELUELUL
\HULQHNXOODQOU2\VDEXV|]FNOHULQDQODPODUIDUNOGU%\PHGHQNDVWHGLOHQVRV\DOKDVOD
E\NOQQ ELU \OGDQ GLHULQH J|VWHUGLL UHHO DUW K]GU 1IXV DUWODU HNRQRPLN
bymede nemli ELUHWNHQGLU%XQHGHQOHELU|QFHNL\ODJ|UHE\PH\LNLLEDQDUHHOVRV\DO
KDVODGDNL VUHNOL DUW RUDQODU RODUDN WDQPOD\DELOLUL] .DONQPD NDYUDP VDGHFH UHWLPLQ YH
IHUW EDQD JHOLULQ DUWPDV ROPD\S EXQXQOD ELUOLNWH HNRQRPLN YH VRV\R NOWUHO Vtrktrn de
GHLPHVL\OHJHUoHNOHLU*|NV

.DONQPD(NRQRPLVLQLQ.DSVDP
.DONQPD HNRQRPLVL D] JHOLPL ONHOHULQ HNRQRPLOHULQL HOH DOPDNWD YH EXQODUGDNL
VUHNOL YH |QHPOL XOXVDO JHOLU DUWODU\OD \DSVDO  WRSOXPVDO SROLWLN NOWUHO YH NXUXPVDO
GHLPHOHULLQFHOHPHNWHGLU*UNDQV
+HUKDQJL ELU ONHGH LNWLVDGL NDONQPDQQ RUWD\D oN NLL EDQD GHQ PLOOL JHOLULQ
GHYDPOYHUHHORODUDNDUWPDVGU.LLEDQDGHQPLOOLJHOLUDUWWNoDYHGHQJHOLELUELoLPGH
GDOGNoD IHUWOHULQ \DDP VHYL\HOHULQGH ELU L\LOHPH J|]H oDUSDU KD\DW VWDQGDUG \NVHOLU YH
NLLVHO WDVDUUXI LPNDQODU DUWDU %X VXUHWOH PLOOL JHOLULQ JLWWLNoH DUWDQ ELU NVPQ \DWUPODUD
D\UPDN PPNQ ROXU 0LOOL JHOLULQ GDKD E\N ELU NVPQQ \DWUPODUD D\UOPDV VHUPD\H
ELULNLPLQLQDUWPDVDQODPQDJHOPHNWHGLU8OXVR\V
.DONQPDQQ JHUoHNOHWLULOPHVL \DWUPODUQ DUWPDVQD EDOGU dQN WDVDUUXIODUQ
DUWPDV \ROX\OD VHUPD\H ELULNLPLQLQ GROD\V\OD JHOLUOHULQ DUWWUODELOPHVL WDVDUUXIODUGDNL DUW
NDGDUELU\DWUPDUWVDODQDELOPHVL\OHPPNQGU

%|OJH.DYUDP
%|OJHNDYUDPGQ\DGDROGXXJLELONHPL]GHGHDoNODNDYXPXELUNDYUDPGHLOGLU
%|OJHV|]FQQLIDGHHWWLLPHNDQELULPLQLQER\XWXYHLoHULLV|]FQNXOODQOGEDODPD
gre dHLHELOHFHLJLELD\QEDODPGDGDIDUNOONJ|VWHUHELOPHNWHGLUgUQHLQ$YUXSD%LUOLL
$%GHSODQODPDEDODPQGDE|OJHOHUNHQWYHPHWURSRODODQGDQoRNJHQLNUVDOE|OJH\HNDGDU
oHLWOLER\XWODUGDGU%LUNVPHNRQRPLNVRV\DONOWUHODoGDQKRPRMHQPHNDQSDUoDVLNHQ
ELUNVPLOHYVHODoGDQEWQONJ|VWHUHQELULPOHUGLU
(NRQRPL SHUVSHNWLILQGHQ GHHUOHQGLULOGLLQGH ELU SODQODPD YH DQDOL] ELULPL RODUDN
E|OJHQLQ QH NHQW NDGDU NoN QH GH ONH NDGDU oRN JHQL DODQ SDUoDV ROPDPDV X\JXQ
grlmektHGLU&DVHOODV*DOOH\V
%|OJH PHNDQVDO RODUDN HNRQRPLN NOWUHO YH WRSOXPVDO KRPRMHQOLNOH WDQPODQDELOGLL
JLEL IRQNVL\RQHO RODUDN GD WDQPODQDELOLU %XQXQOD ELUOLNWH HQ JHQHO DQODPGD E|OJH NHQWWHQ
byk ve lkenin tmnden kk bir mekansDOELULPRODUDNWDQPODQDELOLU*HOHQHNVHORODUDN
E|OJH  <DQ \DQD JHOPL \HUHO ELULPOHULQ PHNDQVDO EWQO LOH ROXDQ XOXV GHYOHW GQD




NDSDO XOXV GHYOHWLQ GHQHWLPLQGHVQUODU oL]LOPL ELU ELULPGLU %X WDQP NUHVHO DQOD\WD
GHLPHNWHGLU 

626<2(.2120.*(/0/.)$5./,/,./$5,2/*868

*HQHO.DSVDPGD%|OJHOHUDUDV)DUNOONODU6RUXQX

.DONQPD VUHFL LoHULVLQGH KHU ONHGH HNRQRPLN JHOLPHQLQ ONHQLQ WP \|UHOHULQGH
D\Q DQGD EDOD\DPDPDV YH EHOLUOL D\UFDONO QRNWDODUGD RUWD\D oNDQ JHOLPHQLQ EX
PHUNH]OHUGH \RXQODPDV E|OJHOHUDUDV JHOLPLOLN IDUNOONODUQ RUWD\D oNDUDQ HQ WHPHO
VHEHSWLU *HOLPH QRNWDODU .DONQPD .XWXSODU HWUDIQGD \RXQ ELU HNRQRPLN YH VRV\DO
KDUHNHWOLOLLQ JLGHUHN DUWPDV YH EXQXQ VRQXFXQGD E|OJHOHUDUDV GHQJHVL]OLLQ RUWD\D oNPDV
NDoQOPD] ELU ]RUXQOXOXN ROGXX JLEL HNRQRPLN JHOLPHQLQ GH ELU NRXOXGXU 'LQOHU 
V
$QFDN EX \DUJ |]HOOLNOH JHOLPL WRSOXPODUGD JLGHUHN |QHPLQL \LWLUPH\H EDODPWU
=LUD GHQH\LPOHU GH J|VWHUPLWLU NL NXWXSODPD ROJXVX KHU QH NDGDU JHOLPH VUHFLQLQ LON
DDPDODUQGDND\QDNODUQHWNLQNXOODQPQDHOYHULOLELURUWDPKD]UODVDGDEHOLUOLELUDDPDGDQ
VRQUD HNRQRPLN YH WRSOXPVDO PDOL\HWOHUL DUWUPDNWDGU %X PDOL\HWLQ \HUOHPH VRUXQODU
NDSVDPQGD ROPDN ]HUH 7UNL\HGH ROGXX JLEL oRX ONHGH J|]OHQHQ LNL FHSKHVL
EXOXQPDNWDGU %XQODUGDQ ELUL E\N NHQW PHWURSRO VRUXQODU GLHUL LVH JHUL NDOP
E|OJHOHUVRUXQODUGU'LQoHUV
.DONQPD VUHFLQLQ LON HYUHOHULQGH JHOLPH PHUNH]OHUL NRQXPXQGDNL byk kentler
GRDO E\PH NXWXSODU VXQGXNODU PDOKL]PHW YH LVWLKGDP RODQDNODU QHGHQL\OH UHWLP
IDNW|UOHULLoLQ oHNLP RGDNODUROPDNWDGU $QFDNQIXVXQG]HQVL]YHK]OELULNLPLQHGHQL\OH
GVDO \DUDUODU ]DPDQOD QHJDWLI GVDOONODUD G|QHUHN E\N NHQWOHUGH \DDPDQQ PDOL\HWLQL
DUWUPDNWDGU hONHQLQ GLHU \HUOHLP ELULPOHULQGHQ EX WU NHQWVHO NXWXSODUD GRUX EDWD
LQVDQJFJ|oROPDN]HUH\RXQELUIDNW|UKDUHNHWOLOLLPH\GDQDJHOPHNWHGLU%XDNPEHOLUOL
ELU DDPDGD GHQJHOHQPHGLL WDNGLUGH JHOLPH NXWXSODUQGDNL RSWLPDO |OoHN DOPDNWD YH \HQL
WUPHWURSROVRUXQODUJQGHPHJHOPHNWHGLU.HOHV
%|OJHOHUDUDV GHQJHVL]OLLQ GLHU FHSKHVLQGH LVH JHUL NDOP E|OJHOHU VRUXQODU
EXOXQPDNWDGU'XUJXQYHJHULE|OJHOHUGHQJHOLPLE|OJHOHUHGRUXPH\GDQDJHOHQJ|oOHUELU
\DQGDQEXE|OJHOHUGH\HUHOHIHNWLIWDOHSKDFPLQLGDUDOWUNHQGLHU\DQGDQGD\HUHOJHOLPHQLQ
WHPHOXQVXUODURODQJHQoLJFYHVHUPD\HQLQE|OJHGQDDNPDVDQODPQDJHOPHNWHGLU%X
GXUXPD]JHOLPLOLNNVUG|QJVNDYUDPQGHVWHNOHUFHVLQH]DWHQJHULRODQE|OJH\LJLGHUHN
GXUJXQOXDLWPHNWHYHNDoQOPD]RODUDNNDPXPGDKDOHVLQLJHUHNOLNOPDNWDGU
*HOLPL ROVXQ JHOLPHNWH ROVXQ oHLWOL ONH GHQH\LPOHUL GH J|VWHUPHNWHGLU NL KHPHQ
tm lkeler, blgesel GHQJHVL]OLNOHU VRUXQX\OD \] \]H JHOPLWLU %XQXQOD ELUOLNWH E|OJHVHO
GHQJHVL]OLNOHULQ ELUoRN ONHGH XOXVDO ELU VRUXQ RODUDN WRSOXPODUQ HNRQRPLN YH VL\DVDO
JQGHPLQGH \HULQL DOPDV |]HOOLNOH ,, 'Q\D 6DYD VRQUDV G|QHPH UDVWODPDNWDGU'LQOHU
V

62581/8%g/*(6,1,)/$0$6,
(NRQRPLNJHOLPHLoLQHJLULOHQKHUONHGHHNRQRPLNJHOLPHQLQONHQLQWP\|UHOHULQGH
D\Q DQGD EDOD\DPD\DFDQ YH EHOLUOL D\UFDONO QRNWDODUGD RUWD\D oNDQ  JHOLPHQLQ EX
PHUNH]OHUGH \RXQODDFDQ YH E|\OHFH JHOLPLOLN IDUNODUQQ NDoQOPD] RODUDN RUWD\D
oNDFD J|UQHQ ELU VRQXo ROPXWXU %X EDODPGD ONH LoHULVLQGH E|OJHVHO IDUNOONODU RUWD\D
oNDFDN SUREOHPOL E|OJHOHU RUWD\D oNDFDNWU .D\QDQ E|OJHOHUDUDV JHOLPLOLN IDUNODUQGD
bulan problemli blge trlerini grupta toplayabiliriz.








9,,,%H<OON.DONQPD3ODQ%|OJHVHO*HOLPHg]HOLKWLVDV.RPLV\RQX5DSRUX$QNDUD1LVDQV



$]*HOLPL%|OJHOHU
=RUOXNODU RODQ WDUPVDO D] JHOLPL YH L]ROH E|OJHOHUGLU $] JHOLPL E|OJH VDGHFH
JHOLPHNWHRODQONHOHUH|]JELUVRUXQROPD\SVDQD\LOHPL%DW$YUXSDONHOHULQGHEXJQ
bile greceli olaraN D] JHOLPL E|OJHOHU EXOXQPDNWDGU $] JHOLPL E|OJHOHULQ |]HOOLNOHULQL
DDGDNLJLELVUDOD\DELOLUL]'LQOHUV
 HKLUOHPHRUDQONHHKLUOHPHRUDQQQDOWQGDGU
 'RXUJDQONYHoRFXN|OPRUDQODULOHJHQoQIXVRUDQONHRUWDODPDVQQ]HULQGHGLU
 VL]OLNRUDQONHRUWDODPDVQGDQ\NVHNWLU
7DUPVDOQIXVRUDQONHRUWDODPDVQGDQ\NVHNWLUDQFDNKDNLPVHNW|UQLWHOLLQGHRODQ
WDUPJHULGLU

'XUDNODP%|OJHOHU
*HOLPL ONHOHUGH NDUODODQ ELU SUREOHPOL E|OJH WUGU *HOLPH NDWHGHUHN
NDODEDONODDQELUVDQD\LOHPLE|OJH]DPDQODKHUKDQJLELUVHEHSOHHVNLFDQOOQND\EHWPH\H
EDOD\DELOLU %|OJHGH LVL]OLN DUWDU NLL EDQD JHOLU GHU %X HNLOGH FDQOOQ ND\EHWPH\H
EDOD\DQE|OJHOHUHWLSLN|UQHNRODUDNQJLOWHUHGe Gney Wales, Yorkshire, Belika da Wallon
E|OJHVLLOH$OPDQ\DGD5XKU+DY]DV|UQHNJ|VWHULOHELOLU=RUOXNODURODQE\NNHQWoHSHUOHUL
YH ID]OD NDODEDON E|OJHOHU EX WLS VRUXQOX E|OJHOHU DUDVQGD \HU DOUODU YH VRUXQODU GQ\D
ekonomik konjonktrndHE\N|QHPND]DQPWU

$U.DODEDON%|OJHOHU
(NRQRPLN JHOLPHQLQ EDODG NDONQPD NXWEXQXQ EXOXQGXX E|OJHOHU LOHWPHOHUH
VDODGNODUGVDOHNRQRPLOHUQHGHQL\OHJLGHUHNNDODEDONODUODU%XE|OJHOHUGLHUE|OJHOHUGHQ
JHOHQJ|oGDOJDODUGXUGXUXODPDGLoLQEHOLUOLELUHWDSWDQVRQUDDUWNo|]PJoVRUXQODUQ
UHGLL\|UHOHUKDOLQHJHOLUOHUOHWPHOHULQUHWLPPDOL\HWOHULQLQDUWPDVQDQHGHQRODQROXPVX]
GVDO HNRQRPLOHULQ RUWD\D oNPDV \DQQGD E|OJHGH \DD\DQODUD EHOLUOL KL]PHWOHULQ \HWHUOL
|OoGHJ|WUOHPHPHVLEXWLSE|OJHOHULQVRUXQODUDUDVQGDGU

%g/*(6(/'(1*(6=/16$.,1&$/$5,

%|OJHVHO'HQJHVL]OLLQ(NRQRPLN6DNQFDODU

+HU HNRQRPLQLQ o|]PHN ]RUXQGD ROGXXWHPHO HNRQRPLN VRUXQODUGDQ ELUL ND\QDNODUQ
WDPNXOODQPGU%LUONHGHND\QDNODUQWDPNXOODQPJHQLDQODPGDWPUHWLPIDNW|UOHULQLQ
UHWLPHNDWOPDVDQODPQDJHOPHNOHELUOLNWHGDUDQODPGDVDGHFHONHGHNLoDOPDNLVWH\HQDNWLI
QIXVXQUHWLPGHJ|UHYDOPDVGU8OXVR\V
VWHU GDU LVWHU JHQL DQODPGD NXOODQOP ROVXQ HHU ELU ONHQLQ EQ\HVLQGHNL
E|OJHOHUDUDVJHOLPLOLNIDUNOONODU|QHPOLER\XWODUDHULL\RUVDJHULNDOPE|OJHOHUGHNLUHWLP
IDNW|UOHULQLQ ELU NVP UHWLPH NDWOP\RUVD \DQL DWOVD HNVLN LVWLKGDP KDOL V|] NRQXVXGXU 2
halde, grHFHOLRODUDNJHULNDOPE|OJHOHUGHLVL]OLLQYDUORONHGHNLHNVLNLVWLKGDPKDOLQLQ
YDUOQLIDGHHGHU'ROD\V\ODEXGDRONHGHNLUHIDKND\EQQJ|VWHUJHVLGLU'RUQEXVK)LVKHU
V
%|OJHVHO'HQJHVL]OLLQ6RV\R3ROLWLN6DNQFDODU
lke LoHULVLQGH E|OJHVHO GHQJHVL]OLLQ YDU ROPDV YH EXQXQ JLGHUHN DUWPDV D]|QFH GH
EHOLUWLOGLL JLEL HNRQRPLN IDUNOONODUD  VHEHS ROXU GROD\V\OD HNRQRPLN IDUNOOQ GD
EHUDEHULQGHVRV\DOIDUNOOJHWLUPHVLNDoQOPD]ELUVRQXoWXU
*HUL NDOPE|OJHOHUGHLVWLKGDPRODQDNODUNVWOROGXXQGDQLVL]OLNV|]NRQXVXGXUYH
EXQD EDO RODUDN E|OJHOHUGH JHOLUOHU GNWU hFUHWOHULQ YH GROD\V\OD VDWQDOPD JFQQ
GNO EX E|OJHOHUGH VRV\DO KL]PHWOHULQ JHOLHPHPHVLQH neden olur. Bu blgelerde VDON
KL]PHWOHULJHULGLUHLWLPKL]PHWOHUL\HWHULQFHJHOLHPHPLWLU$NWDQV
$\UFDE|OJHOHUDUDVND\QDHNRQRPLNQHGHQOHUHEDORODQVRV\DOGHQJHVL]OLNOHUE\N
KX]XUVX]OXNODUQ GD ND\QD ROXU *HOLPL E|OJHOHU LOH JHUL NDOP E|OJHOHU DUDVQGDNL




EHQ]HUOLNOHULQJLGHUHND]DOPDVEXE|OJHOHULQELUELUOHULQH\DEDQFODPDODUQDNDGDUYDUDELOLU%X
KXVXVWDHQDoN|UQHL$PHULNDGD\DDQDQ.X]H\*QH\6DYDRODUDNYHUHELOLUL]

7h5.<('(%g/*(6(/'(1*(6=/./(51$1$/=

%|OJHOHUDUDV VRV\RHNRQRPLN JHOLPLOLN IDUNOONODU GLHU ONHOHUGH ROGXX JLEL
ONHPL]GH GH J|UOPHNWHGLU $UDWUPD VRQXoODUQGDQ GD J|UOHELOHFHL JLEL JHQHO RODUDN
ONHQLQ %DWVQGD \HU DODQ 0DUPDUD (JH o $QDGROX YH $NGHQL] %|OJHOHULQL J|UHOL RODUDN
JHOLPL E|OJHOHU RODUDN WDQPOD\DELOLUL] 'LHU \DQGDQ |]HOOLNOH'RX$QDGROX.DUDGHQL]LQ
GDONE|OJHOHULYH*QH\GRX$QDGROXQXQED]\|UHOHULJHOLULVWLKGDPYHJHQHORODUDNUHIDK
EDNPQGDQ7UNL\HRUWDODPDODUQQROGXNoDDOWQGDNDOPDNWDGU

%g/*(6(/'(1*(6=/./(51(.2120.*g67(5*(/(5/($1$/=


*HQHO'HHUOHQGLUPH 
%|OJHOHUDUDV NDUODWUPDODU ONH JHQHOLQGH VUGUOHELOLU ELU NDONQPD SROLWLNDV
L]OHPHN LoLQ |Q NRXOGXU %|\OHFH GLQDPLN ELU \DS\D VDKLS RODQ JHOLPH ROJXVXQXQ PHNDQ
zerinde biLPOHQGLUGLL IDUNO ROXXPODU JHQHO G]H\GH L]OH\HELOPHN \DQQGD PHYFXW
PHNDQVDO JHOLPH HLOLPOHUL YH EX HLOLPOHUH \|Q YHUHQ GLQDPLNOHU LOH WXWDUO SROLWLND
nerilerinde bulunabilmek mmkn olabilecektir.
*UDILNGH J|UOHFHL ]HUH PHYFXW FRUDIL E|OJHOHU WDQP oHUoHYHVLQGH \DSODQ
VUDODPDVRQXoODUQDJ|UHWRSODPLOGHQROXDQ0DUPDUD%|OJHVLVRV\RHNRQRPLNJHOLPLOLN
VHYL\HVLQLJ|VWHUHQOLNHQGHNVGHHUL\OHONHJHQHOLQGH\HUDODQE|OJHLoHULVLQGHLON
VUDGD\HUDOPWU%|OJHQLQVRV\RHNRQRPLNJHOLPLOLLQLQWHPHOEHOLUOH\HQLJHOHQHNVHORODUDN
ONHQLQ HQ |QHPOL NXWEX RODQ VWDQEXOXQ PHYFXW GXUXPGD GD EX |]HOOLLQL VUGUPHVLGLU
hONHQLQ NDWPD GHHU ROXXPXQX ELoLPOH\HQ VDQD\L YH WLFDUL IDDOL\HWOHULQ VWDQEXOGD
\RXQODPDVKHPLOLQKHPGHE|OJHQLQK]OELUJHOLPHWHPSRVXL]OHPHVLQLQWHPHOQHGHQLGLU
6DQD\LYHWLFDULIDDOL\HWOHUVWDQEXOGDQ]DPDQODWPE|OJH\H\D\ODUDN0DUPDUD\ONHQLQHQ
GLQDPLNJHOLPHRGDYHoHNLPE|OJHVL\DSPWU%|OJHLoLQGHVWDQEXOLOHGLHULOOHUDUDVQGD
IDUNOONODUROVDGDELUEWQRODUDN0DUPDUDKRPRMHQOHPHHLOLPLJ|VWHUPHNWHGLU


*UDILN&RUDIL%|OJHOHUH*|UH6RV\R(NRQRPLN*HOLPLOLN(QGHNVL






  
 
0DUPDUD %|OJHVLQL ON HQGHNV GHHUL\OH  LOGHQ ROXDQ (JH %|OJHVL
L]OHPHNWHGLU0DUPDUDYH(JH%|OJHVLQLQVDKLSROGXXHQGHNVGHHUOHULQGH\DNODNoWHLNL






'LQoHUg]DVODQ.DYDVROXOOHULQYH%|OJHOHULQ6RV\R(NRQRPLN*HOLPLOLN6UDODPDVV



RUDQQGDELUIDUNYDUGU0DUPDUDGDQVRQUDONHQLQHQJHOLPLE|OJHVLRODQ(JH%|OJHVLQGH
GH 0DUPDUDGD J|]OHQHQ PHNDQVDO JHOLPH HLOLPOHUL \DDQPDNWDGU *HOLPH IDDOL\HWOHUL
E|OJHQLQ GRDO JHOLPH PHUNH]L RODQ ]PLUGHQ ]DPDQOD WP E|OJH\H \D\OPD\D EDODPWU
$QD LNWLVDGL IDDOL\HWOHU ]HQJLQ WDUPVDO SRWDQVL\HOOHUH GD\DO HQWDQVLI WDUP WDUPD GD\DO
sanayiler ve zellikle 1980OL \OODU VRQUDVQGD JHOLHQ WXUL]PGLU %DODQJoWD WDUPD GD\DO
RODUDNJHOLHQVQDLIDDOL\HWOHU]DPDQODoHLWOLOLNJ|VWHUPH\HEDODPWU%|OJHVHNW|UHORODUDN
oHLWOLD\Q]DPDQGDPHNDQVDORODUDNGHQJHOLELUJHOLPHLoHULVLQGHGLU
hoQF VUDGD OLN HQGHNV GHHUL\OH  LOGHQ ROXDQ o $QDGROX %|OJHVL
EXOXQPDNWDGU(JH%|OJHVLLOHo$QDGROX%|OJHVLQLQHQGHNVGHHUOHULELUELULQHROGXNoD\DNQ
oNPWU 'HQLOHELOLU NL (JH YH o $QDGROX %|OJHOHUL JHQHO RODUDN EHQ]HU VRV\RHNRQRPLN
JHOLPLOLN G]H\LQH VDKLSWLU o $QDGROX %|OJHVLQGH GH EDWD WDKO UHWLPL ROPDN ]HUH
WDUPVDO IDDOL\HWOHU |QHPOL ELU \HUH VDKLSWLU %XQXQOD ELUOLNWH K]O ELU JHOLPH VUHFLQH JLUHQ
.RQ\D (VNLHKLU YH .D\VHUL JLEL \HQL VDQD\L RGDNODU\OD E|OJHGH VDQD\L IDDOL\HWOHU GH
\D\JQODPD\D EDODPWU $\UFD JHOLHQ VDQD\L LOH EHUDEHU E|OJHQLQ WLFDUHW PHUNH]L
NRQXPXQGDNL %DNHQW $QNDUD o $QDGROX %|OJHVLQLQ HNRQRPLN YH VRV\DO WP J|VWHUJHOHULQL
ykseltmektedir.
%|OJHVHOVUDODPDGDLONVUDGDEXOXQDQ0DUPDUD(JHYHo$QDGROX%|OJHOHULQGH\HU
DODQ LOOHUGHQ VL LOOHU LWLEDUL\OH VUDODPDGD LON LO NRQXPXQGDGU %X LOOHU VUDV\OD VWDQEXO
$QNDUD]PLU.RFDHOL%XUVD(VNLHKLUYH7HNLUGDGU%XQODUGDQVWDQEXO.RFDHOL%XUVDYH
7HNLUGD LOOHUL HQ JHOLPL E|OJH RODQ 0DUPDUDGD ]PLU LOL LNLQFL VUDGD \HU DODQ (JHGH
$QNDUDYH(VNLHKLULOOHULLVHVUDODPDGDoQFE|OJHRODQo$QDGROXGDGU%HOLUWLOHQLOOHUGHQ
|]HOOLNOH VWDQEXO ]PLU YH $QNDUD EXOXQGXNODU E|OJHOHULQ KHP oHNLP KHP GH \D\OPD
PHUNH]OHUL NRQXPXQGDGU%X oLO EXOXQGXNODUE|OJHOHUGHE|OJHPHUNH]OHULVWDWVQGHLNHQ
D\Q]DPDQGDONHQLQHQE\NPHWURSROQLWHOLLND]DQPLOOHULGLU
%|OJHVHO VUDODPDGD o $QDGROX %|OJHVLQL OXN HQGHNV GHHUL\OH G|UGQF
VUDGD\HUDODQYHLOGHQROXDQ$NGHQL]%|OJHVLL]OHPHNWHGLU$NGHQL]%|OJHVLVDKLSROGXX
HQGHNV GHHUL\OH ONH RUWDODPDVQ HQ L\L \DQVWDQ E|OJH NRQXPXQGDGU$NGHQL]%|OJHVLQGH
WDUP VDQD\L YH KL]PHWOHU VHNW|UOHUL K]O ELU JHOLPH VUHFL LoHULVLQGHGLU 7DUPGD VDQD\L
ELWNLOHUL UHWLPLQGH X]PDQODP dXNXURYD YH WP E|OJHGH \D\JQODP VHUDFON IDDOL\HWOHUL
|QHPOLELU\HUWXWPDNWDGU6DQD\LGHGHWDUPVDOVDQD\LOHU\DQQGDGHPLUelik ve petroNLP\D
JLELDQDVDQD\LGDOODUE|OJHHNRQRPLVLQGH|QHPOLELU\HUHVDKLSWLU%|OJHGH\HUDODQXOXVODUDUDV
OLPDQODU YH VHUEHVW E|OJHOHU WLFDUL IDDOL\HWOHULQ JHOLPHVLQH |QHPOL NDWN VDODPWU $\UFD
K]OD JHOLHQ WXUL]P IDDOL\HWOHUL E|OJHQLQ LNWLVDGL \DSVQ GDKD GD oHLWOHQGLUPLWLU %|OJHGH
mekansal dzeyde tek biU NXWXED GD\DO JHOLPH J|]OHQPHPHNWHGLU %|OJHGH \HU DODQ LOOHULQ
oRXEDOEDQDELUHUNXWXSQLWHOLLWDPD\DEDODPODUGU
6RV\RHNRQRPLN JHOLPLOLN G]H\LQL J|VWHUHQ HQGHNV GHHUOHUL\OH ONH RUWDODPDVQQ
DOWQGD NDODQ E|OJHOHU LVH .DUDGHQL] *QH\GRX $QDGROX YH 'RX $QDGROXGXU %XQODUGDQ
 HQGHNV GHHUL\OH WRSODP  LOGHQ ROXDQ .DUDGHQL] %|OJHVL EHLQFL VUDGD \HU
DOPDNWDGU %|OJHOHU LoHULVLQGH HQ oRN LOH VDKLS RODQ .DUDGHQL] %|OJHVL VRV\RHNRQRPLN
JHOLPLOLNG]H\LDoVQGDQONHRUWDODPDVQD\DNQDQFDNDOWQGD\HUDOPDNWDGU
$OWQFYH \HGLQFL VUDGD \HUDODQ *QH\GRX $QDGROX YH'RX $QDGROX%|OJHOHULQLQ
HQGHNV GHHUOHUL GH (JH YH o $QDGROX %|OJHOHULQGH ROGXX JLEL ELUELULQH \DNQ oNPWU
7RSODPLOGHQROXDQ*QH\GRX$QDGROX%|OJHVLONHQGHNVGHHULLOHDOWQFVUDGD
EXOXQPDNWDGU (Q VRQ VUDGD EXOXQDQ E|OJH LVH  HQGHNV GHHUL\OH  LOGHQ ROXDQ
'RX$QDGROX%|OJHVLGLU
%|OJHVHOVUDODPDGDONHRUWDODPDODUQQDOWQGDGHHUOHUDODQEXoE|OJHPL]GHFRUDIL\DS
LNOLP |]HOOLNOHUL YH JHOLPL EDW SD]DUODUQD X]DNONODU JLEL IDNW|UOHU GXUJXQOXXQ EDOFD
XQVXUODUGU O YH LOoHOHU ED]QGD VRV\RHNRQRPLN JHOLPLOLN VUDODPDODU VRQXoODUQGDQ GD
J|UOHELOHFHL JLEL |]HOOLNOH 'RX $QDGROX .DUDGHQL]LQ GDON E|OJHOHUL YH *QH\GRX
$QDGROXQXQ ED] \|UHOHUL JHOLU LVWLKGDP YH JHQHO RODUDN UHIDK EDNPQGDQ 7UNL\H
RUWDODPDODUQQ DOWQGD NDOPDNWDGU %X QHGHQOHUGHQ GROD\ KHU o E|OJHPL]GHQ GH GLHU




E|OJHOHUH \RXQ ELU J|o \DDQPDNWDGU %XQXQOD ELUOLNWH \RXQ J|o ROJXVX QIXV \DQQGD
JHOLPHQLQ PHNDQVDO GDOPQ GD ROXPVX] \|QGH HWNLOHPHNWHGLU %X E|OJHOHULPL]LQ
GXUJXQOXXQGDQND\QDNODQDQJ|oOHULJFYHVHUPD\HND\EDQODPQDGDJHOPHNWHYHPHYFXW
GXUJXQOXXSHNLWLUPHNWHGLUgQFHOLNOHE|OJHGJ|oGXUGXUDFDNYHJ|oQ\|QQE|OJHLoLQH
oHYLUHFHNSROLWLNDYHX\JXODPDODUEXE|OJHOHULPL]LoLQ|QHPLQLNRUXPDNWDGU
1LWHNLP|]HOOLNOHE|OJHGH*QH\GRX$QDGROX3URMHVL\OH*$3ELUOLNWHVXOXWDUPYH
WDUPDGD\DOVDQD\LOHULQJ|oQ\|QQGHLWLUHFHLEHNOHQPHNWHGLU$\UFDX\JXODPDNWDRODQ
E|OJHVHOJHOLPHSURMHOHULLOH6HNL]LQFL%H<OON.DONQPD3ODQQGD|QHPOHHOHDOQGJLEL
EXE|OJHOHUGHVHoLOHFHNYHoHLWOL\DWUPODUODGHVWHNOHQHFHNE|OJHVHOJHOLPHPHUNH]OHULJ|oQ
E|OJHLoLQGHNDOPDVQD|QHPOLNDWNVDOD\DFDNWU

%g/*(6(/'(1*(6=/./(51*$<56$)<857d+$6,/$5$.$0/$5,1$
*g5($1$/=
*D\ULVDIL\XUWLoLKDVOD*6<+JHOLPLOLLDoNODPDGDNXOODQODQGHLNHQOHUGHQHQ
|QHPOLYHHQEHOLUOH\LFLRODQGU*D\ULVDIL\XUWLoLKDVODELUHNRQRPLGHEHOOLELUG|QHPGHONH
VQUODULoLQGHUHWLOHQPDOYHKL]PHWOHULQSDUDVDOGHHULGLU3DUDV]V$DGD7DEOR
GHE|OJHOHULQ*6<+UDNDPODUQGDQDOGSD\J|VWHULOPLWLU
Bu blmde blgeler, tek tek elH DOQDUDN JHQHO ELU NDUODWUOPD\D JLGLOHFHN YH
GHQJHVL]OLNOHULQJ|VWHULPLQGH*6<+UDNDPODUQGDQ\DUDUODQODFDNWU
   !#"%$ &' ()*' )*+!#, - .
 +/-  ' )10
$#2*345768-  , '  +/9  ' 0 
: ;
< =?><>@
A B#BDC
A BDB/A
A B#BDE
A BDB#F
A B#BDG
A B#B#H
A B#BDI
A B#BKJ
A BDB#L
A B#BDB
E#C#CDC
M
N8O >P?Q RSA CKT FDG#EDT I#F#CUA CDT CDF#EKT C#G1AVA CKT I#IDIDT LDC/AVADA T IDL#HKT E#FDIWA#A T A J#IDT EDI#GWADA T B#I#EKT E#GDHXA EKT H1A IDT I#H#G
A FDT I#GDHDT HDIDJ
A FDT BDI#FKT J CDG
A FDT G#EDFDT J#E/A
A FKT B#F1A T J#F#C
O
Y
Z
[
M P M
O?Y < [ FKT F#EDEDT CDE#B
FKT E#EDBDT I#LDJ\FDT FDJ GKT FDB/A]FKT GDB#BDT H#FDL\FDT G#LDCDT HKJ H^FDT G1A GKT F#C1A
FKT H#CDEDT BDI#L
FDT IDB#HKT E#EKJ
FKT J#B#LDT G#F#H
FDT J EDJDT I#CDB
FKT L#LDBDT HDL#B
> =?>
A FKT JDJKA T C#H#EUA FDT IKJ GKT FDJ#EWA GKT I#F1A T A F#GWA HDT BDL#HKT L#LDEWA HKT J GDFDT A L#IWA IDT J B#EKT C#BDLXA JDT BDF#IDT E#L#G
A LDT L#IDLDT A E#G
A BDT GDG#LKT G#EDL
A LDT F/A CDT FDE/A
A BKT B#CDGDT CDL#H
=T O
YZ
[
M P M
O?Y < [ GKT H/A FDT BDI#F
GKT L#EKJ#T B#H#F^HDT C#C/A T B1A#A]HKT FDH#FDT E#FDI\GDT B#FDGDT FDC#L^HDT A E#FKT E#LDI
HKT G#GDFDT GDC#I
HDT BDB#EKT CDJ#I
IKT A I/A T C#H#H
HDT J H#CKT E#EDG
IKT C#IDLDT CDC#B
Q_
M P M
O?Y < [ A FKT HDF/A T A#A HUA FDT BDH#GKT A IDBWA GKT G#LDFDT LDC#EWA HDT GDLDJDT J IDGWA GKT L#HDCDT HKJ CWA HDT IDJ IKT J HKJ`A IKT G1A J#T C#B#I
A J#T E#LDFDT J#GDJ
A LDT A L#FKT C#BKJ
A J#T G#CDLDT B1A I
A BKT C#LKJ#T HDH#G
NM @ M
O >aP
Q R LKT A EDLDT LDF#H
LKT A HDIDT HDJ#J\LDT J G#EKT HDB#G\LKT LDB#IDT C/ADA]LDT I#C1A T IDL#C^LDT BDH#EKT G#GDH
BKT J#J#GDT EDG#G
A CDT A LDGDT FDB#L
A CDT IDL#HKT L/A C
A CDT E#BDEDT HDI#F
A CKT J BDCDT IDH#C
b M @?b M @ M E#BKT BDI#LDT L#G#CcFDCDT GKJ LKT C#FDHVF#EKT H#CDCDT ADA#AdFDHDT IDL#EKT J CDIVF#EKT H#FDGDT A G#FVFDHDT B#I#IKT IDJ#FeF#BKT A H#GDT H#C#B
G#EDT B#IDEDT CKJKAfGDFDT LKJ FKT C#LDC
G/A T J FDEDT HDE#B
G#HKT A#A J#T GDB#I
N T ;
T g
T
h Y?i < M bkj A JDT IKJ BDT J H#CUA LDT CKJKA T A GDFWA LKT B#GDCDT FDIDJlA BDT IDF#GKT I#LDIWA BKT C#EDGDT CDF#FWA BDT H#F#IKT A FDFeE/A T A F#BDT G#F#I
E#EDT J GDIDT HDF#G
EDFDT GDB#GKT B#LDC
E#EDT IDJ#IDT LKJ L
E#FKT FDJDJ#T J#G#I
h*m @ N Q g >SL#FKT HKJ LDT G#I#GcLDGDT FDH#EKT L#FDGVL#BKT G#CDCDT J#G#GVBDIDT HDB#CKT FDJ#FVB/A T F#EDCDT J#E#IVBKJ#T L#LDJDT L#CDHnA CDGDT J#G#HDT A I1AoADA EKT I#F1A T E1A CUA#A IDT ADA FKT I#CDBpADA CKT I#GDHDT L#L#FeA#A LDT J#L#BDT A#A F
N8q r s1q t1u O Q >

0DUPDUD %|OJHVL HQGHNV GHHUL LOH FRUDIL E|OJHOHU VUDODPDVQD J|UH HQ JHOLPL
E|OJHGLU 7DEOR  GHNL *D\UL VDIL \XUWLoL KDVODQQ*6<+ E|OJHOHU LWLEDUL\OH GDOP GD EX
\|QGHGLU 0DUPDUD E|OJHVL  \OQGDQ EDOD\DUDN  \OQD NDGDU KHS *6<+GDQ  HQ
\NVHNSD\DODQE|OJHROPXWXU\OQGD*6<+GDQDOGSD\ODLNHQ
EXUDNDP\OQGD\OD\H\NVHOPLWLU
(QGHNV GHHUL LOH FRUDIL E|OJHOHU VUDODPDVQD J|UH LNLQFL VUDGD (JH %|OJHVL
JHOPHNWHGLU(JH%|OJHVLQLQ\OQGD*6<+GDQDOGSD\OHLNHQ
\OQGDEXRUDQHoNPWU
*HUHNHQGHNVLWLEDUL\OHJHUHNVH*6<+UDNDPODU\OD(JH%|OJHVLQLQoRND]JHULVLQGHQo
$QDGROX %|OJHVL JHOPHNWHGLU o $QDGROX %|OJHVLQLQ *6<+GDQ DOG SD\  \OQGD
13.531.115le %16,18dir. Bu oran 20 \OQGD DOG ON SD\OD  \D
GPWU
Akdeniz Blgesi OXN HQGHNV GHHUL\OH YH GD *6<+GDQ DOG
OXN SD\OD o $QDGROX %|OJHVLQLQ DUGQGDQ JHOPHNWHGLU  \OQGD EX UDNDP
D\NVHOPLWLU%|OJHQLQ7UNL\H*6<+VQGDQDOGSD\GDLNHQEX
RUDQ\OQGD\HGPWU




.DUHGHQL] E|OJHVL HQGHNV LWLEDUL\OH ONH RUWDODPDVQQ DOWQGD NDOPDNWDGU YH EHLQFL
VUDGDEXOXQPDNWDGU%XE|OJHQLQ\OQGD*6<+GDQDOGSD\835 le %9,72 dir.
\OQGDLVHLOH*6<+GDQDOGSD\HGPWU
*QH\GRX$QDGROX%|OJHVLHQGHNVJ|VWHUJHVL\OHVUDGD\HUDOPDNWDGU*QH\GRX
$QDGROX %|OJHVLQLQ *6<+GDQ DOG SD\  \OQGD OH GU  \OQGD
LVHONSD\ODDGPWU

*6<+YHHQGHNVUDNDPODU\ODE|OJHOHULoLQGHHQDOWWDVUDGD'RX$QDGROX%|OJHVL
\HUDOPDNWDGU'RX$QDGROX%|OJHVLQLQLVH\OQGD*6<+GDQDOGSD\OD
YHEXRUDQ\OQGDDOQDQOXNSD\OD\HGPWU


%g/*(6(/'(1*(6=/1723/$0%$1.$0(9'8$7,1$*g5($1$/=

7DVDUUXI JHOLULQ KDUFDQPD\DQ NVPGU $] JHOLPL ONHOHULQ |]HOOLNOHULQGHQ ELUL RODQ
WDVDUUXI HLOLPLQLQ GN ROXX E|OJHVHO JHOLPLOLN NDUODWUOPDV LoLQ GH NXOODQODELOLU
7DVDUUXIELUH\VHOLKWL\DoODUQNDUODQPDVQGDQVRQUDJHOLUGHQNDODQNVPGU7NHWLPLQHQD]
JHOLU NDGDU ROPDV ELU \DQGDQ LQVDQODUQ JHOLU G]H\OHULQLQ GNOQ J|VWHULUNHQ GLHU
\DQGDQJHOLULQGLHUVRV\DODNWLYLWHOHUHKDUFDQPDPDVDQODPQDJHOLU(HUV|]NRQXVXRODQROJX
NDONQPDLVHNDONQPDQQVDGHFHJHOLULOH|OoOPHGLLJHOLUDUWLOHELUOLNWHVRV\DOL\LOHPH\OH
DoNODQGGDKD|QFHGHEHOLUWLOPLWLU
*HOLPL HNRQRPLOHUGH EDQNDODU HNRQRPLN LOHPOHU VUDVQGD JHOLULQ NXOODQOPDV YH
VDNODQPDV LOH ERUoODQGUOPDODUGD \RXQ ELU HNLOGH NXOODQOPDNWDGU 7LFDUL YH VQDLL
IDDOL\HWOHULQ ILQDQVPDQ LoLQ EDQNDODU WDUDIQGDQ NXOODQGUODQ NUHGLOHU \DWUP SRWDQVL\HOL YH
WDVDUUXIODUQ \DWUPD G|QPH HLOLPL\OH GRUXGDQ LOLNLOLGLU %DQND PHYGXDW LVH E\N
|OoGH JHOLU G]H\L WDVDUUXI HLOLPL YH VHUPD\H ELULNLPLQH EDO RODUDN GHLPHNWHGLU
%DQNDFON LOHPOHUL LOH LOJLOL RODUDN WDVDUUXI KDFPL NXOODQGUODQ NUHGL G]H\L YH KL]PHWOHULQ
\D\JQOJLELXQVXUODUJHOLPLOLNJ|VWHUJHOHULRODUDNHOHDOQPWU
2KDOGHWDVDUUXIPLNWDUQQ\NVHNROGXXE|OJHOHULQD]RODQE|OJHOHUHQD]DUDQWNHWLP
NDOSODUQQELUD]GDKDJHOLPLROGXXYHGROD\V\ODGDKDID]ODJHOLWLLQLV|\OH\HELOLUL]
$DGD 7DEOR  GH E|OJHOHUGHNL EDQND PHYGXDW UDNDPODUQQ \OODUD J|UH GHLLPL
YHULOPLWLU

7$%/27RSODP%DQND0HYGXDW&DUL)L\DWODUOD

7
?7
k

k
k
k
7
k 

vawwx
~ 8k
#~

/ 

?a
K

? 
? ?a
K ? /
* K

? 
K..Y. TOPLAMI
| y?v vaw|
~k7#
k kk D

vawwy
vawwz
vaww{
~ k
~k
~8k
D~ D~ #~
? a

* 1
? 
? 
* ? 

?*

*
?
a ? 8/
x z|
v yz}

? 1
/ ?
* a
a?
1 

* a?
a a
K? 
*  81
vv x}{ }xz

* * 
? a

? /
? /
K ? /
* ? ?
* 
 
* ? /
|
v zw| vawx

vawww
~ k
D~

 ? 
? 

?*

? 
? ?a? *

/

? 1? 
? ? ?
 | }  w

| }}}
~ 
7K  
#k~ #~

/? /?

/?
*
? * /


1 ? /?

? 
? ? 

?*

y y { y| x

?
/

1
* ?
/
* /
/ 
w { v

Marmara Blgesi, mali ve ticari gstergeler itibariyle de olduka yksek oranlara sahiptir.
%|OJHGH  \O LWLEDUL\OH WRSODP  RODQ EDQND XEH VD\V 7UNL\H WRSODP RODQ 
XEHQLQ oWH ELUL FLYDUQGDGU 0DUPDUD %|OJHVLQLQ ONH JHQHOLQGH WRSODP EDQND PHYGXDW
LoLQGHNLSD\\]GH\H\DNQG]H\GHGLU




%|OJHQLQONHWRSODPEDQNDPHYGXDWLoLQGHNLSD\\]GHH\DNODPDNWDGU$QFDN
|]HOOLNOH NDPX NXUXOXODUQQ YH EDQNDODUQQ DQD \|QHWLP ELULPOHULQLQ \HU DOG %DNHQW
$QNDUDQQEXRUDQQ\NVHOPHVLQGHVXQLELUNDWNVROPDNWDGU
(JH%|OJHVLGHONHJHQHOLQGHWRSODPEDQNDPHYGXDWLoLQGHNLSD\LNHQ
\OQGD EX RUDQ  GPWU (JH %|OJHVL VUDODPDGD 0DUPDUD YH o $QDGROX E|OJHVLQLQ
DUGQGDQoQFVUDGDJHOPHNWHGLU
7RSODP EDQND XEH VD\V IHUW EDQD EDQND PHYGXDW YH WRSODP EDQND PHYGXDW
LWLEDUL\OH ONH JHQHOLQGH G|UGQF VUDGDGU  \OQGD ONH JHQHOLQGH WRSODP EDQND
PHYGXDWLoLQGHNLSD\LNHQEXRUDQ\OQGDDGPWU
.DUDGHQL]E|OJHVLQLQ\OQGD7RSODP%DQNDPHYGXDWLoLQGHNLSD\LNHQEX
RUDQ  \OQGD  LOH E|OJHVHO VUDODPDGD GLU %XQD SDUDOHO RODUDN  \OQGD NLL
EDQDEDQNDPHYGXDWGD0LO\RQ7/LOHVUDODPDGDGLU
 \OQGD 7UNL\H JHQHOLQGHNL EDQNDXEHVLQLQL*QH\GRX$QDGROXGD
EXOXQPDNWDGU(QD]EDQNDXEHVLQHVDKLSRODQE|OJHD\Q]DPDQGDHQGNIHUWEDQDEDQND
PHYGXDWQD\OFDUi 115 milyon lira) sahiptir. Blgenin Trkiye genelinde toplam banka
PHYGXDWGLU
 DGHW EDQNDXEHVLQLQEXOXQGXX E|OJHGH \O IHUWEDQDEDQNDPHYGXDW
PLO\RQ OLUDGU +HU LNL J|VWHUJH LWLEDUL\OH DOWQF VUDGDGU 'RX $QDGROXQXQ 7UNL\H WRSODP
EDQNDPHYGXDWLoLQGHNLSD\GXU

%g/*(6(/'(1*(6=/1.$08<$7,5,0+$5&$0$/$5,</$$1$/=

.DPX\DWUPKDUFDPDODUQQLNWLVDGLNDONQPD]HULQGHNLHWNLVLQLQJHQHORODUDNSR]LWLI
ROGXX J|U KDNLPGLU +]O QIXV DUW LOH ELUOLNWH NRQXW NDQDOL]DV\RQ VX HQHUML \RO
HLWLPVDON JLEL DODQODUGD \DWUPODUD LKWL\Do GX\XOPDNWDGU 'VDOON ER\XWXQXQ \D\JQ
ROGXX EX WU \DWUP KDUFDPDODU NDPX YH |]HO \DWUPODUQ YHULPOLOLLQL DUWUF ELU |]HOOLN
WDPDNWDGU g]HOOLNOH DOW \DS \DWUPODU LNWLVDGL NDONQPD DoVQGDQ JHUHNOL ELUNRXO RODUDN
NDEXOHGLOPHNWHGLU8OXVR\V
.RQXE|OJHVHORODUDNHOHDOQGQGDGDNDPX\DWUPKDUFDPDODUQQE|OJHOHUHHWNLQYH
DGDOHWOL HNLOGH GDOPDV |Q NRXOGXU $DGDNL 7DEOR  EL]H .DPX \DWUPODUQQ E|OJHOHUH
GDOPKDNNQGDELOJLYHUPHNWHGLU


 1/KD K /D /

D D ? 1/ K
K 1 KK K 87 /K

8
? ?
D/K
D/K
DK/
KKK
KKK
DKK
1KK
///
8?
K KDK KK
/ KD/ KK// DK/ 1D
K/ K/K K/
/K /KK 1D
D1D D// /K
1KK K/K K/
D*D //K K/
8?
K KKK KK
#1 KK/ /KK1 K/K D/
/K K/K D1
/K K/K /D
KD/ /1D D*
DK/ K1D K1
1/D //K K/

8
K DKK D/
D/ D// DKfK1 D// /K
K/ K/K D1
D/K /KK 1D
D/K K/K K/
/K/ 1/D D1
//K #1K K/
888?
/ KD/ K/
/ KK/ /K// KD1 KK
D1 D/K D1
/K 1DK /K
/K D1K #1
DD1 K1D K/
1KK //K K/
8?
#/ /KK KK
1K //K D/fD1 /K/ D/
KD/ K/K 1K
DK/ *DK /D
D/K K/K K1
/D1 K/K D/
//K K/K K/
?8
/ KK/ D/
/ KK/ KKK1 D// DK
/K K1D K/
D/K /KK KK
D/K KK/ D/
/D1 D// K/
KK/ K/K K/

#/ KKK KK
// KK/ K/K/ KK/ /D
#1K D/K D/
//K /KK /D
K1K //K /K
KK/ K/K K*
KK/ K/K K/
  K?
#/ KKK KK
1K DK1 KKf/K KK/ KK
DK/ //K D1
/1D /KK K/
/KK K/K #1
KK/ K/K /K]K //K K/K K/
8 ??  ??? /
/DK D/K K/
DD1 K/K KKV1D/ /K/ K/
KK/ //K K1D /K/ K/K K/pK D1K D// D11 KK/ K/K K/1 K/K KK/ K/
8   88
KK //D /D
K/ /K/ KDXK/K K/K D/
KK/ //D /K
K/K K/K K/pK DK/ #// //n1 KK/ KK/ 1K1 /KK K/K K/
8    ?
KKK #K/ KK
/K/ D// KKXKKK /K/ KDcK /D1 /K/ K/W/ DK/ K/K K/1 KK/ D/K D*/ DK/ KK/ /K/ K/K D/K K/

/



 
      

? 
     
  !
" #$D %'&)( 
* +    , -.'&
  )() / 0 12.    3

4),

5 76
  +8) 5$&
)9)   
 
/. : 91   !

<XNDUGDNL WDEOR LQFHOHQGLLQGH \OODU LWLEDUL\OH 0DUPDUD %|OJHVL NDPX \DWUP
KDUFDPDODUQQ HQ ID]OD \DSOG E|OJHGLU 'LHU J|VWHUJHOHUOH LOLNLOHQGLULOGLLQGH ELU \DQGDQ
RQODUHWNLOH\HQGLHU\DQGDQRQODUGDQHWNLOHQHQELUSDUDPHWUHGLU(QGHNVVD\VYH*6<+LOH
NDUODWUOGQGD NDPX \DWUP KDUFDPDODU LOH HQGHNV VD\V YH *6<+ UDNDPODU DUDVQGD
GRUXRUDQWYDUGU7DEORGDQGDJ|UOGJLEL\OQGD0DUPDUD%|OJHVLQH\DSODQNDPX




\DWUP KDUFDPDV  WRSODP NDPX \DWUP KDUFDPDODUQQ VQD GHQN

JHOPHNWHGLU%XRUDQ\OQGDOXN\DSODQKDUFDPDODUODWRSODPNDPX\DWUP
KDUFDPDODUQQQHNDUONJHOPHNWHGLU
\OQGD7/OLNNDPX\DWUP\ODVRQVUDGDEXOXQPDNWDGU\OQGD
WRSODP NDPX \DWUPODU LoLQGHNL SD\  LNHQ  \OQGD EX RUDQ   RODUDN
JHUoHNOHPLWLU
o $QDGROX %|OJHVL  \OQGD  7/OLN SD\OD 0DUPDUD %|OJHVLQLQ KHPHQ
DUGQGDQJHOPHNWHGLU\OQGDWRSODPKDUFDPDODULoLQGHNLSD\LNHQ\OQGD
EXRUDQROPXWXU
$NGHQL] %|OJHVL  \OQGD OXN ELU NDPX \DWUP KDUFDPDV LOH (JH
%|OJHVLQLQ DUGQGDQ JHOPHNWHGLU  \OQGD  RODQ WRSODP NDPX \DWUP KDUFDPDV
LoLQGHE|OJH\HDLWRODQKDUFDPDWXWDU\OQGD\DoNPWU
(JH %|OJHVL  \OQGD OLN NDPX \DWUP KDUFDPDV\OD o $QDGROX
%|OJHVLQLQ DUGQGDQ oQF VUDGD \HU DOPDNWDGU  \OQGD WRSODP NDPX \DWUP
KDUFDPDODUQQ VGU  \OQGD EX RUDQ OXN SD\OD   RODUDN
grlmektedir. Blgede, 1995 \OODU DUDVQGD IHUW EDQD NDPX \DWUPODU  \O
IL\DWODU\OD  PLO\DU ROXS E|OJHOHU DUDVQGD EHLQFLVUDGD \HU DOPDNWDGU $\UFD E|OJH IHUW
EDQDNDPX\DWUPODU7UNL\HRUWDODPDVQQGDPLO\DUDOWQGDGU
'RX $QDGROX %|OJHVL  \OQGD  7/ LOH $NGHQL] E|OJHVLQL WDNLS
HWPHNWHGLU %X \OGD E|OJHQLQ WRSODP NDPX \DWUP KDUFDPDODULoLQGHNL SD\ LNHQ
\OQGDEXRUDQRODUDNJHUoHNOHPLWLU
*QH\'RX$QDGROX%|OJHVL\OQGD7/OLNNDPX\DWUPKDUFDPDVLOH
VRQGDQ LNLQFL GXUXPGDGU  \OQGD WRSODP \DWUP KDUFDPDODU LoLQGHNL  LNHQ 
\OQGDRODUDNJHUoHNOHPLWLU

%g/*(6(/'(1*(6=/1*(1(/%h7d(*(/5/(51(*g5($1$/=
%|OJHVHO GHQJHVL]OLL DoNODPDGD NXOODQODQ NVWDVODUGDQ ELUL RODQ JHQHO EWoH JHOLUOHUL
JHOLULQDGDOHWOLGDOPQQJHUoHNOHLSJHUoHNOHPHGLLKDNNQGDELOJLVDKLELROPDP]D\DUGPF
ROXU$DGDNL7DEORGHJHQHOEWoHJHOLUOHULQLQ\OODUDYHE|OJHOHUHJ|UHGDOPYHULOPLWLU

7DEOR*HQHO%WoH*HOLUOHUL
; <>=? @)A? ABC D E FG)B E H)? A I

LQ.Q)R
< ] Z ^_
ZP_
`
>
[>hji>_
k C l
iX'op[
_ 
^ _
^b iX'op:[
C q [k>[iX$Z
p
h+[>`[>i>_
k C l

LQ)Q)S

WX$YZP[\
W X$YZ[>\
; \ C Z M [>`aWZ
b Ic; \ C Z M [>`,WZ b Id; \
L b QJ.K b R)K)Q
J b LKL b T)U.K
m U mb RLK
m QJ b K)Q)J
m.b n T)R b R)T)S
m.b Q.K n)b T)T.U
n J mb J.U m
n RL b KJU
R b JKL b TJL
n)b U)T mb K)QL
L b J
LQ b K)T m
L b m.m.n)b Q)K)J

LQ)Q.T

LQ)Q)Q

J.K.K)K

J.K)KL

; JK)KLMN ? NOPE HGD ? GB N H? GI

LQ)Q)R)V JK)KL

WX$YZP[\
W X'YZP[>\
W X$YZP[>\
W X$YZP[\
W X'YZP[>\
C Z M [>`aWZ b Ie; \ C Z M [`aWZ b If; \ C Z M [`aWZ
b If; \ C Z M [>`aWZ b Ie; \ C Z M [`aWZ b Ig; \
J b mn T b R)Q.K
J b n K.U b RL n
J b J.S)K b R)K m
J b n R)U b Q)K m
J b m U)S b LS n
R JK b SLS
S LK b RJ
L
)R S mb T m.n
n U n)b K m K
n U)Q b T)U n
n)b R.K)S b U)Q.Q
n)b S)Q.T b U)S)T
n)b R)S n.b RJ n
n)b QJ mb U n L
n)b n UL b L n S
R.T)R b LJS
S)K n)b n)nm
S)K.S b R)T m
S)S mb J.S)U
S)T mb T)R)S
S b R
LU b J.K n
T b T)R.U b n)n J
U b m.n U b R)S)R
U b m S n.b R)S)S
Q b R n J b J)J m
L b R m K b n)n U
L b RL n)b K)K)T
L b n TL b R n)n
L b n Q)Q b T nm
L b m TL b U m K

LS b R)U mb L)LT

J.K b m J.R b U m R
J n)b JL n)b KL m
\[`\:[>`>[
J b LS)U b R)QJ
J b mn U b UJQ
J b U.R)S b U)Q
L
h/b ] b M bWX'YZ[>\,r
UJ mb K)T)K
L b n J
L b J n U
J b LS)Q b R)S)J
\abs[ M \[k
Wt>`h C M _ ; \
J.U b U)T)U b LR)U
m)m.b TLJ b L m S
n K b LT.S b m LK
u$[>` C q>I
Wt>`h C M _ ; \
J.Q b T)KL b J.J.Q
m R b L m.m.b m U n
n J b m.n R b U)TJ
i>[u C Z I
h+[ M k>[h-v\[>Z C M _ < [>h+[>k>Z
r or
kw D v C ? ? AB A xGy)N D N ? GzjGH)G{|.A-F
E B xA{'} G~? G>E ? E).G GHG{'F.D A@)A? E B ? AB E
\ AB )A~

LQ)Q)U

WX'YZP[>\
C Z M [`aWZ b I
LR b U)U m.b Q)SL
m.b n)n)n.b J.U)T
m K b R)R n)b S m K
m.b Q)Q)T b n T)U
R)K b S)K.S b UL)L
Q bQ n L bR n U

J.T b KLK b T m L
J b U)U.R b R m J
n S.Q b K m)m

J.T b n L U b T)Q n
J b Q n).n b n S m
S.R b m LS

m L b Q)K)Q b LJ.Q
m.b K)S)U b n RJ
J b R)UL b m U n

m K b R)K m b T)K)K
J b T)U m b m K m
J b m)m R b Q)T)S

LT.T b Q)S)R b m LQ

LQ b K)R.S b K)S m
Q b U)S)R b R)U)Q

n)n)b RL n)b SJ.K

n R b J.UL b KJ m

R)K b m U m.b LU n

n Q b n)n U b S)K m

J.Q)J b m Q n)b K m.n

n)n)b Q)U m.b S)R m

n R b m.n S b m)m Q

RJ b Q)S n)b R.S)T

RL b T)U n)b R)T)Q

m K)J b J.R)Q b SJ m

s GHzjG{? N y)N F
G ? N y)N)G? D N {xG|)AB E ? zjE D E B b

\OYHULOHULQHJ|UHIHUWEDQDJHQHOEWoHJHOLUOHULQLQHQ\NVHNROGXXE|OJH\LQH
0DUPDUDGU\OIL\DWODU\ODPLO\DUOLUDFLYDUQGDRODQIHUWEDQDJHQHOEWoHJHOLUOHUL



 PLO\RQ OLUD GROD\QGD RODQ 7UNL\H RUWDODPDVQQ LNL NDWQGDQ ID]ODGU %WoH JHOLUOHULQLQ
\]GHQD\DNQE|OPQQVDODQG0DUPDUDE|OJHVLEXJ|VWHUJH\OHGHVUDGU
Bu gsterge ile Marmara dan sonra ikiQFLVUDGD\HUDODQo$QDGROXGD.DPXNWLVDGL
7HHEEVOHULQLQ DQD \|QHWLP ELULPOHULQLQ $QNDUDGD ROPDVQQ |QHPOL HWNLVL ROGXX
GQOPHNWHGLU%|OJHQLQ\OIL\DWODU\OD0LO\DU7/RODQJHQHOEWoHJHOLUOHULQH
NDWNV RUWDODPD  ROXS E|OJH VUDODPDVQGD  0DUPDUD %|OJHVLQLQ DUGQGDQ LNLQFL
GXUXPGDGU
 \O IL\DWODU LOH JHQHO EWoH JHOLUOHULQH NDWNV  0LO\DU 7/ ROPXWXU hONH
JHQHOLQGHWRSODPEWoHJHOLUOHULQHNDWNVRUDQVDORODUDNROXS%WoHJHOLUOHULQHNDWNV
LWLEDUL\OH0DUPDUDYHo$QDGROXGDQVRQUDoQFVUDGDGU
$NGHQL] %|OJHVL GLHU J|VWHUJHOHUGH GH ROGXX JLEL RUWDODPDELU E|OJH ROPD |]HOOLLQL
NRUXPDNWDGU  \OIL\DWODU\ODJHQHOEWoHJHOLUOHULLoLQGHNLSD\0LO\DU7/LOH
GLUEXRUDQLWLEDUL\OHE|OJHVHOVUDODPDGDVUDGDEXOXQPDNWDGU
'LHU PDOL YH WLFDUL J|VWHUJHOHUL LWLEDUL\OH GH E|OJHVHO VUDODPDGD EHLQFL VUDGD \HU
DOPDNWDGU   \O JHQHO EWoH JHOLUOHULQH NDWNV   YH IHUW EDQD EWoH JHOLUOHUL FDUL
IL\DWODUOD \DNODN  PLO\RQ OLUD D\Q \O IHUW EDQD JHOLUOHU YH NXUXPODU YHUJLVL PLNWDU 
PLO\RQOLUDGU
*QH\GRX $QDGROX  \O LWLEDUL\OH HQ D] IHUW EDQD JHOLU YH NXUXPODU YHUJLVLQLQ
HOGH HGLOGLL E|OJH ROPXWXU GH *QH\GRX $QDGROXGD IHUW EDQD EWoH JHOLUOHUL FDUL
IL\DWODUOD  PLO\RQ OLUD JHOLU YH NXUXPODU YHUJLVL LVH  PLO\RQ OLUDGU  \OQGD WRSODP
%WoH*HOLULQH.DWNVGLU
 \OQGD 'RX $QDGROX %|OJHVLQGHQ HOGH HGLOHQ IHUW EDQD JHQHO EWoH JHOLUL LOH
JHOLUYHNXUXPODUYHUJLVLPLNWDUVUDV\ODFDULIL\DWODUODPLO\RQYHPLO\RQOLUDGU'RX
$QDGROX NDPX JHOLUOHUL ROXXPXQD *QH\GRXGDQ VRQUD HQ D] NDWN \DSDQ E|OJH ROPXWXU

%g/*(6(/ '(1*(6=/1 67+'$0 9( 6$1$< '(.(1/(5</(
$1$/=
6DQD\LOHPHJHOHQHNVHOWDUPWRSOXPXQGDQPRGHUQVDQD\LWRSOXPXQDJHoLLQ\DDQG
ELU GHLLP VUHFL ROPDNOD EHUDEHU WRSOXPXQ VRV\RNOWUHO \DSVQ YH HNRQRPLN VLVWHPL ELU
btn olarak etkilemektedir. 6DQD\LOHPHQLQ DUWPDV EHUDEHULQGH LVWLKGDP RODQDNODUQQ
DUWPDVQDVHEHSRODFDQGDQVUHoJHOLUYHUHIDKDUWLOHVRQEXODFDNWU$DGDNL7DEORGD
LVWLKGDPQVHNW|UHOGDOPYHULOPLWLU
7DEORVWLKGDPQ6HNW|UHO'DOP
0d$/257 .858*hd 6$1(/.1 0.'(*1 7$5h51 7$5h575
0$50$5$






(*(






d$1$'2/8






$.'(1=






.$5$'(1=






*'$1$'2/8






'$1$'2/8






7h5.<(







.
P
j>

0DUPDUD%|OJHVLQGHLVWLKGDPQVHNW|UHOGDOPVDQD\LYHWLFDUHWDUONOGU6DQD\LL
NROXQGDoDODQODUWRSODPLVWLKGDPQ\]GHVLQLROXWXUXUNHQWLFDUHWLNROXQGDoDODQODU
LVWLKGDPQ \]GH LQL PDOL NXUXPODU L NROXQGD oDODQODU LVH \]GH XQX
ROXWXUPDNWDGU +HU o J|VWHUJH LWLEDUL\OH 0DUPDUD ONH JHQHOLQGH HQ \NVHN RUDQODUD VDKLS
blJHGLU%|OJHGHWDUPJ|UHOLRODUDN|QHPLQL\LWLUPLWLU=LUDDWLNROXQGDoDODQODUQWRSODP
LVWLKGDP LoLQGHNL RUDQ \]GH  GLHU E|OJHOHULQ ROGXNoD JHULVLQGHGLU $\UFD 0DUPDUD
%|OJHVL FUHWOL oDODQODUQ FUHWOL oDODQ NDGQODUQ YH LYHUHQOHULQ WRSODP LVWLKGDPD RUDQ




J|VWHUJHOHULQGH GH HQ \NVHN GHHUOHUH VDKLS ROPXWXU %HOLUWLOHQ J|VWHUJHOHU LWLEDUL\OH
0DUPDUDQQDOGGHHUOHUVUDV\OD\]GH\]GHYH\]GHGXU*HQHORODUDN
Marmara Blgesi, istihdam gstergeleri itLEDUL\OH VDQD\L YH KL]PHW DUONO ELU GDOP
VHUJLOHPHNWHGLU%|OJHQLQLVWLKGDP\DSVLoLQGHJ|UHOLRODUDN|QHPLQL\LWLUHQWDUPVHNW|UQGH
GHD]JHOLPLE|OJHOHUH|]JGNYHULPOLOLNYHJL]OLLVL]OLNVRUXQX|QHPLQL\LWLUPLWLU
Marmara Blgesi nLQVDQD\LYHWLFDUHWDUONOLNWLVDGL\DSVVDQD\LYHPDOLJ|VWHUJHOHUH
GH\DQVPDNWDGU%|OJHGHEXOXQDQDGHWRUWDYHE\N|OoHNOLLPDODWVDQD\LLL\HULDGHGL
RODQ7UNL\HWRSODPQQ\DUVQGDQID]ODGU<DNODNELQRODQLPDODWVDQD\LL\OON
oDODQODU RUWDODPD VD\V GD  PLO\RQ NLL RODQ 7UNL\H RUWDODPDVQQ \DUVQGDQ ID]ODGU
%HQ]HUHNLOGHLPDODWVDQD\LLNXUXOXJoNDSDVLWHPLNWDURODQ\DNODNPLO\RQEH\JLUJF
de, toplam 13,5 milyon beygir gc olan Trkiye toplDPQQ\DUVQD\DNQGU%|OJHGHUHWLOHQ
IHUWEDQDLPDODWVDQD\LLNDWPDGHHUL\OFDULIL\DWODU\ODPLO\RQOLUDFLYDUQGDGU
%XGHHU\DNODNPLO\RQOLUDRODQ7UNL\HRUWDODPDVQQNDWQD\DNQGU
Ege Blgesi yzde 13,8 lik sanayi LVWLKGDP LOH 0DUPDUDGDQ VRQUD HQ \NVHN RUDQD
VDKLSWLU7DUPQE\N|OoGHPRGHUQL]HROGXX(JH%|OJHVLQGHVDQD\LYHWLFDUHWWHGHE\N
ELUJHOLPH\DDQPWUg]HOOLNOHE|OJHPHUNH]L]PLUVDQD\LYHWLFDULIDDOL\HWOHULQ\RXQODW
LOGLU 7LFDUHW L NROXQGD oDODQODUQ RUDQ \]GH  ONH JHQHO VHYL\HVLQLQ \]GH 
]HULQGHGLU'LHUWDUDIWDQPDOLNXUXPODUGDoDODQODUQRUDQ\]GHONHJHQHOVHYL\HVLQLQ
\]GHDOWQGDEXOXQPDNWDGU
(JH %|OJHVL  \O LWLEDUL\OH IDDOL\HWH JHoHQ RUJDQL]H VDQD\L E|OJHVL SDUVHO VD\V
VUDODPDVQGD o $QDGROX %|OJHVLQGHQ VRQUD LNLQFL VUDGDGU GH (JH %|OJHVL JHQHOLQGH
\HUDODQRUJDQL]HVDQD\LE|OJHOHULQGHUHWLPIDDOL\HWOHULQLQEDODGSDUVHODGHGLGXU
%X GXUXP VDQD\LQLQ K]OD \D\JQODPD\D EDODG (JHGH VDQD\L YH NHQWOHPH
LOLNLOHULQLQJ|UHOLRODUDNGHQJHOLELU\DSGDJHOLWLLQLJ|VWHUPHNWHGLU$\UFDIL]LNLELUVDQD\L
WHYLNDUDFRODUDNGDQLWHOHQGLULOHELOHFHNRUJDQL]HVDQD\LE|OJHOHULQLQ(JH%|OJHVLQGHNLPHYFXW
\D\JQO VDQD\LQLQ PHNDQVDO GDOPQQ GLHU ELU GH\LOH \|UHVHOOHPHVLQLQ J|VWHUJHVL
GXUXPXQGDGU
o $QDGROX %|OJHVLQGH FUHWOL oDODQODUQ WRSODP LVWLKGDPD RUDQ \]GH  ONH
RUWDODPDVQQ \]GH  ]HULQGHGLU $QFDN FUHWOL oDODQ NDGQODUQ WRSODP LVWLKGDPD
RUDQQGD \]GH  E|OJHVHO VUDODPDGD oQF VUDGD \HU DOPDNOD ELUOLNWH RUWDODPDQQ
\]GHDOWQGDNDOPDNWDGUVWLKGDPQVHNW|UHOGDOPLVH|\OHELU\DSVHUJLOHPHNWHGLU
=LUDDWLNROXQGDoDODQODUQWRSODPLVWLKGDPDRUDQ\]GHVDQD\LLNROXQGDoDODQODU
\]GHWLFDUHWLNROXQGDoDODQODU\]GHYHPDOLNXUXPODULNROXQGDoDODQODURUDQ
\]GH GLU =LUDDW VDQD\L YH WLFDUHW L NROODUQGD oDODQODU RUDQODU ONH RUWDODPDODUQD
(yzde 48,3\DNQROPDNODEHUDEHUDOWQGDGU0DOLNXUXPODULNROXQGDoDODQODU
LVH0DUPDUDLOHELUOLNWHONHRUWDODPDVQQ\]GH]HULQGHGLU
o$QDGROXRUWDYHE\N|OoHNOLLPDODWVDQD\LLL\HULVD\VQGDDGHW0DUPDUD
ve Ege den sRQUD oQF VUDGD \HU DOUNHQ IDDOL\HWH JHoHQ RUJDQL]H VDQD\L E|OJHOHUL SDUVHO
VD\VQGD  LON VUDGD \HU DOPWU 2UJDQL]H VDQD\L E|OJHOHULQLQ \D\JQO (JHGH
ROGXX JLEL VDQD\LOHPH GLQDPLNOHULQLQ PHNDQVDO \D\JQO LOH \DNQGDQ LOJLOLGLU o
$QDGROXGD VDQD\L EHOLUOL ELU QRNWDGD \OPDP oHLWOL VDQD\L NXWXSODU \DUDWDUDN
\D\JQODPDNWDGUg]HOOLNOH(VNLHKLU.RQ\DYH.D\VHULJLELLOOHUE|OJHQLQ\HQLVDQD\LRGDNODU
ROPD\D EDODPWU 1LWHNLP JHOLPHQLQ HQ |QHPOL XQVXUODUQGDQ RODQ sanayinin, blge iinde
\HUDODQLOOHUDUDVQGDGHQJHOLELU\DSGDJHOLWLLQLEHOLUWHELOLUL]o$QDGROXVDQD\LQLQVHNW|UHO
YH PHNDQVDO G]H\GH GHQJHOL JHOLPHVLQGH ROGXX NDGDU WDUPGD GD |QHPOL ELU SRWDQVL\HOH
VDKLSWLUg]HOOLNOHONHQLQWDKODPEDUNRQXPXQGDNL.RQ\D2YDVLOHoHYUHGH\HUDODQRYDYH
SODWRODU E|OJHQLQ WDUPVDO GHHUOHULQLQ \NVHOPHVLQLQ EDOFD ND\QDGU %|OJHGH WDUPVDO
YHULPOLOLN\NVHNYHJ|UHOLRODUDNWDUPPRGHUQL]HROPXWXU%|OJHNUVDOQIXVEDQDWDUPVDO
UHWLPGHHULLWLEDUL\OHE|OJHOHUDUDVVUDODPDGDLONVUDGD\HUDOPDNWDGUo$QDGROXQXQ
\OQGD NUVDO QIXV EDQD GHQ WDUPVDO UHWLP GHHUL FDUL IL\DWODUOD  PLO\DU OLUD
FLYDUQGDGU %HQ]HU HNLOGH ONHQLQ WDUPVDO UHWLP GHHULQLQ ROXXPXQD HQ |QHPOL NDWN\




\DSPDNWDGU %X J|VWHUJH LOH LON VUDGD \HU DODQ E|OJHQLQ 7UNL\H LoLQGHNL SD\ \]GH 
RUDQQGDGU
$NGHQL]%|OJHVLQGHLVWLKGDPQVHNW|UHOGDOPDQDVHNW|UOHULWLEDUL\OH|\OHGLU7DUP
VHNW|U \]GH  RUDQ\OD WHPHO VHNW|U ROPD |]HOOLLQL VUGUUNHQ VRQ G|QHPOHUGH
JHOLPH\H EDOD\DQ VDQD\L IDDOL\HWOHULQGHNL LVWLKGDP \]GH  G]H\LQGHGLU <]GH 
RUDQQDVDKLSWLFDUHWLNROXE|OJHGHOL\OODUVRQUDVQGDLYPHND]DQDQWXUL]PIDDOL\HWOHULQH
GD\DORODUDNJHOLPLYHE|OJHVHOVUDODPDGD0DUPDUDGDQVRQUDLNLQFLVUD\DRWXUPXWXU
0DOLNXUXPODULNROXQGDoDODQODULVHWRSODPLVWLKGDPQ\]GHXG]H\LQGHGLU%X
RUDQ ONH RUWDODPDVQQ \]GH  DOWQGDGU *HQHO RODUDN FUHWOL oDODQODUQ WRSODP
LVWLKGDPDRUDQLVH\]GHGHHUL\OHE|OJHVHOVUDODPDGDG|UGQFVUDGD\HUDOPDNWDYH
ONHRUWDODPDVQQ\]GHDOWQGDNDOPDNWDGU
*HQHO RODUDN WP J|VWHUJHOHU LWLEDUL\OH $NGHQL] %|OJHVL ONH RUWDODPDODUQD \DNQ GHHUOHU
DOPWU<HGLFRUDILE|OJHLoHULVLQGHG|UGQFVUDGD\HUDODQ$NGHQL]EXNRQXPX\ODRUWDODPD
E|OJHQLWHOLLQGHGLU
$NGHQL] %|OJHVLQGH IDDOL\HWH JHoHQ RUJDQL]H VDQD\L E|OJHVL SDUVHO VD\V GLU YH
E|OJHVHO VUDODPDGD DOWQF VUDGD \HU DOPDNWDGU $NGHQL] %|OJHVL RUJDQL]H VDQD\L E|OJHOHUL
X\JXODPDV LWLEDUL\OH GLHU E|OJHOHULQ JHULVLQGH NDOPWU %XQXQ WHPHO QHGHQOHULQGHQ ELUL
|]HOOLNOH N\ HULGLQGH EXOXQDQ LOOHUGH RUJDQL]H VDQD\L E|OJHOHUL LoLQ HOYHULOL YH \HWHUOL DUD]L
EXOPDJoOGU
'LHU \DQGDQ  \OQGD IHUW EDQD LPDODW VDQD\LL NDWPD GHHUL FDUL IL\DWODUOD 
PLO\RQOLUDONGHHUOH0DUPDUD(JHYHo$QDGROXQXQSHLQGHQG|UGQFVUDGD\HUDOPWU
6|] NRQXVX J|VWHUJH LWLEDUL\OH VUDODPDGDNL PHYFXW NRQXPX LPDODW VDQD\LLQGH YHULPOLOLLQ
greli olarak yksek ROGXXQXJ|VWHUPHNWHGLU
.DUDGHQL]LVWLKGDPQVHNW|UHOGDOPWDUPQHJHPHQVHNW|UROGXXQXJ|VWHUPHNWHGLU
.DUDGHQL]GH ]LUDDW L NROXQGD oDODQODUQ WRSODP LVWLKGDPD RUDQ \]GH GLU 6DQD\L
LNROXQGD oDODQODU \]GH  WLFDUHW L NROXQGD oDODQODU \]GH  YH PDOL NXUXPODU
LNROXQGD oDODQODU LVH \]GH  G]H\LQGHGLU hONH JHQHOLQGH FUHWOL oDODQODUQ WRSODP
LVWLKGDPD RUDQQQ HQ GN ROGXX \]GH E|OJH RODQ .DUDGHQL]GH FUHWOL oDODQ NDGQ
RUDQGD\]GHROGXNoDGNWU
.DUDGHQL]%|OJHVLQGH\OLWLEDUL\OHIDDOL\HWHJHoHQRUJDQL]HVDQD\LE|OJHVLSDUVHO
DGHGL GLU %|OJHGH IDDOL\HWH JHoHQ 26% SDUVHO VD\VQQ GN ROPD QHGHQL $NGHQL]
%|OJHVLQGH ROGXX JLEL N\ HULGL ER\XQFD RUJDQL]H VDQD\L E|OJHOHUi iin uygun ve yeterli
E\NONWH DUD]L EXOPD JoOGU %|OJHQLQ LPDODW VDQD\LL L \HUL DGHGL  YH LPDODW
VDQD\LLQGHoDODQODUQ\OONRUWDODPDVD\V$NGHQL]%|OJHVLQLQ|QQGH\HUDOPDNOD
ELUOLNWH ONH RUWDODPDODUQGDQ GNWU .DUDGHQL] IHUW EDQD LPDODW VDQD\LL NDWPD GHHUL
\OFDULIL\DWODU\ODPLO\RQOLUDYHNUVDOQIXVEDQDWDUPVDOUHWLPGHHUL\OH
\OFDULIL\DWODU\ODPLO\RQOLUDE|OJHVHOVUDODPDGDVUDV\ODEHLQFLYHG|UGQFVUDGD\HU
DOPDNWDGU

*QH\GRX$QDGROXGDFUHWOLoDODQODUQWRSODPLVWLKGDPDRUDQ\]GHFUHWOL
oDODQNDGQODUQWRSODPLVWLKGDPDRUDQLVH\]GHGLUVWLKGDPQVHNW|UHOGDOPQGDHQ
|QHPOL GLOLPL ]LUDDW L NROXQGD oDODQODU \]GH  ROXWXUPDNWDGU 6DQD\LGH LVWLKGDPQ
\]GHG]H\LQGHROGXXE|OJHGHWLFDUHWLNROXQGDoDODQODU\]GHYHPDOLNXUXPODUL
NROXQGDoDODQODULVH\]GHRUDQODUQDVDKLSWLU

%|OJH VDQD\L J|VWHUJHOHUL LWLEDUL\OH EHLQFL YH DOWQF VUDODUGD \HU DOPDNOD ELUOLNWH
J|VWHUJH RUDQODUQ WHN EDQD \NVHOWHQ LO *D]LDQWHSGLU gUQHLQ  \O LWLEDUL\OH IDDO
GXUXPGD RODQ RUJDQL]H VDQD\L E|OJHOHUL SDUVHO VD\VQD J|UH  *QH\GRX $QDGROX
%|OJHVL E|OJHVHO VUDODPDGD G|UGQF VUDGD ROPDVQD UDPHQ EX WRSODPQ VL VDGHFH
*D]LDQWHSWH EXOXQPDNWDGU <LQH LPDODW VDQD\LL L \HUL VD\V WRSODP E|OJHGH  LNHQ
*D]LDQWHSWH GXU  \OQGD LPDODW VDQD\LL \OON oDODQODU RUWDODPD VD\V E|OJHGH
 *D]LDQWHSWH GLU $\UFD *D]LDQWHS LOOHULQ VRV\RHNRQRPLN JHOLPLOLN




VUDODPDVQGD VDKLS ROGXX HQGHNV GHHUL\OH *QH\GRXQXQ 7UNL\H RUWDODPDV ]HULQGH

EXOXQDQWHNLOLGLU
 \OQGD E|OJHQLQ IHUW EDQD LPDODW VDQD\LL NDWPD GHHUL FDUL IL\DWODUOD  PLO\RQ
OLUDGUYHONHJHQHOLQGH'RX$QDGROXGDQVRQUDHQGNGHHUGLU

'RX $QDGROXGD FUHWOL oDODQ NDGQODUQ WRSODP LVWLKGDP LoLQGHNL RUDQ GD \]GH
 ONH JHQHOLQGH HQ DOW VUDGDGU 6RV\DO J|VWHUJHOHUGHQ JHQL DLOH \DSVQQ HJHPHQOLL
\NVHNRUWDODPDKDQHKDONE\NO\NVHNGRXUJDQONYHEHEHN|OPRUDQODUGNHLWLP
YH VDON J|VWHUJHOHUL\OH EHUDEHU FUHWOL NDGQ LVWLKGDPQQ GNO GH 'RX$QDGROX JLEL
QLVELRODUDNJHULNDOPE|OJHOHULQWLSLN|]HOOLNOHULROPDNWDGU

6DQD\LJ|VWHUJHOHULQGHGH'RX$QDGROX*QH\GRX$QDGROX%|OJHVLLOHELUOLNWHHQDOW
VUDGD\HUDOPDNWDGU%XQODUGDQ\OLWLEDUL\OHIDDOGXUXPGDRODQRUJDQL]HVDQD\LE|OJHVL
SDUVHO DGHGL J|VWHUJHVLQGH WRSODP  DGHW SDUVHOOH HQ DOW VUDGD \HU DOPDNWDGU $QFDN
OSB lerin nisbi RODUDN \D\JQODPDG .DUDGHQL] YH $NGHQL] JLEL E|OJHOHUGH WHPHO QHGHQ
X\JXQ DUD]LQLQ ROPDPDV LNHQ 'RX $QDGROX LoLQ EX GXUXP JHoHUOL GHLOGLU %LOLQGLL JLEL
.DUDGHQL]YH$NGHQL]%|OJHVLQGHN\HULGLQHSDUDOHOVUDGDODUX]DQPDNWDYHEXGXUXPKHP
NHQWVHO\HUOHLPLKHPGHVDQD\L\HUOHLPLVQUODQGUPDNWDGU
'RX $QDGROX %|OJHVLQGH  \O YHULOHULQH J|UH LPDODW VDQD\LL \OON oDODQODU
RUWDODPD VD\V  E|OJHVHO VUDODPDGD HQ DOWWD \HU DOPDNWDGU'RX $QDGROX WRSODP
istihdam iindH VDQD\LGH LVWLKGDPQ \]GH  HQ GN ROGXX E|OJHGLU %HQ]HU HNLOGH
WLFDUHW\]GHYHPDOLNXUXPODU\]GHLNROXLVWLKGDPGDHQGNRUDQODUDVDKLSWLU
6RV\RHNRQRPLN JHOLPLOLN VUDODPDVQGD HQ GN GHHUH VDKLS RODQ 'RX $QDGROX LOH HQ
JHOLPLE|OJHRODQ0DUPDUDQQLVWLKGDP\DSVWDPDPHQIDUNOGU=LUD0DUPDUDHQGN
WDUPVDO LVWLKGDPD VDKLS E|OJH LNHQ D\Q ]DPDQGD HQ \NVHN VDQD\L WLFDUL YH PDOL LVWLKGDP
RUDQODUQDVDKLSE|OJHGLU%XUDGDQELUVRQXooNDUPDNJHUHNLUVHGHQLOHELOLUNLWRSODPLVWLKGDP
LoLQGHWDUPVDOLVWLKGDPRUDQGLHUVHNW|UOHUOHKLQHGWNoHVRV\RHNRQRPLNJHOLPHG]H\L
\NVHOPHNWHGLU 1LWHNLP NUVDO \DSQQ HJHPHQ ROGXX D]JHOLPL E|OJHOHUGH YHULPVL] ELU
HNLOGH \ODQ WDUPVDO LVWLKGDP GDKD YHULPOL VHNW|UOHUH oHNHFHN SROLWLNDODU LOH WDUPVDO
YHULPOLOLL \NVHOWHFHN PRGHUQL]DV\RQ SROLWLNDODU E|OJHVHO JHOLPH VUHFLQGH D\UFDONO ELU
\HUHVDKLSROPDNWDGU
'RX $QDGROX %|OJHVL LVWLKGDPQ VHNW|UHO GDOP LWLEDUL\OH WDUP DUONO ELU \DS
VHUJLOHPHNWHGLU =LUDDW LNROXQGD oDODQODUQ WRSODP LVWLKGDP LoLQGHNL RUDQ \]GH GLU
7DUPVDO LVWLKGDP HQ E\N GLOLPH VDKLS ROPDNOD EHUDEHU NUVDO QIXV EDQD WDUPVDO UHWLP
GHHUL ONH RUWDODPDVQQ ROGXNoD DOWQGDGU  \OQGD 'RX $QDGROX %|OJHVLQGH NUVDO
QIXVEDQDWDUPVDOUHWLPGHHULFDULIL\DWODUODPLO\RQOLUDFLYDUQGDLNHQONHRUWDODPDV
 PLO\DU OLUD G]H\LQGHGLU $\UFD 'RX $QDGROX %|OJHVLQLQ 7UNL\H WDUPVDO UHWLP
GHHULQHNDWNVGD\]GHJLELoRNGNELURUDQGDGU'RX$QDGROXWDUPVDOLVWLKGDPQ
HQ \RXQ ROGXX E|OJH NRQXPXQGD ROPDVQD UDPHQ WDUPVDO YHULPOLOLLQ HQ GN ROGXX
E|OJHOHUGHQELULGLU1LWHNLPWDUPVDOLVWLKGDPLOHWDUPVDOYHULPOLOLNDUDVQGD'RX$QDGROXGD
gzlenen ters oraQW GLHU E|OJHOHU LoLQ GH JHoHUOLGLU 'HQLOHELOLU NL WRSODP LVWLKGDP LoLQGH
]LUDDW LNROXQGD oDODQODUQ \]GH GDOPQQ HQ GN ROGXX E|OJHOHU WDUPQ PRGHUQL]H
ROGXXYHWDUPVDOYHULPOLOLLQ\NVHNROGXXE|OJHOHUGLU

%g/*(6(/'(1*(6=/./(51'(025$).*g67(5*(/(5/($1$/=

%g/*(6(/'(1*(6=/11h)865$.$0/$5,1$*g5($1$/=
NWLVDGL JHOLPHQLQ HQ |QHPOL IDNW|U LQVDQGU 1IXVXQ VDKLS ROGXX ELOJL YH EHFHUL
G]H\LELUH\LQYHWRSOXPXQVDKLSROGXXHQ|QHPOLVHUYHWWLU*HOLPLELUWRSOXPODJHULNDOP
ELUWRSOXPDUDVQGDNLWHPHOIDUNONHOHULQVDKLSROGXNODULQVDQYDUONODUQQQLWHOLNOHULDUDVQGDNL
IDUNWU<XPXDN.DUV
1IXV DUW K]QQ GUOHUHN LNWLVDGL NDONQPD\ DUWUPD ILNUL WHRULN YH DPSULN
GD\DQDNODUGDQ \RNVXQGXU 1IXV DUW K] LNWLVDGL NDONQPDQQ ELU VHEHEL GHLO VRQXFXGXU




7UNL\H LoLQ \DSODQ  G|QHPLQL NDSVD\DQ ELU oDOPDGD PHYFXW QIXV DUW RUDQQQ
QIXV SROLWLNDODU LOH HWNLOHQHPH\HFHL DQFDN HNRQRPLN JHOLPH YDVWDV\OD HWNLOHQHELOHFHL
VRQXFXQDYDUOPWU<DPDN*QJ|UV
$DGDNLWDEORODUGD7DEORQIXVXQYH\OODUQGDNLE|OJHVHOGDOPYHQIXV
DUWK]ODUYHULOPLWLU
7$%/21IXV
 ) .$ 
)


$'/
j//
/ +j+
$/
/ j+j+
7+++
+++/
+ ++
/$>>
j/
+j+/:/

/ /   >- 
 

$ 
)

 
)

$ )


 P
P 
.

P 
P 

 
 

 P.P )


) P

P

P P
 
 
P 
  
  

P  

 )


P 
P
P 
 




 



  
 

 
 )
 
P  
P P 

P 
P )P 
P 
 
 
 
  
 P 

 

.
 




 
) 
 
 
  
  

P 


 
P  
P  
 
)

) 
   
 
P


 
.    .


P

 
. P 
  
. 
P 

P   
 .  ) 
 
 
 

    

  
  
  
 
 

%XQXQODELUOLNWHQIXVXQNHQWYHNUGDOPLOHELUOLNWHVHNW|UHOGDOPGDYHULOPLWLU


7DEOR1IXVDUWK]YH1IXVXQ6HNW|UHO'DOPYH%LoLPVHOg]HOOLNOHUL




P
/>

<O*HQHO1IXV6D\PVRQXoODUQDJ|UHPLO\RQD\DNODDQ7UNL\HQIXVXQXQ
\DNODN \]GH L  PLO\RQ HQ JHOLPL E|OJH RODQ 0DUPDUD %|OJHVLQGH EXOXQPDNWDGU
0DUPDUD %|OJHVLQLQ VDKLS ROGXX QIXVXQ \DUGDQ ID]ODV E|OJH PHUNH]L VWDQEXOGD
WRSODQPWU<DNODNPLO\RQQIXVXLOHVWDQEXOKHP0DUPDUDQQKHPGHONHQLQHQoRN
nfusa sahip olan ilidir. lke genelinde en ok nfusD VDKLS RODQ 0DUPDUD %|OJHVL D\Q
]DPDQGD HQ \NVHN HKLUOHPH RUDQQD \]GH  YH HQ \NVHN QIXV \RXQOXXQD 
VDKLSWLU 1IXVXQ PHNDQVDO GDOPQGD J|]OHQHQ E|OJHVHO \RXQODPDQQ HQ oRN \DDQG
0DUPDUD %|OJHVLQGH EX HLOLP J|o DODQ E|OJH |]HOOLNOHULQL VUGUPHVL QHGHQL\OH K]OD
DUWPDNWDGU 0DUPDUD %|OJHVL VDKLS ROGXX HKLUOHPH RUDQ LOH ONH RUWDODPDVQQ 
]HULQGHGLU 'LHU GHPRJUDILN J|VWHUJHOHUGHQ OLN GRXUJDQON RUDQ YH OLN RUWDODPD
KDQHKDON E\NO LOH 0DUPDUD E|OJHOHU DUDV VUDODPDGD HQ L\L GHHUOHUH VDKLSWLU %X
GHHUOHU 0DUPDUD %|OJHVLQGH PRGHUQOHPH |HOHULQLQ E\N |OoGH VRV\DO \DDPD HJHPHQ
ROGXXQXYHPRGHUQWRSOXPODUD|]JoHNLUGHNDLOH\DSVQDJHoLVUHFLQLQWDPDPODQPDN]HUH
ROGXXQXJ|VWHUPHNWHGLU%|OJHHQGNGRXUJDQONRUDQ\ODEHUDEHUHQGNEHEHN|OP
RUDQQDGDELQGHVDKLSWLU
%|OJHOHU DUDV VRV\RHNRQRPLN JHOLPLOLN VUDODPDVQGD LNLQFL VUDGD \HU DODQ (JH
%|OJHVL<O*HQHO1IXV6D\PVRQXoODUQDJ|UHPLO\RQOXk toplam nfusu ile lke
JHQHOLQGHHQoRNQIXVDVDKLSoQFE|OJHGLU7RSODPLOGHQROXDQ(JHGHQIXVXQ\DNODN




PLO\RQXE|OJHPHUNH]LNRQXPXQGDRODQ]PLUGHWRSODQPWU.LORPHWUHNDUH\HNLLQLQ
GW(JH%|OJHVLQIXV\RXQOXXLWLEDUL\OH0DUPDUDGDQVRQUDLNLQFLVUDGDGU<]GH
HKLUOHPHRUDQQDVDKLS(JH%|OJHVLQGHRUWDODPDKDQHKDONE\NOROXSGRXUJDQON
RUDQLVHELQGHGLU+HULNLJ|VWHUJHLWLEDUL\OH0DUPDUDGDQVRQUDHQL\LGHHUOHUHVDKLSWLU
Blge, demograILJ|VWHUJHOHULLWLEDUL\OHJ|UHOLRODUDNGHQJHOLELU\DSVHUJLOHPHNWHGLU
 LOGHQ ROXDQ o $QDGROX %|OJHVLQLQ  \O QIXVX  PLO\RQGXU %X QIXVXQ
\DNODNoWHELULQLEDUQGUDQ%DNHQW$QNDUDD\Q]DPDQGDVWDQEXOGDQVRQUDONHQLQHQoRN
nIXVDVDKLSLNLQFLLOLGLU'RXUJDQONRUDQELQGHONHRUWDODPDVQDELQGH\DNQ
RODQo$QDGROXGDRUWDODPDKDQHKDONE\NOONHRUWDODPDVQQDOWQGDGU
7RSODP  LOGHQ ROXDQ $NGHQL] %|OJHVL  PLO\RQ QIXVX LOH FRUDIL blgelere gre
QIXV VUDODPDVQGD G|UGQF VUDGD \HU DOPDNWDGU %|OJHGH \HU DODQ  LOGHQ L ELU PLO\RQ
zeri nfusa sahiptir. ukurova Blgesinin merkezi konumunda olan Adana, 1,8 milyona
\DNODDQQIXVXLOH$NGHQL]%|OJHVLQLQHQE\NLOLROPD|]HOOLLQLVUGUPHNWHGLU
\OODU DUDVQGD $NGHQL] \OON RUWDODPD QIXV DUW K] LWLEDUL\OH 0DUPDUD YH *QH\GRX
$QDGROXGDQVRQUDHQoRNDUWQELQGH\DDQGE|OJHGLU%|OJHGHRUWDODPDKDQHKDON
E\NO  YH GRXUJDQON RUDQ  D] ELU IDUNOD ONH RUWDODPDODUQGDQ  YH 
\NVHNWLU*HQHORODUDN$NGHQL]%|OJHVLQGHJHQLDLOH\DSVQGDQoHNLUGHNDLOH\HGRUXJHoL
\DDQGQGDQ V|] HGHELOLUL] %HEHN |OP RUDQ ELQGH  LVH ONH RUWDODPDVQQ ELQGH 
DOWQGDGU
6RV\RHNRQRPLN JHOLPLOLN VUDODPDVQGD EHLQFL VUDGD \HU DODQ .DUDGHQL] %|OJHVL
\DNODN  PLO\RQ QIXVX LOH \LQH ONHQLQ HQ oRN QIXVD VDKLS EHLQFL E|OJHVLGLU  LOGHQ
ROXDQE|OJHGHPLO\RQ]HULQIXVDVDKLSWHNLO6DPVXQGXU'LHr 17 ilin nfusu
 PLO\RQ HLLQLQ DOWQGDGU (QGHNV GHHUL LWLEDUL\OH ONH RUWDODPDV ]HULQGH \HU DODQ LOOHU
%ROX =RQJXOGDN .DUDEN YH 6DPVXQGXU 'RX $QDGROX\D \DNQ LOOHUGHQ *PKDQH YH
%D\EXUWLVHEXE|OJH\H\DNQHQGHNVGHHUOHULQHVDKLSWLU2000 dneminde Karadeniz de,
\OONRUWDODPDQIXVDUWK]ELQGHROGXNoDGNG]H\GHGLUHKLUOHPHRUDQ\]GH
LWLEDUL\OHONHRUWDODPDVQGDQ\]GHGNRODQ.DUDGHQL]QIXV\RXQOXX
LWLEDUL\OHGH7UNL\HRUWDODPDVQQDOWQGDGU
*QH\GRX $QDGROX %|OJHVL E|OJHOHU LWLEDUL\OH VRV\RHNRQRPLN JHOLPLOLN
VUDODPDVQGDDOWQFVUDGD\HUDOPDNWDGUPLO\RQD\DNODDQQIXVX\ODE|OJHLoHULVLQGH
DOWQFVUDGDGULOGHQROXDQ*QH\GRXGDELUPLO\RQ]HULQIXVDVDKLSLOEXOXQPDNWDGU
%X LOOHUGHQ DQOXUID \H HULHQ QIXVX\OD E|OJHQLQ HQ E\N NHQWL ROPD |]HOOLLQL
VUGUPHNWHGLU DQOXUID\  QIXVX LOH 'L\DUEDNU YH  NLL LOH *D]LDQWHS
LOOHULL]OHPHNWHGLU'LHUEHLOELUPLO\RQXQDOWQGDQIXVDVDKLSWLU*QH\GRX$QDGROX
G|QHPLQGH\OONRUWDODPDQIXVDUWK]ELQGHLOH0DUPDUDGDQVRQUDHQK]OQIXV
DUW\DD\DQE|OJHGLU%|OJHD\Q]DPDQGDHQE\NGRXUJDQONRUDQQDYHRUWDODPD
KDQHKDONE\NOQHVDKLSWLU$LOH\DSVJHQHORODUDNJHQLDLOHOHUGHQROXPDNWDGU
6RV\RHNRQRPLN JHOLPLOLL \DQVWDQ HQGHNV GHHUOHUL\OH VRQ VUDGD EXOXQDQ 'RX
$QDGROX%|OJHVLPLO\RQQIXVXLOHFRUDILE|OJHOHUQIXVVUDODPDVQGDGDE|lge iinde en
VRQVUDGD\HUDOPDNWDGU$\UFDWRSODPLOLQEXOXQGXX'RX$QDGROXGDELUPLO\RQ]HUL
QIXVD VDKLS LO GH EXOXQPDPDNWDGU %|OJHQLQ HQ E\N LOL \DNODN  ELQ QIXVX\OD
Erzurum dur. Erzurum u 877 bin nfusu ile Van ve 853 bin nfus LOH0DODW\DLOOHULL]OHPHNWHGLU
(OD]  ELQ QIXVX LOH G|UGQF $U  ELQ QIXVX LOH EHLQFL E\N LO NRQXPXQGDGU
'LHULOLQQIXVXELQHLLQLQDOWQGDNDOPDNWDGUhONHJHQHOLQGHHQD]QIXVDVDKLSRODQ
'RX $QDGROX QIXV \RXQOXX LWLEDUL\OH GH HQ GN \RXQOXNOX E|OJHGLU %|OJHGH
NLORPHWUHNDUH\H  NLL GPHNWHGLU 1IXVXQ HQ \RXQ  NLLNP  ROGXX 0DUPDUD LOH
'RX$QDGROX%|OJHVLDUDVQGD\DNODNNDWDYDUDQELUQIXV\RXQOXXIDUNYDUGU%|OJHGH
J|]OHQHQ QIXV D]O YH VH\UHNOLLQLQ HQ |QHPOL QHGHQOHUL FRUDI\DQQ HQJHEHOL ROXX YH
\NVHOWLQHGHQL\OHLNOLPLQoRNVHUWROPDVGU%XWUGRDOQHGHQOHU\DQQGDJ|oROJXVXQXQGD
\RXQELUHNLOGH\DDQPDVWPGHPRJUDILJ|VWHUJHOHULQLROXPVX]\|QGHHWNLOHPHNWHGLU




'RX $QDGROX %|OJHVL OLN GRXUJDQON RUDQ YH OLN RUWDODPD KDQHKDON
E\NONOHUL JLEL GLHU GHPRJUDILJ|VWHUJHOHULLWLEDUL\OH*QH\GRX$QDGROXGDQVRQUDHQDOW
VUDGD RODQ E|OJHGLU 'LHU WP E|OJHOHUGH ROGXX JLEL 'RX $QDGROXGD GD GRXUJDQON YH
KDQHKDONJ|VWHUJHOHULGRUXRUDQWOoNPWU0HYFXWGHPRJUDILJ|VWHUJHOHULLWLEDUL\OHE|OJHGH
JHQLDLOH\DSVQQKNPVUGJ|UOPHNWHGLU$\UFD\NVHNGRXUJDQONRUDQQDSDUDOHO
RODUDNEHEHN|OPRUDQGDoRN\NVHNWLU\OYHULOHULQHJ|UH'RX$QDGROX%|OJHVLQGH
GRDQKHUELQEHEHLQ|OPHNWHGLU%XRUDQLOH'RX$QDGROXE|OJHOHUDUDVVUDODPDGDHQ
DOWWD\HUDOPDNWDGU

%g/*(6(/'(1*(6=/16$/,.*g67(5*(/(51(*g5($1$/=

%LUH\OHULQ VDONO \DD\DELOPHOHULQLQ |Q NRXOX VDON KL]PHWOHULQLQ \HWHUOL RUDQGD
EXOXQPDVQD EDOGU g]HOOLNOH D] JHOLPL E|OJHOHULQ VRUXQODUQGDQ ELUL RODQ VDON
KL]PHWOHULQLQ \HWHUVL]OLL NDONQPD\ QHJDWLI \|QGHQ HWNLOHPHNWHGLU 'ROD\V\OD VDON
KL]PHWOHULLOHJHOLPLOLNG]H\LDUDVQGDJ|UHFHOLRODUDNGRUXELURUDQWYDUGU$DGDNL7DEOR
GD\OYHULOHULLOHVDONKL]PHWOHULQLQE|OJHVHOGDOPYHULOPLWLU

7$%/26DON*|VWHUJHOHUL
 ) .$

) 


    
*,+- *,+-+
; < + ='+>?@)A
CEDC
+G>C7= ; H
G+- +>C0= ; H
>1 + =+>?@)A
D'1 >?KAL+'1

  

!"

.0/21 3!.
4
:471 4242B
:B71 .
B24
/21 9
3(4
971 B29):

801 5(.
5
B71 5(.
5
:I/21 .73(4
K..Y. TOP
M#' "
N2O2P Q!R(S
'"YX
(Z    '  Z

  

  
#$&%'
526
/
3
/7:
529(5
424(5
:I1 :8
3
:I1 B(.24
:I1 /I.):
:I1 B2B
/
T2N(N

 
/
   

  
  

("

#'$&%'
571 .280/
.01 92929
B71 B):9
B71 3(6
3
.01 5(.
6
B71 8F:9
:I1 .F:2:
971 .
6(8
42624
471 .0/I8
B29
3
B(82.
:I1 4262B
Q!U2P V(W2W

:571 B24(8
:471 B):2:
:.01 /!B25
R2P U7Q!O



("

971 4267/
801 3
/!6
801 626
3
.01 92524
.01 :2:I/
929(8
I: 1 B25(.
801 5292B
W2S
P U7Q!O

  
#$)%'
.01 :4(8
.01 3(B7/
.01 .
B25
B71 :J3&:
B71 47/(3
971 4(8
B
801 /I8
4
3
1 .2.
9
W
P N2N2U

0DUPDUD%|OJHVLJHUHNHNRQRPLNJHUHNVHGLHUVRV\DOYHGHPRJUDILNJ|VWHUJHOHUOHKHS
VUDODPDGD ELULQFL GXUXPGDGU  \O VDON J|VWHUJHOHULQH EDNWP]GD KHNLP VD\VQQ
 ROGXX YH HQ ID]OD KHNLPLQ EXOXQGXX E|OJHGLU )DNDW KHNLP EDQD QIXV VD\VQD
EDNOGQGD E|OJH  o $QDGROXQXQ DUGQGDQ LNLQFL VUDGD \HU DOPDNWDGU 'L KHNLPL EDQD
QIXVVD\VQDEDNOGQGDGLKHNLPLEDQDNLLGPHNWHYHEXJ|VWHUJH\OH0DUPDUD
%|OJHVLVUDODPDGDELULQFLROPDNWDGU(F]DFVD\VLWLEDU\ODGDELULQFLVUDGD\HUDODQ
0DUPDUD%|OJHVLQGHHF]DFEDQDQIXVVD\VRODUak grlmektedir.

(JH%|OJHVLKHNLPVD\V\OD0DUPDUDYHo$QDGROX%|OJHVLQLQDUGQGDQVUDGD
\HU DOPDNWDGU +HNLP EDQD QIXVXQ  ROGXX (JH %|OJHVL EX J|VWHUJH\OH GH VUDGDGU
%|OJHGLKHNLPLVD\VQGDGDVUDODPDGDoQFRODQE|OJHGLKHNLPLEDQDGHQ
QIXVVD\VQDJ|UH0DUPDUD%|OJHVLQLQDUGQGDo$QDGROX%|OJHVLQLQ|QQGHLNLQFL
VUDGDGU(F]DFVD\VLOHGHVUDGD\HUDODQ(JH%|OJHVLHF]DFEDQDQIXVLOH
LNLQFLVUDGDGU

o $QDGROX %|OJHVL  KHNLP VD\V\OD LNLQFL VUDGD \HU DOPDNWDGU )DNDW KHNLP
EDQDGHQNLLVD\VLWLEDUL\OHNLLLOHo$QDGROX%|OJHVLELULQFLVUDGDGU%|OJHGHGL
KHNLPLVD\VGLUYHGLKHNLPLEDQDQIXVPLNWDUGLU%XJ|VWHUJHLOHNLLLOH
LNLQFLVUDGDGU%|OJHGHNLHF]DFVD\VROXHF]DFEDQDQIXVGLUYHE|OJHoQF
VUDGDGU




$NGHQL] %|OJHVL  KHNLP VD\V LOH VUDGD \HU DOPDNWDGU +HNLP EDQD QIXV
VD\VLVHNLLGLU%|OJHGHGLKHNLPLVD\VGLUYHGLKHNLPLEDQDGHQQIXV
NLLGLU%|OJHGHHF]DFVD\VGXUHF]DFEDQDQIXVVD\VNLLGLU
.DUDGHQL]%|OJHVLQLQVDONJ|VWHUJHOHULGHEHLQFLVUDGDYHONHRUWDODPDODUQDOWQGD
\HUDOPDNWDGU+HNLPEDQDQIXVVD\VYHHF]DFEDQDQIXVNLLGLU
+HNLP GLKHNLPLYHHF]DQHEDQDQIXVJ|VWHUJHOHULLWLEDUL\OHE|OJHQLQVDKLSROGXX
GHHUOHUVUDV\ODYHGXU0HYFXWGXUXPGD*QH\GRX$QDGROXKHNLPGL
KHNLPLYHHF]DFWHUFLKLQLQHQGNROGXXE|OJHGLU
6DONJ|VWHUJHOHULLWLEDUL\OHGH'RX$QDGROX*QH\GRX$QDGROX%|OJHVLLOHELUOLNWH
HQVRQVUDGD\HUDOPDNWDGU%|OJHGHKHNLPGLKHNLPLYHHF]DQHEDQDQIXVVD\VVUDV\OD
  YH  NLLGLU 'RX $QDGROX%|OJHVL *QH\GRX\OD ELUOLNWH VDON SHUVRQHOL
WHUFLKLQLQHQGN\RXQOXNWDROGXXE|OJHGLU

%g/*(6(/'(1*(6=/1(70*g67(5*(/(5</($1$/=


(LWLPLOHNDONQPDDUDVQGDoRNVNELULOLNLYDUGU(LWLP|QFHOLNOHELUH\HoHYUHVLQL
NRQWURO DOWQD DOPD YH RQD \|Q YHUPH RODQD VDODU %LU LQVDQQ EHFHUL G]H\L E\N |OoGH
HLWLPOH EHOLUOHQLU %X oHUoHYHGH HLWLP HNRQRPLN JHOLPHQLQ WHPHO YH DNWLI ELU |HVL RODQ
EHHUL VHUPD\HQLQ ROXWXUXOPDVQGD YH JHOLWLULOPHVLQGH HQ |QHPOL IDNW|U RODUDN |QH oNDU
$DGDYHULOLWDEORGDE|OJHOHULWLEDUL\OHHLWLPG]H\OHULYHULOPLWLU(UGRGXV

7$%/22NXOODPD2UDQODU
[ \]^ _I`^ `a&b c d e2fJa d gI^ `h

\ mlFvp)l)p)s

{|E} ~

}E){F{}E
~&F~
}E){F{}
{F{}E2
|F{){} ~2
{ { &{
K..Y. TOPLAMI

t7 sj'b p

\mlFvp)l)p)s
{|E} ~

}E){F{}E
~&F~
}E){F{}
{F{}E2
|F{){} ~2
{ { &{
K..Y. TOPLAMI

t7 sj'b p
jz n z jIb pJup)\











j'w x
J
I
J
I
J

J
I
!
j'w x
IJ
J
7
J
JJ
IJ
7
IJ
!!

ijklFmnopFq!b
p&sj'pFj
I
I
I
I
I
I

!
!
ist
zmrsp)t&b u
p&sj'pFj
!
I
I
I
JI
!
JI
!
!!

t)iy&l0zu
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
I
I

j'w x
I
JJ
JJ
I
JJ
I
J
(
J!

t)iy&l0zu
JI
IJ
JJ
IJ
7


7
IJ
(I

j'w x
J

J
I

I
!
J
I

7DEOR(LWLP*|VWHUJHOHUL



b l)jmrsp)t&b u
p&sj'p)j
t&iy&l0zu
I
I
JJ
I
I
JJ
I
!
JJ
I
I
I
J I

!
I
JJ(
!I
upEq!l)pFj'b2pt&p)jnb jl)b q!p
p&sj'p)j
t&iy&l0zu


I
I
I
I
IJ

I
JI


2
JI
I
JI
I
!
!!
(I

6DQD\L YH WLFDUHW IDDOL\HWOHUL LWLEDUL\OH GLQDPLN ELU \DS\D VDKLS RODQ 0DUPDUD
BOJHVLQGH HLWLP VDON DOW \DS YH GLHU UHIDK J|VWHUJHOHUL GH ROGXNoD L\L GXUXPGDGU
0DUPDUD HLWLP J|VWHUJHOHULQGHQ RNXU\D]DU QIXV RUDQ \]GH  RNXU\D]DU NDGQ
QIXVXQ NDGQ QIXVD RUDQ \]GH  \NVHN RNXO YH\D IDNOWH ELWLUHQOHULQ  YH GDKD
\XNDU \DWDNL QIXVD RUDQ \]GH  LON|UHWLPGH RNXOODPD \]GH  OLVHOHUGH
RNXOODPD\]GHRUDQODULOHE|OJHOHUDUDVVUDODPDGDHQ\NVHNGHHUOHUHVDKLSWLU
(JH%|OJHVLHLWLPJ|VWHUJHOHULQGHQ2NXUyazar nfus oran\NVHNRNXOYH\D
IDNOWHELWLUHQOHULQYHGDKD\XNDU\DWDNLQIXVDRUDQLOHo$QDGROXQXQDUGQGDQ
oQFVUDGDJHOLUNHQLON|UHWLPGHRNXOODPDYHOLVHOHUGHRNXOODPDGLU
o$QDGROX%|OJHVLRNXU\D]DUQIXVRUDQ\]GHRNXU\D]DUNDGQQIXVRUDQ
\]GHLOH0DUPDUDGDQVRQUDIDNOWHYH\D\NVHNRNXOELWLUHQOHULQRUDQ\]GH
LOH ONH JHQHOLQGH HQ L\L GHHUH VDKLSWLU (LWLP J|VWHUJHOHULQLQ J|UHOL \NVHNOLLQGH E|OJH
PHUNH]L$QNDUDQQ|QHPOLHWNLVLYDUGU
Akdeniz Blgesi nde okur\D]DUQIXVRUDQRNXU\D]DUNDGQQIXVRUDQIDNOWHYH\D
\NVHNRNXOELWLUHQOHULQRUDQLON|UHWLPOLVHOHULOHPHVOHNLYHWHNQLNOLVHOHURNXOODPDRUDQODU
ONHRUWDODPDODUQD\DNQGHHUOHUGHGLU%|OJHKHPHQKHPHQWPHLWLPJ|VWHUJHOHULLWLEDUL\OH
EHLQFL VUDGDGU $\Q ]DPDQGD HLWLP J|VWHUJHOHULQLQ DOG RUDQODU LWLEDUL\OH D] IDUNOD ONH
RUWDODPDODUQQDOWQGD\HUDOPDNWDGU
*QH\GRX $QDGROX %|OJHVLQGH 2NXU\D]DU RUDQQQ ROGXNoD GN \]GH 
ROGXX E|OJHGH RNXU\D]DU NDGQ QIXV RUDQ GDKD GD GN \]GH  G]H\GHGLU
ON|UHWLP OLVHOHU LOH PHVOHNL YH WHNQLN OLVHOHU RNXOODPD RUDQ J|VWHUJHOHULQGH GH ONH
RUWDODPDODUQQ ROGXNoD DOWQGD RUDQODUD VDKLS RODQ E|OJHGH VDON J|VWHUJHOHUL GH HQ GN
GHHUOHUHVDKLSWLU
'RX $QDGROX %|OJHVLQLQ HLWLP J|VWHUJHOHUL *QH\GRX $QDGROXQXQ |QQGH \HU
DODUDN DOWQF VUDGD ROPDNOD EHUDEHU 7UNL\H RUWDODPDODUQQ ROGXNoD JHULVLQGHGLU %|OJHGH
RNXU\D]DU QIXV RUDQ \]GH  RNXU\D]DU NDGQ QIXV RUDQ \]GH  IDNOWH YH\D
\NVHN RNXO ELWLUHQOHU RUDQ \]GH WU $\Q J|VWHUJH GHHUOHULQLQ 7UNL\H RUWDODPDV LVH
VUDV\OD\]GHYHGLU

%g/*(6(/ '(1*(6=/1 $/7<$3, .,56$/ <2//$5 9( .$5$
7$,7/$5,1$*g5($1$/=
$OW\DS J|VWHUJHOHUL QIXVXQ oDGD KL]PHW YH RODQDNODUGDQ \DUDUODQPD G]H\L NDGDU
GLHU VHNW|UOHULQ JHOLPHVL LoLQ GH |QHP WDPDNWDGU <DWUPODUQ NXUXOX \HUL VHoLPLQGH
HOHNWULN VX XODP JLEL DOW\DS LPNDQODUQQ \HWHUOL G]H\GH ROGXX \|UHOHU GDKD ID]OD WHUFLK
HGLOPHNWHGLU'ROD\V\ODEX\|QONDPXKDUFDPDODUNDONQPD\DUWUFQLWHOLNWHGLU
6RV\RHNRQRPLN JHOLPH D\Q ]DPDQGD JHOLU YH UHIDK G]H\LQLQ \NVHOPHVL DQODPQD
JHOPHNWHGLU *HOLU YH UHIDK G]H\LQGH VDODQDQ JHOLPHOHU oDGD KL]met ve aralardan
\DUDUODQPD RODQDNODU LOH NLWOH LOHWLP YH LOHWLLP DUDoODUQGDQ ID\GDODQPD RUDQQ GD
DUWUPDNWDGU'LHUELUGHLNHQLVHRWRPRELOVD\VGU%XYHULEL]HE|OJHOHULQJHOLPHG]H\OHUL
KDNNQGDELOJLYHUPHNWHGLU$DGDNLWDEORODUGDE|OJHOHUDUDVQGD\ROVXYHRWRPRELOVD\ODUQQ
GDOPYHULOPLWLU



Y2 F (J&F,
( 2J ,
(
( E',J0 )!
)7 L )&00

2 2J I
( ( 

2 2J I


  
( !
,-.2 -0-43156'
87

! "  $

 
!  #

%&#
)( !
( !
,-./ ,*-09 1-0-4315:'
 7;2 -./
315:'

#'

7

=>&?@2AB C
DFE&G
H2I/JK EL2M
NK N2EJ
JK H2H2L
GFK D9J6GFK ID9J
GOK L/JHPIK L/I/I
EK D9L2MK JH2NQED/K J2M/E
L/O2E
J/L2EK D9LH
IK D9N/O
GK E/O/J
HD9OK M6GO
MK O2M&GWG.EK N/J2M
EK H2N/NK EIDXMHK D9J2M
?S:TU1=A=?SV/U
I/J/N
N2EHK GFD2H
IK H2N/L
JK L/H9E
EK O/ID/K H2O/J
GJK I/N6GZIK EH9E
JK O/O/JK N/IH4ELK N/JD
@Y@
I2E/M
J2EOK I/L2M
MK L6G/G
GK I2L/I
I6GNK H2H2O
HK H2L/J\LK GFD9O
EK G.M/MK N/NH4ED/K LD9I
Y:[ ?S:TU1=A=?SV/U
D9J/I
N/N/OK JDFEXG/GFK D2H2L
JK O2L/J
GFK I/O/OK EL/O
GJK MNHPIK LDFE
JK O2MLK J/O/LQM&GFK N/L/O
B ]
=A=?SV/U
GFK N/L/L
JH2LK GN2EXGOK EL/L
JK D9H9E
GFK GO2EK L2MH
LK GN/IWJ2EK MD9N
JK LH9MK G/GJ;I/NK O/N6G
>6=^/=?@2AB C
I2ML
GFK G.EHK DGJ`IK H2L2E
JK O2JH
GFK H9MNK MO/N
GOK N/L2E`HK J2EJ
EK L2E/EK GJ2M;E/MK MJ/N
_ =^ _ =^=
JK I/J2M
GFK JD9NK G.MDfELK O/I/J
IK D2D9J
JK E&GFD/K EN/O
E/MK O6GJfHD/K J/ODgGOK EI/JK O/IDhGI2EK MJ/O
>+[ a:[ b[ c9Sd9V2= _1e
cFi^>6B b@
j/k l/j/m
l/k n/o/p/k o2qoro/j/k psFt
qn/k l/usXu/k o/o/j/k m/m/p
j/p/k j/o/lWm2qk m2tlvqn/k o2tl/k o2tnrqp/l/k u/m/m
 13 yx 
! * !#"'#z! 3 ! 
5{15 " #5,15
L,&L 'EE!JE J J) )E!
EF  
F
F 7&
2&02 LJE!JE JF )(

0 DUP DUD
( JH
oDQDGROX
$N GHQL]
. DUDGHQL]
* ' RX$
'$ QDGROX
7 UN L\HRUW
.D\QDN'37




























*%++
 1*$
 " 3- < 87 
N6GR LH
EH/R L/I
I6GR L/I
J/NR E/M
N/OR I2M
EH/R H2L
I2MR DFE
J/OR I/L
l/o/w q/t

0DUPDUDE|OJHVLQGH7&.DVIDOW\RORUDQJ|VWHUJHOHULONHJHQHORUWDODPDODUQQ

]HULQGHGLU.UVDO\HUOHPHOHUGHDVIDOW\RORUDQJ|VWHUJHVLLOH\]GHOLNELUGHHUHVDKLS
RODQ 0DUPDUD 7UNL\H RUWDODPDVQQ \]GH  ROGXNoD ]HULQGHGLU )L]LNL YH VRV\DO DOW
\DS \DWUPODUQGD 0DUPDUDQQ VDKLS ROGXX J|UHOL VWQON E|OJHQLQ JHQHO JHOLPLOLN
G]H\L\OHEDODQWOROGXXNDGDULNOLPLQYHFRUDI\DQQGDDOW\DS\DWUPODULoLQX\JXQELU
RUWDPVXQPDVQGDQND\QDNODQPDNWDGU
%|OJH GLHU UHIDK J|VWHUJHOHUL\OH GH E|OJHVHO VUDODPDGD J|UHOL ELU VWQOH VDKLSWLU
0DUPDUD %|OJHVL RQELQ NLL\H GHQ |]HO RWRPRELO VD\V  RQELQ NLL\H GHQ PRWRUOX
NDUDWDWVD\VLWLEDU\ODHQ\NVHNRUDQODUDVDKLSE|OJHNRQXPXQGDGU

(JH%|OJHVLQGH7&.DVIDOW\RORUDQLOHE|OJHVUDODPDVQGDoQFVUDGD\HU
DOPDNWDGU )L]LNL YH VRV\DO DOW \DS \DWUPODUQGD GD 7UNL\H RUWDODPDVQQ
]HULQGHGLU %|OJHGH RQELQ NLL EDQD RWRPRELO VD\V  GXU YH VUDODPDGD VUDGD \HU
DOPDNWDGU
%|OJH RQELQ NLL\H GHQ RWRPRELO VD\V  LOH 7UNL\H JHQHOLQGH LON VUDGD RQELQ
NLL\H GHQ PRWRUOX NDUD WDW VD\V  LOH (JH %|OJHVLQGHQ VRQUD LNLQFL VUDGD \HU
DOPDNWDGU
$NGHQL]%|OJHVLQGHNUVDODVIDOWYH7&.DVIDOW\RORUDQODULOHLoPHVX\XJLELEDOFDDOW
\DSKL]PHWOHULQLQJHUoHNOHPHRUDQODULVHONHRUWDODPDVQQ]HULQGH\HUDOPDNWDGU%HQ]HU
HNLOGH E|OJHQLQ RWRPRELO YH PRWRUOX NDUD WDWODU SDUN GD PHYFXW GHHUOHUL LOH E|OJHVHO
VUDODPDGDG|UGQFGU
$OW \DS \DWUPODUQGDQ LoPH VX\X YH 7&. DVIDOW NDUD\ROX JLEL J|VWHUJHOHUOH E|OJHVHO
VUDODPDGD EHLQFL RODQ .DUDGHQL] NUVDO \HUOHPHOHUGH DVIDOW \RO RUDQ LOH HQ VRQ VUDGD \HU
DOPDNWDGU%|OJHGH\HUDODQNUVDO\HUOHPHOHULQ\]GHJLELNoNELUE|OPDVIDOW\ROD
VDKLSNHQONHRUWDODPDV\]GHVHYL\HVLQGHGLU%XRUDQQGNROPDVQQWHPHOQHGHQOHUL




NUVDO \HUOHLPLQ GDQNO YH HQJHEHOL WRSRJUDILN \DSGU 2QELQ NLL\H GHQ |]HO RWRPRELO
VD\VRQELQNLL\HGHQPRWRUOXNDUDWDWVD\V
.UVDO \HUOHPHOHUGH DVIDOW \RO RUDQ \]GH  'RX $QDGROX YH .DUDGHQL]
Blgeleri nin nnde yer almakla birlikte, ime suyu VRUXQ ROPD\D GHYDPHWPHNWHGLU <HWHUOL
LoPHVX\XJ|WUOHQQIXVRUDQ\]GHLOHHQVRQVUDGD\HUDOPDNWDGU
2QELQ NLL\H GHQ |]HO RWRPRELO  YH PRWRUOX NDUD WDW  VD\ODU ONH
RUWDODPDODUQQ oWH ELUL G]H\LQGHGLU %HOLUWLOHQ J|VWHUJHOHU LWLEDUL\OH HQ JHOLPL E|OJH RODQ
0DUPDUDLOH*QH\GRXDUDVQGDNLIDUNNDWFLYDUQGDGU
7&.DVIDOW\RORUDQLWLEDUL\OHHQVRQGDGLHUDOW\DSJ|VWHUJHOHUL\OHGHDOWQFVUDGD\HU
DOPDNWDGU%HQ]HUHNLOGHGLHUUHIDKJ|VWHUJHOHULLWLEDUL\OHGHDOWQFYH\HGLQFLVUDODUGDGU
*|UOG JLEL VRV\RHNRQRPLN JHOLPLOLN G]H\LQL EHOLUOH\HQ HNRQRPLN YH VRV\DO
J|VWHUJHOHUDUDVQGDSDUDOHOOLNEXOXQPDNWDGU

%g/*(6(/'(1*(6=/1(/(.75.7h.(700.7$5,1$*g5($1$/=

Blgeler itibari ile elektULN WNHWLPL 7DEOR GH YHULOPLWLU %X WDEORGD NLL EDQD
WNHWLOHQ HOHNWULN PLNWDU GD EXOXQPDNWDGU %LOLQGLL JLEL HOHNWULN WNHWLPL JHOLPLOLL
EHOLUOHPHGHNXOODQODQELUJ|VWHUJHGLU
0DUPDUD E|OJHVL HOHNWULN WNHWLPLQGH E|OJHVHO VUDODPDGD LON VUDGDGU .LL EDQD
HOHNWULNWNHWLPL0:KRODQ0DUPDUD%|OJHVLQLQNXOODQODQHOHNWULNPLNWDUQDEDNODUDN
GDVDQD\LYHWLFDUHWLQGLHUE|OJHOHUHQD]DUDQJHOLPLROGXXVRQXFXoNDUODELOLU0HVNHQOHUGH
WNHWLOHQ HOHNWULN PLNWDU LVH EL]H QIXV YH NRQXW VD\VQGD RODQ VWQO KDNNQGD ELOJL
YHUPHNWHGLU 0DUPDUD %|OJHVLQLQ WDUPVDO UHWLPH NDWNVQQ D]  ROGXX GQOGQGH  EX
DODQGDNLHOHNWULNWNHWLPLEL]HWDUPGDPRGHUQL]DV\RQXQJHUoHNOHWLLQLJ|VWHULU
|/}+~66* .F: 0 *|9 1 . 9 1F  0# 1 FF
~&  0 9 F
///

10&2F 9 01 



}+1+:#
F . ./\ ./ ...F .0
 .F ..
 }&+}&*:
/  0
 .0
.2 0.
F 0
6#
 . . 0 0g2 9 ..
 0F 0
 #
y}#
. .Q ..
..F ..
F .F 00
y}&+}&*:
 9 . ..F .2 F .0
  2.
}+&}++:#
F . F
 .
.09 0
F .09 ..
}&#y}++}
 /  .\ 0 .g0.F ..
/ / 9 .
  #|
}+ F ..F . 0F . F ..
 0.F .0
|+#1 +
F 9. F FF FFF . FF 9 
}+++}&8F|:+}#

|/}++ $}&
+}&}
: 2F

/. ..
.9 ..
..F 0
2 F /
.09 
 0
/ 9
2 ..
9 F 9

1 /~:} &}
|+:|

 29Z /
992

2  .
..F . 9 . ./

. 0
. 0 .F .
.
0.F /
.  F F .
.
0 0
.  0/ 0.
.0
. ..
 0 F F .
2
. .
.F / .09 .0
0
 /4 0.F . ..F 0
F .
.0F .
.F . F .F 

  2. F 2F .F X. 

(JH %|OJHVL NLL EDQD HOHNWULN WNHWLPL  0:K LOH E|OJHVHO VUDODPDGD LNLQFL
VUDGD \HU DOU %X J|VWHUJHOHUH EDNODUDN EX E|OJHGH VDQD\L YH WLFDUHWLQ JHOLWLL VRQXFX
oNDUODELOLU)DNDWEXYHULOHUo$QDGROX%|OJHVL\OHNDUODWUOGQGD%|OJHQLQWLFDULHOHNWULN
NXOODQPQGD o $QDGROX %|OJHVLQLQ |QQGH \HU DOUNHQ VDQD\LL HOHNWULN NXOODQPQD
EDNOGQGDo$QDGROX%|OJHVLQLQJ|UHOLRODUDNDUNDVQGDROGXXJ|UOHELOLU
o  $QDGROX %|OJHVLQLQ NLL EDQD HOHNWULN WNHWLPLQH EDNOGQGD  0:K LOH
Akdeniz Blgesinin (1 0:K  DUGQGDQ JHOPHNWHGLU )DNDW WRSODP HOHNWULN WNHWLPLQH
EDNOGQGD o  $QDGROX %|OJHVLQLQ $NGHQL] %|OJHVLQH J|UH VWQ ROGXX J|UOPHNWHGLU o
$QDGROX %|OJHVLQGH NXOODQODQ HOHNWULN PLNWDUODUQDEDNOGQGD PHVNHQH J|UH VUDODPDGD 
LNHQ WLFDUL NXOODQPGD VUDGDGU 6DQD\L HOHNWULN NXOODQP LOH GH  VUDGD \HU DOU %X
J|VWHUJHGHQ oNDUODELOHFHN GLHU ELU VRQXo LVH UHVPL GDLUHOHUGH NXOODQODQ HOHNWULN PLNWDUQD
EDNODUDNEXE|OJHGHUHVPLNXUXPODUKDNNQGDELOJLVDKLELROPDP]GU
$NGHQL] %|OJHVL NLL EDQD HOHNWULN WNHWLPLQGH  0:K LOH  VUDGDGU %|OJH
0DUPDUD %|OJHVLQGHQ VRQUD WLFDUL HOHNWULN WNHWLPLQLQ HQ ID]OD ROGXX \HUGLU 6DQD\L HOHNWULN



WNHWLPLQH EDNOGQGD (JH E|OJHVLQGHQ VRQUD  VUDGD \HU DOPDNWDGU %X VRQXoODU EL]H
$NGHQL]%|OJHVLQGHWLFDUHWYHVDQD\LLQJHOLPLROGXXQXJ|VWHUPHNWHGLU
%|OJH0:KOLNNLLEDQDHOHNWULNWNHWLPL\OHVUDODPDGDVUDGD\HUDOPDNWDGU
%|OJHQLQHOHNWULNWNHWLPGDOPQDEDNOGQGDWLFDULYHUHVPLGDLUHHOHNWULNWNHWLPinde lke
RUWDODPDVQQDOWQGDNDOGJ|UOPHNWHGLU
 \OQGD IHUW EDQGD HOHNWULN WNHWLPLQGH  0:K 'RX $QDGROXQXQ |QQGH
DOWQF VUDGD EXOXQDQ *QH\GRX $QDGROX GLHU J|VWHUJHOHU LOH SDUDOHOOLN J|VWHUHUHN ONH
RUWDODPDVQQoRNDOWQGDNDOPDNWDGU
%|OJHNLLEDQDHOHNWULNWNHWLPLQGHHQGNRUWDODPD\DVDKLSE|OJHGLU0:K
0HVNHQ VDQD\LL YH WLFDUHW GDOPQD EDNOGQGD E|OJHQLQ PDOL YH GHPRJUDILN GXUXPX
KDNNQGDELOJLVDKLELROXQPDNWDGU

7h5.<('( %g/*(6(/ )$5./,/,./$5, *'(50(<( <g1(/. %g/*(
3/$1/$0$d$/,0$/$5,

*QP]HGHNGDOJDOELUVH\LUL]OH\HQE|OJHSODQODPDNDYUDPVDOYH|]HOOLNOHX\JXODPD
RODUDN ONHPL]GH \HWHULQFH JHOLHPHPLWLU hONHPL]GH LON E|OJH SODQODPD oDOPDV 
VRQODUQGD EDODP YH , YH 9,, SODQ G|QHPOHULQGHK]ODQPWU , %<.3QQX\JXODQPDVQD
EDODQOGQGD HNRQRPLN JHOLPHQLQ E|OJH G]H\LQGHNL HWNLOHULQLQ L]OHQPHVLQGH JoONOHUOH
NDUODOPWU 8OXVDO SODQQ E|OJHVHO JHUoHNOHUH GD\DQPDVQQ JHUHNOLOLL KLVVHGLOPLWLU
<DSODQ oDOPDODU VRQXFXQGD VHoLOHQ ELUNDo SLORW E|OJHGH KHU ELUL IDUNO ELU VRUXQD \|QHOPL
E|OJHVHOSODQODPDoDOPDODUQDEDODQPWU

$QWDO\D%|OJHVL3URMHVL
$QWDO\D%|OJHVL3URMHVL\OQGDKHQ]'37NXUXOPDGDQ|QFHEDODWOPYHPDU
YH VNDQ %DNDQO %lge Planlama Dairesinin ekipleriyle birlikte, DPT ve F.A.O nun blge
SODQODPD HNLSOHULQLQ NDWOPDV\OD \UWOPWU 3URMHQLQ DPDF $QWDO\D ,VSDUWD YH %XUGXU
LOOHULQL LoLQH DODQ E|OJHGH HNRQRPLN YH WRSOXPVDO \|QGHQGHQJHOLELU JHOLPH\H WHPHO RODFDN
\DWUP|QFHVLDUDWUPDODU\DSPDNKHPEDNDE|OJHOHUGH\DSODFDNDUDWUPDODULoLQKHPGH
7UNSHUVRQHOLQSODQODPD\|QWHPOHULNRQXVXQGD\HWLWLULOPHVLQLVDODPDN]HUHELUSLORWSURMH
hizmeti grmekti.(Dinler, 2001, s.217)

'RX0DUPDUD%|OJHVL3URMHVL
VWDQEXOXQE\PHVLQLQNDoQOPD]ROGXXYH|]HQGLULOPHVLJHUHNWLLQRNWDVQGDQ\ROD
oNODUDNKD]UODQPWUVWDQEXO.RFDHOL6DNDU\D%XUVD%DONHVLU7HNLUGD(GLUQH.UNODUHOL
YHdDQDNNDOH\LNDSVD\DQE|OJHGHLOH|QFHOLNYHULOPLWLU3URMHQLQ|]HW|QHULOHULVWDQEXOXQ
$QDGROX \DNDVQQ JHOLWLULOPHVL VDQD\LLQLQ LVH 'HULQFH ]PLW YH $GDSD]DUQ LoLQH DODQ ELU
NRULGRUDND\GUOPDVHNOLQGHGLU3ODQQKD]UONODUPDUYHVNDQ%DNDQOQFD\UWOPWU
'LQOHUV

=RQJXOGDN%|OJHVL3URMHVL
(UHOLGHNXUXODFDNLNLQFLGHPLUoHOLNHQGVWULVLQLQ\DUDWDFDVRUXQODUE|OJHDoVQGDQ
LQFHOHPHNDPDF\ODSURMHKD]UODQPWU'HPLUelik ve kmr retim merkezi olan Zonguldak
LoLQ KD]UODQDQ SODQQIXV DUW YH NDONQPD K] DUDVQGDELUEDODQWNXUPD\E|OJHGHNLDOW
\DS\ JHOLWLUPH\L JHOLU IDUNOONODUQ D]DOWPD\ NHQWOHPH\L YH WDUP G L LPNDQODUQ
|]HQGLUPH\L NDPX YH |]HO VHNW|U \DWUPODU DUDVQGD ELU GHQJH VDODPD\ DPDoODPWU %X
DPDoODU JHUoHNOHWLUPHN LoLQ E|OJHQLQ EDONoON PDGHQL H\D VDQD\LL D\DNNDEFON
PRELO\DFONoLPHQWRYH\DSJHUHoOHULJLELVDQD\LHWNLQOLNOHULQLQJHOLWLULOPHVL|QJ|UOPWU
%X SURMH LoLQ |]HO ELU |UJW NXUXOPDP PDU YH VNDQ %DNDQOQFD \UWOPWU 3URMH
JHUoHNOHWLULOHPHPLWLU'LQOHU





dXNXURYD%|OJHVL3URMHVL
dXNXURYD SODQ E|OJHVL ONHPL]LQ HQYHULPOL WDUPVDO DODQODUQGDQELULRODQdXNXURYD\
NDSVDU 3URMHQLQ EDOFD DPDF VHNW|UOHUDUDV JHQL NDSVDPO ELU \DNODPOD E|OJH JHOLULQLQ
DUWPDVQ VDOD\DFDN \DWUP DODQODUQQ EHOLUOHQPHVL YH E|OJH LoLQGH GHQJHOL ELU JHOLU
GDOPQQJHUoHNOHWLULOPHVLGLU3URMHELU%|OJHVHO.DONQPD3URJUDPoDOPDVGUdXNXURYD
%|OJHVLQLQ oRN JHQHO oL]JLOHUL LOH DQDOLWLN HWW ELoLPLQGH ELU SRUWUHVL oL]LOPLWLU %|OJHQLQ
ND\QDN HQYDQWHUL \DSOP YH D\UQWO ELU WRSUDN NXOODQPD SODQ KD]UODQPWU 3ODQGD EHOLUOL
\DWUPSURMHOHULLOHLOJLOL|QHULOHU\DSOPDPWU7DUPVDONDONQPDYHVDQD\LDUONONDONQPD
DQDE|OPOHURODUDNLOHQPLE|OJHGHNLWXUL]PSRWDQVL\HOLLQFHOHQPLYH|QHULOHUVUDODQPWU
=RQJXOGDN.DUDEN%DUWQ%|OJHVHO*HOLPH3URMHVL
7UNL\H 7DN|PU .XUXPXQXQ NoOWOPHVL YH .DUDEN YH (UHOL 'HPLU dHOLN
OHWPHOHULQLQ |]HOOHWLULOPHVL LOH PH\GDQD JHOHFHN HNRQRPLN YH VRV\DO VRQXoODUQQ DQDOL]
HGLOPHVLJHUHLRUWD\DoNPWU%XQHGHQOH7UNL\H*QH\GRX$QDGROX%|OJHVLQGHQVRQUD
ok sektrl, kamu|]HO NHVLP LELUOLLQH GD\DO %|OJHVHO *HOLPH 3URMHVL RODUDN =RQJXOGDN
%DUWQ.DUDEN3URMHVLKD]UODQPDVXOXVODUDUDVLKDOHLOHJHUoHNOHWLULOPLWLU
3URMH<OONOLNE\PH\L|QJ|UHQOPOYHONE\PH\L|QJ|UHQL\LPVHUDOWHUQDWLI
VHQDU\RODUJHOLWLULOPLWLU6HoLOHQOLNOPOE\PHDOWHUQDWLIVHQDU\RVXQDX\JXQRODUDN
\OON E|OJHVHO JHOLPH SODQ KD]UODQPWU +D]UODQDQ JHOLPH SODQQD J|UH  \O VRQXQGD
 GRODUON NDPX  GRODUON |]HO VHNW|U \DWUP LOH WDUPGD 
VDQD\LGHYHKL]PHWOHUVHNW|UQGHROPDN]HUHWRSODPNLL\HHNLVWLKGDP
VDODQPDV|QJ|UOPWU

'RX.DUDGHQL]%|OJHVHO*HOLPH3ODQ'2.$3
'RX .DUDGHQL] %|OJHVL \OODUGU NDSDO RODQ GRX NRULGRUXQXQ DoOPDV\OD NDONQPD
VUHFLQGHELUIUVDW\DNDODPWU%XIUVDWQWDPDQODP\ODGHHUOHQGLULOHELOPHVLDPDF\OD'RX
.DUDGHQL] %|OJHVHO *HOLPH 3URMHVL KD]UODPD ILNUL GRPXWXU $UWYLQ %D\EXUW *LUHVXQ
*PKDQH2UGX5L]HYH7UDE]RQGDQROXDQDODQGDKHGHI\OROPDN]HUHELU(QWHJUH
%|OJH *HOLPH $QD 3ODQ KD]UODQDFDN YH SODQ GRUXOWXVXQGD |QFHOLNOL VHNW|UOHU YH X\JXQ
\DWUP SURMHOHUL EHOLUOHQHFHNWLU 'RX .DUDGHQL] %|OJHVL %|OJHVHO *HOLPH 3ODQ '2.$3
Nihai Rapor Cilt I: Ynetici zeti)
$UD5DSRUGD0DVWHUSODQNDSVDPQGDNLNDONQPDSURMHYHSODQODUQQDPDoODUoEDON
DOWQGD VXQXOPXWXU %XQODU 0HNDQVDO <DSGD '|QP VDODQPDV (NRQRPLN <DSQQ
*oOHQGLULOPHVL 6RV\DO YH dHYUHVHO 6RUXPOXOXNODUQ JoOHQGLULOPHVLGLU '2.$3 1LKDL
Rapor Cilt I: Ynetici zeti)

'RX$QDGROX3URMHVL$QD3ODQ'$3
'HYOHW 3ODQODPD 7HNLODW 'RX $QDGROX %|OJHVLQLQ GLHU E|OJHOHUH J|UH GDKD D]
JHOLPL YH GDKD GN JHOLPH K]QD VDKLS ROGXX JHUoHLQL GLNNDWH DODUDN EX E|OJHQLQ
JHOLWLULOHELOPHVLLoLQ'$3$QD3ODQoDOPDODUQEDODWPWU
'$3$QD3ODQQQ\OVRQXQGDELWLULOPHVLSURJUDPODQPWU3ODQoDOPDODUQGD
GLNNDWHDOQDFDNWHPHODPDoODUYHKHGHIOHU|]HWOH
%|OJHQLQ GLHU E|OJHOHUH J|UH JHULGH RODQ VRV\RHNRQRPLN JHOLPHVLQL K]ODQGUDFDN
SROLWLNDYHX\JXODPDODURUWD\DNR\PDN
6HNW|UHO JHOLPHOHUL K]ODQGUPDN ]HUH oHLWOL DODQODUGD VHNW|UHO DQDOL]OHU \DSPDN YH
nceOLNOHULEHOLUOHPHN
%|OJHGH NUVDO YH NHQWVHO JHOLPH\L VDODPD\D \|QHOLN |QHPOL NDPX \DWUPODUQ
EHOLUOHPHN YH |]HO NHVLP \DWUPODUQ |]HQGLULFL SROLWLND YH X\JXODPDODU RUWD\D
NR\DUDN E|OJHVHO JHOLPH\L NDPX \HUHO \|QHWLPOHU |]HO NXUXOXODU YH VLYLO WRSOXP
|UJWOHULLOHLELUOLLLoLQGHJHOLWLUPHN




%|OJHVHOLVWLKGDPQJHOLWLULOPHVLDoVQGDQ|QHPWD\DQLJFDU]YHWDOHELQLQVHNW|UHO
YH PHNDQVDO DQDOL]LQL \DSPDN E|OJHGHNL LQVDQ ND\QDNODUQQ JHOLWLULOPHVL NRQXVXQGD
sektrel yeni projeler QHUPHELoLPLQGHVUDODQDELOLU

<HLOUPDN+DY]D*HOLLP3ODQ
<HLOUPDN YH NROODUQQ \HU DOG KDY]DGD DNUHMLPLQLQ G]HQVL]OLLQGHQ ND\QDNODQDQ
WDNQODUHUR]\RQVXYHoHYUHNLUOLOLLVRUXQODU|QHPOLER\XWODUDXODPWU%XKDY]DGDGRDO
ND\QDNODUQ NRUXQPDV DPDF\OD HNRORMLN GHQJH\L ER]PD\DFDN DUD]L G]HQOHQPHVLQL
JHUoHNOHWLUPHN LoLQ ELU SURMH KD]UODQPDV NDUDU DOQPWU +D]UODQDFDN RODQ <HLOUPDN
+DY]DV *HOLPH $QD 3ODQ 9,, 3ODQGD GD EHOLUWLOGLL JLEL HNRQRPLN GHQJH\L ER]PDGDQ
DUD]LQLQX\JXQYHHNRQRPLNNXOODQPQGRDOND\QDNODUQJQFHOWDNLELQLQYH\|QHOWLOPHVLQLQ
VDODQPDV NHQWOHPH YH VQDLOHPHQLQ L]OHQPHVL YH SODQO JHOLLPL NRQXODUQGD VRUXQODUQ
o|]PQVDODPD\KHGHIOH\HQSURMHOHUGHQROXDFDNWU

*QH\GRX$QDGROX3URMHVL*$3
3URMH NDSVDPQGD |QFHOLNOH %|OJHQLQ oRN ]HQJLQ VX ND\QDNODUQGDQ RODQ )UDW YH 'LFOH
QHKLUOHULVXODUQQVXODPDYHHQHUMLUHWLPLDPDF\ODGHHUOHQGLULOPHVLG]HQVL]DNRODQEX
LNL QHKULQ VXODUQQ GL]JLQOHQPHVL |QJ|UOPWUWDQ VRQUD )UDW YH 'LFOHQLQ VXODPD YH
HQHUMLSRWDQVL\HOLQLEHOLUOH\HQUDSRUODUKD]UODQPYHEXQHKLUOHUGHQQHHNLOGHID\GDODQODFD
DoNONND]DQPWU%|\OHFHEXLNLVXND\QDQGDNLSURMHOHUELUOHWLULOHUHN*QH\GRX$QDGROX
3URMHVL HNOLQGH DGODQGUOPDV EHQLPVHQPLWLU  \OQGD %|OJHQLQ HQWHJUH E|OJHVHO
SODQODPD oHUoHYHVLQGH HOH DOQPDV \UWOPHNWH RODQ IDDOL\HWOHULQ NRRUGLQDV\RQXQXQ
VDODQPDV YH \|QOHQGLULOPHVL J|UHYL 'HYOHW 3ODQODPD 7HNLODWQD '37 YHULOPLWLU
*QH\GRX $QDGROX Projesi (GAP); topyekn sosyoHNRQRPLN NDONQPDVQ E|OJH KDONQQ
GDKDL\LELU\DDPNDOLWHVLQHXODPDVYHGLHUE|OJHOHUOHDUDVQGDNLJHOLPLOLNIDUNQQRUWDGDQ
NDOGUOPDVQ DPDoOD\DQ ELU E|OJHVHO NDONQPD SURMHVLGLU 7UNL\HQLQ E|OJHVHO NDONQPD\D
\|QHOLNHQNDSVDPOSODQODPDoDOPDVRODQ*$3)UDWYH'LFOHQHKLUOHUL]HULQGH\DSPVUHQ
EDUDMYHKLGURHOHNWULNVDQWUDOOHULLOHVXODPDWHVLVOHULQLQ\DQVUDNHQWVHOYHNUVDODOW\DSWDUP
XODWUPD VDQD\L HLWLP VDON NRQXW WXUL]P YH GLHU VHNW|UOHUGHNL \DWUPODU GD NDSVD\DQ
HQWHJUHYHVUGUOHELOLUELUNDONQPD\DNODPLoLQGHGHYDPHWWLULOPHNWHGLU

























%g/*(/(5$5$6,
'(1*(6=/.
625818181
dg=h0/(10(61'(
8<*8/$1$%/532/7.$/$5

%XJQ ONHPL]LQ |QHPOL VRUXQODUQGDQ ELULVL E|OJHOHUDUDV JHOLPLOLN IDUNOONODUGU
(NRQRPLN \|QGHQ ND\QDNODUQ GDOPQGD VHNW|UHO FRUDIL YH E|OJHVHO GHQJHVL]OLNOHU V|]
NRQXVXGXU%XGHQJHVL]OLNVRV\DOVL\DVDOYHNOWUHOVRUXQODUGDEHUDEHULQGHJHWLUPHNWHGLU

hONHPL]GH\DDQDQWHU|UEHODVQQJHULVLQGH'RXLOH%DWDUDVQGDJHOLPLOLNDoVQGDQ
PHYFXW XoXUXPXQ \DWWQ V|\OHPHPL] PPNQGU 'RX X]XQ \OODU HNRQRPLN NDONQPD
\|QQGHQLKPDOHGLOPLWLU%XE|OJHGHHNRQRPLNNDONQPD\K]ODQGUDFDNLVL]OLLD]DOWDFDN
nfus arW K]Q D]DOWDFDN J|o |QOH\HFHNWHGELUOHU DOQPDPWU (LWLP YHVDON \|QQGHQ
'RXLKPDOHGLOPLWLU

\]\ODJLUGLLPL]EXG|QHPGHGQ\DGDJOREDOOHPH\|QQGHK]ODGPODUDWOUNHQ
7UNL\HQLQ GH EX VUHFH HWNLQ HNLOGH NDWOPDV JHUHNPHNWHGLU hONHPL]LQ JOREDOOHPH
VUHFLQGH EDDU\D XODPDV LoLQ E|OJHOHUDUDVQGD WDP ELU HQWHJUDV\RQXQ VDODQPDV E|OJHVHO
IDUNOONODUQJLGHULOPHVLJHUHNPHNWHGLU
%LU |QFHNL E|OPGH 7UNL\HGH E|OJHOHUDUDV JHOLPH IDUNOONODUQ LQFHOHGLN %|\OHFH
blJHVHO IDUNOONODU \DUDWDQ QHGHQOHU KDNNQGD ELOJL HGLQGLNWHQ VRQUD EX VRUXQD o|]P
SROLWLNDODUUHWPH\HoDODFD]


.225'1$6<219(7$.3.206<2181.858/0$6,


ON RODUDN E|OJHOHUDUDV GHQJHVL]OLN VRUXQX\OD LOJLOHQHFHN |]HO YH FLGGL ELU DUDWUPD
LQFHOHPH YH WHVSLW RUJDQL]DV\RQX ROXWXUXOPDOGU %X RUJDQL]DV\RQD PDOL \|QGHQ PGDKDOH
\HWNLVLYHULOPH\HUHN\HWNLVLLQFHOHPHYHWHVSLWLOHVQUODQGUOPDOGU%|\OHFHRUJDQL]DV\RQXQ
oNDUF GDYUDQODU RODFDNVD D] GD ROVD |QOHQPL RODFDNWU 2UJDQLzasyon ierisinde,
E|OJHOHUDUDV IDUNOONODUQ D]DOWOPDV oDOPDODUQD NDWNGD EXOXQDFDN X]PDQ NLPVHOHU
DNDGHPLV\HQOHU6DQD\LYH7LFDUHW2GDVQFDWD\LQHGLOHQJLULLPFLOHUYHGHYOHWWDUDIQGDQDWDQDQ
X]PDQODUEXOXQPDOGU2UJDQL]DV\RQNHQGLLoHULVLQGH6DON(LWLP6DQD\LYEGHSDUWPDQODUD
D\UODELOLU%|\OHFHE|OJHVHONDONQPDGDKDHWNLQYHoDEXNJHUoHNOHHELOHFHNWLU

%X RUJDQL]DV\RQXQ EDO EXOXQGXX PDOL ELU NXUXO ROXWXUXOPDOGU YH GLUHNW 0DOL\H
%DNDQOQD EDO ROPDOGU %X PDOL NXUXO ND\QDQ EWoHGHQ DOPDOGU %|\OHFH
0LOOHWYHNLOOHULQLQ NHQGL E|OJH YH \|UHOHULQH DLW IDUNOON D]DOWF KDUFDPDODUGD V|] VDKLEL
ROPDODUVDODQU$\UFDEXND\QDQEWoHLoHULVLQGHELUNDOHPRODUDN\HUDOPDVELU\DQGDQ
ND\QDUHVPLOHWLULUNHQGLHU\DQGDQND\QDQKNPHWSROLWLNDODUQDWHUVGPHVL|QOHQPL
RODFDNWU

6RQ RODUDN PDOL LOHUL \UWHQ ELU \UWPH NXUXOX ROXWXUXOPDOGU %X NXUXO EWoHGHQ
JHoHQ YH 0DOL\H %DNDQOQFD RQD\ODQP ND\QDN WXWDUQ LQFHOHPH YH WHVSLW NXUXOXQFD
gsterilen aODQODUDNDQDOL]HHWPHNOH\HWNLOHQGLULOPLROPDOGU%|\OHFHND\QDNPHFOLVWHQoNS
WDUDIV]ELULQFHOHPHYHWHVSLWNXUXOXQFDEHOLUOHQHQDODQDIDUNOELUNDQDOODDNWDUODELOHFHNWLU

(HUEXNXUXOODUDUDVQGDHWNLQELUKDEHUOHPHLUWLEDWDYHNRRUGLQDV\RQNXUXODELOLUVH
E|OJHVHONDONQPDK]OHWNLQYHWDUDIV]ELUHNLOGHJHUoHNOHHELOHFHNWLU














%g/*(6(/9(6(.7g5(/%5.$/.,10$675$7(-611%(/5/(10(6



<XNDUGDNL E|OPGH 0DUPDUD (JH YH o $QDGROX %|OJHVLQLQ ONHPL]GHNL JHOLPL
E|OJHOHU ROGXXQX $NGHQL] E|OJHVLQ LVH JHOLPLOLN VQUQGD ROGXX J|UOPHNWHGLU <LQH D\Q
J|VWHUJHOHUH EDNOGQGD .DUDGHQL] 'RX $QDGROX YH *QH\GRX $QDGROX %|OJHVL ONH
RUWDODPDVQQDOWQGDNDODUDND]JHOLPLE|OJHOHURODUDNVQIODQGUODELOLU
$]JHOLPLE|OJHOHURODQ.DUDGHQL]'RXYH*QH\GRX$QDGROX%|OJHOHULQLQLPDODW
YH VDQD\LL \DSODUQD EDNOGQGD UHWLP YH LVWLKGDPGD WDUPQ KDNLP VHNW|U ROGXX
grlmektedir.
%X E|OJHOHULQ JHOLPLOLN G]H\OHULQL \NVHOWHELOPHN YH GDKD \NVHN \DDP
VWDQGDUWODUQDXODPDODUQVDODPDNLoLQEXE|OJHOHUHWDUPGQGDIDUNOELUVHNW|UHONDONQPD
VWUDWHMLVLQLQEHOLUOHQPHVLJHUHNPHNWHGLU
%HOLUOHQHFHN RODQ VHNW|UHO NDONQPD VWUDWHMLVLQLQ WHPHOL %|OJHVHO GHQJHVL]OLNOHULQ
PHYFXW OLEHUDO SROLWLNDODUOD YH |]HO VHNW|U JLULLPOHUL LOH JLGHULOHPH\HFHL ROPDOGU *HUL
NDOPE|OJHOHUGHJHOLUG]H\LGNJLULLPFLOLNUXKXJHOLPHPLYHULVNVWOHQHELOPHFHVDUHWL
]D\IROGXXQGDQEXE|OJHOHUGHNLLQVDQODUQWRS\HNQNDONQPD\VDOD\FQLWHOLNWHNLNDONQPD
VHNW|UOHULQH \DWUP \DSPDV EHNOHQHPH] $\UFD EX E|OJHOHUH E|OJH GQGDQ |]HO JLULLPLQ
JHOPHVLQLEHNOHPHNWHKD\DOROXUdQNEXWUE|OJHOHUJHQHOGHNXUXOX\HULVHoLPLEDNPQGDQ
WHUFLKHGLOPH\HQE|OJHOHUGLU'ROD\V\ODEXWUE|OJHOHUGHULVNDOPDROJXVXQXQGDKDD]ROGXX
E|OJHLQVDQWDUDIQGDQNXUXODFDNRODQYHGDKDD]JHOLUHLKWL\DoGX\XODFDN.2%OHUOHNDONQPD
\ROXQD JLGLOPHOLGLU .DONQPDQQ .2%OHUOH JHUoHNOHWLULOHELOPHVL LoLQ LVH KDPPDGGH YH DUD
PDO LKWL\DFQ NXUXOGXX E|OJHGHQ WHPLQ HGHELOHFHN ELU YH\D GDKD ID]OD VD\GD GHY JLULLPLQ
GHYOHWWDUDIQGDQ\DSOPDVJHUHNPHNWHGLU
%|OJHVHO NDONQPDGD DWHOH\LFL ELU Jo QLWHOLLQGH RODQ EXVHNW|UHO GHYOHW \DWUPODUQD
KDPPDGGHYHDUDPDOUHWHQ.oNYH2UWD%R\OHWPHOHULQNXUXOPDVQQWHYLNHGLOPHVL\OH
E|OJHGH NDONQPD X\DUOP ELoLPGH RUWD\D oNDFDNWU %|OJHVHO NDONQPD\D .2%OHUOH
EDOD\DQD]JHOLPLE|OJHOHUGH]DPDQODJHOLUYHLVWLKGDPDUWJ|UOHUHNJHOLPHGDKDoDEXN
YH HWNLQ RODELOHFHNWLU *HOLU DUW GROD\V\OD WDVDUUXIX ID]ODODDQ E|OJH LQVDQODU LOHULNL
]DPDQODUGD.2%OHULQLE\OWHUHN\HQLNXWXSODPDDODUQROXWXUDELOHFHNOHUGLU)DNDWEXWU
ELUNDONQPDVWUDWHMLVLQLQX\JXODPDVQGDELUNDoVRUXLOHJQGHPHJHOPHNWHGLU
%X VRUXODUGDQ LONL GHYOHW \DWUPODUQQ JHUoHNOHPHVLQGHQ VRQUD .2%OHULQ QH K]GD
NXUXODFD VRUXVXGXU %XQXQ LoLQ GHYOHWLQ HWNLQ ELU WHYLN SROLWLNDV X\JXODPDV YH EXQXQ
WHOHYL]\RQ JD]HWH YHYH\D GDKD JHQL DODQODUD KLWDS HGHQ LOHWLLP DUDoODU\OD NDPXR\XQD
GX\XUPDVJHUHNPHNWHGLU'DKD\DOQELULIDGH\OHGHYOHWLQUHNODPDUDoODUQNXOODQPDVWDYVL\H
HGLOHELOLU$\UFDGHYOHWWDUDIQGDQNXUXODFDNJLULLPLQKDPPDGGHYHDUDPDOLKWL\DFQWHPLQGH
E|OJHLOHWPHOHULQHKDWUVD\OUELUWHYLNOH|QFHOLNYHULOPHVLYHGHYOHWWDUDIQGDQ\D\QODQDFDN
GX\XUXODUODLODQHGLOPHVL.2%OHULQROXXPXQXQK]ODQGUOPDVQVDOD\DELOHFHNWLU
.DUODODFDNLNLQFLVRUXLVHGHYOHWWDUDIQGDQNXUXOPDVJHUHNHQJLULLPLQQHUHGHKDQJL
VHNW|UGHYHQHE\NONWHNXUXOPDVJHUHNWLLGLU'HYOHWWDUDIQGDQNXUXODFDNJLULLPLQVHNW|U
VHoLPL NXUXODFD \HULQ NDUDNWHULVWLN  |]HOOLNOHUL ED] DOQDUDN HOH DOQPDO NXUXODFD \HU
VHoLPLQGHLVHHWNLDODQJHQL\HUOHLP\HUOHULWHUFLKHGLOPHOLGLU.XUXODFDNJLULLPLQE\NO
LVH\DUDWOPDNLVWHQHQHWNLDODQLOHGRUXRUDQWOHNLOGHEHOLUOHQPHOLGLU
%|OJHVHO NDONQPDQQ GHYOHW WDUDIQGDQ NXUXODFDN LOHWPHOHUOH YH GHYDPQGD E|OJH
LQVDQODUWDUDIQGDQNXUXODFDN.2%OHUOHVDODQPDVGQFHVLDDPDGDROXDELOHFHNWLU.RQX
DDGDNL HPDODU LOH DQODWOPD\D oDOOPWU HPDODUGDNL NUP] DODQODU GHYOHW WDUDIQGDQ
NXUXOPXLOHWPHOHULVDUDODQODUNXUXODFDN.2%OHUL0DYLDODQODULVHGDKD|QFHNXUXOPXRODQ
.2%OHULQ ELUOHHUHN \D GD NDSDVLWHOHULQL DUWUDUDN ROXWXUGXNODU E\N LOHWPHOHUL WHPVLO
HWPHNWHGLU






,$$0$

.UP]DODQGHYOHWWDUDIQGDQ\DSODQDWHOH\LFLJoQLWHOLLQGHNLLOHWPH\L
WHPVLOHWPHNWHGLU
6DU$ODQODUE|OJHKDONWDUDIQGDQNXUXODQ.2%OHULWHPVLOHWPHNWHGLU

%X DDPDGD GLNNDW HGLOPHVL JHUHNHQ H\ GHYOHW WDUDIQGDQ NXUXODQ
JLULLPLQKDPPDGGHYHDUDPDODOPQGDNXUXOGXXE|OJHGHNL.2%OHUH
|QFHOLN YHUPHVL YH NXUXOPDV DPDoODQDQ VHNW|UH KDWU VD\OU WHYLNOHU
VDODPDVJHUHNPHNWHGLU


,,$$0$

%XDDPDGDGDKD|QFHNXUXOPXRODQ.2%OHUNHQGLDUDODUQGDELUOHHUHN
YH\D ROXDQ PHYFXW ELULNLPOHUL\OH GDKD E\N LOHWPHOHU NXUPDNWDGUODU
'ROD\V\OD ELU \DQGDQ \HQL LVWLKGDP RODQDNODU DoS \HQL JHOLU ND\QDNODU
ROXWXUXUNHQ GLHU \DQGDQ PHYFXW LPDODW YH VDQD\L \DSV JHOLWLULOPL
RODFDNWU
0DYLDODQELUOHPLYHYH\DE\P.2%OHULWHPVLOHWPHNWHGLU

,,,$$0$









.UP]DODQ,,$DPDGDELUOHPLYHYH\DE\PRODQ.2%OHULQ\HQLELUROXXPDJLUHUHN
DWHOH\LFLNRQXPDJHOGLLJLULLPOHULWHPVLOHWPHNWHGLU
,,,$DPDGD GDKD |QFH NXUXOPX RODQ YH ,, $DPDGD E\\HQ .2%OHU WHNUDU ELU
ROXXP LoLQH JLUHUHN GDKD GD E\N ELU LOHWPH RUJDQL]DV\RQX ROXWXUXUODU %X \HQL
RUJDQL]DV\RQNXUXOGXXE|OJHGHDWHOH\LFLUROR\QD\DUDNVUHFLEDWDQEDODWDELOLUOHU%ylece
NDONQPDQQ \|Q GLHU ELU WDUDID RWRPDWLN RODUDN ND\DELOHFHN YH E|OJHVHO L\LOHPH
K]ODQDELOHFHNWLU%|OJH LQVDQQQ NHQGL LLQL NXUDELOPHVL LoLQ GHYOHWLQ |QFON YH GHVWHN
J|UHYLQH PXWODND LKWL\Do YDUGU %XQXQ LoLQ |QFHOLNOH ILQDQVPDQ VRUXQXQXQ o|zmlenmesi
JHUHNOLGLU *LULLPFLOLL GHVWHNOHPH SURJUDPODUJHOLWLULOPHOLGLU<HQLLNXUDQODUDPDOLGHVWHN
VDODQPDVQGD ULVN VHUPD\HVL YHQWXUH FDSLWDO NXUXPXQGDQ LVWLIDGH HGLOPHOLGLU .HQGL LLQL
NHQGLQNXUNDPSDQ\DODULOH|]HOJLULLPFLOLNJHOLWLULOPHOLGLU
%XUDGD GHYOHWLQ ]HULQH GHQ LNLQFL ELU J|UHY |]HOOLNOH GRX E|OJHOHULPL]GHNL WHU|U
ROD\ODUQD VRQ QRNWDQQ NRQXOPDVGU $\UFD JLULLPOHULQ NHQGL DUDODUQGD ELUOHPHOHULQL YH
E\PHOHULQL]RUODWUFIRUPDOLWHOHULQNDOGUOPDV\ODROXXPDLYPHND]DQGUODELOHFHNWLU

%X WU ELU VWUDWHMLQLQ EDDUO ROPDV E|OJHGH \HQL LVWLKGDP NDSODU DoDFDQGDQ J|o
ROD\QQ GD |QQH JHoLOHFHNWLU %|\OHFH E|OJHQLQ GLHU E|OJHOHUH RODQ ROXPVX] GVDOONODU
RUWDGDQ NDOGUOP RODFDNWU *HOLU DUWQ WDNLEHQ E|OJHGH VRV\DO DNWLYLWHOHU GH JHOLHFHN YH
E\PHEHUDEHULQGHNDONQPD\GDJHWLUHFHNWLU

%XWUELUVHNW|UHONDONQPDVWUDWHMLVL'RX$QDGROX%|OJHVLQGHX\JXODQPDNLVWHQLUVH
WHYLNHGLOHELOHFHNHQX\JXQVHNW|UWXUL]PVHNW|URODFDNWU*HUHNLNOLPNRXOODUEDNPQGDQ




JHUHNVH \HU HNLOOHUL EDNPQGDQ LOHWPHOHULQ NXUXOX \HUL VHoLPLQGH JHUL VUDODUGD EXOXQDQ EX
E|OJH|]HOOLNOHNWXUL]PLEDNPQGDQ]HQJLQND\QDNODUDVDKLSWLU%LOKDVVDWHU|UWHKOLNHVLQLQGH
RUWDGDQNDOGUOPDV\ODEXE|OJHGHNXUXODFDNE\NWXUL]PLOHWPHOHULEHUDEHULQGHEXLOHWPH\L
WDPDPOD\FQLWHOLNWHWXUL]PH\|QHOLN.2%OHULQNXUXOPDVQGDWHYLNHGHFHNWLU

*QH\GRX $QDGROX %|OJHVL LoLQ LVH HQ X\JXQ VHNW|U WHNVWLO VHNW|UGU %|OJHGH
NXUXODFDN DOP JF\NVHN WHNVWLOIDEULNDODU ELU\DQGDQE|OJHGHoUoUYHLSOLNIDEULNDODUQQ
ROXXPXQX GHVWHNOH\HFHN GLHU \DQGDQ E|OJHQLQ |QHPOL JHOLU ND\QDNODUQGDQ RODQ WDUP
VHNW|UQ ROXPOX \|QGH HWNLOH\HFHNWLU g]HOOLNOH KDPPDGGH DOPQGD E|OJH LOHWPHOHULQH
ncelik verilmesi ve u\JXODQDFDN HWNLQ WHYLN EHOJHOHUL\OH .2%OHULQ NXUXOPDV
K]ODQGUODELOHFHNWLU

*(5.$/0,%g/*(/(5'((70(9(5/(1g1(01$57,5,/0$6,


%LU |QFHNL E|OPGH EHOLUWLOGLL JLEL *QH\GRX $QDGROX .DUDGHQL] YH 'RX $QDGROX
E|OJHOHULHLWLPJ|VWHUJHOHUL\OHGH7UNL\HRUWDODPDVQQDOWQGD\HUDOPDNWDGU
(LWLP G]H\L GN WRSOXPODUQ JHOLPHVL YH UHIDK G]H\OHULQLQ \NVHOPHVL oRN
UDVWODQDQ ELU ROJX GHLOGLU dQN NDONQPD LOH HLWLP DUDVQGD oRN VN ELU LOLNL YDUGU %X
\]GHQJHULNDOPE|OJHOHULPL]GHHLWLPVHYL\HVLQLQ\NVHOWLOPHVLJHUHNPHNWHGLU
%X EDODPGD JHUL NDOP E|OJHOHUGH LQVDQODU HLWLPH \|QOHQGLUHFHN WHYLNOHULQ
DUWUOPDV LQVDQODUQ HLWLPH \|QOHQGLULOPHVL GHYOHWLQ ]HULQGH ELU YD]LIHGLU *HUL NDOP
E|OJHOHUGH HLWLP VHYL\HVLQLQ GN ROPDVQGD WHPHO HWPHQ JHOLU VHYL\HVLQLQ GN ROPDV YH
RNXOVD\VQQD]ROPDVQHGHQL\OHXODPJoONOHULGLU'HYOHWEX\|UHOHUGHEXUVNLWDSYHJHUHo
\DUGPODU\OD ELU \DQGDQ HLWLPL WHYLN HGHUNHQ GLHU \DQGDQ RNXOODPDRUDQODUQ\NVHOWHUHN
XODPLPNDQODUQNROD\ODWUPDOGU
*QP]GH NHQGLVLQH L YHULOPHVLQL EHNOH\HQ ELQOHUFH |UHWPHQ DGD\ ER GXUXPGD
EHNOHUNHQJHULNDOPE|OJHOHULQGHNHQGLOHULQLHLWPHNLoLQ|UHWPHQEHNOHPHVLoRNDQODPV]
ELU LOLNLGLU %X E|OJHOHUGH HLWLPFL VD\VQ DUWUDELOPHN LoLQ X\JXQ ORMPDQODUQ LQDV ERWD
EXOXQDQHLWLPFLOHULQLVWLKGDPYHEXHLWLPFLOHUHPHFEXULKL]PHW]RUXQOXOXXJHWLUPHOLGLU

7(5g52/$</$5,1,1621%8/0$6,1$<g1(/.0h'$+$/(/(5

*HOLPLOLN VUDODPDODUQGD HQ JHULGH RODQ GRX E|OJHOHULPL]GH JHUL NDOPOQ WHPHO
QHGHQL 'RXGD \DDQDQ WHU|U KDGLVHOHULGLU 'RXGD SHN oRN DVNHU YDWDQGDP] HKLW
GPHNWHGLU %LU NVP LQVDQP] ELU WDUDIWDQ DVNHUL JoOHULQ GLHU WDUDIWDQ WHU|ULVW
3...$'(.QQ EDVNV DOWQGD H]LOPHNWHGLU 6XoVX] JQDKV] LQVDQODU DFPDV]FD
NDWOHGLOPHNWH\GL
'RX E|OJHOHULPL]GH HLWLPFL VD\VQQ D]OQGD YH GROD\V\OD HLWLP VHYL\HVLQLQ
GNOQGHWHPHOQHGHQEXE|OJHOHUGHWHU|UQER\J|VWHUPHVLGLU(LWLPFLOHULQEXE|OJHOHUL
WHUFLKHWPHPHVLQGHNLQHGHQOHUGHQELULGHEXGXU
$\QVHEHSJLULLPOHULQGHEXE|OJH\HJLUPHNLVWHPHPHVLQGH|QFVUDGDGU'ROD\V\OD
JQP]GH L\LFH ]D\IOD\DQ WHU|U EHODVQQ DVNHUL VL\DVDO YH VRV\DO DUDoODUOD N|NQQ
NXUXWXOPDV E|OJHQLQ JHOLPHVLQGH HQ |QHPOL DGP RODFDNWU dQN KX]XUXQ YH JYHQOLLQ
EXOXQPDGELUE|OJHGH\DWUPJHUoHNOHPH]YHVRV\DOKD\DWQJHOLPHVLEHNOHQHPH]

*(5.$/0,%g/*(/(5'($/7<$3,9(8/$,0$,1,1</(75/0(6

*HULNDOPE|OJHOHULPL]LQHQ|QHPOLVRUXQODUQGDQELUGLHULLVHDOW\DSYHXODPDQQ
\HWHUOL NXUXODPDPDVGU $OW \DS NDYUDP EHOLUOL ELU HNRQRPLN DODQGD UHWLP NRXOODUQQ
\DUDWOPDV \D GD JHOLWLULOPHVLQL VDOD\DQ HNRQRPLN NXUXPVDO YH VRV\DO G]HQLQ WPQ
LOJLOHQGLUHQKHUoHLW\DWUPNDSVDPDNWDGU\ROODUKDEHUOHPHVXY.b.). Bir nceki blmde
GHJ|UOGJLEL'RXE|OJHOHULPL]YH.DUDGHQL]%|OJHVLDOW\DSYHXODPD\|QQGHQONH




RUWDODPDVQQROGXNoDDOWQGDGU$OW\DSYHXODPDLOHWPHOHULQNXUXOX\HULVHoLPLQGHoRN
|QHPOL LNL HWPHQGLU $OW\DS YH XODP DQQ \HWHUOL ROPDG \HUOHU LOHWPH NXUXOX \HUL
EDNPQGDQX\JXQJ|UOPH\HQ\HUOHUGLU'ROD\V\ODNDPX\DWUPKDUFDPDODUEXWUDOW\DSYH
XODPDQQ\HWHUVL]ROGXXE|OJHOHUHND\GUOPDVJHUHNPHNWHGLU


*(5.$/0,%g/*(/(5'(6$/,.0.$1/$5,1,1</(75/0(6



hONHPL]GH E|OJHVHO VUDODPDGD VRQ VUDODUGD\HUDODQ'RXE|OJHOHULPL]YH.DUDGHQL]
GLHUJ|VWHUJHOHULWLEDUL\OHGHVUDODPDGDVRQGD\HUDOPDNWDGUODU%XVRUXQXLNL\|QOEDNPDN
PPNQGU $FDED GLHU J|VWHUJHOHU ONH RUWDODPDVQQ DOWQGD GL\H PL VDON J|VWHUJHOHUL
GNWU" <RNVD VDON J|VWHUJHOHUL GN GL\H PL GLHU J|VWHUJHOHU GNWU" .RQX JHQHO
ED]GD HOH DOQGQGD GLHU EWQ J|VWHUJHOHULQ GN ROPDVQQ ELU VRQXFX RODUDN VDON
J|VWHUJHOHULQLQ GN ROGXX VRQXFXQD YDUDELOLUL] 6DON J|VWHUJHOHULQL ELUQHGHQ GHLO GH ELU
VRQXo RODUDN HOH DOGP]GD GLHU J|VWHUJHOHULQ J|VWHUGLL L\LOHPH\H SDUDOHO RODUDN EX
J|VWHUJHGHGHL\LOHPHQLQRODFDNDEXOHGLOPHOLGLU

%g/*(6(/.$/.,10$'$%(/('<(/(5152/h1h1$57,5,/0$6,

BlgeGHNLNRXOODU YH XOXVDO SODQQ\ROJ|VWHULFLOLLLOHEHOHGL\HOHUoRNLKWL\DoGX\XODQ
DOW\DSQQ VDODQPDVQGD LQVDQ ND\QDNODUQQ JHOLWLULOPHVLQGH |UHQLP HLWLP VDON YH
KLM\HQLNOH LOJLOL SURMHOHUGH YH \HUHOE|OJHVHO NDONQPDGD SDUWQHU RODUDN |QHPOL ELU URO
R\QD\DELOLUOHU 0HUNH]L NDUDU DOPD VLVWHPLQLQ EXOXQGXX ONHOHUGH ELOH \HUHO HNRQRPLN
NDONQPD\D |QFON HWPHGH \HUHO \HWNLOLOHULQ JLGHUHN DUWDQ ELoLPGH DNWLI ELU URO R\QDG
grlmektedir.(Castell and Hall 1994).
gQHP ND]DQP \HUHO NXUXPODU VDGHFH \DOQ]FD NDPX |UJWOHUL GHLO D\Q ]DPDQGD
\HUHONDPXNXUXOXODU\OD|]HONXUXPODUQLELUOLLVRQXFXQGDROXPX|UJWOHUGLUGH%XGXUXP
\HUHO \|QHWLP VLVWHPLQLQ JHOLPHVLQL YH RUWDN NDUDU DOPD PHNDQL]PDVQQ RUWD\D oNPDVQ
GHVWHNOHU <HUHO \HWNLOLOHULQ NDONQPD SURMHOHULQH \|QHOLN 7RSOXOXN \DUGPQ NHQGLOHULQH
oHNHELOPHGH oRN GDKD EDDUO ROGXNODUQD LOLNLQ $YUXSD %LUOLL $% ONHOHULQGH NDQWODU
PHYFXWWXU g]FDQ  %HOHGL\HOHULQ E|OJHVHO NDONQPDGD URO R\QD\DELOPHVL LoLQ LGDUL
\DSVQQ\HQLGHQ\DSODQGUOPDVJHUHNLU

GDUL6LVWHPLQ<HQLGHQ<DSODQGUOPDV

GDUL VLVWHPLQ \HQL EDWDQ \DSODQGUPDV HQ D] NUN \OGU 7UNL\H
QLQ JQGHPLQL LJDO
HWPHNWHGLU%XNRQXGDGDKD|QFHGHED]JLULLPYHoDEDODUJ|UOPWU$PDLPGLLoYHG
QHGHQOHUGHQGROD\EXVRUXQGDQNDoSNXUWXOPDNGDKD]RUGXU1HUHGH\VHONHGHNLEWQ|QHPOL
NXUXPODUYHSDUWLOHUNRQX]HULQGHGDKDVUDUOELUHNLOGHGXUPDNWDGUODU*|\PHQV
8OXVODUDUDV EWQEHOOLEDOHNRQRPLNNXUXPODUDGHPLPHUNH]L\HWoLOLHYH\HWNLGHYULQH\RO
DoDQ LGDUL UHIRUP YH\HQLGHQ\DSODQGUPDLKWL\DFQDYXUJX\DSPDNWDGU2(&''Q\D
%DQNDV

%XQGDQ EDND 7UNL\H $YUXSD %LUOLL
QLQ $% \H DGD\ ROGXXQGDQ EX %LUOLN
WH YDU
RODQHJHPHQHLOLPOHUHYHLONHOHUHJHUHNHQWLWL]OLLJ|VWHUPHOLGLU


GH$%.RPLV\RQX(QWHJUH.HQWVHO.DONQPD\|QHUHQELUWHEOLLEHQLPVHPLWLU
$YUXSD .RPLV\RQX  %X GRNPDQGD \HUHO NDWOP DUDFO\OD HNRQRPLN UHIDKQ
JoOHQGLULOPHVLQH HLWOLLQ YH WRSOXPVDO NDWOPQ GHVWHNOHQPHVLQH; evrenin korunup
JHOLWLULOPHVLQHEDDUONHQWVHO\|QHWLPYH\HUHO\HWNLOHQGLUPH\HNDWNGDEXOXQPDQQ|QHPLQH
LDUHWHGLOPHNWHGLU$YUXSD.RPLV\RQXV%XQGDQEDNDELUOLLROXWXUDQ0DDVWULFKW
$QODPDV
QD HN ELU LONH NRQXOPXWXU %X LONH\H Jre, kamu hizmetleri yksek bir kademede
GDKD HWNLOL ELU HNLOGH X\JXODQDPDG WDNWLUGH KHU ]DPDQ \|QHWLPLQ PXKWHPHO HQ DOW
NDGHPHVLQGH X\JXODQPDV JHUHNLU 6ZHOO  V VWHU QLWHU LVWHU IHGHUDWLI GHYOHW ROVXQ
$%
QLQoRX\HONHVLQLQKL]PHWOHULGDWPDGDG|UWLGDULNDGHPHVLYDUGUYLOD\HWEHOHGL\HOHU




E|OJHOHU YH PHUNH]L IHGHUDO \|QHWLP 7UNL\H HQLQGH VRQXQGD $%

QLQ SROLWLNDODU LOH X\XP
LoLQGHKL]PHWYHULUNHQEXNDGHPHOHULYHDUDoODUJ|]GHQJHoLUPHN]RUXQGDGU
 %X GXUXPOD NDU NDU\D NDODQ 7UNL\H E|OJHOHUOH LOJLOL LNL VWUDWHMLGHQ \DQL \D
"muhafazakr" ya da "radikal" birini benimseyebilir: "Muhafazakr" strateji senaryosunda idari
UHIRUP \D GD \HQLGHQ \DSODQGUPD PHUNH]L\HWoL JHOHQHNOH X\XP LoLQGH *$3 %|OJHVL
QLQ

DVD\L
NRQXODUJ|]|QQGHEXOXQGXUXODUDN\HWNLYHUPHGHOHJDV\RQ\DGD\HULQGHQ\|QHWLP
GHFRQFHQWUDWLRQLOHVQUODQGUODELOLU%XGXUXPGD\DOQ]FDPHUNH]L\|QHWLPLQX]DQWODUQGDQ
EDND ELU H\ ROPD\DQ PHUNH]L \|QHWLPLQ EX DODQGDNL |UJWOHULQH  \D GD \HUHO LGDUHOHUH
LOHYOHULQYHVQUO\HWNLOHULQEDVLWELUGHYULROXUGX6|]JHOLPL7UNL\H%\N0LOOHW0HFOLVLQGH
\HUHO LGDUHOHU NRQXVXQGD NDEXO HGLOHQ ELU NDQXQ WDVOD O g]HO GDUHOHULQH VHoLPOH LEDQD
JHOPL\HUHOLGDUL\DS\DDPDJHQLOHWLOPL\HWNLOHUOHDWDQPELUYDOLQLQEDNDQOQGDoLOHUL
%DNDQO 0DKDOOL GDUHOHU *HQHO 0GUO  ROPDN ]HUH \HWNL YHUPH YH VQUO \HWNL
devrini ierir. Bu trden bir tedbir yine de Davey'
in "gl merkezi bir ynetimli gl bir kamu
PGDKDOHVLGHGLLH\OHD\QDQODPDJHOLUGL0RGHOLQ\HUHO\|QHWLPOLJoONDPXPGDKDOHVL
'DYH\VDDPDVQJHOLWLUPHSRWDQVL\HOLROVDELOHEX\LQHGHJHUoHNDQODPGD\HUHO
ROPDNWDQND\GDGHHUELUX]DNONWDROXUGX0XKDID]DNkUVHQDU\RQXQLoLQGHELUEDNDRODVON
DWDQPNRRUGLQDW|UELUYDOLQLQ\|QHWWLL\HUHO\DSODUGDQ\DEHOHGL\HOHU\DGDLO|]HOLGDUHOHUL
YHPHYFXWPHUNH]LGHQHWLPGHQROXDQE|OJHVHO\DSRODELOLU
5DGLNDOVHQDU\RGDLVH\HUOHLNDOWXOXVDOEWQONOHUHNHQGLKL]PHWOHULQLILQDQVHHWPHN
iin yerel vergi toplama yetkisiyle birlikte bir dizi kamu hizmetini yerine getirmede tam
VRUXPOXOXXQYHULOGLLSROLWLNYHLGDUL\HWNLGHYULDPDFV|]NRQXVXROXUGX(WNLOLblgesel yetki
GHYULQLQ DVJDUL NRXOODU DUDVQGD GRUXGDQ KDON WDUDIQGDQ VHoLOPL ELU \HWNLOLQLQ EDNDQON
HWWLLVHoLOPLELUE|OJHVHOPHFOLVE|OJHVHOLGDUHQLQKXNXNL\RUXPODUDEDODoNoDEHOLUOHQPL
J|UHYOHULLOHYOHULYH\HWNLOHULYHNHQGLHWNLQliklerini finanse etmek iin blgesel idarenin yeterli
JF YDUGU 6PLWK  %X \DNODPGD 7UNL\H
GH VDGHFH E|OJHVHO HLWVL]OLLQ GHLO D\Q
]DPDQGD E|OJH LoL IDUNOONODUQ YH E|OJHQLQ GHLHQ SRWDQVL\HOOHULQLQ GH YDU ROGXX JHUoHL
NDEXOHGLOHUHNLGDUL\DSODQGUPDVUHFLQLQWPQNDSVDPDN\HULQHELU\DGDGDKDoRNSLORW
E|OJH \DUDWODELOLU %XQGDQ EDND GHYDVD ]RUOXNODUOD EDD oNPDN DPDF\OD NXUXPODUQ YH
NDSDVLWHOHULQ JHOLWLULOPHVLQH \|QHOLN E|OJHVHO SLORW LGDUHOHU KHVDED NDWODUDN LOHYOHU YH
\HWNLOHU WHGULFHQ GHYUHGLOHELOLU (N E|OJHVHO LGDUHOHU ROXWXUXODELOLU \D GD HN LOHYOHU VSDQ\D
|UQHLQGH ROGXX JLEL *DUFLD Mila 1997) potansiyel ve kapasitelerine gre "asimetrik" bir
tarzda mevcut blgelere devredilebilirdi.
3ROLWLNJLULLPOHULQ\HUHOOHWLULOHELOPHVLLoLQ\HUHO\|QHWLPOHULQGHEXQDX\JXQQLWHOLNOHU
WDPDVJHUHNLU%XQXQKD\DWLELU|QHPLYDUGUoQNJHoPLGHQH\LPOHUJ|VWHUPLWLUNLEHOLUOL
KHGHIJUXSODUDNHQWVHOYHNUVDO\RNVXOODUoRFXNODUNDGQODUYH\HULQGHQHGLOPLELUH\OHUYV
\HUHOSDUWQHUOHULQNODYX]OXXLOHXODOPDGNoDND\QDNODUERDJLGHELOLUg]FDQ$QFDN
EX WUGHQ ELU NODYX]OXN YH LELUOLLQLQ IRQ YH \DUGPODUQ KHGHI JUXSODUGDQ oRN SDUWL]DQ
WDUDIWDUODUD NDQDOL]H HGLOGLL \HUOHU RODQ EHOHGL\HOHULQ SDWURQDM LOLNLOHULQFH ROXPVX] RODUDN
HWNLOHQPHPHVL JHUHNLU $\UFD \HUHO HNRQRPLN NDONQPDGD NoN RUWD ER\ JLULLPOHUH .2*
YHULOHQEX|QHP\HUHOLELUOLNOHUL\HUHOLGDUHOHUYHKNPHWG|UJWOHUDUDFO\ODPHUNH]L
LQLVL\DWLIWHQ\HUHOLQLVL\DWLIHND\PDDPDFQDG|QNROPXWXU














.$<1$.d$

$NWDQ&DQ'HLLPYH'HYOHW&LOW,,7UNL\HGH'HYOHWLQ<HQLGHQQDVQD<|QHOLN
6WUDWHMLYH$NVL\RQgQHULOHUL76.<D\Q$QNDUD
$\GHPLU6$\GHPLU<DPDN5.2%OHULQ%|OJHVHO*HOLPHGH$UDo2ODELOLUOLL
*HOLPH\L(WNLOH\HQoYH''LQDPLNOHU8OXVDO%|OJH%LOLPL%|OJH3ODQODPD
.RQJUHVL7h
&DVHOODV, A., Galley, C.C., Regional Defination in the European Union: A Questions of 
Disparities?, Regional StudLHV9RO1R
'LQoHU%OHQWg]DVODQ0HWLQ7DQHU.DYDVROXOOHULQYH%|OJHOHULQ6RV\R
HNRQRPLN*HOLPLOLN6UDODPDV$UDWUPDV
'LQOHU=H\QHO%|OJHVHONWLVDW%DVP(]JL.LWDEHYL%XUVD
'RUQEXVK5)LVKHU60DFURHFRQRPLFV)RXUWK(GLWLRQ0F*UDZ+LOO1HZ<RUN
(NH)(URO'RDQ7UNL\HGH%|OJH3ODQODPDVQQ*HOLLPL<HQL
<DNODPODU
(UGRGX0XVWDID%HHUL6HUPD\HNWLVDGL.DONQPDOLNLVLNWLVDGQ'DPD7DODU

.XUWL0DWEDDFONVWDQEXO
*|\PHQ.RUHO1RYHO3DUWLFLSDWRU\0HFKDQLVPVLQ7XUNLVK0XQLFLSDO6\VWHP'\QDPLFV
RI*RYHUQDQFHLQD&HQWUDOL]HG6WDWH/RFDO*RYHUQDQFH9RO1R8QLYHUVLW\
RI%LUPLQJKDPQJLOWHUH
*UNDQ,mer(NRQRPLN%\PHYH.DONQPD%DVP'HU\D.LWDEHYL7UDE]RQ
*|N$EGXONHULP%|OJHVHO.DONQPDDQOXUID
.HOH5.HQWOHPH3ROLWLNDODUPJH<D\QHYL$QNDUD
g]FDQ Gl Berna "Cities and Economic DeveORSPHQWWKH*D]LDQWHSH[SHULHQFH3ULYDWH
9LHZ7KH4XDUWHUO\,QWHUQDWLRQDO5HYLHZRIWKH7XUNLVK%XVLQHVVPHQ
V$VVRFLDWLRQ
7h6$'<D]&LOW1R
5REHUWV, P., Regional Planning Guidance in England and Wales: Back to the Future?, 
7359RO
3DUDV]ONHU7HRULYH3ROLWLND0DNUR(NRQRPLEDVN(]JL.LWDEHYL%XUVD
6KDK$%DODQFH$FFRXQWDELOLW\DQG5HVSRQVLYHQHVV/HVVRQVDERXW'HFHQWUDOLVDWLRQ
:DVKLQJWRQ'&7KH:RUOG%DQN
6PLWK*RUGRQ5HODWLRQVKLSVEHWZHHQ'HPRFUDF\DQG'HFHQWUDOLVDWLRQ3DSHUSUHVHQWHG
DWWKH,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFHRQ'HPRFUDF\DQG'HFHQWUDOLVDWLRQ2UJDQL]HGE\
WKH)ULHGULFK(EHUW)RXQGDWLRQDQGWKH7XUNLVK)RXQGDWLRQIRU6RFLDO(FRQRPLFDQG
3ROLWLFDO5HVHDUFKVWDQEXOXEDW
6XQDUOND\2XU3ROLWLFDO&XOWXUHIURPD3DUWLFLSDWLRQ3HUVSHFWLYHLQ<XUWWD.DWOP
&LWL]HQ3DUWLFLSDWLRQVWDQEXO+HOVLQNL<XUWWDODU'HUQHL
6ZHOO'DYLG$VVLJQPHQWRI)XQFWLRQVLQ0XOWLFHQWHUHG6\VWHPVRI*RYHUQPHQW7KH
0LGGOH(DVWDQG1RUWK$IULFD&RXQWULHV3DSHUSUHVHQWHGDWWKH0HGLWHUUDQHDQ
'HYHORSPHQW )RUXP RQ )LVFDO 'HFHQWUDOL]DWLRQ 0DUUDNHVK 0D\V  
7XIDQ Ayhan, Trkiye Ekonomisi, Ankara, 1997
8OXVR\$KPHW0DOL\H3ROLWLNDV%DVN&HOHSOHU0DWEDDFON7UDE]RQ
8OXVR\$KPHW0DOL\H3ROLWLNDV%DVN&HOHSOHU0DWEDDFON7UDE]RQ
<DPDN5DKPL%D\UDP*QJ|U7UNL\HGH1IXVYH(NRQRPLN%\PHOLNLVLVektr 
2WRUHJUDV\RQ$QDOL]L,,8OXVDO1IXVELOLP.RQIHUDQV7HEOLL$QNDUD

<XPXDNEUDKLP*.DU$EGXUUDKPDQ1IXV$UW+]QQ'UOPHVLNWLVDGL
.DONQPD\$UWUP".RFDHOLhQLYHUVLWHVL6RV\DO%LOLPOHU'HUJLVLVD\






'RX.DUDGHQL]%|OJHVL%|OJHVHO*HOLPH3ODQ'2.$31LKDL5DSor Cilt I: Ynetici 

zeti

 9,' %H <OON .DONQPD 3ODQ %|OJHVHO *HOLPH g]HO LKWLVDV .RPLV\RQX 5DSRUX
$QNDUD1LVDQ

7UNL\H&XPKXUL\HWLgQ8OXVDO.DONQPD3ODQ

9,,Ulusal Blge Bilimi/Blge Planlama Kongresi, DE,

oLOHUL%DNDQO0DKDOOLGDUHOHU*HQHO0GUO0DKDOOLGDUHOHU<DVD7DVOD'UDIW
/DZRQ/RFDO$GPLQLVWUDWLRQV%DEDNDQON%DVPHYL


KWWSHNXWXSGSWJRYWUEROJHVHOGRNDSR]HWSGI

KWWSHNXWXSGSWJRYWUEROJHVHORLNSGI

KWWSHNXWXSGSWJRYWUSODQRXNSSGI

KWWSZZZGSWJRYWUEJ\XRXNXNSSGI

KWWSZZZKD]LQHJRYWUPDNDOHOHUPXVWVXQJXUSGI

KWWSHNXWXSGSWJRYWUEROJHVHOJRVWHUJHSGI

KWWSZZZGLHJRYWUJRVWHUJHOHUKWP

KWWSHNXWXSGSWJRYWU

KWWSZZZGSWJRYWU

KWWSZZZGLHJRYWU

KWWSZZZFHWHULVSDULEXVQHW

KWWSZZZPHEJRYWU