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ISBN13: 9785932860953
ISBN10: 5932860952
www.symbol.ru

(812) 3245353, (495) 9458100
C++.p65
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Books.Ru
ISBN 978-5-93286-095-3 C++. - Books.Ru .
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C++ Common Knowledge

Essential Intermediate Programming
Stephen C. Dewhurst
C++

2012
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C++. . . . .: $, 2012. 240 ., .
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Authorized translation of the English edition 2005 Pearson Education Inc. This transla$
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to publish and sell the same.
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. 15 . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
. . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
10 $ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
12 . . . . . . . . . . 55
13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
16 $ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
17 . . . 70
18 $ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
20 $ STL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
21 . . . . . . . . . . . 84
22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
23 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
24 $ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
25 , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
26 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
27 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
28 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
29 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
32 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
33 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
34 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
35 new . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
36 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
37 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
38 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
39 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
40 RAII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
41 new, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
42 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
43 auto_ptr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
44 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
45 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
46 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
47 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
48 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
49
typename . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
50 $ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
51
template . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
52 . . 173
53 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
54 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
55 $ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
56 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
57 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
58 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
59 SFINAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
60 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
61 , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
62 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
63 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219

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C++ $
.
: , $
, .
. , , $
:
Circle *c = new Circle;
Shape *s = c;
// ...
43
Circle () Shape (),

Circle Shape. $
Circle Shape:
Circle **cc = &c;
Shape **ss = cc;
// !
. ,

(. 7 8
), $
:
char *s1 = 0;
const char *s2 = s1; // OK...
char *a[MAX];
// char **
const char **ps = a; // !
9 |
. $
, $
$
. , $
. , C,
,
:
char *hopeItWorks = (char *)0x00ff0000; //
C++ . $
:
typedef char *PChar;
hopeItWorks =
PChar( 0x00ff0000 );
// /
, , ,
, .
, .
,
$
. , $
.
const_cast $
const volatile :
const Person *getEmployee() { ... }
//...
45
Person *anEmployee = const_cast<Person *>(getEmployee());
const_cast const
getEmployee. $
, :
anEmployee = (Person *)getEmployee();
const_cast . $,
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. ,
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loyee Person *. const_cast $
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), $ $
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// !
, , $
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const Employee * Person *, , $
const_cast,
. , const_cast
, const_cast ,
.
static_cast $
. $

(. 27 8
):
Shape *sp = new Circle;
Circle *cp = static_cast<Circle *>(sp); //
static_cast , $
sp Circle. sp
46
$ Shape, cp , $
, . ,
, , .
, static_cast
, const_cast1. ,
,
, :
const Shape *getNextShape() { ... }
//...
Circle *cp =
static_cast<Circle *>(const_cast<Shape *>(getNextShape()));
reinterpret_cast, ,
, : $

:
hopeItWorks =
//
reinterpret_cast<char *>(0x00ff0000);
int *hopeless =
// char * int *
reinterpret_cast<int *>(hopeItWorks);
, $
.
. reinterpret_cast
static_cast
. reinterpret_cast
, $
, , static_cast ( $
, )
(. 28 ).
dyna
mic_cast. $

(., , 27 ). static_cast
dynamic_cast , $
(. .
) $
. $
1
++ const volatile $
static_cast,
static_cast (., , ISO IEC 14882 . 5.2.9).
47
. static_cast $
, dynamic_cast
.
const Circle *cp =
dynamic_cast<const Circle *>( getNextShape() );
if( cp ) { ... }
getNextShape Circle ( $ $
Circle , . . , Circle; . 2
), cp
Circle. cp . ,
:
if( const Circle *cp
= dynamic_cast<const Circle *>(getNextShape()) ) {...}
, cp $
if. , cp,
, .
dynamic_cast
:
const Circle &rc = dynamic_cast<const Circle &>(*getNextShape());
dynamic_cast,
,
std::bad_cast . (, $
; . 5 , .)
, dynamic_cast
( Shape Circle? , $
.), dynamic_cast
(, Shape , Cir
cle. , , $ !).
, $
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30 .
10 |
$ .
.
this $ X
X *const. ,
X (. 7 ).
, this, ,
. this $ X $
const X *const X.
, this, , $
. $
$.

$,
.
X, , $
:
class X {
public:
X() : buffer_(0), isComputed_(false) {}
//...
void setBuffer() {
int *tmp = new int[MAX];
delete [] buffer_;
buffer_ = tmp;
}
49
void modifyBuffer( int index, int value ) const // !

{ buffer_[index] = value; }
int getValue() const {
if( !isComputed_ ) {
computedValue_ = expensiveOperation(); // !
isComputed_ = true;
// !
}
return computedValue_;
}
private:
static int expensiveOperation();
int *buffer_;
bool isComputed_;
int computedValue_;
};
$ setBuffer ,
X. modifyBuffer $
, X, , $
buffer_member.
, . ,
, , $
C++, $,
, $
( ). .
, $, ,
. $
, $
.
X::getValue $
.
$, X::getValue isCom
puted_ computedValue_ X. $
,
$ :
X *const aThis = const_cast<X *const>(this);
aThis>computedValue_ = expensiveOperation();
aThis>isComputed_ = true;
}
}
// !
50
10
. ,
$ mutable:
class X {
public:
//...
computedValue_ = expensiveOperation(); // ...
isComputed_ = true;
// ...
}
}
private:
//...
mutable bool isComputed_;
//
mutable int computedValue_; //
};
$ $
mutable, $
$ ( $).

$, , $
.
this $
,
$. $
:
class X {
public:
//...
int &operator [](int index);
const int &operator [](int index) const;
//...
};
, $
this. , $
X this:
int i = 12;
X a;
a[7] = i;
// X *const, a
const X b;
i = b[i];
// const X *const, b
51
$
this, .
$ $
:
X operator +( const X &, const X & );
$, $
,
$:
class X {
public:
//...
X operator +( const X &rightArg );
// !
X operator +( const X &rightArg ) const; //

//...
};
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11 |
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53
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C$, POD (plain old data
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struct union.
struct S {
int a;
double b;
};
// POD
POD$ , $
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:
struct S {
// POD!
int a;
double b;
private:
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// POD
};
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a = 12;
// , 0X000C a

. $
:
class String {
public:
String( const char *init ); // explicit
~String();
String( const String &that );
String &operator =( const String &that );
String &operator =( const char *str );
void swap( String &that );
56
12
friend const String
//
operator +( const String &, const String & );
friend bool operator <( const String &, const String & );
//...
private:
String( const char *, const char * ); //
char *s_;
};
. ,
,
.
String::String( const char *init ) {
if( !init ) init = "";
s_ = new char[ strlen(init)+1 ];
strcpy( s_, init );
}
, :
String::~String() { delete [] s_; }
, :
String &String::operator =( const char *str ) {
if( !str ) str = "";
char *tmp = strcpy( new char[ strlen(str)+1 ], str );
delete [] s_;
s_ = tmp;
return *this;
}
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str). String $
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String *names = static_cast<String *>(::operator new( BUFSIZ ));
57
names[0] = "Sakamoto"; // ! delete []

// !
names () $
, operator new , $
String.
names , . $
String, $
. ($
, ,
35 new.)
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, ),

(computational constructor):
const String operator +( const String &a, const String &b )
{ return String( a.s_, b.s_ ); }

String, .
String::String( const char *a, const char *b ) {
s_ = new char[ strlen(a)+strlen(b)+1 ];
strcat( strcpy( s_, a ), b );
}
13 |
$
. ,
.
class Impl;
class Handle {
public:
//...
Handle( const Handle & );
//
Handle &operator =( const Handle & ); //
void swap( Handle & );
//...
private:
Impl *impl_; // Handle
};
,
, . $
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X(const X &), $
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$ swap , $
swap $ $
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swap, , :
void swap( T &a, T &b ) {
59
T temp(a); // T
a = b;
// T
b = temp; // T
}
swap ( swap ) $
T ,
T . $
. , Handle, :
.
inline void Handle::swap( Handle &that )
{ std::swap( impl_, that.impl_ ); }
, ,
? $, $
,
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swap. :
Handle &Handle::operator =( const Handle &that ) {
Handle temp( that ); //
swap( temp );
// swap
return *this;
// , temp
//
}
$, . . ,
$
. , $
swap
.
, $
.
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.
Handle a = ...
Handle b;
b = a;
// a b
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Handle b( a ); // b a
b
, $
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60
13
$
, $
, ,
(. 35 8
new).
, , $
:
Handle &Handle::operator =( const Handle &that ) {
if( this != &that ) {
// ...
}
return *this;
}
, $
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.
C++ $
$
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. (. 29
).
14 |
.
void (*fp)(int); //
, ,
fp , void, void *
(. 17 8
). , $
.
extern int f( int );
extern void g( long );
extern void h( int );
//...
fp = f; // ! &f int(*)(int), void(*)(int)
fp = g; //! &g void(*)(long), void(*)(int)
fp = 0; // OK,
fp = h; // OK, h
fp = &h; // OK,
, $
. $
, ,
& .
,
, , $
:
(*fp)(12); //
fp(12);
// ,
62
14
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. , $
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(. 16
8 ).

( $
18 8 19 ).
, $
, .
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, :
extern void stopDropRoll();
inline void jumpIn() { ... }
//...
void (*fireAction)() = 0;
//...
if( !fatalist ) { // , ...
// !
if( nearWater )
fireAction = jumpIn;
else
fireAction = stopDropRoll;
}
, ,
, :
if( ftemp >= 451 ) {
if( fireAction )
fireAction();
}
// ...
// ... ...
// ... !
. $
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fireAction ( )
( ); , $
,
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:
void jumpIn();
63
void jumpIn( bool canSwim );

//...
fireAction = jumpIn;
$
. fireAction void(*)(), $
, jumpIn ().

. $
set_new_handler. ,
, operator new $
.
void begForgiveness() {
logError( "Sorry!" );
throw std::bad_alloc();
}
//...
std::new_handler oldHandler =
std::set_new_handler(begForgiveness);
new_handler typedef:
typedef void (*new_handler)();
, , $
void. set_new_handler $
$
. .

:
std::new_handler current
= std::set_new_handler( 0 ); // ...
std::set_new_handler( current ); // ... !
set_terminate set_unexpected
.
15 |

.
.
( $
):
int *ip;
// int
int C::*pimC; // int C
, *, _::*,
_. $
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void *A::*B::*const * weird2;
weird1 $
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B A, $
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int a = 12;
ip = &a;
*ip = 0;
a = *ip;
, ,
. ,
65
. $
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C++ , $
, .
$
, ,
. ( , $
0 .) ,
.
class C {
public:
//...
int a_;
};
int C::*pimC; // C int
C aC;
C *pC = &aC;
pimC = &C::a_;
aC.*pimC = 0;
int b = pC>*pimC;
pimC &C::a_, pimC

a_ C. . a_ , $
& &C::a_ , .
, C.
12 C,
12 C.
,
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, pC, , pimC,
C,
pC. aC.*pimC, aC
, pimC, $
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.
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(. $
66
15
2 ). , , , $
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Circle * Shape *. Shape * Circle * ,
. $
Shape, Circle. ( $
: .)
:
$
, $
$
. ,
, $
. .
class Shape {
//...
Point center_;
//...
};
class Circle : public Shape {
//...
double radius_;
//...
};
Circle Shape, , Shape

Circle. , Shape $
Circle.
Point Circle::*loc = &Shape::center_; // OK,
Shape Circle, ,
Circle Shape.
double Shape::*extent =
&Circle::radius_;
// !
, Circle $
Shape (. . Shape). C++
Shape Circ
le. , Shape Circle (Shape $
Circle). C++ , $
Circle Shape.
16 |

$, ,
$.
class Shape {
public:
//...
void moveTo( Point newLocation );
bool validate() const;
virtual bool draw() const = 0;
//...
};
//...
bool draw() const;
//...
};
//...
void (Shape::*mf1)( Point ) = &Shape::moveTo; //
$
, ($
, , ; . 17 8
). $
$, *, , $
, , , .
, ,
$ $:
bool (Shape::*mf2)() const = &Shape::validate;
68
16
$,
$, . $
$, , $
( $)
. $
, ( ; . 28
) this
, , .
Circle circ;
Shape *pShape = &circ;
(pShape>*mf2)(); // Shape::validate
(circ.*mf2)();
// Shape::validate
>* .* ,
, (). $
, , !

(a+b)*c, , , $
, .
, , $
$. $$
, , .
mf2 = &Shape::draw; // draw
(pShape>*mf2)();
// Circle::draw
, $
. $
$ $
:
$, ,
;
$
(. 11 );
this
(. 28 );
, .
$ $
, , $
. $

$
.
69
$, $ $
: $
$ $
$ , . ,
, $ $
this , $

, .
class B {
public:
void bset( int val ) { bval_ = val; }
private
int bval_;
};
class D : public B {
public:
void dset( int val ) { dval_ = val; }
private:
int dval_;
};
B b;
D d;
void (B::*f1)(int) = &D::dset; // !
//
(b.*f1)(12);
// ! dval!
void (D::*f2)(int) = &B::bset; // OK,
//
(d.*f2)(11);
// OK, bval
17 |

$
, .
.
int *f1();
// , int *
int (*fp1)(); // , int
,
:
const int N = 12;
int *a1[N];
// N int *
int (*ap1)[N]; // , N
, ,
:
int (**ap2)[N]; //
//
int *(*ap3)[N]; //
int (**const fp2)()
int *(*fp3)();
,
N int
, N int *
= 0; //
// , int *
, $
, .
char *(*fp4)(int,int);
char *(*fp5)(short,short) = 0;
fp4 = fp5;
// !
71
,
. $
:
int (*)()afp1[N]; // !
()
() , afp1 $
. :
int[N] a2;
// !
Java, C++. $

, . $
, :
int (*afp2[N])(); // N ,
// int
,
typedef.
typedef int (*FP)(); // int
FP afp3[N];
// N FP , afp2
typedef
,
. typedef set_
new_handler:
typedef void (*new_handler)();
new_handler set_new_handler( new_handler );
, new_handler (. 14 )
,
void. set_new_handler , new_handler $
new_handler. . ty
pedef, ,
, :
void (*set_new_handler(void (*)()))(); // ,
.
int aFunc( double );
//
int (&rFunc)(double) = aFunc; //
72
17
$
, :
int (*const pFunc)(double) = aFunc; //
$
, , $
6 .
18 |
$,
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) . , $
$.
$, (. 42 8
), . $
> * (, , >*), $
(pointer on steroids, , $
), $ (),
. $
$, $
(1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13):
class Fib {
public:
Fib() : a0_(1), a1_(1) {}
int operator ()();
private:
int a0_, a1_;
};
int Fib::operator ()() {
int temp = a0_;
a0_ = a1_;
a1_ = temp + a0_;
return temp;
}
$ , ope
rator () ( , )
.
74
18
Fib fib;
//...
cout << "next two in series: " << fib() << ' ';
cout << fib() << endl;
fib() $ opera
tor() fib. fib.operator(), ,
, . $
$ , $
, $
, Fib.

$ . ,
. $
, , ,
,
Fib, .
int fibonacci () {
static int a0 = 0, a1 = 1; // ...
int temp = a0;
a0 = a1;
a1 = temp + a0;
return temp;
}

, $
operator().
, . 18.1.
. 18.1.
()
75
$
( )
, $
.
typedef double (*F)( double );
double integrate( F f, double low, double high ) {
const int numSteps = 8;
double step = (highlow)/numSteps;
double area = 0.0;
while( low < high ) {
area += f( low ) * step;
low += step;
}
return area;
}
, $
.
double aFunc( double x ) { ... }
//...
double area = integrate( aFunc, 0.0, 2.71828 );
, ,
.
,
$. $
$.
, operator().
class Func {
public:
virtual ~Func();
virtual double operator ()( double ) = 0;
};
double integrate( Func &f, double low, double high );
integrate $ $
, Func (. 2 ). $
, integrate ( $
), $$
, . ,
Func , , $
:
class NMFunc : public Func {
public:
76
18
NMFunc( double (*f)( double ) ) : f_(f) {}
double operator ()( double d ) { return f_( d ); }
private:
double (*f_)( double );
};
:
double aFunc( double x ) { ... }
//...
NMFunc g( aFunc );
double area = integrate( g, 0.0, 2.71828 );
$ ,
$ $
(. 16 8 ):
template <class C>
class MFunc : public Func {
public:
MFunc( C &obj, double (C::*f)(double) )
: obj_(obj), f_(f) {}
double operator ()( double d )
{ return (obj_.*f_)( d ); }
private:
C &obj_;
double (C::*f_)( double );
};
//...
AClass anObj;
MFunc<AClass> f( anObj, &AClass::aFunc );
double area = integrate( f, 0.0, 2.71828 );
19 |
$ ,
(Command).
? , $
. , ,
, $
, .
. ( $
,
), , , .
$
( ) ( ).
, $, , . ,
, , .
.
,
(. $
14 ). Button,

.
class Button {
public:
Button( const string &label )
: label_(label), action_(0) {}
~Button {... delete action_; ...}
void setAction( void (*newAction)() )
{ action_ = newAction; }
void onClick() const
78
19
{ if( action_ ) action_(); }

private:
string label_;
void (*action_)();
//...
};
Button
Button , $
.
extern void playMusic();
//...
Button *b = new Button( "Anoko no namaewa" );
b>setAction( playMusic );
registerButtonWithFramework( b );
:
, . $
. ,
.

. $
,
. playMusic ( )
, ? $
,

extern void playAnokoNoNamaewa();
//...
b>setAction( playAnokoNoNamaewa );
$
:
extern const MP3 *theCurrentSong = 0;
//...
const MP3 anokoNoNamaewa ( "AnokoNoNamaewa.mp3" );
theCurrentSong = &anokoNoNamaewa;
b>setAction( playMusic );
, $
. $ $
$
.
79
$
, $ . $
$
, . $
$ (. 18 88
). , . $
Button :
class Action {
//
public:
virtual ~Action();
virtual void operator ()() = 0;
virtual Action *clone() const = 0; //
};
class Button {
public:
Button( const std::string &label )
: label_(label), action_(0) {}
~Button {... delete action_; ...}
void setAction( const Action *newAction ) {
Action *temp = newAction>clone();
delete action_;
action_ = temp;
}
void onClick() const
{ if( action_ ) (*action_)(); }
private:
std::string label_;
Action *action_;
//
//...
};
Button $, $
Action, :
class PlayMusic : public Action {
public:
PlayMusic( const std::string &songFile )
: song_(songFile) {}
void operator ()();
//
//...
private:
MP3 song_;
};
( )
, $ PlayMusic.
80
19
Button *b = new Button ("Anoko no namaewa");
b>setAction (&PlayMusic ("AnokoNoNamaewa.mp3"));1
,
? ,
.
$
(Prototype) , $
(. 29 ).
, $
, ,
.
,
. :
PlayMusic pm (AnokoNoNamaewa.mp3);
b>setAction (&pm);
20 | STL
STL?
, $
.
std::vector<std::string> names;
//...
std::sort( names.begin(), names.end() );
STL , $
.
string . $
, , $
.
class State {
public:
//...
int population() const;
float aveTempF() const;
//...
};
State ( )
. , ,
, ($
, , , $
, . .). , STL $
, .
, $
:
inline bool popLess( const State &a, const State &b )
{ return a.population() < b.population(); }
82
20
State, :
State states[50];
//...
std::sort( states, states+50, popLess ); //
popLess
(, 8
; states
). popLess
, sort, ,
(. 14 ).
, $
:
struct PopLess : public std::binary_function <State,State,bool> {
bool operator ()( const State &a, const State &b ) const
{ return popLess( a, b ); }
};
PopLess $
STL. $, $.
, $
. , $
STL, sort, , $
, $
$, ,
. $ operator() $
.
$, bi
nary_function. STL $
$ (. 53 8
). binary_
function $
$.
, ,
$ , , PopLess
.
$, $ $, $
, $
operator () .
STL $ , $
. $ STL $
, .
$ $$
* STL
83
, STL, ,
STL $
.
, .
$:
sort( states, states+50, PopLess() );
, PopLess
. PopLess ,
. Pop
Less, PopLess,
. ( 8
(anonymous temporary); $
.) $
:
PopLess comp;
sort( states, states+50, comp );
.
$ $
, , $
. $
: $
(Pop
Less), , ,
PopLess::operator () ,
popLess.
$ STL
. $
. (
.)
struct IsWarm : public std::unary_function<State,bool> {
bool operator ()( const State &a ) const
{ return a.aveTempF() > 60; }
};
STL $
STL, , ,
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$
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21 |

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85
//...
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22 |
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//...
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initialize();
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altInit();
}
protected:
virtual bool validate() const = 0;
virtual void altInit();
//...
private:
void initialize();
//...
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startup , $
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88
22
class MyApp : public App {
public:
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:
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23 |
. $
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String,
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class String { ... };
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// , , ....
}
org_semantics ,
$
. $ $
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.
, org_seman
tics , . , $
:
90
23
String operator +( const String &a, String &b ) { // !

//...
}
}
$
:
org_semantics::String
org_semantics::operator +(
const org_semantics::String &a,
const org_semantics::String &b ) {
//...
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, $
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, ! $
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, $
, , $
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org_semantics::String s( "Hello, World!" );
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new, operator delete, operator new[] operator delete[] $
),
std ( standard ). $

std:
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
//...
void aFunc() {
vector<int> a;
std::vector<int> b;
cout << "Oops!" << endl;
// ! !
// , !
// !
std::cout << "Better!" << std::endl; // OK

//...
}
91
, $
. using.
void aFunc() {
using namespace std;
// using
vector<int> a;
// OK
cout << "Hello!" << endl; // OK
//...
}
using () $
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,
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:
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#include <vector>
using namespace org_semantics;
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:
void aFunc() {
//...
int vector = 12;
vector<int> a;
std::vector<int> b;
//...
// using
// ...
// ! std::vector
// OK,
92
23
}
using (using declara$

tion), $
:
void aFunc() {
using std::vector;
//...
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vector<int> a;
//...
// using
// ! vector
// OK
Using$

using, $
, :
void aFunc() {
using std::cout;
using std::endl;
using org_semantics::String;
String a, b, c;
//...
cout << a << b << c << endl;
// ..
}

:
namespace S = org_semantics;
S
org_semantics. using, $
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, S, , $
, org_semantics)

:
namespace {
int anInt = 12;
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}
93
,
__compiler_generated_name__ ( )
:
namespace __compiler_generated_name__ {
int anInt = 12;
int aFunc() { return anInt; }
}
using namespace __compiler_generated_name__;
$
. $
anInt aFunc ,

(. . ),
, , .
24 |
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26 ) , $
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.
:
class B {
public:
//...
void f( double );
};
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};
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D d;
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?
1: . $
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D::f.
95
2: $
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$
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. , Java, .
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class E : public D {
int f;
};
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25 | ,

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X operator +( const X &, const X & );
class String { ... };
std::ostream operator <<( std::ostream &, const String & );
}
//...
int g( org_semantics::X * );
void aFunc() {
org_semantics::X a;
f( a );
// org_semantics::f
g( &a );
a = a + a;
97
// ! ...
// org_semantics::operator +
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).
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<iostream>:
org_semantics::String name( "Qwan" ); // QWAN QualityWithoutAName,
std::cout << "Hello, " << name;
// ,
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operator<< org_semantics. $
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26 |
, $ $
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class X {
public:
X operator %( const X & ) const; //
X memFunc1( const X & );
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//...
};
$
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a
a
a
a, b, c;
= b % c;
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24 8) b.operator %(c) $
, memFunc1.
:
X operator %( const X &, int ); //
//...
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*this % 12;
// %
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// !
}
99
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27 |
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virtual void draw() const = 0;
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// ... !
, , , $
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};
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101
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class Circle : public Shape, public Rollable { //
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void roll();
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//
//...
void draw() const;
//...
};
, , :
class Wheel : public Rollable { ... };
, $
( roll()) , $
Rollable ,
Shape .
vector<Rollable *> rollingStock;
//...
for( vector<Rollable *>::iterator i( rollingstock.begin() );
i != rollingStock.end(); ++i )
(*i)>roll();
, , $
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Shape *s = getSomeShape();
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102
27
. 27.1. : ?
lable. s Circle Shape, $

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if( Rollable *roller = dynamic_cast<Rollable *>(s) )
roller>roll();
,
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28 |
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. $
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class Shape { ... };
class Subject { ... };
class ObservedBlob : public Shape, public Subject { ... };
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Subject, ( ) $
ObservedBlob .
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//
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29 |

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class Meal {
public:
virtual ~Meal();
virtual void eat() = 0;
virtual Meal *clone() const = 0;
//...
};
Meal $
clone. clone $
(. 30 ), $
, $
$
. , Meal (
, ),
.
class Spaghetti : public Meal {
public:
Spaghetti( const Spaghetti & );
//
void eat();
Spaghetti *clone() const
{ return new Spaghetti( *this ); } //
//...
};
107
( clone $
,
31 .)

Meal, Meal. $
, $
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Meal .
const Meal *m = thatGuysMeal();
Meal *myMeal = m>clone();
// ...
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30 |
$
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ployee HRInfo ( ), . 30.1.
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Salary () Hourly ( ) Std
Info, Temp () TempInfo.
: $
. , $
,
109
. , ,
HRInfo,
Employee.
switch $
:
class Employee {
public:
enum Type { SALARY, HOURLY, TEMP };
Type type() const { return type_; }
//...
private:
Type type_;
//...
};
//...
HRInfo *genInfo( const Employee &e ) {
switch( e.type() ) {
case SALARY:
case HOURLY: return new StdInfo( e );
case TEMP:return new TempInfo( static_cast<const Temp *>(e) );
default: return 0;
// !
}
}
dynamic_cast
Employee:
HRInfo *genInfo( const Employee &e ) {
if( const Salary *s = dynamic_cast<const Salary *>(&e) )
return new StdInfo( s );
else if( const Hourly *h = dynamic_cast<const Hourly *>(&e) )
return new StdInfo( h );
else if( const Temp *t = dynamic_cast<const Temp *>(&e) )
return new TempInfo( t );
else
return 0;
// !
}
genInfo ,
Employee HRInfo

HRInfo. Employee, HRInfo
.
( ) $
; ,
110
30
.
Employee. $
, genInfo().
, ,
Employee HRInfo.
, , HRInfo $
Temp? , Temp:
class Temp : public Employee {
public:
//...
TempInfo *genInfo() const
{ return new TempInfo( *this ); }
//...
};
$ , ,
, .
:
class Employee {
public:
//...
virtual HRInfo *genInfo() const = 0; //
//...
};
(Factory Method). $
, , :
, .
Employee *e = getAnEmployee();
//...
HRInfo *info = e>genInfo();
//
, $
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.
31 |
,
, , :
class Shape {
public:
//...
virtual double area() const = 0;
//...
};
public:
float area() const; // !
//...
};

. B , $
B *, $
D *, D B.
( D B.)
B &,
D &.
( Shape) (. 29 8
):
class Shape {
public:
//...
virtual Shape *clone() const = 0; //
//...
};
112
31
public:
Circle *clone() const;
//...
};
, $
Circle *, Shape *. , Circle
Shape. , Circle::clone $
Circle * Shape *, Circle $
Shape (. 28 ):
Shape *s1 = getACircleOrOtherShape();
Shape *s2 = s1>clone();
$
, $
:
Circle *c1 = getACircle();
Circle *c2 = c1>clone();
Circle::clone $
Shape::clone Shape *.
Circle *.
Circle *c1 = getACircle();
Circle *c2 = static_cast<Circle *>(c1>clone());
Shape, $
, $
(. 30 ):
class ShapeEditor { ... };
class Shape {
public:
//...
virtual const ShapeEditor &
getEditor() const = 0; //
//...
};
//...
class Circle;
class CircleEditor : public ShapeEditor { ... };
public:
const CircleEditor &getEditor() const;
//...
};
113
, CircleEditor $
( ) Circle::getEditor.
CircleEditor,

( ) CircleEditor (
) ShapeEditor. (. 28 .)
, $
.
Shape, ShapeEditor; $
, Circle,
CircleEditor. $
( )
, :
Shape *s = getACircleOrOtherShape();
const ShapeEditor &sed = s>getEditor();
Circle *c = getACircle();
const CircleEditor &ced = c>getEditor();
32 |
(public, protected private)
$
. . $
:
class NoCopy {
public:
NoCopy( int );
//...
private:
NoCopy( const NoCopy & );
//
NoCopy &operator =( const NoCopy & ); //
};

, $
. $
$
,
:
void aFunc( NoCopy );
void anotherFunc( const NoCopy & );
NoCopy a( 12 );
NoCopy b( a ); // !
NoCopy c = 12; // !
a = b;
// !
aFunc( a ); // !
aFunc( 12 ); // !
anotherFunc( a ); // OK,
anotherFunc( 12 ); // OK
33 |
$
, $
. , ( $
) . $

.
class ABC {
public:
virtual ~ABC();
virtual void anOperation() = 0; //
//...
};

, , .
,
. $
, $

. $
( ),
.
class ABC {
public:
virtual ~ABC();
protected:
116
33
ABC();
ABC( const ABC & );
//...
};
class D : public ABC {
//...
};
, $
, $
ABC.
void func1( ABC );
void func2( ABC & );
ABC a;
// !
D d;
func1( d );
// OK
// !
func2( d );
// OK,

.
:
class ABC {
public:
virtual ~ABC() = 0;
//...
};
//...
ABC::~ABC() { ... }
, $
,
. (
, $
.)
,
.
.
class ABC {
protected:
~ABC();
public:
//...
};
117
,
, $
, $
:
void someFunc() {
ABC a;
// ...
ABC *p = new ABC; // ...
//...
delete p; // !
// ! a
}
34 |

, $
(heap). , $
, handle
(), body ().
$
, $
exit () abort
( ).
( abort),
.
$
:
class NoHeap {
public:
//...
protected:
void *operator new( size_t ) { return 0; }
void operator delete( void * ) {}
};
NoHeap
(. 36 8
):
NoHeap *nh = new NoHeap; // ! NoHeap::operator new
//...
delete nh;
// ! NoHeap::operator delete
119
operator new operator delete ( ),

$
. :
$
. NoHeap $
, .
$
NoHeap (. 37 ). $

, , $
(. 32 ).
class NoHeap {
public:
//...
protected:
void *operator new( size_t )
void operator delete( void *
private:
void *operator new[]( size_t
void operator delete[]( void
};
{ return 0; }
) {}
);
* );
, , .
:
class OnHeap {
~OnHeap();
public:
void destroy()
{ delete this; }
//...
};

OnHeap
, $
.
OnHeap oh1; // !
void aFunc() {
OnHeap oh2;
//...
// ! oh2
}
35 | new
. $
new $
.
void *operator new( size_t, void *p ) throw()
{ return p; }
new
operator new,
( operator new
operator delete, , ).
.
,
.
class SPort { ... };
//
const int comLoc = 0x00400000; //
//...
void *comAddr = reinterpret_cast<void *>(comLoc);
SPort *com1 = new (comAddr) SPort; // comLoc
new operator new. $

new , ,
: operator new $
.
operator new,
new. delete $
operator delete.
new operator new, $
.
new
121
, () .
new ,
.
delete com1;
// !
, , , $
. $
delete :
com1>~SPort(); // , delete
,
,
. $
$
.
, $
:
const int numComs = 4;
//...
SPort *comPorts = new (comAddr) SPort[numComs]; //
, :
int i = numComs;
while( i )
comPorts[i].~SPort();
$

.
, :
string *sbuf = new string[BUFSIZE]; //
// !
int size = 0;
void append( string buf[], int &size, const string &val )
{ buf[size++] = val; }
// !

, . ,
.
.
new $
. $
122
35
, $
( ).
const size_t n = sizeof(string) * BUFSIZE;
string *sbuf = static_cast<string *>(::operator new( n ));
int size = 0;

, (. 12 8
). $
$
new:
void append( string buf[], int &size, const string &val )
{ new (&buf[size++]) string( val ); } // new
, new
:
void cleanupBuf( string buf[], int size ) {
while( size )
buf[size].~string(); //
::operator delete( buf ); //
}
, .
( $
) .
36 |

operator new operator delete $

, .
operator new operator delete, .
new delete,
, ope
rator new operator delete (. 35 new).
$ operator new operator delete:
class Handle {
public:
//...
void *operator new( size_t );
void operator delete( void * );
//...
};
//...
Handle *h = new Handle; // Handle::operator new
//...
delete h;
// Handle::operator delete
Handle new $
operator new Handle. ope
rator new , operator new.
operator delete,
operator delete, operator new, .
operator new operator delete
$ (. 63 ),
124
36
. , $
this.
, this. $$
, :
class MyHandle : public Handle {
//...
};
//...
MyHandle *mh = new MyHandle; // Handle::operator new
//...
delete mh;
// Handle::operator delete
, MyHandle operator new operator de

lete, , $
Handle .
operator new operator delete $
:
class Handle {
public:
//...
virtual ~Handle();
void *operator new( size_t
void operator delete( void
//...
};
class MyHandle : public Handle {
//...
void *operator new( size_t
void operator delete( void
);
* );
);
*, size_t ); //
// 2
//...
};
//...
Handle *h = new MyHandle; // MyHandle::operator new
//...
delete h;
// MyHandle::operator delete

! $
(, , ) Handle::operator delete,
MyHandle::operator delete. , .
, opera
tor delete, . $
operator delete.
,
125
operator delete.
. $
.
, new
delete (heap), $
. new , $
operator new
. operator new operator delete $
, operator new operator de
lete , . , $
. , $
, $
.
. ,
Handle :
struct rep {
enum { max = 1000 };
static rep *free;
//
static int num_used;
//
union {
char store[sizeof(Handle)];
rep *next;
};
};
static rep mem[ rep::max ];
//
void *Handle::operator new( size_t ) {
if( rep::free ) {
// free
rep *tmp = rep::free;
// free
rep::free = rep::free>next;
return tmp;
}
else if( rep::num_used < rep::max ) //
return &mem[ rep::num_used++ ]; //
else
// ,...
throw std::bad_alloc();
// ... !
}
void Handle::operator delete( void *p ) { // free
static_cast<rep *>(p)>next = rep::free;
rep::free = static_cast<rep *>(p);
}
$
Handle ,
Handle . . , $
new delete .
37 |
C++ , $

.
T *aT = new T;
T *aryT = new T[12];
delete [] aryT;
delete aT;
aT = new T[1];
delete aT;
//
//
//
//
//
//
,
$
, .
operator new, $
. , , $
operator delete, . ,
(new[]), $
(new). $
.
op
erator new operator delete. :
void
void
void
void
*operator new( size_t )

*operator new[]( size_t
operator delete( void *
operator delete[]( void
throw( bad_alloc );
) throw( bad_alloc );
) throw();
* ) throw();
// operator new
// new
// operator delete
// delete
,
$
127
operator new operator delete (. 36

).
class Handle {
public:
//...
//...
};
Handle .
Handle , $
:
Handle *handleSet = new Handle[MAX]; // ::operator new[]
//...
delete [] handleSet;
// ::operator delete[]
,
, ( ,
). $
, ,
:
class Handle {
public:
//...
void *operator new[]( size_t n )
{ return ::operator new( n ); }
void operator delete[]( void *p )
{ ::operator delete( p ); }
//...
};
Handle,
$
(. 34 ).

,
, . operator new ()
, $
operator new. $
:
aT = new T; // operator new( sizeof(T) );
128
37
operator new . $
:
aT = static_cast<T *>(operator new( sizeof(T) ));
operator new :
aryT = static_cast<T *>(operator new[]( 5 * sizeof(T) ));
operator new $

, :
aryT = new T[5]; // 5 * sizeof(T) +
$
,
( , $
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$
, .

, .
, $
operator new
operator
new (. 35 new).
38 |
1
. $
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public:
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~CheckedPtr() { delete p_; }
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private:
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//
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throw NullCheckedPointer();
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}
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h_.push_back(val);
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154
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Heap<const int *> h6;
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//
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48 |

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const char *tmp = h_.back();
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164
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aFuncTemplate ?
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//...
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typename
X anX;
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165
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:
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}
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50 |
, .
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, :
class SList {
public:
SList() : head_(0) {}
//...
void push_front( const T &val );
void pop_front();
T front() const;
void reverse();
bool empty() const;
private:
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Node *next_;
T el_;
};
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{ return head_ == 0; }
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167
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public:
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private:
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168
50
while( begin != end )
push_front( *begin++ );
reverse();
}
,
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float rds[] = { ... };
const int size = sizeof(rds)/sizeof(rds[0]);
std::vector<double> rds2( rds, rds+size );
//...
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// In float *
SList<double> data2( rds2.begin(), rds2.end() ); // In
// vector<double>::iterator
STL,
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public:
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SList( const SList<S> &that );
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169
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public:
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template <typename
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//...
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//...
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data3 = data2;
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&that );
//
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S>
=( const SList<S> &rhs );
); //
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51 |

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};
//...
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171
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//
//
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//...
};
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. , T. $
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, T,
Node. rebind
.
172
51
, ,
A, ,
. ,
rebind , ,
, . $
. ,
other, $ , rebind
, , ! $
$ . typedef :
typedef typename A::template rebind<Node>::other NodeAlloc;
template , rebind
, typename ,
. , ?
52 |

,
(. 46 8
47 ).
$
, $
, $
. :
struct IsInt
// T int...
{ enum { result = false }; };
template <>
struct IsInt<int>
// int!
{ enum { result = true }; };
, , $
(
). ,
. . ,
, .
, ,
,
: int, int. $
C++ , $
.
174
52
, ( $
), int:
template <typename X>
void aFunc( X &arg ) {
//...
...IsInt<X>::result...
//...
}

. $
, , $ int,
. , , ,
, ,
, :
struct Yes {};
struct No {};
// , true
// , false

struct IsPtr
// T ...
{ enum { result = false }; typedef No Result; };
struct IsPtr<T *>
// ,
{ enum { result = true }; typedef Yes Result; };
struct IsPtr<T *const>
// ,
struct IsPtr<T *volatile> // ,
struct IsPtr<T *const volatile> // .
IsPtr , IsInt.
, $
$ $
. , IsPtr
, IsInt. $
. ( $
59 SFINAE.)

,
:
175

class Stack {
public:
~Stack();
T &top();
void pop();
bool empty() const;
private:
//...
typedef std::deque<T> C;
typedef typename C::iterator I;
C s_;
};
$ $
deque. $
, stack. $

deque.
void Stack<T>::push( const T &val )
{ s_.push_back( val ); }
Stack.
Stack deque, , , $
, deque.
, ,
, . $
deque.
Stack, ! (
56 .) $
deque ,
, .

() Stack (. 47
). , , ,
Stack. $
( ) $
: , Stack,
, .
.
class Stack {
176
52
public:
~Stack()
{ cleanup( typename IsPtr<T>::Result() ); }
//...
private:
void cleanup( Yes ) {
for( I i( s_.begin() ); i != s_.end(); ++i )
delete *i;
}
void cleanup( No )
{}
C s_;
};
$ cleanup (),
Yes (),
No (). Yes ;
No . : T ?. $
IsPtr T, $
Result () (. 49 8
typename),
Yes No, cleanup. $
cleanup (. 61 8
, ).
Stack<Shape *> shapes;
//
Stack<std::string> names; //

. ,
, , ,
, :
struct IsArray {
// T ...
enum { result = false };
typedef No Result;
};
template <typename E, int b>
struct IsArray<E [b]> { // ... !
enum { result = true };
typedef Yes Result;
enum { bound = b }; //
typedef E Etype;
//
};
177
, $
$, , ,
, :
struct IsPCM {
// T
enum { result = false };
typedef No Result;
};
template <class C, typename T>
struct IsPCM<T C::*> {
// ... !
enum { result = true };
typedef Yes Result;
typedef C ClassType; //
typedef T MemberType; //
};

,
(. 54 ) .
53 |
?
class Seq {
//...
};
. Seq<std::string> $
std::string, ? . ($
)
const T, T * T. ($ $

void *!) $
, . $
, $
.
template <class Container>
Elem process( Container &c, int size ) {
Temp temp = Elem();
for( int i = 0; i < size; ++i )
temp += c[i];
return temp;
}
process
(Elem) (Container), ,

(Temp). , $
process .
179
$
.
. ,
, ,
. . ( , .) $
,
.
template <class T>
class Seq {
public:
typedef T Elem; //
typedef T Temp; //
size_t size() const;
//...
};
:
typedef Seq<std::string> Strings;
//...
Strings::Elem aString;
$
. , $
, :
vector<int> aVec;
//...
for( vector<int>::iterator i( aVec.begin() );
i != aVec.end(); ++i )
//...
, int * (
), vector<int>
. vector<int>
(, ). $
, $
vector<int>.
$
, .
typename Container::Elem process( Container &c, int size ) {
typename Container::Temp temp
= typename Container::Elem();
temp += c[i];
180
53
return temp;
}
process Container
, Container
Elem Temp. ( typename
, , $ $
. . 49
.)
Strings strings;
aString = process( strings, strings.size() ); // OK
process Seq
, .
class ReadonlySeq {
public:
typedef const T Elem;
typedef T Temp;
//...
};
process ReadonlySeq,
.
54 |
.
, $
. 53 ,
, ,
:
Strings strings;
aString = process( strings, strings.size() ); // OK
std::vector<std::string> strings2;
aString = process( strings2, strings2.size() ); // !
extern double readings[RSIZ];
double r = process( readings, RSIZ );
// !
process Seq,
vector, vector $
, process.
process ReadonlySeq,
.
process ,
, , $
.
(traits classes).
.
, ,
.
template <typename Cont>
struct ContainerTraits;
182
54
$
,
. .
$ .
ContainerTraits ,
Seq ReadonlySeq.
template <typename Cont>
struct ContainerTraits {
typedef typename Cont::Elem Elem;
typedef typename Cont::Temp Temp;
typedef typename Cont::Ptr Ptr;
};
.
Elem
, ,
.
typedef Seq<int> Cont;
Cont::Elem e1;
ContainerTraits<Cont>::Elem e2; // , e1

:
template <typename Container>
typename ContainerTraits<Container>::Elem
process( Container &c, int size ) {
typename ContainerTraits<Container>::Temp temp
= typename ContainerTraits<Container>::Elem();
temp += c[i]; return temp;
}
,
process! , ,
typename Container::Elem.
: Elem Container. ,
. typename Container
Traits<Container>::Elem. : Container
Traits, ,
Elem. , . $
, , $
.
, $
$
183
.
, , ,
.
, , .
(, , $
.)
, .
,
$
, :
class ForeignContainer {
// ...
};
//...
template <>
struct ContainerTraits<ForeignContainer> {
typedef int Elem;
typedef Elem Temp;
typedef Elem *Ptr;
};
ContainerTraits,
process ForeignContainer , ,
. $
process ForeignContainer , $
:
ForeignContainer::Elem x;
// , !
ContainerTraits<ForeignContainer>::Elem y; // OK,
, $
, , $
.
.

, $
, , ,
. , $
, , ,
. , (
) ,
.
template <>
struct ContainerTraits<const char *> {
184
54
typedef const char Elem;
typedef char Temp;
typedef const char *Ptr;
};
const
char *, process .
const char *name = "Arsene Lupin";
const char *r = process( name, strlen(name) );
,
int *, const double * . . $
,
.
:
struct ContainerTraits<T *> {
typedef T Elem;
typedef T Temp;
typedef T *Ptr;
};
ContainerTraits , int *
const float *(*const *)(int), $
, $
ContainerTraits.
extern double readings[RSIZ];
double r = process( readings, RSIZ ); // !
. , $
$
.
, $
. $
. const char *, ,
ContainerTraits<const char *>::Temp char, const char.
.
struct ContainerTraits<const T *> {
typedef const T Elem;
typedef T Temp;
// : Elem
typedef const T *Ptr;
};
185
$
, $
, .
$
$
. , STL $
(. 4 ),
, ,
ContainerTraits, . $
process vector $
.
template <class T>
struct ContainerTraits< std::vector<T> > {
typedef typename std::vector<T>::value_type Elem;
typedef typename
std::iterator_traits<typename
std::vector<T>::iterator>
::value_type Temp;
typedef typename
std::iterator_traits<typename
std::vector<T>::iterator>
::pointer Ptr;
};
, $
, ,
, $
vector.
std::vector<std::string> strings2;
aString = process( strings2, strings2.size() ); // !
55 |
Stack, 52 8
. $
deque. $
,
. $
Stack
, .
template <typename T, class Cont>
class Stack;
(
) ,
: List, Vector, Deque , $
, . , ,
.
,
: . $
,
. $
,
(. 56 ).
, . $
, vector<int>, $
vector< int, std::allocator<int> >.
, List :
template <typename> class List;
187
, List
.
: $
. :

. , $
,
,
.
template <typename T, class Cont>
class Stack {
public:
~Stack();
void push( const T & );
//...
private:
Cont s_;
};
Stack
,
.
Stack<int, List<int> > aStack1;
// OK
Stack<double, List<int> > aStack2;
// ,
Stack<std::string, Deque<char *> > aStack3; // !
aStack2 aStack3 .
, $
( aStack3 $ $
string char *) ( aStack2 $ $
double int). , $
Stack $
. ,
:
template <typename T, class Cont = Deque<T> >
class Stack {
//...
};
, Stack Deque
.
Stack<int> aStack1;
Stack<double> aStack2;
// Deque<int>
// Deque<double>
188
55
, $
stack, queue priority_queue.
std::stack<int> stds; // deque< int, allocator<int> >
$
Stack $
, ($
) Stack.
. $ $
$
, .
Stack<int, List<int> > aStack3;
Stack<int, List<unsigned> > aStack4; // !
,
. , $
. $
8 (template template parameters).
template <typename T, template <typename> class Cont>
class Stack;
Stack $
, , . $
, T, . . ,
Cont $ . $
. , Cont
, :
template <typename T, template <typename ElementType> class Cont>
class Stack;
(ElementType ( )) $
$
. ,
, . , $
,
Stack :
template <typename, template <typename> class>
class Stack;
, ,
, , C++ .
189
Stack $
$.
Stack:
template <typename T, template <typename> class Cont> class Stack {
//...
private:
Cont<T> s_;
};
$
Stack, , Stack.
$
, $
.
Stack<int,List> aStack1;
Stack<std::string,Deque> aStack2;
$
$ :
template <typename T, template <typename> class Cont = Deque>
class Stack {
//...
};
//...
Stack<int> aStack1;
// :
// Cont Deque
Stack<std::string,List> aStack2; // Cont List

, $
.
$ ,
. $
:
template <class Cont> class Wrapper1;
Wrapper1 (1)
. ( Cont Wrapper1 $
typename class,
, class struct,
. . ty
pename class . . 63 8
.)
, Wrapper1<List<int>>, List<int> $
190
55
, ,
.
Wrapper1< List<int> > w1;
// , List<int>
Wrapper1< std::list<int> > w2; // , list<int>
Wrapper1<List> w3;
// ! List

:
template <template <typename> class Cont> class Wrapper2;
Wrapper2 ,
. ,
.
Wrapper2<List> w4;
Wrapper2< List<int> > w5;
Wrapper2<std::list> w6;
//
//
//
//
,
!
!

List
List<int>
std::list

, :
template <template <typename Element,
class Allocator> class Cont>
class Wrapper3;
, :
template <template <typename,typename> class Cont>
class Wrapper3;
, $
:
Wrapper3<std::list> w7;
// ...
Wrapper3< std::list<int> > w8; // ! list<int>
Wrapper3<List> w9;
// ! List
(, ) $
,
w7 . ,
STL, , .
56 |
52
, , $
, $
.
template <typename T> class Stack;
, .
, , $
. , $
, $
. , ,
. ,
,
, NTCTS (null
terminated array of characters , $
null):
Stack<const char *> names;
// !
, Stack $
, , , $
delete, ,
delete:
operator delete[] (. 37 ).
Stack:
class Stack {
public:
192
56
~Stack() {
doDeletionPolicy( *i );
}
//...
private:
C s_;
};
$
. doDele
tionPolicy ( ) $$
.
Stack $ (. 55 8
8 ).
template <typename T, template <typename> class DeletionPolicy>
class Stack {
public:
~Stack() {
DeletionPolicy<T>::doDelete( *i ); //
}
//...
private:
C s_;
};
Stack,
, Stack ,
Stack.
$ doDelete,
Stack.
. $
:
struct PtrDeletePolicy {
static void doDelete( T ptr )
{ delete ptr; }
};
193
, $
. , ,
:
struct PtrDeletePolicy {
void operator ()( T ptr )
{ delete ptr; }
};
Stack
DeletionPolicy<T>()(*i);
, ,
$
.
$
:
struct ArrayDeletePolicy {
static void doDelete( T ptr )
{ delete [] ptr; }
};
struct NoDeletePolicy {
static void doDelete( const T & )
{}
};
Stack
:
Stack<int, NoDeletePolicy> s1;
// int
Stack<std::string *, PtrDeletePolicy> s2; // string *
Stack<const char *, ArrayDeletePolicy> s3; // delete []
Stack<const char *, NoDeletePolicy> s4;
// !
Stack<int, PtrDeletePolicy> s5; // ! int!
, $
:
template <typename T,
template <typename> class DeletionPolicy = NoDeletePolicy>
class Stack;
//...
Stack<int> s6;
//
Stack<const char *> s7;
//
Stack<const char *, ArrayDeletePolicy> s8; // delete []
194
56
$
. , 55 8
$
Stack. :
template <typename T,
template <typename> class DeletionPolicy = NoDeletePolicy
template <typename> class Cont = Deque>
class Stack;
Stack :
Stack<double *, ArrayDeletePolicy, Vector> dailyReadings;
.
Stack<double> moreReadings;
// , Deque
$
. $
.
57 |
. , $
Heap, 46 8
, , $
:
Heap<int> aHeap;
Heap<const char *> anotherHeap;
. $
, , $
:
template <typename R, typename E>
R cast( const E &expr ) {
// ... ...
return R( expr );
// ... .
}
, $
, :
int a = cast<int,double>(12.3);
$
( ) .
, 8
. !

(. 45 ). $
196
57
,
.
T min( const T &a, const T &b )
{ return a < b ? a : b; }
min ,
, $
:
int a = min( 12, 13 );
//
double d = min( '\b', '\a' ); //
char c = min( 12.3, 4 );
//
//
T int
T char
! T
double, int
$
$
. $
:
d = min<double>( 12.3, 4 ); // OK, T double
cast, $
:
int a = cast( 12.3 );
// ! E double, R?
,
,
. $
, :
int a = cast<int>( 12.3 ); // E double, R int ( )
,
, $
.
, $
.
, , $
, .
$
cast : , static_cast,
dynamic_cast, const_cast reinterpret_cast $
?. , ,
, ( $
197
new + ). , , $
,
cast. (. 9 .)
, $
. $
, ,
, $
. , ,
:
template <int n, typename T>
void repeat( const T &msg ) {
for( int i = 0; i < n; ++i )
std::cout << msg << std::flush;
}
int
.
$
:
repeat<12>( 42 );
// n 12, T int
repeat<MAXINT>( '\a' ); // n , T char
cast, min, repeat $

.

:
template <int bound, typename T>
void zeroOut( T (&ary)[bound] ) {
for( int i = 0; i < bound; ++i )
ary[i] = T();
}
//...
const int hrsinweek = 7 * 24;
float readings[hrsinweek];
zeroOut( readings );
// bound == 168, T float
zeroOut , $
$
.
,
. $
$
. , $
198
57
$ (. 20 8
STL):
template <typename A1, typename A2, typename R>
class PFun2 : public std::binary_function<A1,A2,R> {
public:
explicit PFun2( R (*fp)(A1,A2) ) : fp_( fp ) {}
R operator()( A1 a1, A2 a2 ) const
{ return fp_( a1, a2 );}
private:
R (*fp_)(A1,A2);
};
( pointer_to_binary_func
tion ( ). $
. .) $
:
bool isGreater( int, int );
std::sort(b, e, PFun2<int,int,bool>(isGreater)); //

(helper function), $

:
inline PFun2<A1,A2,R> makePFun( R (*pf)(A1,A2) )
{ return PFun2<A1,A2,R>(pf); }
//...
std::sort(b, e, makePFun(isGreater));
// ...
$
,
.
, ptr_fun, make_pair,
mem_fun, back_inserter , , $

.
58 |
$
. ,
.
$
$
. $
$
( ) (
).
, $ $
,
, ($
, T const T const T T), (, T T &)
(, T[42] T *).
, $
, .
, . , $
:
void g( T a, T b ) { ... }
// g
void g( char a, char b ) { ... } // g
//...
g( 12.3, 45.6 );
// g
g( 12.3, 45 );
// g!
double
g double
200
58
char (, ). $
g T double, $
. double int $
g, $
int double (
double int ), T double (
int). , g
double int char.

. $
C++
. ,
, , ,
.

.
. 57 8
, $

:
template <typename A1, typename A2, typename R>
class PFun2 : public std::binary_function<A1,A2,R> {
// . 57
...
};

, ,
$
:
inline PFun2<A1,A2,R> makePFun( R (*pf)(A1,A2) )
{ return PFun2<A1,A2,R>(pf); }
, $
. , bool
isGreater(int,int), PFun2<int,int,bool>(isGreater),
makePFun(isGreater).
, $
:
template <typename A, typename R>
class PFun1 : public std::unary_function<A,R> {
201
public:
explicit PFun1( R (*fp)(A) ) : fp_( fp ) {}
R operator()( A a ) const
{ return fp_( a ); }
private:
R (*fp_)(A);
};
:
template <typename R, typename A>
inline PFun1<A,R> makePFun( R (*pf)(A) )
{ return PFun1<A,R>(pf);
}
.
, make
PFun ( , ).

.
59 | SFINAE

,
, $
.
template <typename T> void f( T );
template <typename T> void f( T * );
//...
f( 1024 ); // f
T * f $
, $
, .
f, . ,

(Substitution Failure Is Not An Error SFINAE),
(Vandevoorde) (Josuttis).
SFINAE , $
. $
$
. SFI$
NAE .
IsPtr, 52 8
. ,
, $
. $
SFINAE.
typedef char True; // sizeof(True) == 1
SFINAE
203
typedef struct { char a[2]; } False; // sizeof(False) > 1

//...
template <typename T> True isPtr( T * );
False isPtr( ... );
#define is_ptr( e ) (sizeof(isPtr(e))==sizeof(True))
is_ptr , , $
SFINAE.
e , isPtr; $
isPtr
. SFINAE ,
isPtr .

sizeof is_ptr. , isPtr
. , $
. sizeof

, . sizeof
, .
, $
. , e
.
,
,
IsPtr, $
. $
cv$ (const vola
tile), (. 58
).
, , $
,
.
$
, $
.

52
. $
,
. $
,
204
59
$
. , $
$
.
.
is_ptr
SFINAE.
$
. $
( ) .
, :
struct IsClass {
template <class C> static True isClass( int C::* );
template <typename C> static False isClass( ... );
enum { r = sizeof(IsClass<T>::isClass<T>(0))
== sizeof(True) };
};
, SFINAE
IsClass $
IsClass.
(. 15
). $
( ). $
, T , isClass. T
, SFINAE $
isClass . is_ptr, $
, , $
, , , , T .
. $
, ,
iterator. (, $
, iterator.)
template <class C>
True hasIterator( typename C::iterator const * );
False hasIterator( ... );
#define has_iterator( C )\
(sizeof(hasIterator<C>(0))==sizeof(True))
has_iterator IsClass, $
(. 49 8
SFINAE
205
). C
, $
. .
, (Andrei Alexand$
rescu). T1 T2, , T1
T2? , ,
:
template <typename T1, typename T2>
struct CanConvert {
static True canConvert( T2 );
static False canConvert( ... );
static T1 makeT1();
enum { r = sizeof(canConvert( makeT1() )) == sizeof(True) };
};
Heap 52 8
, $
, $
.
SFINAE , $
, :
, iterator, $
std::string?.
60 |
, $
, $
.
, , , $
:
void slowSort( T a[], int len ) {
//
for( int j = i; j < len; ++j )
if( a[j] < a[i] ) {
// ... ...
T tmp( a[j] );
// ... .
a[j] = a[i];
a[i] = tmp;
}
}
$
, <
. , String
12 :
String names[] = { "my", "dog", "has", "fleece" };
const int namesLen = sizeof(names)/sizeof(names[0]);
slowSort( names, namesLen );
// ... !
slowSort ( )
. , $
O(n2) .
207
, $
slowSort String ( ,
). String swap,
, , ,
String.
, :
void slowSort( T a[], int len ) {
//
if( a[j] < a[i] )
// ... ...
swap( a[j], a[i] );
// ... .
}
$ $ swap String, $
String , $ swap:
inline void swap( String &a, String &b )
{ a.swap( b ); }
swap? $
,
swap , $
, slowSort.
, $
slowSort , . , , $
$ $ swap String,
. $
.
<.
, , (
).
$ . , $
, $
<, ,
. 20 8
STL: State:
class State {
public:
//...
int population() const;
float aveTempF() const;
//...
};
208
60
, 20 8 STL,
$, $
<. ,
:
template <typename T, typename Comp>
void slowSort( T a[], int len, Comp less ) {
//
if( less( a[j], a[i] ) )
// ... ...
swap( a[j], a[i] );
// ... .
}
//...
State states[50];
//...
slowSort( states, 50, PopComp() );
slowSort <
, , slowSort,
,
.
, , $
. slowSort $

, $
, .
, , :
template <typename For, typename Comp>
void slowSort( For b, For e, Comp less ) {
for( For i( b ); i != e; ++i )
//
for( For j( i ); j != e ; ++j )
if( less( *j, *i ) )
// ... ...
std::swap( *j, *i );
// ... .
}
template <typename For>
void slowSort( For b, For e ) {
for( For i( b ); i != e; ++i )
for( For j( i ); j != e ; ++j )
if( *j < *i )
std::swap( *j, *i );
}
//...
std::list<State> states;
//...
slowSort( states.begin(), states.end(),
//
// ... ...
// ... .
PopComp() );
209
slowSort( names, names+namesLen );
$
STL .
slowSort, $
.

. ,
,
, .
slowSort $
.
. , slowSort $
, $
, .
, () ,
, $
. , $
,
. ,
, slowSort
, , .
, . (
; . 19 .)
61 | ,

C, C++ ,
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.

, ,
$. $
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$. $
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C++,
, $
. C++
, !
:
template <typename T, int n>
class Array {
public:
Array() : a_( new T[n] ) {}
211
~Array() { delete [] a_; }

Array( const Array & );
Array &operator =( const Array & );
void swap( Array &that ) { std::swap( a_, that.a_ ); }
T &operator []( int i ) { return a_[i]; }
const T &operator []( int i ) const { return a_[i]; }
bool operator ==( const Array &rhs ) const;
bool operator !=( const Array &rhs ) const
{ return !(*this==rhs); }
private:
T *a_;
};
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return false;
return true;
}
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212
61
Array<Circle,6> c, d; // !
//...
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.
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62 | 1
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.

1. Alexandrescu, Andrei. Modern C++ Design. Addison$Wesley, 2001.1
2. Dewhurst, Stephen C. C++ Gotchas. Addison$Wesley, 2003.
3. Gamma, Erich, Richard Helm, Ralph Johnson, and John Vlissides. De8
sign Patterns. Addison$Wesley, 1995.2
4. Josuttis, Nicolai M. The C++ Standard Library. Addison$Wesley, 1999.
5. Meyers, Scott. Effective C++, Third Edition. Addison$Wesley, 2005.
6. Meyers, Scott. Effective STL. Addison$Wesley, 2001.
7. Meyers, Scott. More Effective C++. Addison$Wesley, 1996.
8. Sutter, Herb. Exceptional C++. Addison$Wesley, 2000.3
9. Sutter, Herb. More Exceptional C++. Addison$Wesley, 2002.4
10. Sutter, Herb. Exceptional C++Style. Addison$Wesley, 2005.
11. Sutter,Herb, and Andrei Alexandrescu. C++ Coding Standards. Addi$
son$Wesley, 2005.5
12. Vandevoorde, David, and Nicolai M. Josuttis. C++ Templates. Addison$
Wesley, 2003.
13. Wilson, Matthew. Imperfect C++. Addison$Wesley, 2005.
1
2
3
4
5
. C++, , 2002.
. , . , . , . $$
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. C++, , 2005.
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abort, , 118, 136
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$, 67
, 66
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exit, , 118, 136
G
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119
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124
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, 151
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154
Java C++, , 52
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112
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operator delete
, 124
220
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125
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, 125
new, 122
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139
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RAII (
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hasIterator, 204
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process_2d, 37
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112
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183
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Heap<const char *>, 152
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Meal, 106
MyApp, 88
MyContainer, 163
MyHandle, 124
NMFunc, 75
NoCopy, 114
NoHeap, 119
ObservedBlob, 103
OnHeap, 119
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PopLess, 82
rep, 125
ResourceHandle, 135
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223

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repeat, 197
zeroOut, 197

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224
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$, 76
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Func, 75
IsWarm, 83
NMFunc, 75
PlayMusic, 79
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MFunc, 76
PFun1, 200
PFun2, 198, 200
PtrCmp, 156
, 61
using, 92
operator new operator delete,
124

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139
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g, 199
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96, 97
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, 135138
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Action, 79
Circle, 111
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PlayMusic, 79
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183
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auto, 217
register, 217
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Employee, , 110
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aFunc, 92, 119

append, 122
begForgiveness, 63
cleanupBuf, 122
f, 137
fibonacci, 74
g, 199
getInfo, 109
integrate, 75
operator new, 120
popLess, 81
scanTo, 42
someFunc, 117
String::operator +, 57
strLess, 153
swap, 207
, 200

, 35
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230
$
App::startup, 87
Button::setAction, 133
Fib::operator (), 73
Handle::operator =, 60
Handle::operator delete, 125
Handle::operator new, 125
Handle::swap, 59
Heap<const char *>::pop, 160
Heap<const char *>::push, 153, 161
String::operator =, 56, 132
String::String, 57
X::getValue, 50
X::memFunc2, 98
X::X, 130
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, 68

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Heap<T *>, 155
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IsPCM, 177
IsPtr, 174
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Handle, , 124
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, 125
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, 66
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AnAlloc::rebind, 171
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SList<T>::SList, 169
SList<T>::sort, 169
, , 52
$
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Heap<T *>::push, 156
Heap<T>::pop, 152
Heap<T>::push, 152
SList<T>::empty, 166
Stack<T>::push, 175

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App::startup, $, 87
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, 88
C++, 86
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, 37
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, 185
231

, 150
, 185
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, 154, 177, 198
C++
, 86
, 142
, 165, 172
$, 169

AnAlloc, 170
Array, 210
ArrayDeletePolicy, 193
CanConvert, 205
CheckedPtr, 141
ContainerTraits, 182
Heap, 151, 159
Heap<T *>, 155
IsArray, 176
IsClass, 204
IsInt, 173
IsPCM, 177
IsPtr, 174
MFunc, 76
NoDeletePolicy, 193
PFun1, 200
PFun2, 198, 200
PtrCmp, 156
PtrDeletePolicy, 193
PtrList, 162
PtrVector, 42
ReadonlySeq, 180
SCollection, 163
Seq, 179
SList, 166, 171
Stack, 176, 189, 192
Wrapper1, 189
Wrapper2, 190
Wrapper3, 190

aTemplateContext, 130
cast, 195
extractHeap, 154
fill, 163
g, 199
makePFun, 198, 201
min, 196
process, 37, 178, 180, 182
process_2d, 37
repeat, 197
set_2d, 34
slowSort, 209
swap, 33, 58
zeroOut, 197

, 105
,
auto_ptr , 144
, 154, 177
ContainerTraits<const char *>, 183

183
Heap<char *>, 154
Heap<const char *>, 152

Heap, 151
IsInt, 173

Array<Circle,7>, 211
Heap<double>, 161

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++ .

C++ Common Knowledge

++. 1982 1983. ,

// ! anArray int [3]!

aFunc arg1 a arg2 $

Circle () Shape (),

Person *anEmployee = const_cast<Person *>(getEmployee());

void modifyBuffer( int index, int value ) const // !

X operator +( const X &rightArg ) const; //

names[0] = "Sakamoto"; // ! delete []

void jumpIn( bool canSwim );

pimC &C::a_, pimC

Circle Shape, , Shape

{ if( action_ ) action_(); }

String operator +( const String &a, String &b ) { // !

std::cout << "Better!" << std::endl; // OK

using (using declara$

lable. s Circle Shape, $

ob, s subj Ob

delta Subject ObservedBlob. $

operator new operator delete ( ),

new operator new. $

operator new operator delete $

, MyHandle operator new operator de

*operator new( size_t )

operator new operator delete (. 36

operator >. >

auto_ptr . ISO/IEC 14882:2011

Heap const char * $

template <typename T>

template <typename T>

cast, min, repeat $

typedef struct { char a[2]; } False; // sizeof(False) > 1

slowSort( names, names+namesLen );

~Array() { delete [] a_; }

, 95, 114, 117

* (), , 142, 144

ContainerTraits<const char *>, ,

Heap<const char *>::pop, $

aFunc, 92, 119

, 155, 177, 185

ContainerTraits<const char *>, 183

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Person anEmployee = const_cast<Person >(getEmployee());