cvK-cv_wgK wkvg

RvZxq wkvg I cvVcyK evW

Ryb 2011
mnvqZvq: BDwbmd

cvK-cv_wgK wkvg

RvZxq wkvg I cvVcyK evW, XvKv

cvK-cv_wgK wkvg

cv 1

cvK-cv_wgK wkvg Dbqb: IqvwKs KwgwU

1. cdmi gv: gvdv KvgvjDwb, Pqvigvb, RvZxq wkvg I cvVcyK

evW
2. cdmi G K Gg w``vi, m`m, cv_wgK wkvg DBs, RvZxq wkvg I cvVcyK
evW
3. cdmi Kwdj Dwb Avnv`, GWzKkb KvqvwjwU UKwbKvj GWfvBRvi, wcBwWwc-2,
cv_wgK wkv Awa`i
4. kwdK Avng` wkejx, DcmwPe, DaZb wekl, cv_wgK wkvg DBs, RvZxq wkvg I
cvVcyK
evW
5. W. gv: Avyj gvbvb, cavb mv`K, RvZxq wkvg I cvVcyK
evW
6. mq` gvndzR Avjx, DaZb wekl, RvZxq wkvg I cvVcyK evW
7. gvLjm-Di ingvb, wekl, RvZxq wkvg I cvVcyK
evW
8. gv: gyikx` AvKZvi, MelYv KgKZv, RvZxq wkvg I cvVcyK evW
9. Avey nbv gvKzi ingvb, MelYv KgKZv, RvZxq wkvg I cvVcyK
evW
10. ivLmvbv cvifxb, MelYv KgKZv, BbKzwmf GWzKkb mj, cv_wgK wkv Awa`i
11. Wv: gv: Mvjvg gvvdv, GWfvBRvi-BwmwW, AvMv Lvb dvDkb evsjv`k I Aemicv
DaZb BwmwW wekl, BDwbmd evsjv`k
12. g. nvweeyi ingvb, GWzKkb GWfvBRvi, mf ` wPb
13. jvqjv dvinvbv Avcbvb evby, wkv KgKZv, BDwbmd evsjv`k
14. BKevj nvmb, wkv KgKZv - Aviwj jviwbs, BDwbmd evsjv`k

cvK-cv_wgK wkvg

cv 2

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cdmi gv: gvdv KvgvjDwb

Pqvigvb
RvZxq wkvg I cvVcyK evW

cvK-cv_wgK wkvg

cv 3

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welq

cv

1. f~wgKv

05

2. j

07

3. Dk

07

4. wkvg cYqbi g~jbxwZmg~n

08

5. cvK-cv_wgK wkvg Ges g~jeva I bwZKZv

11

6. wkvg weKvk I wkLb mwKZ Zi cfve Ges wki weKvk I wkLbi ewk

12

7. weKvki I wkLb

17

8. cvK-cv_wgK wkvg gvwU

19

9. wkLb-kLvbv cwqvi g~j w`Kmg~n

45

10. wkLb-kLvbv mvgMx, wkv DcKiY, Ljbv I m~iK cVb mvgMx Dbqbi wb`kbv

49

11. g~jvqb wb`kbv

56

12. wkvgi mdj evevqbi Kkjmg~n

63

13. cwievi _K cvwZvwbK wkvi DiY

69

14. GKxf~Z wkv welqK wb`kbv

73

15. wbN

83

16. Mcx/idvi

84

17. mswk KwgwU

90

cvK-cv_wgK wkvg

cv 4

1. f~wgKv
cvK-cv_wgK wkv GKwU AZ iZc~Y Kvhg hv wki ewZi c~Y weKvk I AvRxeb wkLbi
wfw Zwi Ges AvbyvwbK wkvi c_g mvcvb I cwZ wnme KvR Ki| cv_wgK, gvawgK I
DPwkvi GKwU weZ cwimii m~Pbvi Ask njv cvK-cv_wgK wkv| hw`I AvbyvwbK cv_wgK
wkv ii c~eeZx GK eQi cvK-cv_wgK wkvi Rb wbavwiZ wK Gi evw I cwiwa ay GB
mgqi ga mxgve bq| wk Rbi ci cwZwbqZ h AwfZv, AbvbyvwbK wkLb I cwieZbi ga
w`q eo nZ _vK Zv Zvi ew I weKvki Rb LyeB iZc~Y| cwieZbi cwZwU avci AwRZ vb
I `Zvi Dci wfw KiB wk ciewZ avc cuQvq| cviwK kkeKvj wki G cwieZbi nvi
Ab mgqi Zzjbvq `Z I evcK weavq cv_wgK we`vjq fwZi c~e ch mgq wk AbKjv
iZc~Y avc AwZg Ki| cwZwU avc wki h_vh_fve eo DVv I wkLbB nQ Zvi cv_wgK
wkv i Kivi wfw|
evsjv`ki RvZxq wkvbxwZ - 2010, AvRxeb wkLb I mvgwMK ewZ weKvki wfw vcb Ges
cv_wgK chvqi AvbyvwbK wkvi cwZ wnme 5+ eQi eqmx wk`i Rb GK eQi gqv`x cvKcv_wgK wkv mycvwik KiQ| wkvbxwZZ cvK-cv_wgK wkvK cwZg~jK wkv wnme AwfwnZ
Ki wki cqvRbxq gvbwmK I `wnK cwZ MnYi cwiek Zwii Dci iZvivc Kiv nqQ|
wkvbxwZZ cvK-cv_wgK chvqi wkvg mK ejv nqQ, GB wkvg ne:
wkv I we`vjqi cwZ wki AvMn mwg~jK Ges myKzgvi ewi Abykxjb;
Ab`i cwZ mnbkxjZv Ges cieZx AvbyvwbK wkvi Rb kLjveva mK aviYv
cvIqv|
evevqb cwqvi evcKZv weePbv Ki chvqg evsjv`ki mKj we`vjq cvK-cv_wgK wkv
ceZb Kivi mycvwik Kiv nqQ| Kkj wnme Abvb MnYhvM Dcvqi m Qwe, is, bvbv
aibi mnR I AvKlYxq DcKiY, nvZi KvR, Qov, M, Mvb BZvw`i gvag wki ^vfvweK
Abymwrmv I KZ~nji cwZ iZ Avivc Ki Zv`i cvYkw I DQvmK eenvi Ki Avb`gq
cwiek hZ, n, ggZv I fvjvevmvi gvag wkv c`vbi mycvwik Kiv nqQ|
ZviI c~e 2008 mvj Abygvw`Z cvK-cv_wgK wkvi cwiPvjb KvVvgvZ cvK-cv_wgK wkvi
cKwZ, AvIZv I gvbi hwKZv I cqvRbxqZv, Dk, wkLbdj, welqe, cvK-cv_wgK
we`vjq cvweZ KgKv, cqvRbxq wkLb-kLvbv mvgwM, wkv DcKiY I mB mv_ cvK-cv_wgK
we`vjq Kgm~wP cwiPvjbv mK iZc~Y w`K wb`kbv `Iqv nqQ| AvbyvwbK wkvi RMZ
ceki AvM AZvekKfve wki h cwZi cqvRb nq, mwU c~iYi jB cvK-cv_wgK wkv
Kvhg mycvwik Kiv nqQ gg cwiPvjb KvVvgvZ DjL Kiv nqQ| RvZxq wk bxwZ 2010 G
wki cviwK weKvk I cvK-cv_wgK wkvK iZi msM weePbv Kiv nqQ|

cvK-cv_wgK wkvg

cv 5

evsjv`k Avwki `kK _K miKvwi-emiKvwi wewfb D`vM cvK-cv_wgK wkv Kvhg iZi
msM evevwqZ nq AvmQ| RvZxqfve Kvb mywbw` bxwZ-wb`kbv bv _vKvq wewQbfve bvbv
cwZvb weMZ cvq wZb `kK ai wewfbfve cvK-cv_wgK wkv evevqb Ki AvmQ| wbR wbR
cvwZvwbK AMvwaKvi, Aevb, iZ, Kg GjvKv BZvw` weePbv Ki hme wkv cvKRi gvag
cvK-cv_wgK wkv Kvhg evevqb nQ Zv chvjvPbv Ki `Lv hvq h Gi Dk, wkvg,
wkLb-kLvbv mvgwM I wkY cwZZ wfbZv I mg^qi h_ NvUwZ iqQ| dj bxwZMZfve
AeZxKvjxb mgqi Rb cvK-cv_wgK wkv Kvhg mKj miKvwi cv_wgK we`vjq ceZbi ci
GKwU meRbMvn, gvbmb I evevqbhvM cvK-cv_wgK wkvg AZvekKxq nq co| G
cwZ evsjv`k wkvg cYqbi Rb `vwqZcv cwZvb RvZxq wkvg I cvVcyK
evW
Gi gvag cvK-cv_wgK wkvg cYqbi D`vM MnY Kiv nq|
cvK-cv_wgK wkv cwiPvjb KvVvgv 2008 Gi wb`kbv gvZveK wkvg cYqbi Rb cv_wgK I
MYwkv gYvjq mywbw`fve `vwqZ wefvRbc~eK GKwU mvsMVwbK iciLv cYqb Ki| iciLv
Abyhvqx cvK-cv_wgK wkvg cYqbi Rb MwVZ KvwiMwi KwgwU G msv we`gvb bxwZ-KvVvgv,
miKvwi-emiKvwi cvK-cv_wgK wkv Kvhg I wkvg, MelYvc, wewfb AvRvwZK bxwZ I
`wjj, wewfb DbZ I Dbqbkxj `ki cvK-cv_wgK wkvg chvjvPbv Ki GKwU cvK-cv_wgK
wkvg iciLv cYqbc~eK RvZxq wkvg I cvVcyK
evW KZK MwVZ wkvg cYqb KwgwUi
wbKU nvi Ki|
RvZxq wkvg I cvVcyK
evW BZvc~e cvK-cv_wgK wkvi eqmx wk`i Rb wkLb-mvgMx
cYqbi AwfZvK KvR jvwMq, Abygvw`Z wkvg iciLv AbymiY miKvwi-emiKvwi msvi
wekl`i mg^q MwVZ IqvwKs Mci gvag h_vh_ cwZ I cwqv AbymiY Ki GB Lmov
cvK-cv_wgK wkvgwU cYqb Ki|
wkvg cYqb wbwjwLZ welq I `wjjmg~n Mfxifve chvjvPbv I weklY Kiv nqQ|
o RvZxq wkvbxwZ 2010
o cvK-cv_wgK wkv cwiPvjb KvVvgv 2008
o cvK-cv_wgK wkvgi iciLv
o cviwK wkLb I weKvki cwgZgvb (Early Learning and Development Standards)
o AeZxKvjxb cvK-cv_wgK wkv cvKR
o wewfb miKvwi-emiKvwi msv KZK cwiPvwjZ cvK-cv_wgK wkv cvKR
o cv_wgK ii wkvg
o wewfb DbZ I Dbqbkxj `ki cvK-cv_wgK wkvg I wkvgi iciLv
o wkLb-kLvbvi wewfb Z I Kkj
o cvK-cv_wgK wkvg Dbqb, weiY I evevqb mwKZ wewfb MelYv
(wevwiZ cwiwk `e)

cvK-cv_wgK wkvg

cv 6

2. j
Avb`gq I wkeve cwiek cvK-cv_wgK wkvi eqmx wk`i (5+ eQi) eqm I mvg_ Abyhvqx
kvixwiK, gvbwmK, AvewMK, mvgvwRK, bv`wbK, eywexq I fvlvexq Z_v mvweK weKvk mnvqZv
w`q AvRxeb wkLbi wfw iPbv Kiv Ges cv_wgK wkvi Ab Zv`i mvb` I ^Zt~Z AwflK
NUvbv|
3. Dk
K)
L)
M)
N)
O)
P)
Q)
R)
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T)
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W)
X)
Y)
Z)
_)

Avb`gq I wkeve cwiek wewfb Ljv I KvRi gvag wki mwq AskMnYi myhvM
mw Kiv;
kLvi cwZ BwZevPK gbvfve mw Kiv;
wki m`h, bv`wbKZveva I myKzgview weKvk mnvqZv Kiv;
wkK cvwievwiK, mvgvwRK I cvKwZK cwiek mK mPZb Kiv;
wbR^ mvswZK AvPvi, Kw, gywhyi PZbv I HwZni m cwiPqi cvkvcvwk Gi PPvq
DrmvwnZ Kiv;
bwZKZv, g~jeva I mvgvwRK ixwZbxwZ weKvk mnvqZv Kiv;
wki ~j I m~ckx Z_v Pjbkwi weKvk mnvqZv Kiv;
^v mPZbZv I wbivcv weavb mnvqZv Kiv;
wki fvlv I hvMvhvM `Zv weKvk mnvqZv Kiv;
cviwK MvwYwZK aviYv, hwK wPv I mgmv mgvavbi hvMZv ARb mnvqZv Kiv;
cwieki wbZbwgwK NUbv cheYi gvag KviY I djvdj mK Abyaveb
mnvqZv Kiv;
wki ^Zt~Z Kbv, mRbkxjZv I Dvebx kw weKvk mnvqZv Kiv;
wki AvZwekvm I AvZghv`v weKvk mnvqZv Kiv Ges wbRi KvR wbR KiZ Dy Kiv;
AveM eySZ cviv I Zvi h_vh_ cKvk mnvqZv Kiv;
wkK cviwiK mgSvZv, mnhvwMZv, mngwgZv I fvMvfvwM KiZ mnvqZv I Dy Kiv;
wkK ck KiZ AvMnx Ki Zvjv I gZvgZ cKvk DrmvwnZ Kiv;
wkK wevbgb Ki Mo Zvjv|

cvK-cv_wgK wkvg

cv 7

4. wkvg cYqb g~jbxwZmg~n (Core principles of curriculum development)

wki ew, weKvk I kLv Zvi cwievi, Pvicvki cwiek I mgvR viv evcKfve cfvweZ nq|
ZvQvov mvgvwRK, mvswZK I agxq g~jeva Ges wki weKvk I kLvi Abb ewkmg~n G
DjLhvM f~wgKv cvjb Ki| wkK cwic~Yfve eyS Ges Zvi ewkmg~ni cwZ h_vh_ iZ
Avivc Ki mgw^Zfve cvK-cv_wgK wkvg Dbqb, weiY, evevqb I `bw`b wkLb-kLvbv
Kvhg cwiPvjbv KiZ nj ewMZ I cvwZvwbK chvq wKQz aviYv, bxwZ I wekvm AbymiY KiZ
ne Ges mKj Kvhg Zvi cwZdjb _vKZ ne| ZeB wki my mvebvi mvweK weKvk mnvqZv
Kivi cvkvcvwk Zvi cieZx Rxebi wkvi Rb k wfZ iPbv Kiv me ne| ZvB cvK-cv_wgK
wkvg cYqb wbgv aviYv, bxwZ I wekvmmg~nK g~jbxwZgvjv wnme AbymiY Kiv nqQ|
4.1 wkKw`KZv (Child centeredness)
cvK-cv_wgK wkvi GKwU AbZg g~jbxwZ njv wkK evSv, Zvi gZvq Avv ivLv Ges Zvi
^fve, cKwZ, ewZ I gZvgZi cwZ mvb c`kb Kiv| wki ew, weKvk I kLv cavbZ cwievi,
we`vjq Ges mgvR viv cfvweZ nq| cwievi, we`vjq Ges mgvR - GB wZbwU chvqB mgw^Zfve
Kvhg MnY Kiv nj Zv wki my I Adzi mvebv weKvk I GKwU mg Rxeb hvcbi w`K
ZvK GwMq wbZ mnvqZv Kie| dj kLvi gvbwmKZv I kLvi cwZ AvMn mwi gvag wk
AvRxeb wkLbi (Life-long learning) Rb cZ nq|
4.2 mwq wkLb (Children as active learner)
wkiv mnRvZfveB Rb _K AbvbyvwbKfve kL| Rb _K cwZwbqZ h AwfZv I
cwieZbi ga w`q wk eo nq, mLvb Zvi mwq I mnRvZ AskMnYB Zvi wkLbi g~j wfw|
wki ew I weKvki GKwU mywbw` aib I ewk iqQ| wki weKvk mwKZ Z Ges
cvwievwiK I mvgvwRK cvcU _K wki ewk Ges weKvk-mswk Pvwn`v mK Rvbv hvq|
Pvicvki gvbyl I cwiek mK Rvbevi `ywbevi AvMn I cixv-wbixv Ki `Lvi mnRvZ
gvbwmKZvi KviY wki c_g Pvwn`v nQ mwq AskMnYi myhvM| Kbbv wk ^fveMZfveB
mwq wkv_x| Avi Zv`i weKvk I wkLb-cwqv hnZz evwo, we`vjq I Pvicvki mvgvwRK
cwiek viv cwZwbqZ cfvweZ nq mnZz mKj chvq Zvi mwq wkLbi myhvM mwB wki weKvk
I wkLbi g~jg |
4.3 cwievii mZv (Family involvement)
cvwievwiK cvcU I cwiek h_vh_fve wki Mo DVvi Rb iZc~Y | wki ewZ, wbRi
mK aviYv, g~jeva I `wfxi weKvk gvZvwcZv I cwievii Ab m`m`i viv fxlYfve
cfvweZ nq| wki hZ mK gvZvwcZvi vb, cZvkv I mvb jvjb-cvjbi aib wki cieZx
Rxebi bvbv w`Ki Dci cfve dj| Gi ga iqQ wki wbRi hZ bqvi gZv, mvgvwRK
`wfx, we`vjq Zvi kLvi cwqv Ges mgvR Abvb`i mv_ wgjwgk _vKvi ceYZv BZvw`|
G gvZvwcZv njb GKvavi wki c_g wkK Ges wki cwic~Y weKvk mvab we`vjqi
cvK-cv_wgK wkvg

cv 8

iZc~Y AskxRb| myZivs wki weKvk cwievi GKwU AZ iZc~Y wbqvgK Ges cvK-cv_wgK
wkvq wki mvdji Rb cwievii mZv AZ Riwi|
4.4 zj - mwq mvgvwRK cwZvb (School as responsive social institute)
we`vjq eni mgvRiB GKwU z` msiY Ges GwU cwievi I mgvRi mZzeb wnme KvR Ki|
cvK-cv_wgK wkv c`vbi zjK Ggb wKQz welq iZ c`vb KiZ nq hv wki Rvbvi
AvMn Dxcbv w`Z, bZzb cwieki msM Lvc LvIqvZ I kvixwiK, gvbwmK, eywewK, bwZK I
bv`wbK weKvk Z_v mvweK weKvk wbwZ KiZ AZ Riwi| welqmg~n njv:
wki cvwievwiK cvcU evSv Ges evev-gv I cwievii Abvb iZc~Y m`mi mv_
Askx`vwiZ I mK vcb Kiv;
mvgvwRK cvcU I cqvRb evSv Ges h_vh_fve mvgvwRK kw I m`K KvR
jvMvbv;
RvZxq I AvRvwZK ceYZv evSv Ges m Abyhvqx Kgm~wP evevqb Kiv|
G zjK mwq mvgvwRK cwZvbi f~wgKv cvjb KiZ ne| wki cwZi msM hnZz
cwievi I zji cwZ Avwfve RwoZ mnZz wkvg cYqb I evevqb zji f~wgKv iZi
msM weePbv Kiv nqQ|
4.5 GKxf~ZZv (Inclusiveness)
G GKxf~ZZv gvb wfbZvK mvb Ki Ges gb wbq mKj wki AskMnYi myhvM I
mdjZvi K_v wPv Ki h_vh_ D`vM MnY Kiv| cvK-cv_wgK wkvg Ges wkLb-kLvbv cwZ
I DcKiY RvwZ, ag, eY, wj, mgZv, A_bwZK Aev wbwekl me aibi wk Ges Zv`i
cwievii Pvwn`v I myhvMi K_v gb iL cYqb Kiv Riwi| wkLb-kLvbv cwZ I cwiek h_
bgbxq Ges wki ^Z Pvwn`v I wkLb Dcvqi msM mvgmc~Y nZ ne hb mKj wki kLvi
AvMn eRvq _vK Ges wkLb Pvwn`v c~iYi myhvM _vK| ZvB wkvg cYqb _K i Ki zj I
cwievi chvq evevqbi mKj avc GKxf~ZZvK g~jbxwZ wnme AbymiY Kiv nqQ|
4.6 `kxq mswZ, Kw I HwZnwbfi wkLb (Local culture and heritage)
AvZmvb I AvZghv`veva RvMZ Kivi Rb wk`i wbR^ mswZ, Kw I HwZni msM cwiPq
Kwiq wbRi ^KxqZv mK AvZwekvmx Ki Mo Zvjv Riwi| cvkvcvwk Abi mswZ I KwK
mvb Kivi Afvm Mo ZvjvI iZc~Y| wkLbi mKj eo`i mnvqZvq evwoZ, zj Ges
mgvR mswZ, Kw I HwZnwbfi wkvcwiek wbwZ KiZ wkvg cYqb `kxq mswZ I
Kwwbfi wkLbK g~jbxwZ wnme AbymiY Kiv nqQ|
4.7 mK (Relationship)
wki weKvk I kLv eY eo hvq hw` Zvi msM Ab wki, wkKi wKsev eo`i mymK Mo
DV| Avevi hLb cwievii m`m wKsev mgvRi cwZwbwa`i msM wkKi mK Mo DV ZLb
cvK-cv_wgK wkvg

cv 9

mvweKfve GKwU cvK-cv_wgK wkv D`vMi gvbI eo hvq AbKvsk| mK cvK-cv_wgK

wkv eevq AZ iZc~Y Dcv`vb| ciewZZ eni cwimi mvgvwRK I gvbweK Yvewjmb
gvbyl wnme wkky`i Mo ZzjZ AvbyvwbK wkvi c_g avc mK Zwii welqwUK iZi msM
weePbvi Dk g~jbxwZ wnme AbymiY Kiv nqQ|
4.8 cvwicvwkK cwiek (Immediate environment)
cvwicvwkK cwiek wki weKvk I wkLbK cfvweZ Ki| Zgwb mvweK mvgvwRK cwiek cvKcv_wgK wkvi bxwZ-wb`kbvK cfvweZ Ki| Avevi mvgvwRK Kw I mswZ cvK-cv_wgK wkv
mK gvZvwcZvi cZvkvK cfvweZ Ki| wki mvweK weKvk I wkLb wbwZ KiZ ZvB cvKcv_wgK wkvK AekB Zvi cvwicvwkK I mvgvwRK cwieki cwZ iZ w`Z ne| wbKU cwiek
I Pvicvk wki kLvi chv Dcv`vb iqQ| ZvB wki cwic~Y weKvk cwievi, mgvR I we`vjqi
mgw^Z I mwwjZ cPvi cqvRb Acwinvh|
4.9 cwiek eveZv (Environment friendliness)
cKwZ I cwiek gvbyli AKwg ez| cwiewZZ cwiwwZZ GB `kbi wePywZ cyiv cw_exK gnv
wechqi w`K Vj w`qQ| Avi Zvi wkKvi nQ AcvKZ myweavewZiv| GKwU cwiek eve
cRb GB wechq VKvZ Abb f~wgKv cvjb KiZ cvi| Avi GB aviYvi jvjb i KiZ ne
Rxebi i _KB| mB j cvK-cv_wgK wkvg cwiek eveZvi welqwU iZi msM
weePbv Ki Gi Dbqb I evevqbi mKj avc g~jbxwZ wnme AbymiY Kiv nqQ|

cvK-cv_wgK wkvg

cv 10

5. cvK-cv_wgK wkvg Ges g~jeva I bwZKZv

gav, gbb, KggZvq mg RvwZ MVb g~jeva I bwZKZvi f~wgKv Acwimxg| g~jeva njv
Kvbv welqi Dci ewi fZi Mfxifve Rb bIqv wekvm hv ewK mswk welq h_vh_
AvPiY Dy Ki| hyw I AveM DfqB g~jevai Dcv`vb| h Kvbv mgvRi g~jeva I
bwZKZv mB mgvRi agxq, mvswZK, ivRbwZK I A_bwZK KgKvi mswgkY Mo IV| G
KviY wkv_x`i ga g~jeva I bwZKZv RvMiY mgvRi iZc~Y Ask wnme cwievi I
we`vjqi f~wgKv AbK|
g~jeva I bwZKZv weKvki Dchy mgq kkeKvj| Rbi ci wki egyLx weKvk msNwUZ nq|
g~jeva wki fvjv-g`, my`i-Amy`i, bvq-Abvq mK wekvmi AcvKZ vwq GKwU wfw
cwZZ mvnvh Ki _vK| KvRB kke _K wki ga bwZKZveva RvMZ KiZ cvij eo
nqI Zvi Rvbv evawj ZvK AbK AbwZK KvR _K weiZ ivLZ cvi| wki hvwcZ Rxebi
AwfZv Zvi bwZKZv weKvk mnvqK| wki Pvicvki eweM hgb wcZvgvZv, AwffveK, wkK
I Abvb m`m`i mvnPh I Zv`i mv_ wg_wqv G iyZc~Y f~wgKv ivL| mgmvgwqK mgvR
cwievii cvkvcvwk wki g~jeva I bwZKZv weKvk we`vjqi f~wgKvi cwimi ew cqQ|
wki g~jeva I bwZKZv weKvk cwievi Ges mvgvwRK cwZvb wnme we`vjqi f~wgKvi KviY
^vfvweKfveB wkvgI welqwU iZi msM weePbv Kiv cqvRb| wkvg g~jeva I
bwZKZvK welqwfwKfve bv `L wkLbi cyiv cwqvi gvag KvgjgwZ wk`i hb G eva
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wkLbdj ivLvi cvkvcvwk hb Abvb wkLbdjmg~n ARbi cwqvZI welqwU weZ _vK Zv
iZi msM weePbv Kiv nqQ|
cvK-cv_wgK wkvg wki g~jeva I bwZKZv weKvki h w`Kjvi Dci iZvivc Kiv
nqQ Zv njv gywhyi PZbv, `kcg, mvg, ggZv, kveva, AvZwbfikxjZv, vZZeva,
mZZv, wkvPvi, agxq g~jeva, cviwiK mgSvZv I mnhvwMZv, mngwgZv, `vwqZkxjZv I
ksLjveva|
cvK-cv_wgK wkvi gvag AwRZe g~jeva I bwZKZvi wfw wki cieZx Rxebv`k ZwiZ
mnvqZv Kii Ges `kxq mswZ, Kw, HwZn ivi welq KvgjgwZ wk`i gb Mfxi ggZv
Zwi Kie|

cvK-cv_wgK wkvg

cv 11

6. wkvg weKvk I wkLb mwKZ Zi cfve Ges wki weKvk I wkLbi ewk
wkvgi msv, cKwZ, aib I Gi wewfb Dcv`vbi Dci evcK MelYv I weklYi gvag
eZgvb wkvg cYqbi GKwU meRbwew`Z iciLv cwZwZ nqQ| wkvg cYqb I Dbqbi
GB avivevwnKZvq wkv MelYvi f~wgKv Acwimxg| weKvk I wkLbi MelYvj wewfb Z I
ZvwK w`K wb`kbv wkvg I wkLb-kLvbv KvhgK cfvweZ Ki| ZvB wkvg cYqb Ges
weKvk I wkLb-Zi gvS wbweo mK we`gvb| Ze ay Kvb GKwU wbw` Z ev aviYvi Dci
wfw Ki wkvg cYqb Kiv hvqbv| Kbbv weKvk I wkLbi aviYvMZ cwimi AbK evcK Ges
Zmg~n AwaKvsk B MelYv, AwfZv I c~eewZ Zi wfwZ wfb wfb `wfwi AvjvK w`K
wb`kbv `q| G mveRbxbfve MnYhvM wbw` Kvbv Z bB eis AbK mgw^Zfve
Zmg~n weKvk I wkLbi aviYvi wfwK gReyZ Ki| ZvQvov RvwZMZ I mvswZK ewPi KviY
wfb wfb cvcU Zmg~ni cfveI wfb wfb nq|
ewYZ cvK-cv_wgK wkvg cYqb cwqvZI weKvk I wkLb msv wewfb Zi cfve Mfxifve
chvjvwPZ nqQ| evsjv`ki mvgvwRK I mvswZK cvcU weePbvq cYxZ wkvgwU g~jZ
hme Z ev ZvwK aviYvi viv cfvweZ nqQ Zvi mvimsc GLvb Zzj aiv njv| cvkvcvwk
MelYv I ZvwK iciLvi AvjvK wki weKvk I wkLb cwqvi h gwjK ewk, aviYv, cwZ
I avcmg~n GB wkvg cYqbi mgq weePbv Kiv nqQ ZvI Avjv`vfve weeZ Kiv njv|
6.1 wkvg weKvk I wkLb mwKZ Zi cfve
wki weKvk I wkLb cwqvq eskMwZi cfvei ZxeZv Ges eqmi msM msM ^qsxqfve Zvi
cwiYZ nq hvIqv msv Mmj Gi Maturationist theory aviYv cyivbv njI wki weKvk I
wkLbi Zvi eqmi iZ Ab me Zi gZv GB wkvg cYqbI weePbv Kiv nqQ|
hw`I Mmji Z wki weKvk cwieki f~wgKvK MY wnme aiv nqQ, wK Behaviourist
theory Gi cYZviv ( Skinner, Watson, Bandura) wki cvwicvwkK cwiek gv^q AwfZv
ARbi gvag weKvkK iZ w`Z i Kib| cwiekK iZ w`jI wki eywewK weKvkK
GKvB ewMZ I Afixb gb Ki wcqvuR Gi Cognitive-developmental theory wki weKvk
I wkLb cwqv mK ekwKQz iZc~Y w`K DbvPb Ki| GB Z wki BZvga AwRZ aviYv
ciewZ avc eenvi Kiv (Assimilation) Ges AwRZ aviYv I vbi Dci wfw Ki bZzb aviYv
Zwi Kiv (Accommodation) mwKZ h Z_ Avgv`i `q Zv GB wkvg cYqb iZi msM
weewPZ nqQ| Piaget I Bandura Gi Z cwiek I wki AwfZvi iZ ewYZ njI wki
weKvk I wkLb Zvi Pvicvki gvbyl I cwieki mivmwi f~wgKvK iZi msM weePbv Kiv
nqwb| hw`I Bandura wki AbyKiY Kivi gZv I mvebvi K_v wPv Ki Zvi mvgb gWj
wnme Dcvcb (Modelling) Ges GKB welq wewfbfve cybivewi ( Reinforcement) Dci iZ
w`qQb hv GB wkvg cYqbI weePbv Kiv nqQ| Z_vwc wki weKvk I wkLb Zvi cvwicwkK
cwiek I hZKvixi mivmwi f~wgKv DjLhvMfve GB wkvgK cfvweZ KiQ| Avi GfveB
cvK-cv_wgK wkvg

cv 12

Vygotsky Gi Sociocultural theory GB wkvg cYqb iZi msM weewPZ nqQ| wkkyK

wewfb ck Kiv, Zvi wPv ev Rvbvi gvvK gvMZ Pvj Kiv Ges Pvj gvKvejvq eo`i
avivevwnK mnvqZv (Scaffolding) wki weKvk I wkLbK Zivw^Z Ki| Sociocultural theory Gi
gvag Vygotskyi GB aviYv wkvgi wkLb-kLvbv cwqvK AbKvsk cfvweZ KiQ|
mevcwi wki weKvk I wkLbK ay Zvi cvwicvwkKZv hgb ay evwo wKsev we`vjqi ga mxgve
bv iL GKwU eni mvgvwRK I ivRbwZK cwieki Ask wnme `Lv msv Bronfenbrenner
Gi Ecological systems theoryI GB wkvg cYqb f~wgKv iLQ| h KviYB wkvg
evevqbi wewfb chvq evwo, we`vjq, mgvR Ges eni wmgi ga gvMZ hvMvhvM I
wg_wqvK cvavb `qv nqQ|
DcwiD Zmg~n QvovI wkvgi mdj evevqb mvweKfve wKQz welq ev bxwZi Dci iZ
`qvi KviY Aviv wKQz Zi viv GB wkvg cfvweZ nqQ hvi ga Schema theory (R.C.
Anderson) , Psychoanalytic theory (Freud, Erikson) Ges Community of practice (Barbara
Rogoff) AbZg| cwYZ wkvg wki weKvk I wkLbi Rb wewfb vb, `Zv I AvPiYK
Avjv`v Avjv`vfve weePbvq wbq wkLbdj I wkLb-kLvbv Kvhg MnY Kiv njI mvweKfve
wki vb ev aviYvi GKwU mvaviY wfw Zwi Ki Zvi AwRZ `Zv I AvPiYi mvgwK PPv I
cKvki Dci iZ `qv nqQ hv Schema theory viv cfvweZ| wkvg cYqb g~jbxwZ wnme
wKQz Mfxi wekvm I g~jevaK cvavb `qv nqQ hv `xNgqv` RvZxq g~jeva PPvq Avgv`i Dy
Kie| mywi AvewMK weKvk G iZc~Y| wki ^Zt~Z AvewMK weKvk Zvi Pvicvki
cwieki Pvc ev Pvwn`v hLb (Conflict) Zwi Ki ZLb Zv `xNgqvw` ev Mfxi wekvm MVb euvav
Zwi Ki| welqwU weePbvq iL wkvg wkLb-kLvbv Kvhg cwiKbv Kiv nqQ hv Erikson
Gi Psychoanalytic theory viv cfvweZ| GB wkvgwU evevqb wbavwiZ wkLbdj ARbi Rb
cwiKwZ KvR vbxq Ljv, mvswZK KgKv I DcKiY cfwZK cvavb `qv nqQ hv Barbara
Rogoff Gi Community of practice Zi g~jK_v - wk Zvi cwiwPZ Ab _K wkvjvf
Ki Gi msM mvgmc~Y|
wewfb wkLbZi cvkvcvwk cvK-cv_wgK wkvg cYqb Di AvaywbK (Post Modern) gZev`i
cwZdjb NUQ| Di AvaywbK gZev` gy `wZ wkv Kvhg wki ew Ges weKvki mveRbxb
ewki cvkvcvwk wki cKwZ, cvcU, wkLb-ewP, cvwicvwkKZv weePbv Ki wkLb-kLvbv
cwqv cwieZb cqvmx nq| ZvB AZ mnRvZ Ges AvekKxqfveB G Di AvaywbK gZev`
cwZdwjZ nqQ|
6.2 wki weKvk I wkLbi ewk
Dciv Z I Z_i AvjvK wki weKvk I wkLbi wKQz mvgwMK ewk hv wkvg cYqb
iZi msM weewPZ nqQ wb Zv AvjvwPZ njv|
cvK-cv_wgK wkvg

cv 13

6.2.1 Kxfve wki weKvk NU?

wki weKvk nQ GKwU cvKwZK, AevnZ I mgwMZ cwqv| RbMZfve gvbekixi Zvi Bw`q I
A-cZi gvag Pvicvk _K bZzb wKQz MnY I Abymvbi Rb cZ _vK| dj gw I
kixi gvMZ cwiYZ nZ _vK| Pvicvki cwiek I hZKvixi mv_ gvMZ cviwiK wqvi
gvag wki c-Bw`q I A-cZ eenvi gk ` nq Mo DVvi cwqvB g~jZ weKvk| ZvB
wk Zvi hZKvix I Pvicvki cwiek _K eqm DchvMx cviwiK wqvg~jK hZi gvag
Dxcbv cj Zvi mvgwMK weKvk Zivw^Z nq| wki mylg I mgw^Z weKvk wbwZ KiZ nj
wewfb Dcvq, Zvi c-Bw`q I A-cZ eenvii myhvM iL Zvi msM cviwiK wqv Kiv
cqvRb| G cwiek-cwiwwZ Ges wk`i ga weivRgvb cv_K weePbv Ki h_ bgbxq
Dcvq wki msM cviwiK hvMvhvM Kivi wb`kbv wkvg evevqb wbwZ Kiv Riwi| GKwU
KVvi iwUb AbymiY bv Ki wk`i kLvi KgKv hb Zvi wkLb-AwfZv I Pvwn`vi wfwZ
weKvki i Abyhvqx cwiPvjbv Kiv hvq Gic myhvM mw KivB cvK-cv_wgK wkvgi g~j Dk|
GB wkvg cYqbi weKvki wbewYZ ewkmg~n weePbv Kiv nqQ|
GKwU wk Aci wk _K wfb MwZZ weKwkZ nq Ges Zv`i AvMn I gZv wfb nq|
wki vb I `Zvi weKvk mnvqZv KiZ nj AekB cZKwU wki wbR^ weKvki aib
eySZ Ges iZ w`Z ne|
eskMZ ewk, cwiek I wkv - GB wZbwU wbqvgK viv wki weKvk cfvevw^Z nq|
eskMZ ewki Zgb Kvbv cwieZb mvab Kiv hvq bv, Ze Ab `ywU wbqvgKB
G iZc~Y Ges GRb cwievi, we`vjq I eni mgvRi ga mg^qi cqvRb hv
wkK cwic~Yfve eo DVZ mnvqZv Kie|
ewi nvi I weKvki gvv wewfb njI mKj wki ew I weKvk GKB wbqg NU| wki
weKvki GB cwqv I wewfb eqm weKvki wewfb ewk mK AekB aviYv _vKZ
ne hvZ wki Pvwn`v Avbyhvqx wkLb-Dk I wkvg wbaviY Kiv hvq|
wki weKvk GKwU avivewnK cwqv| wki ew I weKvk Zvi eqmi mv_ mwKZ|
Z_vwc, weKvki gvv hnZz wkf` wewfb nq, mnZz wk wewfb wewfb gvvi
`Zv I mgZv ARb Ki| Ze weKvki h_vh_ myhvM cj wki KZ~nj, AvMn I
wkLb`Zv cZvkvKI Qvwoq hZ cvi| myZivs eqmi mv_ mv_ wki weKvki
gvBjdjKjv GKB njI wfb wfb wk wfb wfb gvvq Gjv ARb KiZ cvi|
mgvRi Pvwn`v, wcZvgvZvi cZvkv I wki kvixwiK I gvbwmK weKvki ga cv_K _vKZ
cvi| GB cv_K GKwU MnYhvM gvvq bvwgq AvbZ cvij, cviwK wkv wki weKvk
Aviv iZc~Y f~wgKv ivLZ cvi|

cvK-cv_wgK wkvg

cv 14

6.2.2 wk Kxfve kL?

wk ZLbB mePq ewk kL hLb m AvMn wbq Kvbv KvR mwqfve AskMnY Ki| cwievi,
we`vjq I mgvR wewfb eve AwfZv Zv`i wkLbi g~j wfw| Kvbv aviYv ev Z_ hLb wki
c~eeZx AwRZ vb ev aviYvi wfwZ Zvi KvQ A_c~Y gb nq, ZLbB wk Zvi wkLbi cieZx
avc cek Ki| wkiv mgw^Zfve kL Ges Zviv Zv`i wkLbK Kvbv welq ev kvLvq wef
Ki bv| h KviY Ljv nQ wki kLvi AbZg gvag| wkiv wewfbfve kL| cZK wkiB
kLvi aibi GKUv wbR^Zv _vK| Ze Kvbv wkB GKfve kL bv| wkiv mvaviYZ hfve
kL Zv njv:

`L
M wbq
Kbv Ki
Zzjbv Ki
AskMnY Ki
`j KvR Ki
Mi gvag
eB co
cheY Ki

b
Abyfe Ki
GKvKx wPv Ki
wb`kbv _K
Mvb Ki
Abymvb Ki
bvPi gvag
b
AbyKiY Ki

^v` wbq
Dcjw Ki
ck Ki
bvovPvov Ki
Qovi gvag
M wbq
evi evi Pv Ki
Awfbqi gvag
Dcjw Ki

wki kLvi g~jg nQ:

wk KiZ KiZ Ges LjZ LjZ kL;
AvMn njv wkLbi g~j PvwjKvkw;
Ljv njv myLKi wkLb-AwfZv;
Bw`qMvn wewfb KvR njv wkLbi gvag;
cheY, Abymvb, wPv I Kbv njv kLvi KZjv AZvekKxq Dcvq|
wki kLvi GB Dcvq I gyjgmg~n gb iL cvK-cv_wgK wkvg cYqb wbewYZ ewkmgyn
weePbv Kiv nqQ|
Kvbv wKQz ARbi AwfZv wki cieZx wkLbK gReyZ I Zivw^Z Ki|
wkiv mwq wkv_x, Zviv memgq KZ~njx I Abymvb AvMnx| h_vchy DcKiY I
eo`i mnvqZv cj wkiv wbRivB wbR`i gZv Ki kL I vbvRb Ki| GKwU
wbivc`, Avivg`vqK, DcfvM I Pvjws cwiek wkiv `Z kL|

cvK-cv_wgK wkvg

cv 15

 wki wkLb Zvi ew viv cfvweZ nq| wk weKvki h i iqQ Zvi mv_ wgwjq wkLb
AwfZv w`j wki wkLb Zivw^Z nq| Zvi mgZvi evBii Kvbv wKQz m wkLZ cvi
bv|
wkiv Zv`i Rxeb AwfZv, Bw`qi Dxcbv I webv`bg~jK wewfb KvRi gvag kL|
Ljvi gvag ZvB Zviv ^ZtcYvw`Z nq, Avb`i mv_ I ^Z~Zf
ve wkLZ Dy nq|

cvK-cv_wgK wkvg

cv 16

7. weKvki I wkLb
evsjv`ki cvcU RvwZmsN KZK AvRvwZK D`vMi Ask wnme gwnjv I wk welqK
gYvjqi gvag mswk miKvwi-emiKvwi I KvwiMwi msv/eweMK m Ki Lmov Early
Learning and Development Standards (ELDS) ev cviwK wkLb I weKvki cwgZgvb cYqb Kiv
nqQ| ELDS nQ evsjv`ki cvcU 0 _K 8 eQi eqmx wk`i Rb Zvi eqmi wewfb
avc weKvki ARbhvM vb, AvPiY I `Zvi cwgZgvb hv GKwU wbweo cwqvi gvag `xN cvq
`yB eQi ai Dbqb Kiv nqQ| 0-8 eQi eqmx wk`i Rb h Kvbv Kgm~wP cYqb, cwiexY
Ges wki weKvk ev wkLbi AMMwZ cwigvci ELDS GKwU iZc~Y wfw `wjj| cvKcv_wgK wkvg iciLv Ges G msv bxwZwb`kbv Abyhvqx cvK-cv_wgK wkvg cYqbi
cvweZ ELDS K iZi mv_ weePbv Kiv nqQ|
cvweZ ELDS G wki mvweK weKvkK evsjv`ki cvcU 4wU Domain ev fvM Kiv
nqQ| cvK-cv_wgK wkvg cYqbi wkvgi Pvwn`v Abyhvqx ELDS G ewYZ 4wU
weKvki weePbvi cvkvcvwk Abvb miKvwi-emiKvwi Ges AvRvwZK wkvg, MelYv I
`wjj chvjvPbv Ki weKvki K 8wU Learning Area ev wkLb wefvRb Kiv nqQ|
cwZwU wkLbK GKvwaK ARbvchvMx hvMZv I cwZwU ARbvchvMx hvMZvK GKvwaK
wkLbdj wbw` Kiv nqQ| ciewZZ cwZwU wkLbdji Rb cwiKwZ KvR ev wkLb-kLvbv
Kkj cYqb Kiv nqQ| Gfve K`xq I RvZxqfve cvK-cv_wgK chvqi wk`i Rb GKwU
hyMvchvMx, mgw^Z, KvhvchvMx, mg I Awfb wkvg cYqb Kiv nqQ|

cvK-cv_wgK wkvg

cv 17

weKvki I wkLb

weKvki
kvixwiK I PjbgZvi weKvk
mvgvwRK I AvewMK `Zvi
weKvk

fvlv I hvMvhvM `Zvi weKvk

eywewK weKvk

cwiek
10

Dciv cwZwU wkLbi Rb GKvwaK ARbvchvMx hvMZv wbaviY Kiv nqQ| cwZwU
ARbvchvMx hvMZvi wecixZ Avevi GKvwaK wkLbdj I wkLb-kLvbv Kkj ev cwiKwZ KvR
wbaviY Kiv nqQ| GKwU cwiKwZ KvRi gvag GKvwaK wkLbdj AwRZ nZ cvi| Avevi
GKwU wkLbdj GKvwaK cwiKwZ KvRi gvag AwRZ nZ cvi| cieZx cvq hvMZv I
wkLbdji QKwU mwbewkZ njv|

cvK-cv_wgK wkvg

cv 18

8. cvK-cv_wgK wkvg gvwU

wkLb

ARb DchvMx
hvMZv
1. kvixwiK I 1.1 wbqwgZ
PjbgZv
nuvUvPjv, `ovbv,
Ljv, kvixwiK
KmiZ I wewfb
KvR AskMnY
KiZ cviv|

wkLbdj

cwiKwZ KvR/wkLb kLvbv Kkj

1.1.1 fvimvg iv Ki nuvUvPjv (DuPz-wbPz

w`q nuvUv, GK cvq nuvUv, PvL euvav
Aevq nvUv, jvdvbv, Ici-wbP IVvbvgv,
AuvKvevKv nuvUv, nVvr _g hvIqv I w`K
cwieZb Kiv), `ovZ cvie|
1.1.2 `bw`b wewfb KvR (hgb:
eBLvZv/Ljbv MvQvbv, cv cvwb Xvjv,
`uvZ gvRv, Mvmj Kiv BZvw`) AskMnY
KiZ cvie|
1.1.3 vbxq I Abvb Ljv LjZ
cvie|

Ljv - kwYK I kwYKi evBi,

hgb, Gv`vv, gviM jovB, e _K
e jvd, mvRv `vM nuvUv BZvw`

1.1.4 wewfb kvixwiK KmiZ KiZ

1

BQgZ KvR, Ljv, f~wgKvwfbq BZvw`

cvmwK wkvg~jK wfwWIwP c`kb1

wkK mnvwqKv: BQgZ

KvR, Ljv I f~wgKvwfbqi
cwqv

eDwP, `vwoqvevv, KvbvgvwQ, igvj LuvRv, wkK mnvwqKv: Ljvi wP,

eid-cvwb, mvZPviv, jvwUg, MvjvQzU,
weeiY I Kkj
IcbwU evqvc, wgDwRKvj Pqvi,
`wojvd, wfZi-evwni, dzUej, wKU,
Uwbm ej BZvw`
wewfb aibi wkZvl evqvg - kwYK wkK mnvwqKv: evqvgi

hme yj wfwWIwP c`kbi eev AvQ, m chvR

cvK-cv_wgK wkvg

wkLb kLvbv mvgMx

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wkK mnvwqKv: Ljvi
weeiY, Kkj I wP

cv 19

wkLb

ARb DchvMx
hvMZv
1.2 wewfb wRwbm
aiZ, AuvKZ I
Zwi KiZ cviv|

wkLbdj
cvie|
1.2.1 cwj, kvcbvi, ivevi, Zzwj, PK
BZvw` mwVKfve aiZ cvie|
1.2.2 qb, cwj, Zzwji mvnvh
AuvKZ I is KiZ cvie|

1.2.3 QvU cv_i, exwP, eK, BZvw` aiZ,

evQvB KiZ Ges cQ`gZ mvRvZ
cvie|
1.2.4 Kv`v, g, KvMR, cvZv BZvw`
mnRjf DcKiY w`q BQgZ Ljbv
Zwi KiZ cvie|
1.3 wewfb Bw`qi 1.3.1 PvL I nvZi mg^q Ki wewfb
eenvi I mg^q
KvR KiZ cvie|
Ki KvR KiZ
cviv|
1.3.2 bv `L k Ki wewfb ei
ewk ejZ cvie |
1.3.3 wewfb iKg M uK Zv kbv
cvK-cv_wgK wkvg

cwiKwZ KvR/wkLb kLvbv Kkj

I kwYKi evBi
AuvwKeywK Kiv, BQgZ AuvKv
Qwe AuvKv, is Kiv

msMn, evQvB, mvRvbv, Ljv (cuvPwU)

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KvR (hgb : KuvwP w`q KvUv, KvMR fvR
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gmY-AgmY, Vvv-Mig, k-big,
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AvjvPbvi gvag I eenvwiK KvR Ki
cv 20

wkLb kLvbv mvgMx

Dbqbi wb`kbv
weeiY, Kkj I wP
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wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv
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wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv
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Ljvi mvgMx
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wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv
KuvwP, KvMR
wkK mnvwqKv: wPmn
wb`kbv

wkK mnvwqKv: Ljvi

weeiY I wb`kbv
wkK mnvwqKv: KvRi

wkLb

ARb DchvMx
hvMZv

wkLbdj

cwiKwZ KvR/wkLb kLvbv Kkj

KiZ cvie|

2. mvgvwRK
I AvewMK

2.1 mvgvwRK ixwZ

gb eo`i mv_
hvMvhvM I
AvPiY KiZ
cviv|

2.2 ez I
cvK-cv_wgK wkvg

wkLb kLvbv mvgMx

Dbqbi wb`kbv
weeiY I wb`kbv

dzj, dj, jey cvZv, Avg cvZv BZvw`

M kbv I kwYKiY
1.3.4 Kvbv `k, e ev NUbv cheY kwYK I evBi cheY, ggvwi Mg wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv
Ki cKvk KiZ cvie|
ggvwi Mgi weeiY
1.3.5 wewfb ^v`i Lvevi kbv KiZ
AvjvPbv, `jMZ KvR, KvW Mg,
KvW wewfb ^v`i Lvevii
cvie (wgw, Svj, UK, ZZv, bvb&Zv)
kwYKiY
wP/Qwe, eve DcKiY
eve DcKiY msMn Kiv (me nj)
wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv
KvW Mgi weeiY I
DcKiY
1.3.6 k b Gi Drm wPbZ cvie|
k b ejvi Ljv wbRiv k Zwi
wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv
Ki I cKwZ _K k b (kwYK I
evBi)
2.1.1 eo`i mvjvg-Av`ve `Iqvi Afvm f~wgKvwfbq I Abykxjb
wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv
MVb Kie|
2.1.2 fQv wewbgq KiZ cvie|
f~wgKvwfbq I eve Abykxjb, Rvovq
wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv
Rvovq KvR, PBb wWj
(wkK ivj gWj wnme
wbRK Dcvcb Kieb)
2.1.3 wkK I eo`i mv_ fve wewbgq `bw`b KvRi gvag Abykxjb
wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv
(K_v ejv, Abyf~wZ cKvk Kiv) KiZ
(wkK ivj gWj wnme
cvie|
wbRK Dcvcb Kieb)
2.2.1 mncvVx I mgeqmx`i mv_
wewfb Ljv, KvR (1.1.3)
wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv
cv 21

wkLb

ARb DchvMx
hvMZv
mgeqmx`i mv_
gjvgkv KiZ
cviv|

2.3 mvgvwRK
Yvewj ARbi
gvag wgjwgk
_vKZ cviv|

cvK-cv_wgK wkvg

wkLbdj

cwiKwZ KvR/wkLb kLvbv Kkj

wkLb kLvbv mvgMx

Dbqbi wb`kbv
wgjwgk LjZ cvie|
wewfb Ljv I KvRi
weeiY
2.2.2 mncvVx I mgeqmx`i cwZ
wewfb Ljv, KvR (1.1.3), `bw`b
wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv
mnhvwMZvi gbvfve c`kb KiZ cvie| KvRi gvag Abykxjb
(wkK ivj gWj wnme
wbRK Dcvcb Kieb)
2.2.3 wewfb chvq ez Zwi KiZ cvie Rvovq KvR, `jMZ KvR, kqvwis (Awfb wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv
(evwoZ, zj, Ljvi gvV) Ges `yB ev
Askx`vwiZ/cviwiK wewbgq)
ZZvwaK ezi m mK ivLZ cvie|
2.3.1 bZZ gb PjZ cvie|
wewfb Ljv (1.1.3), `jMZ KvR, kwYi wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv
KvR cvjvg bZZ `Iqv I bZZ
(kwY I `jbZv cvjvg
gb bIqvi Abykxjb
wbevwPZ ne)
2.3.2 bZZi Yvewj ARb I c`kb
H
wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv
KiZ cvie|
2.3.3 QvULvU wbimb KiZ cvie| wewfb Ljv I KvRi gvag
wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv
2.3.4 gZi wfbZv gb bIqvi gbvfve wewfb Ljv I KvRi gvag
wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv
`Lve|
2.3.5 mncvVx`i wfbZv I ewP gb
wewfb Ljv, KvR I f~wgKvwfbqi gvag wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv
bIqvi gvbwmKZv ARb Kie|
(wewfb KvRi Rb `j
wefvRb Kivi mgq wkK
mPZbfve Zv Kieb)
bwZevPK Kvbv D`vniY,
Ljv ev welq cwinvi KiZ
ne
cv 22

wkLb

ARb DchvMx
hvMZv

wkLbdj

cwiKwZ KvR/wkLb kLvbv Kkj

2.3.6 cQ` I AcQ` cKvk KiZ

cvie|
2.3.7 mnhvwMZv I fvMvfvwMi (kqvwis)
gvag wewfb KvR KiZ cvie|
2.3.8 evwo, kwY, we`vjq I Abvb
cwiek wbRK Lvc LvIqvZ cvie|

AvjvPbv, PvKvi AvjvPbv, kwYKiY,

KvW Mg BZvw`
2.2.1, 2.2.2, 2.2.3

Ab kwYi wkv_x, KwgDwbwU m`m,

wewfb ckvRxwe`i mK Rvbv, Zv`i
mv_ wg_wqv I kv c`kb Kiv I wewfb
cwiek mK Rvbv
2.3.9 Acii cwZ mnvbzf~wZ I mngwgZv wewfb Ljv I KvR, f~wgKvwfbq,
cKvk KiZ cvie|
ZvrwYK cwiwwZi eenvi
cvmwK wfwWIwP
2.3.10 cqvRb AbK mnhvwMZv KiZ wewfb Ljv I KvR, f~wgKvwfbq,
I Abi mnhvwMZv PvBZ cvie|
ZvrwYK cwiwwZi eenvi
cvmwK wfwWIwP
2.3.11 RvZxq m`i cwZ hZkxj ne| we`vjq, ivvNvU, MvQcvjv BZvw`i cwZ
hZkxj nIqv
(cvwb I we`yZi AcPq bv Kiv)
2.4 AvZmPZb
2.4.1 wbRi AveM Abyf~wZ (hgb :
f~wgKvwfbq, M ejv, Qov I Mvb, Ljv,
nIqv, AvZ wbqY DQvm, DM, fq, fvjv jvMv, g` jvMv, Qwe, K_v, A-fw
Kiv I AveM
fvjvevmv BZvw`) ^vfvweKfve Abi
cKvk KiZ cviv| KvQ cKvk KiZ cvie|
2.4.2 wbRi mK AbK ejZ
PBb wWj, Rvovq Rvovq, `jMZ
cvie|
AvjvPbv, I wbR I cwievi mK ejv
cvK-cv_wgK wkvg

cv 23

wkLb kLvbv mvgMx

Dbqbi wb`kbv
wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv
KvW Mg
wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv
wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv

wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv

wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv

wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv

RvZxq m`i ZvwjKv
Zwi KiZ ne
wkK mnvwqKv: wPmn
wb`kbv

wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv

wkLb

ARb DchvMx
hvMZv

wkLbdj

cwiKwZ KvR/wkLb kLvbv Kkj

(bvg, eqm, wVKvbv, fvBevb, wcq Ljv

BZvw`) I wPi gvag cKvk Kiv
2.4.3 wbRi aviYv I gZvgZ cKvk
Rvovq Rvovq, `jMZ AvjvPbv, M
KiZ cvie|
ejv, Qwe AuvKv
2.4.4 `vwqZ wbZ AvMnx ne Ges Zv
kwYK cwivi-cwiQb ivLv, wbR wbR
cvjb KiZ cvie|
Ljbv, eB BZvw` Qvbv, Rvgvi evZvg
jvMvbv, `vwqZeva _vKv, `vwqZ wbZ
AvMnx nIqvI ah mnKvi KvR
gbvwbek Kiv, cvjvg mKj wkK
fvjv I my`i KvRi Rb mKji
DcwwZZ wewfbfve cksmv Kiv
2.4.5 AvZmvbeva ARb KiZ cvie| wk`i AuvKv Qwe I Abvb KvR
kwYK c`kb Kiv, cksmv Kiv, wewfb
KvR Drmvn `Iqv, fzj KijI
BwZevPKfve evSvbv, kwYK wbivc`
cwiek Zwi Kiv, M kvbv I ejv

2.4.6 hKvbv cwiwwZZ wbRK

cvK-cv_wgK wkvg

Ljvayjv, f~wgKvwfbq, gwWUkb/avb,

cv 24

wkLb kLvbv mvgMx

Dbqbi wb`kbv

wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv

wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv
(`vwqZi GKwU ZvwjKv
cYqb KiZ ne)

wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv

(wkK cyiv eQi Ryo
wk`i Kvbv KviY
frmbv Kieb bv,
GKRbK AviKRbi mv_
Zzjbv Kieb bv, Zvi KvR
I mvebvjvK DrmvwnZ
Kieb, cksmv Kieb,
wk`i AwZw_`i m
cwiPq Kwiq w`eb|)
M msMn/Zwi KiZ ne
wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv

wkLb

ARb DchvMx
hvMZv

wkLbdj
mshZfve cKvk KiZ cvie |

2.4.7 Kvbv KvR i Kivi c~e

gbvhvM I ah mnKvi cyiv wb`kbv
be|

2.5 bwZKZv I
g~jeva mK
mPZb nIqv|

cvK-cv_wgK wkvg

2.5.1 fzj Kij ev KvDK K w`j `ytL

cKvk Kie|

cwiKwZ KvR/wkLb kLvbv Kkj

ZvrwYK cwiwwZK eenvi Kiv (hgb,
ivM nj ev `ytL cj SMov I gvivgvwi
bv Kiv)
wb`kbv cvjb Ljv - GKK I `jMZ
(wcs Mg, cvwL Do-gvQ Do, nvZ
DuPz-wbPz)
iwUb gb wbavwiZ mgqi ga wewfb
KvR mb Kiv
f~wgKvwfbq, M, ZvrwYK cwiwwZ
eenvi Kiv
cvmwK wfwWIwP

2.5.2 fvjv-g`i cv_K KiZ cvie|

M, kwYKiY Kiv, KvW/wdc Mg

(hLvb mLvb _yZz ev gqjv djv, Kjvi
Lvmv djv, MvQi cvZv I dzj Quov,
wbw` cv gqjv djv)

2.5.3 fvjv KvRi cksmv KiZ cvie|

f~wgKvwfbq, M, ZvrwYK cwiwwZ

eenvi Kiv (hgb: cksmv Kiv, Drmvn
`Iqv, fyj KijI BwZevPKfve
evSvbv)
cv 25

wkLb kLvbv mvgMx

Dbqbi wb`kbv

wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv

(wb`kbv cvjb Kivi
hvMZvi mv_ wjsK KiZ
ne)
wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv
(ZvrwYK cwiwwZ eenvi
Kiv)
M msMn/Zwi KiZ ne
ZvwjKv Zwi KiZ ne
wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv
KvW, wdc Mg Zwi KiZ
ne|
M msMn/Zwi KiZ ne
ZvwjKv Zwi KiZ ne|
wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv
(ZvrwYK cwiwwZ eenvi
Kiv)
M msMn/Zwi KiZ ne
ZvwjKv Zwi KiZ ne

wkLb

ARb DchvMx
wkLbdj
hvMZv
2.6 evsjv`ki
2.6.1 gywhy mK Rvbe Ges RvwZi
mswZ I
RbKi cwZ kv I mvb c`kb Kie|
HwZni PPv Kiv| 2.6.2 RvZxq cZvKvi cwZ mvb I
fvjvevmv c`kb Kie|

M, Qwe I wfwWI wP
`wbK mgvek RvZxq cZvKvK
Awfev`b Rvbvbv, RvZxq cZvKv AuvKv I
is Kiv

2.6.3 RvZxq msMxZi cwZ kv I

fvjvevmv c`kb Kie|

`wbK mgvek RvZxq msMxZ MvIqv

2.6.4 RvZxq w`emmg~n D`hvcb

mwqfve AskMnY Kie|

we`vjq RvZxq w`em D`&hvcb Kiv (Qwe

AuvKv, Qwei c`kbx, mvswZK KgKv
AskMnY)
me nj wkZvl wfwWI
cvgvYwP/PjwP c`kb Kiv
mvgvwRK I jvKR Drme AskMnYi
AwfZv wewbgq Kiv, Qwe AuvKv
(RvZxq I vbxq mvgvwRK Drme D`hvcb
Kiv, Qwe AuvKv, Qwei c`kbx, mvswZK
KgKv AskMnY)
me nj wkZvl wfwWI
cvgvYwP/PjwP c`kb Kiv
M, f~wgKvwfbq, PvU, eve DcKiY

2.6.5 mvgvwRK I jvKR wewfb Drme

mwqfve AskMnY Kie|

2.6.6 RvZxq I vbxq cvkvK-cwiQ`,

cvK-cv_wgK wkvg

cwiKwZ KvR/wkLb kLvbv Kkj

cv 26

wkLb kLvbv mvgMx

Dbqbi wb`kbv
wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv
IqvK eyK
wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv
(`wbK KvR)
IqvKeyK AuvKv I is Kivi
KvR Kie|
wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv
(`wbK KvR)
IqvK eyK: RvZxq msMxZ
RvZxq msMxZi AwWI
wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv

wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv

wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv

wkLb

3. fvlv I
hvMvhvM

ARb DchvMx
hvMZv

3.1 fve MnY

(`Lv Ges kvbv)
I cKvk (ejv ev
kvixwiK Afw)
KiZ cviv|

wkLbdj

cwiKwZ KvR/wkLb kLvbv Kkj

Lvevi-`vevi, dj-g~j wPbe I G mK

AvMn cKvk Kie|

(hgb Lywk Zgb mvRv)

2.6.7 vbxq Ljvq Drmvni m

AskMnY Kie|
2.6.8 vbxq/jvKR wkZvl Qov, Mvb I
bvP ^Zt~Zfve AskMnY Kie|
3.1.1 gwLK wb`kbv (Av`k, Abyiva,
Dc`k) AbymiY KiZ cvie|

AskMnY I AvjvPbv

wkLb kLvbv mvgMx

Dbqbi wb`kbv
AwffveK mfv
wdc PvU, dj-g~ji gWj
IqvK eyK: Qwe/wP
wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv

vbxq Qov, Mvb, bvP AskMnY

wkK mnvwqKv : wb`kbv

wb`k cvjb Kivi Ljv - GKK I `jMZ

(wcs Mg, cvwL Do-gvQ Do, nvZ
DuPz-wbPz)

3.1.2 ck KiZ cvie Ges cki Di

w`Z cvie|

M, eYbv, Qwe, wP _K ckvi

wkK mnvwqKv : wb`kbv

(wb`kbv cvjb Kivi
hvMZvi mv_ wjsK KiZ
ne) 2.4.7
wkK mnvwqKv : wb`kbv
(gy ck/Agy ck)
IqvK eyK: Qwe I M
wkK mnvwqKv : wb`kbv
IqvK eyK, Mi eB
wkK mnvwqKv : wb`kbv

3.1.3 QvU QvU M b wbRi gZv Ki M kvbv I ejv

ejZ cvie|
3.1.4 `L ev b Kvbv wKQz kbv
Ljv, gyKvwfbq `L ejv
KiZ cvie|
3.1.5 AcwiwPZ k b kbv KiZ I M, Qov, Mvb I eYbvi AcwiwPZ k
Gi A_ eySZ cvie|
3.1.6 cwiwPZ e, Qwe ev `kcU mK
ejZ cvie|
cvK-cv_wgK wkvg

wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv

Kvb M , eYbv, Qov
(kfvvi ew)
kwYK ev kwYKi evBi cwiwPZ e, wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv
Qwe ev `kcU c`kb, Lei msMn I cvV
IqvK eyK
cv 27

wkLb

ARb DchvMx
hvMZv

wkLbdj
3.1.7 Qov, Mvb, M ejZ cvie|

Qov, Mvb I M Abykxjb

3.1.8 I keYhvMfve K_v ejZ

cvie|
3.1.9 Kvj (AZxZ, eZgvb I fwelr)
Abyhvqx fve cKvk KiZ cvie|
3.1.10 K_vcK_b I `jxq AvjvPbvq
mwqfve AskMnY Kie|

3.1.2 _K 3.1.7

3.1.11 bZzb cwiwPZ k w`q evK ejZ

cvie|
3.1.12 Am~Y M wbR m~Y Ki
ejZ cvie|
3.1.13 mvni mvZ w`bi bvg ejZ
cvie|

3.2 coZ cviv

(cvK-cVb)|
cvK-cv_wgK wkvg

cwiKwZ KvR/wkLb kLvbv Kkj

3.2.1 cwieki wewfb k kbv KiZ

cvie|

AZxZi AwfZvi wewbgq, eZgvbi

eYbv, fwelZ wK Kie Zv ejv
Rvovq Rvovq I `jMZ AvjvPbv

wkLb kLvbv mvgMx

Dbqbi wb`kbv
wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv
IqvK eyK (gyL Kivbv
hb GKgv Dk bv
nq|)
wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv
3.1.2 _K 3.1.7
wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv

wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv

(ewYZ wewfb Ljv I
KvRi gvag Zzj aiv)
evK Zwii Ljv, 3.1.5 (GKK, Rvov I wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv
`jMZ)
wewfb aibi evK Zwii
Ljvi Abykxjb
M Zwii Ljv (GKK, Rvov I `jMZ) wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv
Mg, Qov, M, `jMZ KvR - evii bvg
w`q `j, `bw`b wWj

ki Ljv (mvD) (GKK, Rvov I

`jMZ)
cv 28

wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv

Mi eB (AvR Kx evi?
AvRKi w`bwU Kgb? KvW
w`q A_ev evW wjL
`Lve)
wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv

wkLb

ARb DchvMx
hvMZv

wkLbdj
3.2.2 evK _K k Avjv`v KiZ
cvie|
3.2.3 GKB iKg k kbv KiZ
cvie|
3.2.4 GKB iKg k eenvi Ki wewfb
evK Zwi KiZ cvie|
3.2.5 k _K awb Avjv`v KiZ
cvie|
3.2.6 GKB iKg awb kbv KiZ
cvie|
3.2.7 GKB iKg awb eenvi Ki wfb
wfb k Zwi KiZ cvie|
3.2.8 awbi cZxK (eY) kbv KiZ
cvie|
3.2.9 k _K eY kbv KiZ cvie|

cwiKwZ KvR/wkLb kLvbv Kkj

cwiwPZ evK _K Abykxjb (GKK,
Rvov I `jMZ)
cwiwPZ evK _K Abykxjb (GKK,
Rvov I `jMZ)
cwiwPZ k wbq Abykxjb (GKK, Rvov
I `jMZ)
k PvKvi Ljv
cwiwPZ k _K Abykxjb (GKK, Rvov
I `jMZ)
cwiwPZ k _K Abykxjb (GKK, Rvov
I `jMZ)
cwiwPZ awb _K Abykxjb (GKK,
Rvov I `jMZ)
KvW Mg, wgjKiY (GKK, Rvov I
`jMZ)
KvW Mg, wgjKiY (GKK, Rvov I
`jMZ)
k Zwi Ljv (GKK, Rvov I `jMZ)

3.2.10 `yB ev wZb eYi QvU QvU mij

k coZ cvie|
3.2.11 Qwe/wPwfwK avivevwnK Kvwnbx ev GKK, Rvov I `jMZ KvR
M ejZ (coZ) cvie|
3.2.12 eB eenvi KiZ (eB aiZ,
eyK KYvi eenvi (GKKfve, Rvovq)
cvZv DvZ, evg _K Wvb hZ, Dci
cvK-cv_wgK wkvg

cv 29

wkLb kLvbv mvgMx

Dbqbi wb`kbv
wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv
IqvK eyK, PvU
wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv
IqvK eyK
wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv
IqvK eyK
k PvKv
wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv
IqvK eyK, PvU
wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv
IqvK eyK, PvU
wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv
IqvK eyK, PvU
wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv
IqvK eyK, PvU, eYi KvW
wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv
IqvK eyK, PvU, eYi KvW
wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv
IqvK eyK, PvU, eYi KvW
wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv
Qwei KvW, IqvK eyK
wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv
Mi eB, Qwei eB, IqvK

wkLb

ARb DchvMx
hvMZv

wkLbdj

cwiKwZ KvR/wkLb kLvbv Kkj

_K wbP hZ) cvie|

3.2.13 wbRi jLv bvg wPbZ cvie|

3.3 wjLZ cviv

(cvK- wjLb)|

wkK QweZ, eBq, bg KvW wkv_xi

bvg wjL w`eb
3.2.14 wewfb msKZ/cZxK wPbZ/coZ KvW w`q Ljv (Zxi wP, Rev
cvie|
wms/ivv cvivcvi, UvwdK wmMbvj,
wecbK wP, mvgb nvmcvZvj, mvgb
zj), f~wgKvwfbq, Ljv
cvm ` cvkj Mg
3.3.1 BQgZ AuvwKeywK KiZ cvie|
1.2.1
3.3.2 cvUvb/AvKwZ AuvKZ cvie|
3.3.3 BQgZ Qwe AuvKZ I is KiZ
cvie|
3.3.4 Qwe/wP/e/`k `L AuvKZ
cvie|
3.3.5 wbRi bvg `L wjLZ cvie|
3.3.6 awbi cZxK (eY) wjLZ cvie|
3.3.7 `yB ev wZb eYi cwiwPZ mij k
wjLZ cvie|

cvK-cv_wgK wkvg

wkLb kLvbv mvgMx

Dbqbi wb`kbv
eyK
wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv
(jLv bvg Qwe wnme)
wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv
IqvK eyK
PvU, KvW

wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv

IqvKeyK, IqvK kxU
IqvKeyKi eenvi, PKevW, U-cwj wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv
IqvKeyK,
1.2.2
wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv
IqvKeyK,
qb, is cwj
`L AuvKv
wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv
IqvKeyK, IqvK eyK
`L `L jLv (cZxK wnme AuvKv)
wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv
IqvKeyK
3.2.8 IqvKeyKi eenvi, PKevW, U- wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv
cwj
PvU, eYi KvW, IqvKeyK
3.2.10 eYi KvW, jLvi Ljv wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv
IqvKeyKi eenvi, PKevW, U-cwj IqvK eyK, PvU, eYi KvW
cv 30

wkLb
4. cviwK
MwYZ

ARb DchvMx
hvMZv
4.1 cvK-MvwYwZK
aviYv ARb Kiv

wkLbdj

cwiKwZ KvR/wkLb kLvbv Kkj

4.1.1 Wvb-evg, QvU-eo, Kg-ewk, j^vLvUv, gvUv-wPKb, fvix-nvj&Kv wPwZ

KiZ cvie|

DcKiYi gvag GKK, Rvovq I

`jMZfve Ljv I KvR

4.1.2 evwni-wfZi, Dci-wbP, mvgbwcQb, DuPz-wbPz, KvQ-`~i wPwZ KiZ

cvie|

DcKiYi gvag GKK, Rvovq I

`jMZfve Ljv I KvR

4.1.3 wewfb AvKvi-AvKwZ (eo, QvU,

gvSvwi) QvU _K eo ev eo _K QvU
mvRvZ cvie|

IqvK kxU, eK/gWj, KvW BZvw`

DcKiYi gvag GKK, Rvovq I
`jMZfve Ljv I KvR

4.1.4 is, AvKvi-AvKwZ (Mvj, wZbKvbv, DcKiYi gvag GKK, Rvovq I

PviKvbv) Abyhvqx wewfb e kwYKiY
`jMZfve Ljv I KvR
KiZ cvie|

4.1.5 eve DcKiY eenvi Ki Abygvb

I cwigvc KiZ cvie|
cvK-cv_wgK wkvg

DcKiYi gvag GKK, Rvovq I

`jMZfve Ljv I KvR
cv 31

wkLb kLvbv mvgMx

Dbqbi wb`kbv
wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv
(eve D`vniY/DcKiY
eenvi Ki)
IqvK eyK
wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv
(eve D`vniY/DcKiY
eenvi Ki)
IqvK eyK
wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv
(eve D`vniY/DcKiY
eenvi Ki)
IqvK eyK, wewfb is I
AvKvi AvKwZi eK, KvW
Ges Abvb Ljvi DcKiY
wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv
(eve D`vniY/DcKiY
eenvi Ki)
IqvK eyK, wewfb is I
AvKvi AvKwZi eK, KvW
Ges Abvb Ljvi DcKiY
wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv
(eve D`vniY/DcKiY
eenvi Ki, cv)

wkLb

ARb DchvMx
hvMZv

4.2 msLvi aviYv

ARb Kiv

wkLbdj

cwiKwZ KvR/wkLb kLvbv Kkj

4.1.6 eve DcKiY eenvi Ki eb

KiZ cvie|

DcKiYi gvag GKK, Rvovq I

`jMZfve Ljv I KvR

4.2.1 1 - 20 ch eve DcKiY MYbv

KiZ cvie|

DcKiYi gvag GKK, Rvovq I

`jMZfve Ljv I KvR

4.2.2 1 - 20 ch Qwe `L MYbv

KiZ cvie|

eB, IqvK kxU, PvU, Ljv

4.2.3 1 - 20 ch msLv MYbv KiZ

cvie (QvU _K eo, eo _K QvU)|

eB, IqvK kxU, PvU, Ljv (msLvi `j

evbvbvi Ljv, c Ljv)

4.2.4 1 - 9 ch msLv cZxK wPbZ I

ejZ cvie|

msLvi KvW, eB, wgjKiY Ljv

4.2.5 1 - 9 ch hKvbv msLK eve eve DcKiY, msLvi KvW, eB, wgjKiY
DcKiYi m Zvi msLv cZxK wgjvZ
Ljv
cvie|
4.2.6 1 - 9 ch hKvbv msLK
wP, PvU, msLvi KvW, eB, wgjKiY Ljv
cvK-cv_wgK wkvg

cv 32

wkLb kLvbv mvgMx

Dbqbi wb`kbv
IqvK eyK
wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv
(eve D`vniY/DcKiY
eenvi Ki)
IqvK eyK
wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv
eve DcKiY (wewfb cKvi
wewP, bwyo cv_i, kl`vbv
BZvw`)
wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv
(Ljv)
IqvK eyK, Aaeve
DcKiY, PvU, msLvi Qov
wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv
(Ljv )
IqvK eyK, PvU
wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv
(Ljv)
IqvK eyK, PvU, msLv KvW
wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv
(Ljv)
IqvK eyK, PvU, msLv KvW
wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv

wkLb

ARb DchvMx
hvMZv

wkLbdj

cwiKwZ KvR/wkLb kLvbv Kkj

Aaeve DcKiYi (Qwei) m Zvi msLv

cZxK wgjvZ cvie|
4.2.7 k~bi mnR aviYv w`Z cvie I
eve DcKiY, Qwe, PvUi mvnvh Ljv
cZxK wPbZ I ejZ cvie|

4.3 msLv wjLZ

cviv

cvK-cv_wgK wkvg

4.2.8 10 - 20 ch msLv wPbZ I

ejZ cvie|

msLvi KvW, eB, wgjKiY Ljv

4.2.9 10 - 20 ch hKvbv msLK

eve DcKiYi m Zvi msLv wgjvZ
cvie|
4.2.10 10 - 20 ch hKvbv msLK
Aaeve DcKiYi (Qwei) m Zvi msLv
wgjvZ cvie|
4.3.1 1 - 20 ch msLv wjLZ
cvie|

eve DcKiY, msLvi KvW, eB, wgjKiY

Ljv

4.3.2 1 - 20 ch hKvbv msLv

wjLZ cvie|

DcKiY eenvi Ki Ljv

wP, PvU, msLvi KvW, eB, wgjKiY Ljv

IqvKeyK, U-cwj

cv 33

wkLb kLvbv mvgMx

Dbqbi wb`kbv
(Ljv)
IqvK eyK, PvU, msLv KvW
wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv
(Ljv)
IqvK eyK, PvU, msLv KvW
wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv
(Ljv)
IqvK eyK, PvU, msLv KvW
wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv
(Ljv - UvKvi Ljv)
IqvK eyK, PvU, msLv KvW
wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv
(Ljv)
IqvK eyK, PvU, msLv KvW
wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv
(AuvwKeywK I cvUvbi KvR
Abykxjb Kivi AvM GB
cvV Avme bv)
IqvK eyK, IqvKeyK, PvU,
msLv KvW
wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv
(Ljv)

wkLb

ARb DchvMx
hvMZv

4.4 msLvi Zzjbv

KiZ cviv

4.5 hvMi aviYv

ARb Kiv

wkLbdj

cwiKwZ KvR/wkLb kLvbv Kkj

4.4.1 1 - 20 ch eve I Aaeve

DcKiY MYbv Ki Kg-ewk wbYq KiZ
cvie|

DcKiY eenvi Ki Ljv

4.4.2 1 - 20 ch `yBwU msLvi ga

Zzjbv KiZ cvie

DcKiY eenvi Ki Ljv

4.4.3 1 - 20 ch hKvbv 5wU msLv msLv KvWi Ljv

QvU _K eo, eo _K QvU mvRvZ
cvie|
4.5.1 eve I Aaeve DcKiYi mvnvh eve DcKiY, msLv KvW, wP, wcs
hvM KiZ cvie (hvMdj 9 Gi ewk
Mg, `jMZ Ljv
ne bv)|
4.5.2 GK Ai `yBwU msLvi hvM KiZ msLv KvWi Ljv, U-cwj
cvie (hvMdj 9 Gi ewk ne bv)|

4.5.3 hvM msv mnR mgmvi mgvavb

KiZ cvie (hvMdj 9 Gi ewk ne
bv)|
cvK-cv_wgK wkvg

`jMZ Ljv, mgmv mgmv Ljv

cv 34

wkLb kLvbv mvgMx

Dbqbi wb`kbv
IqvK eyK, IqvKeyK, PvU,
msLv KvW
wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv
(Ljv)
IqvK eyK, PvU, msLv KvW,
eve DcKiY, Qwei KvW
wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv
(Ljv)
IqvK eyK, PvU, msLv KvW
wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv
(Ljv)
IqvK eyK, PvU, msLv KvW
wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv
(Ljv)
IqvK eyK, eve DcKiY,
msLv KvW
wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv
(Ljv)
IqvK eyK, eve DcKiY,
msLv KvW
wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv
(Ljv)
IqvK eyK, eve DcKiY,

wkLb

ARb DchvMx
hvMZv
4.6 weqvMi
aviYv ARb Kiv

wkLbdj

cwiKwZ KvR/wkLb kLvbv Kkj

4.6.1 eve I Aaeve DcKiYi mvnvh eve DcKiY, msLv KvW, wP, wcs
weqvM KiZ cvie (Kvbv msLvB 9 Gi Mg, `jMZ Ljv
ewk ne bv)|

4.6.2 GK Ai `yBwU msLvi (Kvbv

msLvB 9 Gi ewk ne bv) weqvM KiZ
cvie|

msLv KvWi Ljv, U-cwj

4.6.3 weqvM msv eve mgmvi

`jMZ Ljv, mgmv mgmv Ljv
mgvavb KiZ cvie (Kvbv msLvB 9 Gi
ewk ne bv)|
5.
5.1 Pvi I
5.1.1 cwieki wewfb Dcv`vbi
mRbkxjZv I KviKvRi gvag `kcUmn Qwe AuvKZ I is KiZ cvie|
bv`wbKZv
mRbkxjZv I
bv`wbKZv cKvk
KiZ cviv|
5.1.2 cwieki mnRjf Dcv`vb w`q
wewfb wRwbm (hgb: cyZzj, dj, dzj, ej,
gvej, euvwk BZvw`) Zwi KiZ cvie|
5.1.3 RvZxq cZvKv AuvKZ cvie|
cvK-cv_wgK wkvg

Qwe AuvKv I is Kiv

1.2.1, 1.2.2, 3.3.1, 3.3.3, 3.3.4
kwYKi evBi wbKU cwiek cheY,
cwievi-evwo-we`vjq-cwiek, KvjvR
1.2.4, KvMR, Kvco, kvjv, KvwV,
Kv`vgvwU, cvZv BZvw` w`q Zwi,
Dcvcb I c`kb
cvcU Zwi I c`kb
2.6.1
cv 35

wkLb kLvbv mvgMx

Dbqbi wb`kbv
msLv KvW
wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv
(Ljv I is Kivi mv_
mg^q Kiv)
IqvK eyK, eve DcKiY,
msLv KvW
wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv
(Ljv)
IqvK eyK, eve DcKiY,
msLv KvW
wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv
(Ljv)
IqvK eyK, eve DcKiY,
msLv KvW
wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv

wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv

(1.2.4)
KuvwP, KvMR, AvVv, ey UK,
qb, is cwj
wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv

wkLb

ARb DchvMx
hvMZv
5.2 Qov, bvP,
Mvb, M I
Awfbqi gvag
mRbkxjZv I
bv`wbKZv cKvk
KiZ cviv|

wkLbdj

5.2.1 `j avivevwnK M Zwi KiZ I

ejZ cvie|
5.2.2 Awfbq I Afwi gvag Qov,
KweZv, M Dcvcb KiZ cvie|

3.1.12, 3.2.11, QvU `j I `jMZfve

PBb wWj
3.1.7

5.2.3 Q`i Zvj Zvj vbxq/jvKR I

Abvb wkZvl Mvb MvBZ cvie|
5.2.4 Q`i Zvj Zvj vbxq/jvKR I
Abvb bvP bvPZ cvie|
5.2.5 vbxq/jvKR I Abvb wkZvl
Qov I KweZv Avew KiZ cvie|
5.2.6 RvZxq mxZ MvBZ cvie|

2.6.7, 3.1.7

5.2.7 vbxq mvaviY ev`h wPbZ I

ejZ cvie|

ev`hi Qwe, me nj eve `Lvbv

mvswZK Abyvb, vbxq ev`hx`i
Avnevb
1.1.2, f~wgKvwfbq, evwoZ Abykxjb

5.3 `bw`b wewfb 5.3.1 wbRK cwicvwU Ki ivLZ cvie

KvR bv`wbKZvi (cwivi-cwiQb, mvR-mv I cvkvK)|
cKvk KiZ cviv| 5.3.2 wbRi eenvh wRwbm wQq ivLZ
cvie|
6. cwiek

6.1 cwieki

cvK-cv_wgK wkvg

cwiKwZ KvR/wkLb kLvbv Kkj

6.1.1 Pvicvki cwieki wewfb Dcv`vb

2.6.7, 3.1.7
2.6.7, 3.1.7
2.6.2, 3.1.7

1.1.2, kwYK I evwoZ Abykxjb,

AvjvPbv
kwYK ev kwYKi evBi cwieki
cv 36

wkLb kLvbv mvgMx

Dbqbi wb`kbv
(2.6.1)
wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv
(3.1.12, 3.2.11)
wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv
(3.1.7)
IqvK eyK
wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv
(2.6.7, 3.1.7)
wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv
(2.6.7, 3.1.7)
wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv
(2.6.7, 3.1.7)
wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv
(2.6.2, 3.1.7)
wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv

wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv

AwffveKi mZv
wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv
AwffveKi mZv
Ljbv
wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv

wkLb

ARb DchvMx
hvMZv
wewfb e I NUbv
mK RvbZ
cviv|

wkLbdj

cwiKwZ KvR/wkLb kLvbv Kkj

(hgb: dzj, dj, gvQ, cvwL, c, m~h, Puv`,

MvQ, hvbevnb, gvwU, cvwb BZvw`) wPbZ I
bvg ejZ cvie|
6.1.2 dmji Z, b`x, cvnvo, eb, mgy`
wPbZ cvie|

wewfb Dcv`vb cheY, msMn, AwfZv

wewbgq
wdc PvU
AuvKv I ejvi gvag AwfZvi cKvk,
wbKU cwiek, Qwe/wP, cvR&j&, cR
IqvK, Mi eB (weM eyK - evWm AvB
wfD), cvmwK wfwWIwP
AuvKv I ejvi gvag AwfZvi cKvk,
NUbvi ZvrwYK ev mgmvgwqK eYbv,
cvmwK wfwWIwP

6.1.3 cvKwZK cwieki wewfb NUbv

hgb ew, So, ebv, f~wgK BZvw`
mK ejZ cvie|

6.1.4 wbRi, evwoi Ges we`vjqi

1.1.2, 5.3.2, cheYi gvag AwRZ
wRwbmc wPbe Ges Gjvi cwZ hZkxj AwfZv wewbgq I AvjvPbv, f~wgKvwfbq
ne|

cvK-cv_wgK wkvg

6.1.5 cwievii m`m I wbKU AvZxq`i

(gv-evev, fvB-evb, `v`v-`vw`, bvbv-bvwb,
gvgv-gvwg, PvPv-PvwP, Lvjv-Lvjy, dzcy-dzcv)
mK ejZ cvie|

AwfZv wewbgq, wP AuvKv

6.1.6 wbKU cwieki wewfb cvYxi (3wU)

cheY, kwYKiY, Dcvcb, cvR&j&

cv 37

wkLb kLvbv mvgMx

Dbqbi wb`kbv
wdc PvU, IqvK eyK

wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv

Mi eB, IqvK eyK,
IqvKeyK, cvR&j&
wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv
(me nj hLb NUbv NUe,
wkK mB mgq AwfZv
wbq AvjvPbv Kieb)
IqvK eyK: Qwe _vKe
wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv
cwievii mZv
M
IqvK eyK: wP/Qwe _vKe
wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv
cwievii mZv
M
IqvK eyK: wP/Qwe _vKe
wdc PvU, dvwgwj wU/esk
jwZKv
wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv

wkLb

ARb DchvMx
hvMZv

wkLbdj
mvaviY ewk DjL KiZ cvie|
6.1.7 ewki AvjvK Mx, elv Ges
kxZKvji cv_K KiZ cvie|

6.2 cwiek
msiY KiZ
cviv

cvK-cv_wgK wkvg

cwiKwZ KvR/wkLb kLvbv Kkj

AwfZv wewbgq, f~wgKvwfbq, wP

wgjKiY

6.1.8 w`bi wewfb Ask (mKvj, `ycyi,

weKvj, mv, ivZ) Avjv`vfve wPwZ
KiZ cvie|

AwfZv wewbgq, f~wgKvwfbq, wP

wgjKiY

6.2.1 evwo I we`vjqi cwiek cwiQb

ivLe|

AwfZv wewbgq, evwo I we`vjq

Abykxjb

6.2.2 cwiek msiY Kvhg AskMnY

Kie|
6.2.3 MvQ-cvjv I c-cvwLi cwZ hZkxj
ne|

AwfZv wewbgq, cR IqvK eivcY I cwiPhv

AwfZv wewbgq, M kvbv, cR IqvK
- e ivcY I cwiPhv

cv 38

wkLb kLvbv mvgMx

Dbqbi wb`kbv
wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv
(Pjgvb FZzi mv_
mwKZ Kie)
IqvK eyK
Mx, elv Ges kxZKvji
wP
wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv
(Pjgvb mgqi mv_
mwKZ Kie)
IqvK eyK
w`bi wewfb Aski wP
wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv
cwievii mZv
kwYZ Abykxjb
`bw`b KvR AskMnY
AveRbv djvi cv
wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv
cwievii mZv
wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv
MvQcvjv I ccvwL wbq
Mi eB
cwievii mZv

wkLb
7. wevb I
chyw

ARb DchvMx
hvMZv
7.1 wevbgb
nIqv

wkLbdj
7.1.1 cheY I K_vcK_bi gvag
Z_ msMn KiZ cvie|
7.1.2 wewfb ewki wfwZ msMnxZ
Z_mg~ni kwYKiY, Zzjbv I Dcvcb
KiZ cvie|
7.1.3 AwfZvi AvjvK Abygvb, evLv
I wmv MnY KiZ cvie|
7.1.4 QvULvU wewfb NUbvi KvhKviY
eLv KiZ cvie|

7.1.5 QvULvU mgmvi mgvavb KiZ

cvie|

7.2 Ro, Rxe,

Dw` I cvYx
mK RvbZ
cviv

7.2.1 Ro I Rxei cv_K KiZ cvie

7.3 `bw`b

7.3.1 `ki me cPwjZ I cwiwPZ

cvK-cv_wgK wkvg

7.2.2 Dw` I cvYx cv_K KiZ cvie

cwiKwZ KvR/wkLb kLvbv Kkj

cR IqvK
cR IqvK

cR IqvK, Ljv, cvmwK wfwWIwP

c`kb
Wzevbv, fvmvbv I Mjvbv
Ljv (iv`-Qvqvi Ljv, Abygvb Kivi
Ljv), cheY, AwfZv wewbgq (gN
_K ew nq, evZvm cvZv bo, myBP
wUcj evwZ Rj BZvw`)
cvR&j&, myWvKz, KvUvKzwU Ljv
GKK, Rvovq, QvU`j I `jMZ KvR

wkLb kLvbv mvgMx

Dbqbi wb`kbv
wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv
avivevwnK cR IqvK
wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv
avivevwnK cR IqvK
wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv
avivevwnK cR IqvK
AvZk KvuP, Pz^K
wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv

wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv

(mgmvi ZvwjKv Zwi
KiZ ne
mgmvwU ne KgwfwK)
cR IqvK, f~wgKvwfbq, cKwZ
wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv
cheY, Abymvb, KvWi Ljv (7.1.1 - Avwbgj mU, PvU, KvW
7.1.3)
cR IqvK, f~wgKvwfbq, cKwZ
wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv
cheY, Abymvb, KvWi Ljv (7.1.1 - Avwbgj mU, PvU, KvW
7.1.3)
cheY, AwfZv wewbgq, Qwe ev wP
wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv
cv 39

wkLb

ARb DchvMx
hvMZv
chyw mK
RvbZ cviv

7.4 Z_ I
hvMvhvM chyw
mK cv_wgK
aviYv jvf Kiv
7.5 wewfb cKvi
hvbevnb mK
RvbZ cviv

wkLbdj

cwiKwZ KvR/wkLb kLvbv Kkj

chywi (Nwo, BwbPvwjZ bKv, avb

eenvi Ki AvjvPbv
gvovBqi Kj, mP h, Uvi) bvg I KvR
ejZ cvie|
7.3.2 cvZwnK Rxeb eeZ nq Ggb
cheY, AwfZv wewbgq, Qwe ev wP
mvaviY hcvwZ/mivgvw` wPbZ cvie| eenvi Ki AvjvPbv

7.4.1 Z_ I hvMvhvM chyw (iwWI,

Uwjwfkb, KwDUvi, gvevBj dvb) bvg
Rvbe I kbv KiZ cvie|
7.4.2 Z_ I hvMvhvMi wewfb chywi
eenvi ejZ cvie|
7.5.1 jc_i hvbevnb mK ejZ
cvie|

AvjvPbv, wgjKiY

7.5.2 Rjc_i hvbevnb mK ejZ

cvie|

cheY, Qwe/wP, wgjKiY, gY

AwfZv wewbgq

AvjvPbv, wgjKiY
cheY, Qwe/wP, wgjKiY, gY
AwfZv wewbgq

7.5.3 AvKvkc_i hvbevnb mK ejZ cheY, Qwe/wP, wgjKiY, gY

cvie|
AwfZv wewbgq
8. ^v I

8.1 ^v mwKZ 8.1.1 kixii wewfb Aski bvg I KvR

cvK-cv_wgK wkvg

AwfZv wewbgq, wP AuvKv, Qov

cv 40

wkLb kLvbv mvgMx

Dbqbi wb`kbv
IqvK eyK: wewfb hi Qwe
ev wP
wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv
PvU: bjK~c, nvwiKb,
UPjvBU, QvZv, e`ywZK
evwZ I cvLv, Bw,
gvBK,xKvi
wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv
gWj, wdc PvU, Qwei KvW
wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv
gWj, wdc PvU, Qwei KvW
wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv
gWj, wdc PvU, Qwei KvW,
IqvK eyK
wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv
gWj, wdc PvU, Qwei KvW,
IqvK eyK
wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv
gWj, wdc PvU, Qwei KvW,
IqvK eyK
wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv

wkLb
wbivcv

ARb DchvMx
hvMZv
`bw`b KvR
KiZ Ges Lvevi
I wekvgi Afvm
Mo ZzjZ cviv|

wkLbdj
ejZ cvie|
8.1.2 wbqwgZ `uvZ gvRZ, nvZ ayZ, Pzj
AuvPovZ, nuvwP-Kvwki mgq gyL XvKZ I
UqjU eenvii ci mvevb ev QvB w`q
nvZ avqvi Afvm MVb Kie|
8.1.3 wewfb cKvi cywKi Lvevi wPwZ
KiZ cvie|

8.1.4 wewfb cKvi Lvevi

(fvZ/iwU/cvDiwU, gvQ-gvsm/Wvj, kvKme&wR, dj-g~j) Avjv`v KiZ cvie|
8.1.5 LvIqvi AvM I ci mvevb w`q
nvZ ayq wbqwgZ wbR wbR Lvevi LZ
cvie|

8.1.6 Lvevii AvM I ci cU wbR

cvK-cv_wgK wkvg

cwiKwZ KvR/wkLb kLvbv Kkj

wkLb kLvbv mvgMx

Dbqbi wb`kbv
Abykxjb, Ljv, cvmwK wkvg~jK wfwWI Qov msMn
IqvK eyK
f~wgKvwfbq, eenvwiK KvR, Qov, Ljv
wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv
`vZ evk c`kb, bL KvUv
cwievii mZv,
IqvK eyK
wPiwb, Uz_evk, Uz_c,
mvevb, QvB, wUmy ccvi
1.3.5 AwfZv wewbgq, wgjKiY,
wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv
bvgKiY
Lv``ei wP/Qwe (KvW)
cwiwgZ Lvevi LvIqv, chv
cvwb cvb Kiv
AwfZv wewbgq, wgjKiY, kwYKiY
wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv
KvW
f~wgKvwfbq, eenvwiK KvR

f~wgKvwfbq, eenvwiK KvR (cU/ wUwdb

cv 41

wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv

cwievii mZv
IqvK eyK
wdc PvU, mvevb cvwb, wUmy
ccvi
wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv

wkLb

ARb DchvMx
hvMZv

wkLbdj

cwiKwZ KvR/wkLb kLvbv Kkj

aye|

e avqv)

8.1.7 cwivi cv Lvevi XK ivLe|

AvjvPbv, f~wgKvwfbq, eenvwiK KvR

8.1.8 djg~j ayq Lve|

AvjvPbv, f~wgKvwfbq, eenvwiK KvR

8.1.9 wbw` mgqi Rb wekvg be|

Nyg Nyg Ljv, `bw`b Abykxjb,

Kvbv KvR kl cwikv nj wekvgi
myhvM

8.1.10 mvaviY ivM (Ri, Vvv jvMv, cU AvjvPbv, f~wgKvwfbq, ZvrwYK

e_v, gv_v e_v, Wvqwiqv BZvw`) mK cwiwwZi eenvi, Qwe
Rvbe|
8.1.11 Amyeva Kij Zv ejZ cvie|
8.1.12 wbivc` cvwbi Drm ejZ cvie|

cvK-cv_wgK wkvg

cheY, AvjvPbv, kwYKiY, AwfZv

wewbgq
cv 42

wkLb kLvbv mvgMx

Dbqbi wb`kbv
cwievii mZv
IqvK eyK
wdc PvU
wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv
cwievii mZv
nvwo-cvwZj mU
gWj, PvU
wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv
cwievii mZv
gWj
wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv
cwievii mZv
_vgvwgUvi, ^v KvW
cv_wgK wPwKrmv KxU
cv_wgK wPwKrmv Ljbv
wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv
IqvK eyK , PvU

wkLb

ARb DchvMx
hvMZv
8.2 wbivc` I
SuywKgy _vKvi
Afvm Mo ZzjZ
cviv|

wkLbdj
8.2.1 wecbK e ev wec`i Drm
wPwZ KiZ cvie, hgb, Avb,
e`ywZK mivg, Jla, KxUbvkK, fvv
Mvm, Qzwi, KuvwP, `v, `qvkjvB, Wvev,
cyKzi, b`x-bvjv, MvQ DVv BZvw`|
8.2.2 wbqgKvbyb Rb wbivc` muvZvi
KvUZ DrmvwnZ ne|
8.2.3 wbivcvRwbZ mvaviY wbqg-Kvbyb
AbymiY KiZ cvie Ges ivv, Mvwo ev
evBi PjvPji mgq Zv gb PjZ
cvie|
8.2.4 wecbK cwiwwZZ Kvi KvQ
_K mnvqZv PvIqv hZ cvi Zv kbv
KiZ cvie Ges mnvqZv PvBZ cvie|
8.2.5 AcwiwPZ Kviv KvQ _K Kvbv
wKQz (PKjU, Ljbv, UvKv BZvw`) MnY
Kie bv I AcwiwPZ Kviv mv_ hve bv|
8.2.6 cwZK~j cwiwwZ eyS m Abyhvqx
mZKZv Aej^b Kie|

cvK-cv_wgK wkvg

cwiKwZ KvR/wkLb kLvbv Kkj

wkLb kLvbv mvgMx

Dbqbi wb`kbv
wdc PvU, wgjKiY, AvjvPbv, f~wgKvwfbq, wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv
wbKU cwieki mvwZK `yNUbv mK wdcPvU
AvjvPbv
cwievii mZv
AwfZv wewbgq, f~wgKvwfbq, me nj
eve AwfZv
AvjvPbv, Ljv, f~wgKvwfbq
3.2.14

AvjvPbv, Ljv, f~wgKvwfbq, M ejv,

eve NUbvi eYbv

wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv

cwievii mZv
wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv
cwievii mZv
wmMbvj KvW, PvU

wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv

(wecbK cwiwwZi
ZvwjKv: nvwiq hvIqv)
cwievii mZv
AvjvPbv, Ljv, f~wgKvwfbq, Qwe/wP, M wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv
ejv, eve NUbvi eYbv
cwievii mZv
cvmwK wfwWIwP
6.1.3, 8.2.4 AvjvPbv, Ljv,
wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv
f~wgKvwfbq, Qwe/wP, M ejv, eve
(cwZK~j cwiwwZi ZvwjKv,
NUbvi eYbv
hgb: So, f~wgK, Avb
cvmwK wfwWIwP
jvMv, mvc BZvw`)
cv 43

wkLb

ARb DchvMx
hvMZv

wkLbdj

8.2.7 nqivwb I wbhvZbg~jK AvPiY

eySZ cvie Ges gv-evev/ AwffveK/
wkKK RvbvZ cvie|

cvK-cv_wgK wkvg

cwiKwZ KvR/wkLb kLvbv Kkj

AvjvPbv, M ejv, eve NUbvi eYbv

cv 44

wkLb kLvbv mvgMx

Dbqbi wb`kbv
cwievii mZv
wkK mnvwqKv: wb`kbv
(nqivwb I wbhvZbg~jK
AvPiYi ZvwjKv)
cwievii mZv

9. wkLb-kLvbv cwqvi g~j w`Kmg~n (Key factors of teaching learning)

hKvb wkvgi AbZg iZc~Y GKwU Ask njv Gi wkLb-kLvbv cwqv| wkvgi
wbavwiZ wkLbdjmg~n ARb wewfb cwZ weePbvq h KvR I cwqv wbaviY Kiv nq g~jZ Zvi
h_vh_ evevqbi gvagB wk wkvgi KvwLZ hvMZvmg~n/wkLbdj ARb Ki| wkvgi
mdj evevqbi Dk GB KvR I cwqvmg~ni h_vh_ cqvM wbwZ KiZ wewfb D`vM MnY
Kiv nq hv g~jZ BbcyU (Input) hgb wkLb kLvbv mvgMx, wkv DcKiY, Ljbv, wkK cwkY,
kwYK, Avmevec BZvw`| GB BbcyUmg~ni gvb I KvhKi eenvi KvwLZ djvdj ev AvDUcyU
(Output) ARbi Rb iZc~Y| GKwU wkveevq hZiKg BbcyUB `Iqv nvK bv Kb, Zv hw`
mwVKfve eeZ ev KvhKifve cqvM bv nq Ze KvwLZ djvdj ev AvDUcyU KLbvB cvIqv me
bq| mKviY wkLb-kLvbv cwqvq Gi cwZwU Dcv`vbi KvhKi I mwVK eenvi wbwZ KiZ
ne| wK wkvgi j ARb G QvovI Aviv wKQz iZc~Y w`K iqQ hv wki wkLb Ges
wkLb-kLvbv cwqvK Mfxifve cfvweZ Ki| wkvg evevqb welqwUi iZ Abyaveb Ki
wkLb-kLvbv cwqvi iZc~Y w`Kmg~n wb weeZ Kiv njv|

BbcyU

cwqv

AvDUcyU

wkK cwkY
wkv_x
IqvKeyK

wkLb-kLvbv
cwqv

wkv_xi wkLb

Abvb DcKiY
Ljvi mvgMx
wP: wkLb-kLvbv cwqv

9.1 wkLb cwiek (Learning environment)

RbjM _KB wkkyi wkLb cwqvi m~Pbv nq| wki wkLb cwqvq h Dcv`vbwU iZc~Y f~wgKv
ivL mwU njv wki Pvicvki cwiek| hw`I AvbyvwbK A_ wki wkLb cwiek wkv cwZvbi
kwYKi Pvi`qvji gaB mxgve, wK mwZKvi A_ GB wkLb cwiek kwYKi Mw Qvwoq
e`~i weZ| evwo ev wki cvwievwiK cwiek nQ c_g RvqMv hLvb wk mKji mv_
cvK-cv_wgK wkvg

cv 45

gjvgkvi myhvMi ga w`q Zvi Pvicvki RMZi mK Rvbvi I AbvbyvwbKfve kLvi myhvM
cvq| mB A_ cwievi njv wki Rxebi c_g I AbZg iZc~Y cwiek|
cvK-cv_wgK chvqi wkLb cwiek 5+ eqmi wki wkLb I gb Mfxi cfve dj| ZvB
wkLb-kLvbv cwqv h wkLb cwiek AbywZ nQ Zvi f~wgKv Acwimxg| cvK-cv_wgK kwYi
cwiek wVK evwoi gZ cyivcywi AbvbyvwbK bv njI, cv_wgK ii Abvb kwYi gZ cyivcywi
AvbyvwbK nIqvI evbxq bq| kwYi cwiek Ggbfve cwiKbv Kiv DwPr hv wkK h_vh_fve
evwo _K we`vjqi AvbyvwbK cwiek axi axi AwfhvwRZ nZ mnvqZv KiZ cvi| GB
cwiek ZvB nZ ne Avb`gq, Avivg`vqK I D hLvb wk wbivc` eva Kie, ^Zt~Zfve
wewfb KgKv AskMnY KiZ cvie, kvixwiK I gvbwmKfve m nIqvi myhvM cve Ges
KvbfveB cwievi _K wbRK wewQb eva Kie bv| mevcwi cwiekwU nZ ne wkeve,
A_vr wkK K` Ki cwiKwZ hLvb wk BQgZ Ljvayjv, QzUvQzwU I Kbv Kivi myhvM cvq|
GRb cvK-cv_wgK kwYi `qvji is nZ ne Dj I ewYj, cwimi nZ ne h_vme eo hvZ
mKj BQgZ Pjvdiv Kivi myhvM cvq, `qvj bvbv aibi Qwe msewjZ cvvi Svjvbv _vKZ
cvi, Avmevecjv nZ ne wki Rb Avivg`vqK I wbivc`, chv Ljvi mvgwM I Abvb
wkvg~jK DcKiY cPzi cwigvY _vKe hvZ wk wbqwgZ Gjvi mv_ wg_wqv (interaction)
Kivi myhvM cvq| kwYK wk`i ^vwaKvi (Ownership) cwZv Kivi Rb Zv`i AuvKv wewfb
wP, Qwe I Abvb KvR c`kbi (Display) myhvM _vKZ ne, hvZ Zviv gb Ki GwU Zv`i
GKvB wbRi RvqMv| gvUK_v kwYKi cwiek ne wki GKv wbR^ RMZi mv_ msMwZc~b
hv ZvK Avb` I wbivcvi Abyf~wZ Ges m nIqvi Drmvn hvMve I Kbvi ivR wePiY KiZ
DrmvwnZ Kie|
9.2 wkKi f~wgKv
cvK-cv_wgK wkvi wkLb-kLvbv cwqvq mePq DjLhvM f~wgKv ivLb wkK| G
cwkYi gvag wkKK cZ Kiv nq| wK wkLb-kLvbv cwqvq wkKi cwkYi gvag
AwRZ `Zvi h_vh_ cwZdjbB kl K_v bq| GKwU wkeve cwiek Zwi I eRvq iL
h_vh_fve wkLb-kLvbv cwqv cwiPvjbv Kiv AbK MyiZc~Y| wkKK ZvB nZ ne wki ez|
wki mv_ wZwb Ggbfve wgk hveb, K_v ejeb A_ev hvMvhvM I wg_wqv Kieb hvZ wk
cig Avvi mv_ Zvi Ici wbfi KiZ cvi, hgbfve m wbfi Ki Zvi evev-gv ev cwievii
Abvb wbKUvZxqi Dci| cvK-cv_wgK ii wkLb-kLvbv cwqvq wkKi f~wgKv ne ZvB
mnvqZvKvixi (Facilitator) whwb GKwU wk I wkLbeve cwiek Zwi Ki c` c` wkK bvbv
KvR m nIqvi myhvM Ki w`q ZvK bvbvfve wkLZ mnvqZv Kieb|

cvK-cv_wgK wkvg

cv 46

9.3 wkLb kLvbv mvgMx, wkv DcKiY, Ljbv I m~iK cVb mvgMx
cvK-cv_wgK kwYZ wk`i wewfb aibi KvR I Ljvq mwq AskMnYi myhvM Zwi Kiv nq hv
Zv`i ew I weKvki bvbv mnvqZv Ki| GB kwYZ ZvB bvbv aibi wkLb kLvbv mvgMx,
wkv DcKiY, Ljbv I m~iK cVb mvgMxi cqvRb co| cvK-cv_wgK kwYZ wkLb-kLvbv
cwqv ay jLvcovi gvSB mxgve bq, eis GLvb wk`i bvbv aibi KvRI m Kiv nq hv
Zvi weKvk I wkLbi wfw iPbvq iZc~Y fzwgKv ivL| wkiv GB kwYZ bvbv aibi Ljbv I
DcKiY boPo, D-cv, cixv-bxwiv Ki cviwiK wg_wqvi (Interaction) gvag
wbRiv wbRivB kL| myZivs Gme KvR h_vchy wkLb kLvbv mvgMx, wkv DcKiY, Ljbv I
m~iK cVb mvgMxi wekl f~wgKv _vK|
9.4 wki f~wgKv
cvK-cv_wgK ii wkLb-kLvbv cwqvi K`we`y njv wkiv| wkv_x wnme Zvi f~wgKv GLvb
c_vMZ wkv_xi gZ bq| GLvb wk BQgZ Lje , nvme, nvZ-cv Quyo kvixwiK KmiZ Kie I
QvUvQywU Kie, Qwe AuvKe, AuvKv QweK Zvi Kbvi iO ivOve, coe, wkKi wb`kbvbyhvqx
bvbv KvR Kie, AvMn I Drmvn wbq wewfb wRwbm boPo `Le, wewfb NUbvi KviY I djvdj
(Cause-effect relation) Abymvb Kie BZvw`| gvU K_v cvK-cv_wgK kwYi wkLb-kLvbv
cwqvq m nq wk cwZwU gyn~Z wKQz bv wKQz Kie, Avwevi Kie I cwZwbqZ wkLe| AvMn
I Avb` wbq kLvi KvRwU KiZ wMq wk nq DVe GKRb mwq wkv_x (Active learner) h
wkLZ Avb` cvq (Love for learning)|
9.5 cwievii f~wgKv
cvK-cv_wgK wkvq wki weKvk I wkLb we`vjqi cvkvcvwk cwievii f~wgKv AZ iZc~Y|
wk Rbi ci _K 5 eQi eqm ch wkLb I weKvki GKwU AZxe iZc~Y i AwZevwnZ Ki
cwievi| Avevi wk hLb cvK-cv_wgK kwYZ AvmZ i Ki, ZLbI m Kej GKwU wbw` mgq
(2.5 NUv) Qvov Aewk mgqUzKz cwievii mv_B _vK| myZivs wki wkLb-kLvbv cwqvq
cwievii GKwU wekvj f~wgKv iqQ| G, wki gvZvwcZv ev cwievii Abvb m`mMY
wkKK wki mK Ggb AbK Z_ (hgb, wki cQ`-AcQ`, Kvb wekl `Zv ev `yejZv
BZvw`) w`Z cvib hv wkKK wki mK GKwU cwic~Y wP cZ Ges wki wkLb cwqvZ
mevg Dcvq mnvqZv KiZ mvnvh Ki| dj kwYKi wfZi wki wkLb cwqv AviI A_c~Y
nq DV, wk-wkK I cwievii gaKvi mK `p nq Ges wk we`vjq evwoi gZvB wbivc`
eva Ki| ZvB wkKi cvkvcvwk gvZvwcZv Ges cwievii Abvb m`m`i wki wkLb gvMZ
mnvqZv w`q hZ ne| ZvQvov cvK-cv_wgK wkvg AbK Kvhg iqQ hv wkiv evwoZ
gvZvwcZv ev Abvb`i mnvqZvq Abykxjb Ki KvwLZ hvMZv/wkLbdj ARbi gvag mvweK
weKvk wbwZ KiZ cvie| cwievi I we`vjq GKwU cviwiK cwic~iK f~wgKvq _K G mnvqZv
`eb|
cvK-cv_wgK wkvg

cv 47

9.6 mgvRi f~wgKv

wki wkLb I weKvk wbwZ KiZ wkLb-kLvbv cwqvq gvZvwcZv, cwievi I we`vjqi cvkvcvwk
mgvRiI iZc~Y f~wgKv iqQ| GKwU we`vjq mgvRi GKwU AweQ` Ask wnmeB Pjgvb
_vK| we`vjq hgb GKwU mgvRi wk`i wkLb I weKvk wbwZ Kivi gvag mgvRK mev
c`vb (Serve) Ki, Zgwb mgvRiI we`vjqK Gi bvbvwea KvR I Gi mvweK Dbqb mnvqZv Kiv
AZvekK| GRb we`vjqK mgvR wewfbfve mnvqZv KiZ cvi, hgb, cviv wkK wnme
kwYi ev we`vjqi wewfb KvR mnvqZv Kiv, Ljbv I wkv DcKiY c`vb, gjv, evrmwiK
Ljvayjvi Drme BZvw` AvDUWvi BfU KiZ mnvqZv Kiv, gvZvwcZv I mgvRi Abvb`i wbq
Drme AvqvRb Kiv, we`vjq GjvKvi mvgvwRK-mvswZK ewZ`i wbq wk`i msM cwiPq
Kivbv BZvw`| cvK-cv_wgK we`vjqjviI DwPr eni mgvRi wewfb mvgvwRK-mvswZK
cwZvbi mv_ GKwU mnhvwMZvg~jK mK vcbi gvag wki wkLb mgvR we`gvb Yx
ew`i m Kiv I mvgvwRK m`i (Community resource) eenvi wbwZ Kiv|

cvK-cv_wgK wkvg

cv 48

10.

wkLb-kLvbv mvgMx, wkv DcKiY, Ljbv I m~iK cVb mvgMx Dbqbi wb`kbv

wkvgi mdj evevqb wbwZ Kivi Rb iZc~Y `ywU welq njv wkLb-kLvbv mvgMx I
wkK| wkLb-kLvbv mvgMx njv wkvgi g~j evnb| wkLb-kLvbv mvgMx eenvi Ki wkK
kwYK h wkLb AwfZvi AvqvRb/wkLb-kLvbv Kvhg cwiPvjbv Kib ZvB njv evevwqZ
wkvg (Implemented Curriculum)|

wkLb-kLvbv mvgMx cYqb

wkvg gvwU

GKxf~Z wkvi
wb`kbv

wkLb-kLvbv mvgMx
(wkK mnvwqKv,
IqvK eyK, Ljbv,
wkv DcKiY I
wWwRUvj mvgMx

KgwfwK
cwiKbv

g~jvqb wb`kbv

wkLb-kLvbv mvgMx cYqbi cavb Dk njv wkvg gvwU DwjwLZ wkLbdj wkv_x`i viv
ARb Kivbv Ges GRb h_vh_ wkLb-kLvbv Kkj Dveb Ges welqe wbaviY| wkLb-kLvbv
mvgMxi Dbqb g~jZ hme welqi Dci wbfikxj Zv Dcii QK Abyhvqx

cvK-cv_wgK wkvg gvwU

KgwfwK cwiKbv
g~jvqb wb`kbv
GKxf~Z wkvi wb`kbv

cvK-cv_wgK wkvg

cv 49

cvK-cv_wgK wkvg gvwU:

cvK-cv_wgK wkvg gvwU 8wU wkLbi cwZwU wkLbK GKvwaK ARb DchvMx hvMZv
Ges cwZwU ARb DchvMx hvMZvK f GKvwaK wkLbdj wPwZ Kiv nqQ| cwZwU
wkLbdji wecixZ wkLb-kLvbv mvgMx Dbqbi Rb wb`kbv DjL Kiv nqQ| DwjwLZ
wb`kbv Abyhvqx wkLb-kLvbv Kkj wbaviY, chvR wkLbdj ARb wkv DcKiY, Ljbv
I m~iK cVb mvgMx Zwi Kiv ne| Kvb Kvb mgq GKB wkLb ev wfb wfb wkLbi
GKvwaK wkLbdj GKwU AbwUi mv_ mKhy nZ cvi| Avevi Kvb Kvb wkLbdj ^Z|
myZivs cvV cwiKbv Kivi mgq cwZwU wkLbdjK Avjv`v Avjv`vfve weePbv Kivi cqvRb bvI
nZ cvi| Avevi GKwU wbw` wkLbdjK GKvwaK cvV fvM KiviI cqvRb nZ cvi|
wkLbdjjv Avjv`v Avjv`vfve weePbv bv Ki mvgwMKfve wkLb-kLvbv Kkj I KgwfwK
cwiKbvi ewki Dci wfw Ki cvV wefvRb Kiv hZ cvi|
KgwfwK cwiKbv (Planned Activity):
mvgwMKfve wkLbdj ARbi Rb KgwfwK cwiKbvq KZjv wkLb KvR (Learning activity)
wbaviY Kiv nqQ| wkLbdjmg~n wewfb Kvvi Ki wbavwiZ wkLb KvRi gvag ARb Kiv hZ
cvi| Avevi wbavwiZ wkLb KvR Abyhvqx wkLbdjjvK Kvvi fvM Kiv hZ cvi| KgwfwK
cwiKbvq DwjwLZ wkLb KvR Abyhvqx wkLbdjmg~n Kvvi Kivi ci, evevqb Kkj weePbv Ki
cwZwU KvRi Rb `wbK, mvvwnK, gvwmK I evrmwiK wnme KZUzKz mgq cqvRb Zv wbaviY
KiZ ne|
Activity ev wkLb KvRi Dci wfw Ki wkK mnvwqKvq cqvRbxq wb`kbv c`vb, chvR

IqvK eyK welqe cYqb Ges wkv DcKiY I Ljbv Zwi KiZ ne|
g~jvqb wb`kbv:
g~jvqb wb`kbvq cvK-cv_wgK chvqi g~jvqb Kkj I cwZ ewYZ iqQ| wkLb-kLvbv mvgMx
cYqb weklZ wkK mnvwqKvq cwZwU wkLbdji g~jvqb Kkj g~jvqbi wb`kbv Abyhvqx
wbaviY KiZ ne|
GKxf~Z wkvi wb`kbv:
cvK-cv_wgK chvqi wkvg GKxf~Z wkvi Ici wekl iZ c`vb Kiv nqQ| GKxf~Z wkv
welqK wb`kbvq GKxf~Z wkvq evsjv`ki cvcU h 4wU wbaviY Kiv nqQ m welq
cqvRbxq w`K wb`kbv cYqb Kiv nqQ| D w`K wb`kbv Abyhvqx wkLb-kLvbv mvgMx cYqbi
m mswk wb`kbv weePbvc~eK wkK mnvwqKv I IqvK eyK cYqb Ges wkv DcKiY Zwi Kiv
hZ cvi|
cvK-cv_wgK wkvg

cv 50

wkLb-kLvbv mvgMxi iZ
cvK-cv_wgK chvqi wkv eev Abvb wkvii eevi Pq wfb cKwZi| cvK-cv_wgK
chvqi wkkyiv mvaviYZ cVb ev wjLbi `Zv wbq we`vjq cek Ki bv| wkv_xiv wewfb wkLb
KvR hgb- Ljv, Mvb, Pvi I Kvi KvR Ges wewfb eqmvchvMx GmvBbgUi gvag wkLbdj
ARb KiZ cvi| G aygv IqvK eyK wbfi cVb I wjLbi cwigvY Zzjbvg~jKfve AbK
Kg| ZvB Kxfve wewfb wkLb KvRi gvag wkiv KvwLZ wkLbdjmg~n ARb Kie Zv wkK
mnvwqKvq evLv KiZ ne|
cvK-cv_wgK chvqi AwaKvsk wkLbdj wkiv wewfb wkLb KvRi gvag ARb Kie, ZvB GB
chvq wkK mnvwqKv ne wkLb-kLvbv Kvhg cwiPvjbvi iZc~Y mvgMx| wkvg Kxfve
kwYK evevwqZ ne Zvi w`K wb`kbv _vKe wkK mnvwqKvq| wewfb wkLb KvRi Dci wfw
Ki chvR wkLb-kLvbv cwZi Pvwn`v Abyhvqx IqvK eyK welqei mvnvh bIqv hZ
cvi Ges wkv DcKiY, Ljvi mvgMx Zwi ev msMn Ki eenvi Kiv hZ cvi|
cwZwU wkLb-kLvbv mvgMx cYqbi my wb`kbv cieZxZ kbv Kiv nqQ|
cvK-cv_wgK wkK mnvwqKv cYqbi Rb wb`kbv:
cvK-cv_wgK chvqi wkvg wki mvweK weKvk I weKvki Dcvqmg~n, wki wkLb Pvwn`v, wki
kLvi cKwZ ev aib, wki hvMvhvMi Dcvqmg~n h hwK gcywZ web Kiv nqQ Zv
wkK mswk mnvwqKvi gvag wkLb-kLvbv Kvhg h_vh_ cwZdjb NUveb| KvRB wkgi
mdj evevqb wkLb-kLvbv Kvhg cwiPvjbvq wkKK mnvqZv`vbi Dk wkK mnvwqKvi
iZ Acwimxg| ZvB wkKi Rb cYxZ wkK mnvwqKv iPbvq wbgv welqjv iZc~Y wbqvgK
wnme weePbv Kiv cqvRb|
wkK mnvwqKv cYqbi wb`kbvmg~n:
- kwYK I kwYKi evBi KvhKi wkLb-kLvbv Kvhg cwiPvjbvq wkKK mnvqZv
`vb I Zuvi ckvMZ `Zv ewi myhvM ivLv|
- ARbvchvMx hvMZv ARb mnvqK cwZZ wkLb-kLvbv Kvhg cwiPvjbvq aviYv `vb|
- wkLb-kLvbv Kvhg h_vme KgKw`K Ges wkLb wki mwq AskMnY wbwZKiY|
- wkLb-kLvbv Kvhg egyLx wkLb Kkj cqvMi myhvM ivLv|
- wkweKvk I wkLb mK gwjK aviYv mshvRb|
- Ljv, Awfbq, Mvb, bvP, Qov I Mi gvag wkLb-kLvbv Kvhg cwiPvjbvi myhvM ivLv|
- cwiKwZ KvRi m wkv_xi jvb I `Zvi hvMm~ vcb|
cvK-cv_wgK wkvg

cv 51

- cwiKwZ KvRi m AwRZe wkLbdj ev wkLbdjmg~ni mK vcb|

- cwiKwZ KvRi ga wki mRbkxjZv I bv`wbKZv weKvki myhvM ivLv|
- wki wkLb Kvhg Zvi wbKU cwiek I cKwZ _K h_vme D`vnviY `Iqv|
- h_vme eve DcKiY eenvi Ki eve _K Aaeve I weg~Z aviYv weKvk myhvM mw|
- wkv DcKiY eenvii vbxq I wbKU cwiek _K DcKiY msMn I wkKi
Dvebx kw cqvMi myhvM ivLv|
- h_vh_ g~jvqbi Dcvq I Kkj wbi~cY Kiv|
- wkLb `yejZv wPwZ Ki wcwQq cov wk`i wbivgqg~jK eev c`vb I cyb: g~jvqbi
gvag cyivcywi wkLb wbwZKiYi Dcvq mK aviYv c`vb|
- `ki mKj we`vjq wkLb-kLvbv gvbi mgZv weavbmsewjZ aviYv c`vb|
-

wkLb-kLvbv Kvhg cwiPvjbv AvKlYxq I Avb``vqK Kivi myhvM mw|

- wkK mnvwqKvq Afz cwZwU welq I Kvhg bvix-cyil/Qjgqi mgZv weavbi

welq iZ c`vb|
- GKxf~Z wkv evevqbi KvhKwi myhvM mw Kiv|
- wkvg wbavwiZ cwiKwZ KvRi AvIZvaxb wkLbdjmg~n ARbi h_ myhvM ivLv|
- wkLbdj chvR mswk g~jeva weKvk I PPvq DxweZ Kivi Kkj weePbvq
ivLv|
- wkK mnvwqKvq me PwjZ fvlv eenvi Kiv|
- evbvbi evsjv GKvWgxi evbvbixwZ AbymiY Kiv|
IqvK eyK I m~iK cVb mvgMx cYqbi Rb wb`kbv:
mvaviYZ mKj wkvi cvVcyK
cavb wkvmvgMx njI cvK-cv_wgK chvq Zv wfb| cvKcv_wgK chvq hnZz wki mvweK Dbqb I weKvki mv_ m ZvB Zvi wkLb Kej vb wbfi
bq, wbKU cwiek wbfi| wk Pvicvk _K cwZwbqZ Bw`qi gvag Dxcbv MnY Ki Zvi wkLb
Kvhg wbiifve cevngvb ivL| wkiv wewfbfve kL| KD `L kL, KD b kL, KD
Ki kL, KD Avevi K_vi gvag kL| Avevi h `L kL, m h b ev Abfve kL bv
Zv wK bq| cZK wki kLvi aib wbR^Zv _vK| wki kLvi G wbR^Zv weePbvq iL
wewfb cwiKwZ KvR I wkLb-kLvbv Kvhg AbymiY Kiv nq _vK| G cwiKwZ KvR I wkLbkLvbv KvhgK cwiPvwjZ KiZ ev evevqb KiZ wkKi mnvqZvi cvkvcvwk cvVcy Ki
mshvM vcbi cwic~iK nq `Lv `q| dj wki wkLb Zivw^Z nq| ZvB cvK-cv_wgK chvq
wkK mnvwqKvi cvkvcvwk IqvK eyKi cYqb I eenvi iZc~Y|
cvK-cv_wgK wkvg

cv 52

IqvK eyK I m~iK cVb mvgMx cYqb weeP welqjv wbic:

1. IqvK eyK cYqb wkvg wb`wkZ wkLb, ARb DchvMx hvMZv I wkLbdji h_vh_
cwZdjb;
2. welqeZ hvZ wkv_xi KvwZ vb, `Zv I `wfw ARb wbwZ nq Zv weePbvq
ivLv;
3. wki bwZK, gvbweK I mvgvwRK g~jeva Dxebi cYv`bv hvZ _vK mw`K Lqvj
ivLv;
4. welqe Dcvcb hvZ h_vme RxebNwb I KgKw`K nq mw`K yiZ Avivc Kiv;
5. welqe DcvcbKvj Rvbv _K ARvbv, mnR _K AcvKZ KwVb, wbKU cwiek _K
`~i cwiek Ges eve I Aaeve _K weg~Z - Gic ixwZ AbymiY Kiv;
6. wki eqm, MnYgZv, mvg_, AvMn I gvbwmK cwicZv weePbv Ki cvV msKjb I
iPbv;
7. gvbyl, cKwZ I cwiek mK wkv_xi cZvwkZ AvPiY I `wfw MVb mnvqZv c`vb;
8. IqvK eyK Ggbfve cYqb Kiv hvZ wk wkLbdj ARbi m m D wkLbdj mswk
g~jeva DxweZ nZ cvi;
9. wkv_xi KZnj I AvMni be be w`M DbvPb Kiv;
10. wbgj Avb` jvfi Rb nvmim I Kbv weKvki DchvMx gRvi M cwiekb;
11. wkv_xi myKzgvi ew, hyweva, bv`wbKZveva I mRbkxjZvK cYv`bv `vb;
12. wkv_xi fvlv-`Zv ewZ mnvqZv c`vb;
13. wkgbi Kbv weKvki DchvMx gRvi M cwiekb;
14. wki KvQ cxov`vqK nq Ggb NUbv/welq cwinvi;
15. evK MVbixwZ I kPqb gv^q mnR _K KwVb ne| AcPwjZ k I `xN evK h_vme
cwinvi KiZ ne| wewfb cvVi gvag gv^q bZzb bZzb k, welq I KvRi m
wkv_xi cwiPq wbwZ Kiv;
16. cviwK Dcvcb Aaeve chvq mKj welqe Dcvcb Kiv;
17. cwZwU aviYv wewfbfve Dcvcb; hgb, Qwei mvnvh msLv gjvbv, Qwe Y msLv ejv,
AbK Di _K mwVK Di LyuR ei Kiv BZvw`|
18. evevqb chvq wki mwq I mvweK AskMnYK cvavb w`q nvZ Kjg KvR Kivi myhvM
mw;
19. chv Abykxjbi myhvM;
20. wkLb welqe Ggbfve Dcvcb Kiv hb b~bZg mnvqZvq wkv_xiv wbR wbR wkLZ
cvi|
21. IqvK eyK welqe, Pwi I Qwe/wP Dcvcb bvix-cyil, Qj-gq mgZv weavb;
22. GKxf~Z wkv evevqbi myhvM mw;
23. welqeK mnR I mvejxjfve Dcvcbi Rb chv msLK AvKlYxq Qwe/wP mshvRb;
24. vbxqfve webvg~j msMn Kiv hvq Gic DcKiYi Afwz I eenvii welqwU weePbvq
wbq IqvK eyK cYqb KiZ ne| wki mRbkxj AskMnYi myhvM mw Ki Gic DcKiY
I KvR weePbvq ivLv Riwi|
cvK-cv_wgK wkvg

cv 53

25. RvZxq cZvKvi gvc I is mK mPZb _vKZ ne;

26. RvZxq chvq cwiwPZ I meRbwew`Z wkZvl jvKR Qov, Mvb, M, Ljv BZvw` AMvwaKvi
wfwZ weePbvq wbq Ges vbxq chvq cPwjZ wkZvl Qov, Mvb, M, Ljv BZvw`
Af~wi myhvM iL IqvK eyK cYqbi welqwU weePbvq ivLv;
27. IqvK eyK cYqbi mgq Gi evevqb gvZvwcZv, cwievi cv_wgK wkvq RwoZ wkK, Gm
Gg wm m`m I mgvRi Abvb`i mZvi welqwU weePbvq ivLv;
28. miKvwi-emiKvwi wewfb msv KZK cYxZ cvK-cv_wgK wkvq eeZ IqvK eyK I
m~iK cVb-mvgMx weePbvq ivLv;
29. m~iK cVb mvgMx msMn I cYqbi wki eqm (5+), MnYgZv, mvg_, AvMn I
gvbwmK cwicZv weePbvq Avbv;
30.IqvK eyK I m~iK cVb mvgMxZ PwjZ fvlv eenvi;
31. evbvbi evsjv GKvWgxi evbvbixwZ AbymiY|
wkv DcKiY I Ljvi mvgMx Dbqb wb`kbv:
wkLb-kLvbv Kvhg cwiPvjbvq h_vh_ wkv DcKiY eenvi AZ iZc~Y GKwU welq| wkv
DcKiYi h_vh_ I myz eenvi wkLbdj ARbK mnR, AvKlYxq I Zivw^Z Ki| ZvB DcvwcZ
wkLb-kLvbv Kvhgi mv_ wkv DcKiYi h_vh_ mshvM vcb AZ KvhKi GKwU c`c|
GZ wki wkLb `xNvqx nq| ZvB IqvK eyK cYqb, wkK mnvwqKv iPbv I wkv DcKiY wbevPb
GKwU Awfb cwiKbv I mgw^Zfve evevqbi welq| cvK-cv_wgK chvq wki Rb cvV-mswk
I AvKlYxq DcKiY Zwi, msMn, Dveb I wbevPb GKwU AZ iZc~Y welq| G wbgewYZ
welqmg~n weePbvq ivLZ ne:
1. wki wbKU-cwiek (Immediate environment)
2. eve DcKiY
3. DcKiY hb mnRfve eenvi DchvMx I wbivc` nq
4. DcKiY hb webvg~j msMn ev eq mvkqx nq
5. AvKlYxq I iwOb nq
6. vbxq chvq msMn Kiv hvq Ggb
7. wkKi Dvebxkw eenvi Ki cZKZ
8. welqe I wkLb-kLvbv Kvhvewji ga h_vh_fve mK vcb mg
9. wj mgZvi welq (Gender sensitive)
10. wekl Pvwn`v mb wk`i eenvi DchvMx
11. wkiv `bw`b Kvhg eenvi Ki Ggb DcKiY
12. wewfb Ljvayjvi mvgMx
13. Qwe/wP, PvU, eK, Kvi gWj BZvw`
14. DcKiYjvi egvwK eenvi
15. mnR mvaviY KvhKviY mK mswk nq
16. DcKiYjv hb hwK I wPb `ZvK DrmvwnZ Ki
17. DcKiYjv hb mwkxjZvK DrmvwnZ Ki|
cvK-cv_wgK wkvg

cv 54

18. miKvwi-emiKvwi wewfb msv KZK cYxZ cvK-cv_wgK wkvq eeZ wkv DcKiY I
Ljvi mvgMx weePbvq ivLv|

cvK-cv_wgK wkvg

cv 55

11. g~jvqb wb`kbv

g~jvqb wkvgi GKwU AweQ` Ask| cvK cv_wgK ii wkvg g~jvqbi wki wkLb
AMMwZ g~jvqbi cvkvcvwk wkLb cwiek Ges wkvgi mvweK evevqb cwiwwZ g~jvqb
Acwinvh| KviY h_v_ Ges h_vcvhy wkLb cwiek Ges wkvg evevqb Kkj wbwZ Kiv bv
Mj wki KvwLZ wkLb AMMwZ wbwZ Kiv me bq - hv wkvgi g~j j|
wkvgi mdj evevqb g~jZ wZbwU welqi Dci wbfikxj|
c_gZ

wki KvwLZ hvMZv ev wkLbdj ARb wbwZKiY|

wZxqZ

wkLbi h_vh_ cwiek wbwZKiY|

ZZxqZ

wkvg, wkLb-kLvbv mvgMx, wkLb-kLvbv Kkj Ges wkK-`Zvi

h_v_Zv wbwZ Kiv|

DcwiD wZbwU welq GKwU AciwUi cwic~iK| wk`i viv KvwLZ wkLbdj ARbi Rb wkLbi
cwiek AZ iZc~Y| wkLb cwieki cavb wZbwU welq njv fZ myweavw`, wkLb-kLvbv
cwqv I AvtewK g~jvqb| wkLb cwieki GB wZbwU welq KvwLZ wkLbdj ARbK mivmwi
cfvweZ Ki|
wkvgmn wkLb-kLvbv Kkj, wkLb-kLvbv mvgMx I wkKi `Zv cvK-cv_wgK ii wkv
eevi Rb iZc~Y| wkvg DwjwLZ KvwLZ hvMZv ev wkLbdj GB eqmi wk`i Rb
KZUv h_vchy I wki weKvki Rb KZUv iZc~Y Zv weePbv Kiv cqvRb| wkvg ev wkK
mnvwqKvq cvweZ wkLb-kLvbv Kkj wkv_xi ARbK cfvweZ Ki| wkKi cvV cwiPvjb
`Zvi mv_ wki wkLb mivmwi wbfikxj| cvK-cv_wgK wkvi mdj evevqbi Rb mvgwMK
cwiKbv I eevcbvi h_v_Zv wbwZ Kiv iZc~Y| DcwiD welqK weePbvc~eK cvK-cv_wgK
chvqi g~jvqb eev wbaviY Kiv cqvRb|
g~jvqbi Dk:
cvK cv_wgK chvqi wki eqm 5+| G eqmi wki wbKU wbivc` wkLb cwiek Ges Avb`Nb
wkLb kLvbv Kkj Zvi wkLb AMMwZ Ges mvweK weKvki c~ekZ| ZvB wkLb AMMwZi cvkvcvwk
we`vjqi wbivc` cwiek wkLb kLvbv Kkj I wkvgi mvweK evevqb KZUzKz mdj nQ
Zv wbicY Kiv cqvRb| G welqjvi AvjvKB cvK cv_wgK ii wkvg g~jvqbi wZbwU
cavb Dk njv:
wki wkLb AMMwZ I mvweK weKvk hvPvB Ges Z`byhvqx cqvRbxq eev MnY Kivo wki wkLb AMMwZ I mvweK weKvk hvPvB Kiv;
cvK-cv_wgK wkvg

cv 56

o wekl Pvwn`vmb wk`i wPwZ Kiv Ges Zv`i Rb h_vh_ hZ I cwiPhvi eev
MnY Kiv;
o wcZvgvZvK wki wkLb AMMwZ mK AewnZ Kiv hvZ Ki we`vjq I evwoi
cviwiK hvMvhvM I mg^q AviI kwkvjx I AUzU nq;
o wki wkLb Pvwn`v h_vh_fve c~iYi Rb wkLb-kLvbv cwqv-cwZ I Kkj
chvjvPbv I cwigvRb Kiv|
we`vjqi mvweK wkLb cwieki h_v_Zv wbicY Kivo we`vjqi wkLb cwiek wbicY;
o h_vh_ wkLb cwiek wbwZKiY|
wkvgi mvweK evevqb chvjvPbv Kiv
o wkvg evevqbi AMMwZ I KvhKvwiZv mK Rvbv;
o wkLb-kLvbv Kvhg cwiPvjbvi mgq wkK hme Amyweavi myLxb nb mjvi
mgvavb mnvqZv Kiv;
o wkY cwqv, cwZ I wkLb-kLvbv mvgwMi h_v_Zv hvPvB;
o wkvg evevqbi mv_ mswk AskxRbi KvRi ga mg^q mvab Kiv;
o wkvg I evevqb Kkji cqvRbxq cwigvRb Ges mskvab Kiv|
mevcwi mKj chvq g~jvqbi g~j j nQ wki KvwLZ weKvk I wkLb wbwZ KiZ mvweK
mnvqZv Kiv, KvbvfveB Kej wki m wki ev we`vjqi m we`vjqi Zzjbv Kiv bq|

wki wkLb AMMwZ I mvweK weKvk g~jvqb:

cvK cv_wgK i 8wU wkLbi AvjvK ARb DchvMx hvMZv wbicYc~eK wkLbdj cYqb Kiv
nqQ| wkLbdjjvZ wki cZvwkZ AvPiwYK cwieZb mywPwZfve wPwZ Kiv nqQ| Avkv
Kiv hvq wkLbdjjv ARbi gvag wkiv mswk wkLb AMMwZ I mvweK weKvk jvf Kie|
h_vh_ cvV cwiKbvi gvag KvhKi wkLb kLvbv cwZ I Kkj cwiPvjbv Kij wkiv
wkLbdjjv ARb Ki _vK| Avi cvV cwiKbviB GKwU AweQ` Ask nQ g~jvqb - hvi viv
wk wbavwiZ wkLbdj ARb KiQ wKbv Zv hvPvB Kiv nq A_vr wki wkLb AMMwZ cwigvc Kiv
nq, hvK Avgiv wki wkLb AMMwZi g~jvqb ejZ cvwi| Gfve wki wkLb AMMwZ cwZwbqZ
hvPvBc~eK wki NvUwZ c~iYi cqvRbxq eev MnYi gvag wki viv KvwLZ wkLbdj cyivcywi
ARb Kivbv wki g~jvqbi cavb Dk|

cvK-cv_wgK wkvg

cv 57

g~jvqb bxwZgvjv
Dki Dci wfw Ki g~jvqbK `ywU fvM fvM Kiv hvq- wkLbi Rb g~jvqb (Assessment for
Learning) Ges wkLbi g~jvqb (Assessment of Learning)| cvK-cv_wgK ii wki g~jvqbi
wkLbi Rb g~jvqbK ewk iZ c`vb Kiv nqQ| wkLbi Rb g~jvqbi wfwZ wkLbi
g~jvqb Kiv hZ cvi|
cvK-cv_wgK i wki g~jvqb ne cyivcywi AbvbyvwbK Ges avivevwnKfve Zv cwiPvwjZ ne|
Kvb aibi AvbyvwbK g~jvqb cwZ Zv gwLK ev wjwLZ hiKgB nvK bv Kb, mwU mwZKvi
A_ cvK-cv_wgK ii wk`i mevxb weKvk cwigvc KiZ e_ nq| wki mgZv I weKvk
mK GKwU cwic~Y wP Zzj aivi cwieZ GwU Kej wki Dci cP Pvc mw Ki| Avi GB
AbvKvwLZ Pvc wki ^vfvweK weKvkK i Ki| myZivs cvK-cv_wgK i AvbyvwbK cixv
GKwU AcqvRbxq I AbychvMx cwZ| KvbfveB cvK-cv_wgK ii wk`i Rb AvbyvwbK
cixv cwZ Kvg bq| G ii wk`i AbvbyvwbK I avivevwnKfve g~jvqb KiZ ne|
cvK-cv_wgK i wk`i g~jvqb AekB GKwU eve wkLb cwiek wk-eve Dcvq nIqv
evbxq| cheY I Z_ msiYi gvag wkLbdji wfwZ wki mvg_ I wkLb `Zv
(Performance) weklY Kiv DwPr| Gic wekwlZ Z_ ay h wki eZgvb wkLb cwqv I
AMMwZi cwZdjb Kie ZvB bq, eis GwU wkKK Zvi wkLb kLvbv Kkj AviI DbZ KiZ
Ges fwelZ wkvg cwigvRb civgk w`Z mnvqZv Kie| wki wkLb I Abvb ARb AMMwZ
mwKZ h Z_ msMn Kiv nq Zv hb AviI evcK I mwVK nq, mRb mve mKj Drm _K
Z_ msMn Kiv hZ cvi| Gic Z_i Drm nZ cvi wcZvgvZv, wkK, wki mncvVx, ez,
fvBevb wKsev Abvb mswk eweM| wewfb mgq wki mv_ AvjvPbv, KvR, Ljv ev fve
wewbgqi gvag Gic Z_ msMnxZ nZ cvi|
wk g~jvqbi bxwZgvjv
g~jvqbi wfw ne Criterion referenced assessment
ay g~jvqbi Rb g~jvqb bv Ki wkLbdji wfwZ wki gyjvqb KiZ ne
g~jvqbK cwZw`bi cwiKwZ wkLb-kLvbv KvRi m Axf~Z Kiv hZ cvi|
cyiv wkvel Ryo AbvbyvwbK I avivewnK g~jvqb Kiv hZ cvi|
g~jvqb mwKZ Z_ mymsMwVZfve msMn I msiYi eev KiZ ne|
kwYK I kwYKi evBi wki wewfb ARbK ^xKwZ `qv I cksmv Kivi
cvkvcvwk Zvi cwic~Y mvebvi weKvk I `~ejZvmg~n `~ixKiYi Rb cqvRbxq
civgk I mnvqZv c`vb KiZ ne|

cvK-cv_wgK wkvg

cv 58

 wki AMMwZ mK AwffveKK cwic~Y I my aviYv `qvi Rb wkKK

AekB GKwU myeewZ I BwZevPK Dcvq wki g~jvqbi djvdj AewnZ KiZ
ne|
wkLbdji cKwZ I cwimi Abyhvqx g~jvqb Kkj wbaviY KiZ ne|

g~jvqb Kkj I cwZ:

KkjMZ w`K _K g~jvqbK `ywU fvM fvM Kiv hvq| MvVwbK (Formative) g~jvqb I mvgwK
(Summative) g~jvqb| cvK-cv_wgK i MvVwbK I mvgwK Dfq KkjB bgbxqfve cqvM Kiv
hZ cvi| cwZwbqZ wkv_x`i GB g~jvqbi AvIZvq ivLZ ne Ges cZvwkZ wkLb AMMwZ
hvPvB KiZ ne| G g~jvqbi wKQy Zvrchc~Y Z_ msiY Kiv Riwi hv wkv_xi wkLb
AMMwZ mK my aviYv `e| g~jvqb `yBfve nZ cvi 1. AbvbyvwbK I 2. avivevwnK|
AbvbyvwbK g~jvqb:
wkvg DwjwLZ wkLbdjjv AwRZ nQ wK bv Zv cwZwbqZ hvPvB Kiv cqvRb| wkK wbR^
mvg_ I Kkj Ges wkK mnvwqKv eenvi Ki cvV PjvKvjxb ev cvV kl wk`i wkLb AMMwZ
g~jvqb Kieb Ges m Abyhvqx djveZb (Feedback) c`vb Kieb| G aibi g~jvqb Z_
msiY Kivi cqvRb bB| wkK Zvi aviYv I wePvieva _K wki AMMwZ welq wmv MnY
Kieb|
avivevwnK g~jvqb:
avivevwnK g~jvqbi wki wkLb AMMwZ msiY Kiv cqvRb| G KZKjv mywbw`
m~PKi AvjvK g~jvqb Uzj Zwi Ki g~jvqb Kvhg MnY Kiv hZ cvi| avivevwnK g~jvqb
wb DwjwLZ Kkjmgyn eenvi Kiv hZ cvi:
cheY: cvK-cv_wgK i g~jvqbi mePq DchvMx Kkj njv cheY| GB i wkiv
kwYK wewfb aibi KvRi gvag wkLbdj ARbi Rb PPv Ki, hjv AbK mgq gwLK
ev wjwLZ KvbvfveB hvPvB Kiv hvq bv, G wkK cheYi gvag wki wkLb AMMwZ
hvPvB KiZ cvib| cwZ gyZ wkK wkLbdjjv ARb Zuvi cheYK KvR jvMveb Ges
wki wkLb-i Ges kvixwiK I gvbwmK mvg_ hvPvB Kieb| cheYi Rb cheY-QK cYqb
KiZ ne|
gwLK: wKQy wkLb hvMZv AvQ hjv wjwLZfve g~jvqb Kiv hvq bv, hgb, Qov Avew,
f~wgKvwfbq, wb`kbv AbymiY Ki KvR Kiv, Mvb BZvw`| G aibi KvRjv wkK gwLKfve
g~jvqb Kieb| G mwVK Di `qv, DPviY, Zv, keYhvMZv, evaMgZv, AvZwekvm
BZvw` m~PK weePbvq ivLv hZ cvi|
cvK-cv_wgK wkvg

cv 59

wjwLZ: wKQy wkLb hvMZv iqQ hjv gwLKfve hvPvB Kiv hvq bv, hgb Qwe AvuKv, AvuwKeywK
AvuKv, eY ev k wjLZ cviv BZvw`| Gjv wjwLZfve hvPvB KiZ ne| G iZc~Y welq
njv mswk KvRwUi Zv, cwiQbZv I evaMgZv|
cvUdvwjI: cvUdvwjI njv wewfb mgq wk hme KvR ev wRwbm Zwi Ki Zvi msMn| Gi
gvag wk`i avivevwnKfve wkLbi AMMwZ chvjvPbv Kiv hvq|
GmvBbgU: wKQz wKQz wkLbdj ARbi Rb wkky`i GmvBbgU c`vbi eev Kiv hZ cvi|
G wkvg gvwU G DwjwLZ 7.1.1-7.1.3 bs wkLbdjjvK weePbv Kiv hZ cvi|
GmvBbgU c`vbi gvag wki wkLb AwfZv ARb I Zvi wkLb AMMwZ cwigvc Kiv hZ
cvi|

K g~jvqb Kieb:
g~jvqbi g~j `vwqZ AekB wkKi| wkK wewfb Kkj cqvM Ki wkLbdji wfwZ wk`i
wkLb AMMwZ cwigvc Kib| wKy cvK-cv_wgK ii wkLbdjmg~n weklY Kij `Lv hvq h,
ek wKQz wkLbdj aygv wkKi c GKKfve g~jvqb Kiv me bq| D`vniY wnmve wkvg
gvwU G 1.1.2, 2.4.4, 2.6.5 cfwZ wkLbdji wkLb AMMwZ cwigvci Kkj weePbv Kiv
hZ cvi| wki cwievi ev AwffveKi mivmwi mnhvwMZv ewZZ DwjwLZ wkLbdji h_vh_
g~jvqb me bq| ZvB cvK-cv_wgK wkvi g~jvqb KgKv wkKi mv_ cwieviiI f~wgKv
iqQ|
K) wkKi f~wgKv: wki chvqwgK weKvk I wkLb AMMwZ cheY I g~jvqbi
cyivfvM _vKb wkK| we`vjqi wkLb-wkLvbv cwiekI Gi m IZcvZfve RwoZ|
wkvgi wb`kbv I wkK Zvi ewMZ mvg_ cqvM Ki myy wkLb-wkLvbv cwiek
wbwZ Kieb| GKwU wbweo AskMnYg~jK wkLb-cwiwwZi wfZi w`q wkK wki wkLb
AMMwZ Ges Zv`i kvixwiK I gvbwmK mvg_ hvPvB Ki cqvRbxq wbivgqi eev
Kieb|
L) gvZvwcZv/AwffveKi f~wgKv: wki wkLb-cwqv Ges kvixwiK I gvbwmK weKvkK
wbwZ I wbUK Kivi Rb gvZvwcZvK wki cviwK wkLb I g~jvqbi m mwKZ
KiZ ne| Kbbv gvZvwcZvB njb wki c_g wkK, Zuv`i nvZ aiB wki evwo _K
we`vjq AwflK NU| ZvB we`vjq I evwoi mK wbwZ Kiv Mj cvK-cv_wgK wkv
AwaKZi djcm~ ne| mB mv_ gvZvwcZv I AwffveKi g~jvqb mK MZvbyMwZK
aviYvi cwieZb Avbvi gvag cvK-cv_wgK ii g~jvqb Kkj h_vh_fve evevqb Kiv
hZ cvi|
cvK-cv_wgK wkvg

cv 60

wicvwUs
wki ew I weKvk GKwU AevnZ cwqv| eqvewi wewfb chvq wkK weKvki iZc~Y
gvBjdjK ARb KiZ nq| wkiv GB Dbqb gvBjdjKjv h_v mgq ARb KiZ cviQ wK bv
Ges Zv`i kvixwiK I gvbwmK mvg_i Dbqb NUQ wKbv Zv Rvbvi Rb me wki ^Z Z_msiY Kiv Riwi| msiwZ Z_i Dci wfw Ki wk`i wicvU KvW cZ Kiv hZ cvi|
wicvU KvWi fvlv nZ ne mnR, mij Ges h_vme mywbw`|
wicvU KvW 8 wU wkLbi cwZwU wki wkLb AMMwZ hZUzKz me mywbw` Kiv cqvRb|
wkLbi wkLb AMMwZ ARb DchvMx hvMZv I wkLbdj K cjweZ Ki wbaviY Kiv hZ
cvi| g~jvqb bxwZgvjvq mywbw`fve DjL Kiv nqQ h, g~jvqbi wfw ne Criterion
referenced assessment| myZivs cwZwU wkK KvwLZ wkLbdj ARb Kivbv njv GB wkvg
Ges gyjvqbi g~j Dk| ZvB wicvU KvW b^i c`vbi Kvbv myhvM bB A_ev GK wki mv_
Ab wki Zzjbv Kivi eev ivLvI wVK ne bv|
we`vjqi mvweK wkLb cwieki h_v_Zv wbicY Kiv
wki wkLb AMMwZ aygv wkK Ges wkLb kLvbv Kkji Dci wbfi Ki bv| Kvb cwiek
wkLb Kvhg cwiPvwjZ nQ ZvI G AZ iZc~Y| ZvB wkLb AMMwZi cvkvcvwk wkLb
cwiek g~jvqbI G ii Rb Acwinvh|
G cvK-kke wkLb cwiek cwigvcK (Early Childhood Environment Rating Scale)
eenvi Kiv hZ cvi| GwU cavbZ GKwU mvweK g~jvqb Kkj| cvK-cv_wgK wkvi wki
eve wkLb cwiek g~jvqb Kivi Rb GwU cYxZ nqQ| ECERS G cavbZ wkLb cwieki wZbwU
welq hgb: fZ cwimi, wkLb-kLvbv cwqv I AvtewK mK g~jvwqZ nq _vK| wki
eve wkLb-cwieki GB qx welqmg~n wki wkLb I mvweK weKvkK mivmwi cfvweZ Ki|
ECERS G mvZwU cwigvcK welq cve Kiv nqQ| Gjv njv:
1. fZ cwimi I kwYKi eevcbv:
2. ewMZ hZ I iwUb:
3. fvlv I hwK wPb:
4. cwiKwZ KvR:
5. wg_wqv:
6. Kvhg KvVvgv:
7. wcZvgvZv I wkK:
evsjv`ki cvK-cv_wgK wkv eevi Dci wfw Ki cvK-kke wkLb cwiek cwigvcK
(ECERS) K `kxqKiY Kiv hZ cvi|
cvK-cv_wgK wkvg

cv 61

cvK-cv_wgK wkvi wewfb AswkRb hgb- wkK, cavb wkK, AUEO, UEO, DPEO, GbwmwUwe
Ges cv_wgK wkv Awa`ii mvweK mg^qi gvag we`vjqi mvweK wkLb cwieki h_v_Zv
wbicb Kiv hZ cvi, mB m cqvRwbq djveZb c`vb Kiv hZ cvi|
cvK-cv_wgK wkvg g~jvqb:
wkvg Dbqb GKwU avivevwnK cwqv| cwZwbqZ ew, mgvR, iv I wek eevq cwieZb nQ|
mB mv_ wki weKvk I Dbqb welqK aviYviI cwieZb nQ| cwiewZZ weki mv_ Zvj wgwjq
wkvgi cwigvRb Kiv cqvRb| GKwU wbw` mgq GKwU wkvg wki h_vh_ weKvk I
Dbqbi Rb KZUv KvhKi Zv cwigvci Rb wkvg g~jvqb Kiv nq|
wkvg g~jvqbi gvag wkvg I wkLb-kLvbv mvgMxi KvhKvwiZv, djcm~Zv hvPvB I
evevqbi `yejZv cwigvc Kiv hZ cvi| mvaviYZ wkvg g~jvqb cwqv i nq Zvi
evevqbi w`b _KB|
wkvg cYqbi g~j `vwqZ RvZxq wkvg I cvVcyK
evW Gi| myZivs RvZxq wkvg I
cvVcyK
evW G g~jvqb mg^qKi f~wgKv cvjb KiZ cvi Ges cv_wgK wkv Awa`i GB
g~jvqb AZ wbweofve Ask be| ZvQvov Abvb AskxRb`iI wkvg g~jvqbi mv_ hy
Kiv hZ cvi|
RvZxq wkvg I cvVcyK
evW (GbwmwUwe) ciewZZ gyjvqb I wkvg Dbqbi mv_ mswk
ew-eM`i wbq gyjvqbi Rb wevwiZ cwiKbv (Design), gyjvqb cwZ Ges Uzjm (Tools)
Dbqb Kie|

cvK-cv_wgK wkvg

cv 62

12. wkvgi mdj evevqbi Kkjmg~n

GKwU wkvgi Zzjbvg~jK mvdj wbfi Ki Gi mdj evevqbi Dci| GKwU wkvg hZ
DgfveB Dbqb ev cYqb Kiv nDK bv Kb, GwU h_vh_fve evevwqZ bv nj wKsev LwZfve
evevwqZ nj KvwLZ j ARb me bq| myZivs wkvg Dbqb ev cYqbi cvkvcvwk wb`wkZ
cwZZ Gi mdj evevqb KivI mgvb iZc~Y| wkvg GKwU DrK `wjj wnme nvZ
_vKjB Pje bv, kwYK chvq KvhKi wkLb-kLvbv cwqvq Gi cqvM wbwZ KiZ ne|
GRb cvK-cv_wgK wkvgi mdj evevqb wbwZ KiZ wkvi mswk cwZwU i cqvRbxq
mvg_ I `Zvi Dbqb KiZ ne| GRb Dchy cwkY I avivevwnK ckvMZ `Zv ewi GKwU
K`xq cwiKbv cYqb Ki avc avc Gi evevqb KiZ ne|
wkvg cYqb I evevqbi KvR GKwU mgqmvc I K mwnz cwqv| ivZvivwZ Kvb eo
cwieZb G Avkv Kiv hvq bv| wkvg cYqb _K i Ki kwYK Gi evevqb ch bvbv
i ewea KgKv iqQ hjv mb KiZ bvbviKg euvav/mgmvi myLxb nZ nq| wekevcx
AwaKvsk wkvg Dbqb KvRi AwfZv _K `Lv hvq h ewkifvM B wkvg cwiKbv
Abyhvqx evevqb Kiv me nq wb| GgbwK Kvb Kvb wkKiv Rvbb bv h Zuviv AbK
KvwLZ wkvg jK Zuv`i PPvq jNb Ki _vKb| kwYK beZi PPvi m~Pbv KiZ nj
wkvgK ay `wjj wnme bv `L mvweKfve Gi evevqb Kx Kx c`c wbZ ne Zv
mywPwZfve wbaviY Ki mvgwMK cwiKbv MnY KiZ ne|
wkvg evevqb ejZ kwYK wkvg `wjj GKkfvM AbymiY Kiv eySvq bv eis wbw`
cvcU I eveZvq wbw` Abyhvqx h cqvRbxq AwfhvRb, cwieZb, cwieab Ges
evevqbi wb`kbv iqQ Zv eyS evevqbi mKj avc mPZbfve Gi cqvMK eySvq| GRb
cvK-cv_wgK chvqi wk`i Rb cvweZ wkvgi evevqb Kkj, cqvRbxqZv I iZ
mK wkKmn mswk AskxRbK h_vh_fve AewnZ KiZ ne| cvweZ wkvg Kx bZzbZ
iqQ, Kv_vq Kv_vq cv_wgK ii mv_ cvK-cv_wgK wkvgi wfbZv iqQ, Kv_vq hvMm~
iqQ wKsev wKfve wkvi j ARb cvK-cv_wgK wkv f~wgKv ivLQ Zv wkKmn mKji KvQ
bv nj GwUi mdj evevqb me ne bv| Gfve wkvg cYqY _K i Ki Gi weiY,
evevqb I g~jvqbi cwZwU avc Dki Zv (Clarity) I KgcwiKbv mywbavwiZ ivLZ ne|

cvK-cv_wgK wkvg

wkvg
g~jvqb

wkvg
cYqb

wkvg
evevqb

wkvg
weiY

cv 63

12.1 wkvg weiY:

cvK-cv_wgK wkv hnZz cv_wgK wkvii GKwU AwefvR Ask, mnZz cv_wgK wkv mswk
mKj chvq GB wkvgi weiY NUvZ ne| wkvg weiY cwqvq wkveevi bvbv chvq
wbqvwRZ mKj wkK, wkv ZveavqK, wkK cwkK I K` _K gvV chvqi wkv ckvmK/
eevcK`i cvK-cv_wgK wkvg weiY cwkY wbweofve c`vb KiZ ne hvZ Zuviv Zuv`i
Dci AwcZ `vwqZ I KZe myzfve I `Zvi mv_ cvjb Ki mdjfve wkvg evevqb KiZ
cvib| GRb K`xq chvq cv_wgK wkv Awa`ii mnhvwMZvq RvZxq wkvg I cvVcyK

evW GKwU K`xq cwkK cyj Zwi Kieb hviv cieZxZ RvZxq chvqi mswk KgKZv`i
cwkY/IwiqUkb c`vb Kieb| RvZxq chvq cwkwZ gyL cwkKMY ciewZZ Rjv, DcRjv
I we`vjq chvq wkK I mswk mKj KgKZv`i cwkY/IwiqUkb c`vb KiZ cvib| bvbv
chvqi G mKj cwkYi gqv` AskMnYKvix I Zv`i `vwqZ f` wfb wfb nZ cvi| cvKcv_wgK wkK Ges hmKj wkv KgKZv mivmwi GKvWwgK mycviwfkb RwoZ Zuv`i wbweo
cwkYi cqvRb ne| Avi hviv eevcK wnme wkv eevcbvq wbqvwRZ Zuviv cyiv cwqv
mK my IwiqUkb cveb|

12.2 wkK cwkY I wkKi ckvMZ `Zv ew:

hKvb wkvg evevqbi g~j `vwqZ wkKi| wkKi wkvMZ hvMZv, mvg_, wkvMZ
hvMZv, `Zv, AvwiKZv I cv G AZ iZc~Y f~wgKv cvjb Ki| wkv MelK,
wkvg wekl I cwkKMY Kej G cwqvq mnvqZv KiZ cvib| ZvB GKwU AZ mywPwZ
wkK cwkY cwiKbv GKwU mdj wkvg evevqbi AZvekKxq c~ekZ| wkvg weiY
cwkYi mekl i wkKMY wbweo cwkY jvf Kieb| wK wbw` gqv`i GKwU gv cwkY
wkK`i ckvMZ `Zv ewi Rb h_ bq| GRb `xN gqv`x wkK Dbqb cwiKbvi
cqvRb| wkKi ckvMZ `Zv ewi Rb ZvB cvwZvwbK chvqi mywbw` cwZ I Kkj
_vKZ ne hLvb wkKMY Zv`i mgmv I wbR^ Dvebv gZwewbgq Ki cviwiK mgvavb I
w`K wb`kbv cZ cvib| GRb wbw` gqv` Ai Ai wkK`i Rb widkvm cwkYi eev
_vKZ cvi|
widkvmi cvkvcvwk mve-Kvvi chvq wkK`i Rb cviwiK AvjvPbv I gZ wewbgqi myhvM
Ki `qv hZ cvi| wkKi `Zv Dbqb wewfb AbvbyvwbK myhvM I mnRjf Z_ chywi
eenvi Kiv hZ cvi hgb, wkK gvMvwRb cKvk, gvevBj dvbi gvag QvU QvU Kkj ev
wUcm wkK`i KvQ cuQ `Iqv BZvw`|
cvK-cv_wgK wkK`i GKKvjxb wkvg weiY cwkY Ges widkvm cwkYi AvIZvq Avbvi
cvkvcvwk wkK`i Rb wbavwiZ cvwZvwbK cwkY hgb, Diploma in Education G cvK-cv_wgK
cvK-cv_wgK wkvg

cv 64

wkv welqK gwWDj Afy Kiv nqQ| ZvQvov welqwfwK cwkYi gZ gvV chvq wbqwgZ cvKcv_wgK cwkYiI AvqvRb Kiv hZ cvi| Gfve wkvg weiYi cwqvwU `xN gqv`
cvwZvwbKxKiY (Institutionalization) Kiv hZ cvi| GQvov cwZwbqZ hme bZzb cvK-cv_wgK
wkK wkveevq mswk I wbqvwRZ neb, Zv`iKI wbqwgZ cwkYi AvIZvq AvbZ ne|
Gfve GKwU `xN gqv`x cwiKbvi AvIZvq wkK cwkY I Dbqbi welqwU weePbvaxb ivLZ
ne|
12.3 wkvg evevqb fZ myweavw` I Abvb welqmgyn
wkvg cwiKbv I Dbqbi mgq Gi h_vh_ evevqbi ^v_ wbw` wKQz fZ myweavw` Ges
iZc~Y welqmg~n weePbv Kiv nqQ hv GB wkvg evevqbi Rb AZvekKxq| evevqbi
bMZ gvbK GKwU KvwLZ j wbq hZ Ges eZgvb cvcU weePbvq Ggbfve GB myweavw`
I welqi K_v wPv Kiv nqQ hb eZgvb mgfve wbwZ Kiv bv MjI mgqi msM msM Zv
chvqg ARb Kiv hvq| wb myweavw` I Abb welqmgyni msw weeiY Zzj aiv njv|
kwYZ wki msLv: GKwU cvK-cv_wgK kwYZ mevP 30 Rb wki DcwwZ wPv Ki
wkvgi j ARb wbavwiZ wkLb-kLvbv cwqv wbaviY Kiv nqQ| G 30 Rbi
AwaK wk GKwU kwYZ _vKj wkLb-kLvbv cwqv cwiPvjbvq hgb wkK cwZeKZvi
myLxb neb, Zgwb cqvRbxq DcKiYi ^Zv wki h_vh_ wkLbi Aivq ne| myZivs
GKwU cvK-cv_wgK kwYZ mevP 30 Rb wk _vKv evbxq| hw` 30 Rb wki AwaK Kvb
we`vjq fwZ nq m AekB AviI GKwU kvLv Lvjvi cqvRb ne|
kwYZ wkKi msLv: 30 Rb wki GKwU cvK-cv_wgK kwYZ Kgc GKRb wkK
mvewYK DcwZ _vKeb| Ze h_vh_fve wkLb-kLvbv cwqv cwiPvjbv Ges wkLbi
YMZ gvbi Dbqb NUvZ GK _K `yB Rb ^Qvmex wkK/AwffveK Gi mnvqZv bIqv
hZ cvi| G ^Qvmex wkK/AwffveK`i Dchy cwkYi chvRbxqZv iqQ|
kYxK: 30 Rb wk wbq bybZg gvb eRvq iL wkvgi wkLb-kLvbv Kvhg
cwiPvjbvi Rb AZ 250 eMdzU gvci GKwU kwYKi cqvRb| kwYKwU Lvjvgjv
I Avjv-evZvmc~Y nIqv evbxq| kwYK wKsev kwYK msjM nvZ avqvi RvqMv Ges
wk`i eenvi DchvMx UqjU _vKZ ne| wkLb-kLvbv Kvhgi Ask wnme KvR I
Ljv cwiPvjbvi Rb kwYKi evBi Lvjv RvqMv _vKv AZ iZc~Y|
cqvRbxq Avmevec I wbqwgZ kbvwi mieivn: cvK-cv_wgK wkvi kwYK h_vme
Lvjv ev Dby ivLv cqvRb hb wkiv Pjvdivi h_ RvqMv cvq| wk`i emvi Rb
gv`yi _vKZ cvi hb wk BQgZ wbRi Aevb cwieZb KiZ cvi Ges Avivg Ki
emZ cvi| W IqvKi Rb me nj wk`i emvi DchvwM wKQy QvU QvU Pqvi I
Uwej _vKZ cvi| GQvov wk`i DPZvi mv_ wgj iL GKwU PKevW Ges wk`i
cvK-cv_wgK wkvg

cv 65

KvR, AuvKv Qwe Ges jLv c`kbi Rb wWmc evW, kjd, ZvK I nvvi ivLv hZ
cvi| kwYKi Rb G mKj vqx m` QvovI wKQz wbqwgZ eenvh wRwbmi (kbvwi)
cqvRb co hv wkLb-kLvbv Kvhgi Rb LyeB iZc~Y hgb, iwOb KvMR, PK,
Wvvi, KuvwP, AvVv, cvvi ccvi, ey UvK BZvw`| GQvov wewfb wkLb-kLvbv mvgwM
hjv eenvii ci wKsev b nq Mj cwieZbi cqvRb co mjv wbqwgZ
cwieZbi eev _vKv Riwi|
wkLb-kLvbv mvgMx I DcKiY: wkvgi Pvwn`v Abyhvqx h mg wkLb-kLvbv mvgMx
I DcKiY kwY chvq cuQvbv cqvRb h_vmgq h_vh_fve Zvi mieivn wbwZ Kiv
Riywi| wkvgi mdj evevqbi Rb AbycyL weklYc~eK G mvgwM I DcKiYmg~n
Dbqb Kiv nqQ weavq Gjvi h_vmgq mieivn I KvhKi eenvi wewNZ nj KvwLZ
djvdj ARb me bq| GQvov wkLb-kLvbv Kvhgi wb`kbv gvZveK wewfb mgq h
aibi mvgwM/DcKiY vbxqfve Zwi, msMn, eenvi I msiYi K_v ejv nqQ kwY
chvq ZvI wbwZ Kiv Riwi|
wkLb mgq: cwZw`b kwYK wkLb-kLvbv mgq ne AvovB NUv| mvn 6 Kvhw`em ai
mKj aibi miKvwi QzwU, AbvKvwLZ QzwU, wewfb Drme Ges cvKwZK wechqi cvcU
weePbv Ki kwYKi Rb eQi gvU 185 Kvhw`em ai GB wkvgwU web Kiv
nqQ| DjL h wkvgi mdj evevqb GLvb ay kwYKi mgqKB weePbv Kiv
nqwb eis AbK wki evwoZ KvUvbv mgqKI evevqbi AvIZvq Avbv nqQ|
myZivs kwYi Rb wbavwiZ 185wU Kvhw`em cwZw`b AvovB NUv Ki kwY Kvhg
cwiPvjbv Kij GB wkvgi mKj cwiKwZ Kvhg h_vmgq mb Kiv hve|

12.4 GKvWwgK Zveavb I cwiexY

wkvgi mdj evevqb wbwZ KiZ nj KvhKi cvK-cv_wgK wkv evevqb eevmn kwYK
chvq cvweZ mKj wkLb-kLvbv Kvhg h_vh_fve mb Ges wkLb-kLvbv mvgwMi KvhKi
eenvi wbwZ Kiv Riwi| GRb evevqb eevi `kcUmn kwYK GKwU wbweo cwiexY I
GKvWwgK Zveavbi cwiek mw KiZ ne hLvb wkK GKKvjxb I Pjgvb cwkYi
cvkvcvwk wbweo Zveavbi AvIZvq cwiPvwjZ neb| GKvWwgK Zveavbi `vwqZ cavbZ cavb
wkK I mnKvix DcRjv/_vbv wkv KgKZv`i Dci b Ges DcRjv/_vbv wkv KgKZv`i
`vwqZ nQ YMZ gvb wbwZKiY cwi`kb (Quality Assurance Inspection)| cv_wgK wkv
Awa`i gvV chvq we`gvb eev I RbejK Zv`i Dci AwcZ `vwqZi K_v weePbvq iL
cwiexY I Zveavbi KvR m Kieb| cwiexY I Zveavbi Dk I dvKvm
myfve wbaviY Ki wbw` QK ev Uzj I cwZ eenvi Ki G cwqv mb KiZ ne|
cwiexY I Zveavb _K cv djvdjmgyn h_vh_fve cZKwU chvq cvwVq G msv KvhKi
cvK-cv_wgK wkvg

cv 66

eev MnYi welqwU wbwZ KiZ ne| gvUK_v cwiexY I Zveavbi Dk hb nq wki
weKvk I wkLbK Zivw^Z Kiv, Kvb fveB evevqbKvix AskxRbi `vl ev MvwdjwZ aiv bq|
GRb mKj aibi cwiexY I ZveavqbKvix Kgx`i h_vh_ cwkY w`Z ne Ges wbweo
kwYK Zveavqbi GKwU mswZ Zwi Ki ZzjZ ne hLvb kwYK wkLb-kLvbv cwqv
Ges cwqvi bvbv chvq mKj aibi wkLb-kLvbv mvgwMi KvhKi eenvi wbwZ Kiv hvq|
G GKwU cwiexY I mycviwfkb wb`wkKv cYqb Kiv hZ cvi hLvb Dk, dvKvm,
wbw` QK ev Uzj I cwZ mK cqvRbxq wb`kbv _vKe|
12.5 bybZg gvb wbaviY I AbymiY
wkvg h_vh_fve evevqbi Rb mvgwMKfve GKwU wkvg evevqb cwiKbv iqQ|
eveZvi wbwiL we`gvb wewfb cwZeKZv hb wkvg evevqbK gvivZKfve SzuwKZ bv
djZ cvi mRb wkvg wb`wkZ cwqv I cwZ AbymiY cvK-cv_wgK wkv evevqbi
Rb GKwU bybZg gvb wbaviY I AbymiY Kiv hZ cvi| GB bybZg gvb wbaviY I evevqbi
Dk _vKe bybZg Pvwn`v c~iY Ki wkvg evevqbi cvkvcvwk chvqg evevqbi KvwLZ
gvb cuQvbv| bybZg gvb wbaviY h welqmg~nK weePbvq ivLZ ne Zv nQ kwYK, wki
msLv, wkKi msLv, Kvm cwiPvjbvi gvU mgq, Avmevec I wkLb-kLvbv mvgwM I DcKiY,
wkK cwkY, wbqwgZ gwbUwis, GKvWwgK mycviwfkb, cwievii mZv, zji Ges cavb
wkKi f~wgKv, GmGgwmi f~wgKv BZvw`|
12.6 cwieviK AvbyvwbKfve wkLb-kLbv KvR mKiY
cvK-cv_wgK wkvi j ARb wkvg cYqbi mgq wbw` wkLb dj ARb aygv kwYKi
wkLb-kLvbv KvRi DciB ay wbfi Kiv nqwb eis evwo ev cwievii msM wbweo hvMvhvM
vcbi gvag wki weKvk I wkLb Zivw^Z Kivi Dci iZ Avivc Kiv nqQ| G
wkvgi KvwLZ j ARb zj chvq evevqbi AvbyvwbKfve cwieviK m Kiv
Riwi| hnZz weKvk I wkLbi ekwKQz cwievii Dci wbfiZv iqQ mnZz cwieviK
h_vh_fve m bv Kij wkvgi mdj evevqb wbwZ Kiv hve bv|
12.7 mvgvwRK ixwZ I PPvq cwieZb
wkv-mswk mKj Kgx I eweM`i hZ cwkYB `Iqv nvK bv Kb, wkv mwKZ mvgvwRK
ixwZ, wekvm I cPwjZ avb-aviYvq cwieZb bv AvbZ cvij wkv eo aibi Kvb cwieZb
Avkv Kiv hvq bv| GKwU bZzb wkvg cPwjZ I MZvbyMwZK wkv eev wfb cwqvq evevqb
Kivi GKwU ewj c`c| wkvg cwieZbi GB c`c ai bIqv nq h, wkK I Abvb
wkv ckvRxexiv wkvgi cvweZ cwqv-cwZ I mycvwikgvjv wekvm I AvZ Kieb Ges m
Abyhvqx Zuv`i wkLb-kLvbv PPv cwieZb Kieb| GRb bZzb wkvg evevqbi AZ
Riwi welq njv wkvi mKj AskxRb`i ga GKwU wekvm I evSvcov (understanding) Zwi
cvK-cv_wgK wkvg

cv 67

Kiv hLvb cwieZbi wb`wkZ w`K cuQvbv me| ay wkvg `wjji ZvwK aviYvq cwieZb
AvbjB h PPvq cwieZb Avme Zv bq| ZvwK aviYv _K i Ki kwYK chvqi wkLbkLvbv cwqvq Avg~j cwieZb AvbZ nj mswk mKj AskxRbK wkvgi AwbwnZ PZbvq
DxweZ nZ ne| ZeB h jK mvgb iL G wkvg cYxZ nqQ Zv ARb Kiv me ne|
12.8 wkvg g~jvqb
wkvg Kvb wi `wjj ev welq bq| wkvg Dbqb I cwigvRb GKwU AevnZ cwqv| hw`I
h_ cixv-wbixvi ci evcK AvKvi wkvg evevqbi D`vM MnY Kiv nq ZeyI mgqi
msM msM wkvg evevqb cwiexY I Gi h_v_Zv g~jvqb Kiv Riwi| KvwLZ wkvg
kwYK KZUv evevqb nQ ev ARb DchvMx hvMZv I wkLbdj wkiv ARb KiZ mg nQ
wKbv Zv hvPvB Ges m Abyhvqx eev MnY wkvgi mdj evevqb LyeB iZc~Y| G
RvZxq wkvg I cvVcyK
evW evevqbi i _KB evevqbKvix msv cv_wgK wkv
Awa`ii msM wbweo hvMvhvM I mZvi gvag wkvg g~jvqbi D`vM MnY Kie|
wkvg g~jvqbK LKvjxb KvR wnme bv `L avivevwnK cwqvi gvag GKwU vqx eev
MVb RvZxq wkvg I cvVcyK
evW cqvRbxq D`vM MnY Kie| g~jvqb _K cv djvdj
h_vh_fve eenvi Ki wkvg Ges Gi evevqbK Aviv eMevb I A_c~Y Kivi GKwU c~e
wbavwiZ KkjI mB eevq _vKZ ne|

cvK-cv_wgK wkvg

cv 68

13. cwievi _K cvwZvwbK wkvi DiY (Transition)

cwievi _K cvK-cv_wgK we`vjq, Zvici cvK-cv_wgK _K cv_wgK ii wkvq DiYi wewfb
chvq wkK bvbv aibi Pvji gyLvgywL nZ nq| G wkK gvMZ bZzb cwieki mv_
Lvc LvIqvZ nq Ges bZzb bZzb gvbyli mv_ wg_wqv KiZ nq, hv Zvi eqmi Zzjbvq h_
Pvjws| cwievii cwiek _K we`vjqi AvbyvwbK cwiek h_B wfbZi nq| Avevi cvKcv_wgK wkvi wkLb-cwiek _K cv_wgK ii wkLb-kLvbv cwiekiI h_ cv_K iqQ|
cvK-cv_wgK wkvi GKwU AbZg Dk nQ wkK GB Pvj gvKvejvq h_vh_fve cZ
Ki GK avc _K Ab avc DiY mnvqZv Kiv| gvZvwcZv Ges wkK hw` GB DiY h_vh_
mnvqZv KiZ bv cvib, Ze Zv wki cieZx Rxebi wkLb bwZevPK cfve djZ cvi|
weklZ c_g cRbi wkv_x, hviv evwoZ gvZvwcZvi KvQ _K wkLb-mwKZ Zgb Kvbv
mnvqZv cq Avm bv, Zviv nVvr Ki we`vjqi AvbyvwbK cwiek wkLb-kLvbv cwqvi fZi
Gm wbRK avZ KiZ Ag nq AbK mgq Si co| GB bZzb cwieki mv_ mwVKfve
AwfhvwRZ nZ bv cvij wki wewfb aibi AvPiwYK mgmvI `Lv w`Z cvi| hgb- fq cvIqv,
KvbvKvwU Kiv, DwMZv c`kb, we`vjq bv hvIqvi gbvfve I bZzb Kvbv cwiek cwiwwZ ev
wKQzK gb bv bIqvi gvbwmKZv BZvw`| Dciv welqmgyn weePbvq mKj chvqi cwZwU avc
hw` wki weKvki DchvMx GKwU mnR I wk eve DiY cwiek Zwi Kiv bv hvq, Zvnj wki
weKvk I wkLbi mvebv wewNZ ne| Ze gb ivLZ ne G DiYi cwZ gvb ay wkK cZ
Kiv bq eis gvZvwcZv, cwievi, we`vjq Ges mgvRKI wkK MnY Kivi Rb h_vh_fve cZ
nZ ne| GRb wewfb chvq h mKj D`vM bqv cqvRb mjv wbgic|
13.1 gvZvwcZvi cwZ: GB cvK-cv_wgK wkvg cYqbi bxwZgvjvi AbZg GKwU bxwZ njv
cwievii mZv| wkLb-kLvbv Kvhg cwiPvjbvmn wkvg evevqbi wewfb chvq ZvB
wewfbfve cwievii mZv I gvZvwcZvi f~wgKvi welqwU GmQ| GB mZvi GKwU AbZg
Dk nQ evwoi AbvbyvwbK cwiek _K we`vjqi AvbyvwbK cwiek DiY wcZvgvZv hb
h_ cyZ nq f~wgKv ivLvi cvkvcvwk wki weKvk I wkLb mnvqZv KiZ cvib| wki evwo
_K cvK-cv_wgK wkv Ges mLvb _K cv_wgK i DiYi AvbyvwbK cewU hvZ Avb`Nb I
myLKi AwfZvi wfZi w`q AwZevwnZ nq mRb cvK-cv_wgK wkvi wewfb avc I Kvhg
gvZvwcZvi f~wgKv AZ iZc~Y Kbbv wki ^ cwiPqi MwZ Zvi mePq KvQi I wbfiZvi
gvbyl njv Zvi gvZvwcZv| GRb wki we`vjq AwflKi c_g w`b gvZvwcZv`i wbq Kvbv
Abyvb AvqvRb Kiv hZ cvi hLvb gvZvwcZv wkK we`vjq wbq Avmeb I Zv`i mv_ wKQz
mgq KvUveb| Gmgq we`vjq wki mvb` AwflK cvK-cv_wgK wkvq gvZvwcZvi f~wgKv
AvjvPbv Ki eywSq `qv hZ cvi| G gb ivLZ ne evsjv`ki cvcU weePbvq
cwievii mZv ev gvZvwcZvi h_vh_ f~wgKv ivLvi welqwU wbwZ Kiv mnR bq| hnZz
cwZwbqZ cwieZbkxj mvgvwRK cvcU we`vjq I cwievii mZv fwelZ cRbK mwVKfve
cvK-cv_wgK wkvg

cv 69

Mo Zvjvi Pvj gvKvejvq iZc~Y f~wgKv ivL mnZz wkvg cwiKbvq G welqwUK h_
iZ `qv nqQ| m~Y we`vjqKw`K GKwU aviYv _K cwievi-we`vjq Askx`vwiZi aviYvi
w`K gk GwMq hvIqv nqQ| GB cwiewZZ aviYvi mydj cZ cwievi I gvZvwcZvK cZ
Kivi D`vM wkvg evevqb cwiKbvq _vKZ ne| cwievi I gvZvwcZvK cZ Ki
mvweKfve wkvg evevqb Zv`i AskMnY wbwZ KiZ wbewYZ welqmgyni AvjvK
evwo-we`vjq mnhvwMZvi GKwU iciLv cYqb Ki evevqb Kiv hZ cvi|
wbR`i cviwiK mgSvZv ew Ges evwo I we`vjq Dfq wki weKvk I wkLb
mK Z_ Av`vb c`vbi Rb wbqwgZ AvbyvwbK mkbi eev ivLv;
cvcU I eveZv weePbvq gvZvwcZvi vb, `Zv I Kibxq mK cviwUs GWzKkb
Gi eev ivLv;
eveZvi AvjvK me nj gvZvwcZvK ^Qvmex wnme kwYi ev we`vjqi wewfb KvR
AskMnY Kivbv;
wkLb-kLvbv cwqvi msM wgj iL evwoZ wk`i mnvqZv Kivi Kkj i Kivbv;
we`vjq I kwYK eevcbvq gvZvwcZvi gZvgZ I AskMnY|
hnZz evsjv`ki cvcU I eveZvq GB aviYvi evevqb mnR bq mnZz G wbewYZ
Kkjmgyn AbymiY Kiv hZ cvi:
cwievii msM hvMvhvMi aiY, mgq, cwZ, msLv BZvw` ne wfb wfb, bgbxq Ges
cwievi ev gvZvwcZvKw`K| we`vjqi cqvRbi Pq G cwievii cqvRb Ges
Zv`i gZvgZK ewk iZ w`Z ne|
gb ivLZ ne cwZwU wk hgb Avjv`v Zgwb cwZwU cwieviiI Avjv`v Avjv`v ewk
_vKZ cvi hgb, gvZvwcZv DfqB KgRxex, Mvg _K kni Avmv, c_g cRb wkwZ,
weevn weQ` ev GKK cwievi BZvw`| wfb wfb cwievi wki cwZ wfb wfb cZvkv,
`wfw ev wekvm _vKZ cvi| we`vjqi KvQI Zv`i cZvkv _vKZ cvi wfb|
gvZvwcZvi wkv ev ckvi aib mivmwi Zv`i m nevi aibK cfvweZ KiZ cvi|
GRb we`vjqK bvbv aiYi KgKv cwiKbv KiZ ne hb gvZvwcZv`i ewea cZvkv
c~iY Kiv hvq|
wki KvQ gvZvwcZvi cZvkv AbKUvB ewK (Subjective) hv memgq hywwbfi bq
A_P wkKi cZvkv Avevi nIqv DwPZ hwK| wki cwZ gvZvwcZvi cQ` I cZvkv
wbq wkKi msM hb Kvb mvsNwlK `wfwi De bv NU Zv mPZbfve j iL
hvMvhvM KiZ ne|
AMvwaKvi wfwZ mnhvwMZvi I gvv gv^q evovbvi cwiKbv KiZ ne|
G mgvR chvR mnhvwMZvi Aviv h Dcv`vbmg~n AvQ Zvi h_vh_ eenvi
wbwZ KiZ ne|
cvK-cv_wgK wkvg

cv 70

12.2 we`vjqi cwZ: gb ivLZ ne, cvK-cv_wgK wkvq GKwU wki AwflK njv Zvi
AvbyyvwbK wkvi i| GKB mv_ cwievi I cwievii m`m`i mv_ GUvB wki wfb cwiek
mZvi AwfZv I AcwiwPZ cwiek AvMgb Ges AcwiwPZ Acivci wk I wkKi mv_ Zvi
gjvgkv I wg_wqvi c_g ce| ZvB GB cwiek wk Lvc LvIqvbvi evav DiYi we`vjq
I gvZvwcZvi h_ D`vM, mnhvwMZv Ges wbweo mg^q cqvRb| we`vjq G wk`i Rb
Avo^ic~Y AwflK Abyvb, D Af_bv AvqvRb Kivi cvkvcvwk c_g chvq gvZvwcZvi wbweo
mnvqZv wbZ cvi| kwY Kvhg i Kivi c_g chvq kwYK, we`vjq I Pvicvki cwiek I
fZmyweavw` hgb, wkeve Avmeve, UqjU, nvZ avqvi RvqMv, cvwb BZvw` mK wk`i
AewnZKiY we`vjqi AbZg `vwqZ| `bw`b kwYi KvRi Ask wnme wk`i gv^q G
AewnZKiY, cheY I zj gY Kvhg Zv`i `Z bZzb cwieki mv_ Lvc LvBq wbZ
mnvqZv Ki| hKvb cqvRb ev cwiwwZZ wk ZvrwbKfve hb Zvi cqvRbi K_v ejZ
cvi kwYZ miKg GKwU AbyK~j cwiek Zwi KiZ ne| cvK-cv_wgK wkvq wki `bw`b
AvPiwYK AwfewK iZ w`q Zv`i Rb Lye mnbkxj Kvhg MnY Ki cwZvbK Zvi KvQ
MnYhvM, AvMn I Avvi K` wnme Mo Zvjv hvq| GKwU wbivc`, mnhvMx, ezZc~Y cwiek
we`vjqi wkKmn mKj Kgx wk`i cwZ mn I ggZi GKwU gvbwmKZv wbq mnvqZvi nvZ
evwoq w`j wkiv Zv`i AwgZ mvebvi weKvki w`K GwMq hZ cvi| ay ZvB bq,GB
AwfZv wki we`vjqi cwZ AvKlY, Rxebevcx wkvq AvMn mw Ges Zvi AvRxeb wkLb
gvbwmKZv ZwiZ DjLhvM f~wgKv ivLe|
13.3 Dchy I h_vh_ wkvg: evwo ev cwievi _K cvwZvwbK wkLb cwiek DiY GKwU
Dchy I mse`bkxj wkvgi iZ Acwimxg| evwo I we`vjqi ga mnhvMx mK eRvq
ivLZ cvcU I cZvkvi msM mvgmc~Y wkvg iZc~Y fzwgKv cvjb Ki| ZvQvov wki
Rb GKwU mnvqK wkLb cwieki Acwinvh Ask njv Zvi weKvk DchvMx I mvswZKfve Dchy
(Developmentally & culturally appropriate) wkvg I wkLb-kLvbv cwqv| cvK-cv_wgK
wkvg cYqbi mgq GwUK wki Rb weKvk DchvMx I mvswZKfve Dchy I MnYhvM
KiZ we`vjqi AvbyvwbK cwiwwZi mv_ wki Lvc LvIqvbvi welqK iZ `qv nqQ| Early
Learning and Development Standards (ELDS) K wfw wnmve MnY Ki wki weKvki
Abyhvqx cvK-cv_wgK wkvgK web Kiv nqQ hb wki cwZ mKji cZvkv GKwU mvaviY
gvvq _vK| G wki wkLbi msM msM weKvkK AwaKZi mPZbZvi mv_ jvjb Kivi
myhvM ivLv nqQ hb cv_wgK ii wkvq ceki j cvK-cv_wgK wkvg mvweKfve
wkK cZ KiZ cvi| G AviKwU iZc~Y welq njv cvK-cv_wgK wkvg I cv_wgK
wkvgi chv I h_vh_ mg^q hvZ wk GK i _K AviK i DiY wkLbi Kvbv
euvavi myLxb bv nq| GRb cvK-cv_wgK wkvg wbavwiZ welq I wfwK ARbhvM `Zv
hgb fvlv, kvixiexq, MvwYwZK, mRbkxjZv, evwbK I chywMZ vb BZvw`i mv_ cv_wgK
ii c_g kwYi mswk `Zvmg~ni mg^q Ki Dj^ mmviY (Vertical expansion) Kiv
cvK-cv_wgK wkvg

cv 71

cqvRb| A_vr cvK-cv_wgK wkvgi mv_ cv_wgK ii wkvgi h_vh_ mg^q mvab KiZ
ne hb cvK-cv_wgK wkvq AwRZ AwfZvmg~ni mv_ cv_wgK wkvi ARbhvM `Zvi
mZzeb Zwi Ki wkK wki fwelZ wkLbi vi Dby KiZ cvib Ges cv_wgK wkvq wki
mvejxj DiY NUvZ cvib|

cvK-cv_wgK wkvg

cv 72

14. GKxf~Z wkv welqK wb`kbv

cw_exi wewfb `k eZgvb wkvi bxwZ wb`kbvq GKxf~Z wkv cwqvi Dci cvavb w`q AvmQ|
wkvi g~j mvZaviv _K wewQb wk`i Dci MelYvj vb GKxf~Z wkv cwqvi mycvwik
Ki| GKxf~Z wkvq mKj wki wbR^ ewk Ges wfbZvK weePbv Ki wkv cwqvq Zv`i
AskMnYi myhvM mw Kiv nq| GB cwqvi gvag wkvi hgb Dbqb nq Zgwb mKj wki
AskMnY mvgvwRK, mvswZK I A_bwZK wewfb aibi mydj cvIqv hvq|
mcwZ evsjv`k miKviI cv_wgK wkv GKxf~Z wkv Kvhg evevqbi D`vM MnY
KiQ| evsjv`ki cwZwU wki Rb gvbmZ cv_wgK wkv Z_v cvK-cv_wgK wkvi myhvM mw
Kivi welq miKvi AxKvive|
1990 mvji evaZvg~jK cv_wgK wkv AvBb Abyhvqx wj, eqm, Avq, cwievi, mswZ I z`
RvwZmvi wewfbZv Abyhvqx Kvb wkB cv_wgK wkvi AvIZvi evBi _vKvi K_v bv| RvZxq
AxKvii GB avivevwnKZvq evsjv`k miKvi AvRvwZK wewfb mb`, NvlYv I bxwZgvjv hgb,
mevi Rb wkv, mnmvi Dbqb jgvv, RvwZmsNi wk AwaKvi mb`, 1990 cfwZi mv_
wewfb mgq GKvZZv NvlYv Ki|
wki gvbwmK, mvgvwRK, A_bwZK, RvwZwfwK, fvlvMZ, AveM-Abyf~wZ I wekvm ev Ab Kvbv
wewfbZvi KviY wkvi myhvM _K hb ewZ bv nq Zv wbwZ KivB GKxf~Z wkvi g~j cwZcv`
welq|
evsjv`k miKvii wewfb RvZxq I AvRvwZK mb`, NvlYv I bxwZgvjvi m GKvZZv cKvki
welqwU evevqbi j cv_wgK I MYwkv gYvjq, wZxq cv_wgK wkv Dbqb Kgm~wPZ GKxf~Z
wkvi GKwU KgcwiKbv I cwiKvVvgv (Strategies and Action Plans for Inclusive Education)
cYqb Kib| GB cwiKvVvgvZ GKxf~Z wkvi PviwU i wPwZ Kiv nqQ| Gjv njv:
1. Rvi mgZv I mvg: bvix cyil mg`wkZvi welqwUK GKwU meevcx (Cross-Cutting)
wnme weePbv Kiv nqQ|
2. SuywKM wk: hme wkiv bvbv elgg~jK cwiwwZ hgb, mvgvwRK, A_bwZK I fMvwjK,
cwZKZvi KviY wkvi myhvM _K ewZ ZvivB SuywKM wk|
3. z` RvwZmvi wk: evsjv`ki eni evsjv fvlvfvwl wk`i cvkvcvwk 40wU AcvKZ
z` fvlvfvwl RbMvxi wk iqQ| Gme wki cwiek, mswZ, agvPvimn RxeYvPiY
ewPc~Y| G`i RvwZmvi ewk, fvlv I b-fMvwjK cwiwwZi KviY Giv ^Z z`
RvwZmv wnme AwfwnZ nqQ|
4. wekl Pvwn`v mb wk: wk`i gvbwmK I kvixwiK, eywewK I evPwbK cwiwwZ wbaviY
Ki wekl Pvwn`vi cKwZ| Avevi wekl Pvwn`vi cKwZ, Zv c~iYi Kkj Ges Zv
Abykxjbi myhvM-myweavi Ici wbfi Ki| wkLbi Rb wekl mnvqZvi cqvRb iqQ
Ggb wkivB njv wekl Pvwn`v mb wk|
cvK-cv_wgK wkvg

cv 73

14.1 Rvi mgZv (Equality) I mvg (Equity):

Rvi kwUi AvwfavwbK A_ njv bvix-cyili mg`wkZv| A_vr bvix I cyilK mgvR Kxfve
`L A_ev mgvR bvix-cyilK Kxfve Dcvcb Ki g~jZ ZvB-B Rvi| mywbw`fve Rvi
ejZ evSvq :
mvgvwRKfve Mo IVv bvix-cyili cwiPq ;
mvgvwRKfve wbavwiZ bvix-cyili mK Ges
mgvR KZK AvivwcZ bvix-cyili f~wgKv, `vwqZ I KZe|

mgvRi wewfb bvix-cyili mgvb Aev I Aevbi wP cvIqv MjI DfqB GKB vb,
`Zv, `wfx I gbvfve wbq Mo DVQ wKbv mUv iZc~Y| wjf`i KviY bvix I cyili
ga myhvM, m` ev myweav A_ev mev cvIqvi Kvbv iKg elg mw bv nIqvi cwqvB
njv Rvi mvg|
RvZxq wkv bxwZ-2010 Gi g~j cwZcv`i m mwZ iL eZgvb cvK-cv_wgK wkvg Rvi
welqwUi Dci iZ `Iqv nqQ| Rvi mgZv I mvgi cwZdjb wkvgi AvUwU wkLb i
cwZwUZ meevcx welq wnme (cross-cutting issue) Afy Kiv nqQ| wkv_x`i KvwZ
wkLbdj ARbi Rb Qj I gq wki ga hb GKB aibi vb, `Zv, AvPiwYK
mRbeva, `wfx I gbvfve Mo DV Zvi Rb wbi welqjv weePbv Kiv hZ cvi :
K. wkLb-wkLvbv Kkj Ggbfve wbaviY Kiv DwPZ hvZ Zv Rvi wbic nq| A_vr
wbevwPZe Kkjjv Qj ev gq wk - Dfqi Rb hb h_vh_ nq, KD hb Zvi
fMvwjK, bZvwK, A_bwZK, kvixwiK ev gbv-mvgvwRK Aev I Aevbi KviY
wbRK Aab ev DcwZ fvevi myhvM bv cvq|
L. cwiKwZ h Kvbv ZrciZv ev KvR Zv `jxq RywUe ev GKKfve Kiv nvK bv Kb Zv
hb Rvi-eve nq| A_vr Ljv wbevPb, M I Qov wbaviY f~wgKvwfbqi welqe Pqb,
wkZvl evqvg, cvR&j& ev KvR cQ`i mgq Rvi-eveZvi welq weePbvq ivLv|
M. wkLb-kLvbv Kkj AwfhvRb ev cwiKwZ ZrciZv evevqbi Rb cqvRb nq bvbv
iKgi wkv DcKiY| wkv DcKiY Zwii Zv Rvi eve Kivi welq mswk
mKji mPZb nIqv cqvRb|

cvK-cv_wgK wkvg

cv 74

wkLb-kLvbv mvgMxZ Rvi mgZv I mvgi cwZdjb : Qj ev gq wk Dfqi KvQB IqvK

eyK GKwU AwZ Av`ibxq cvV-DcKiY| m Rb GwU hb Dfqi KvQB mgfve MnYxq nq Zvi
Rb cqvRb GKwU Rvi-eve IqvK eyK| GKBfve bvix ev cyil Dfq wkKi Rb cYxZe
wkK mnvwqKv GKBfve iZc~Y| IqvK eyK Ges wkK-mnvwqKv Rvi-eve Ki mKj
wkKi Rb DchvMx, mnvqK I ^wKi nZ ne| Gme wkv-mvgMx Rvi-eve Kivi Rb
wbPi cvebvmg~n weePbv Kiv hZ cvi:
K. wewfb wkv mvgMxZ eeZ fvlv ne Rvi wbic| wkv mvgMxi fvlvq ccvZg~jK
Kvb k, D`vniY ev Dcgv eenvi Kiv DwPZ bq|
L. IqvK eyKmn Abvb mvgMxi welqe ne Rvi-wbic| welqe iPbv, Dcvcbv I
evLv weklYi mgq Rvi mPZb nZ ne| bvix ev gq wki ghv`v mgybZ ivL Ges
mB m cviwiK mvbeva DxweZ Ki Ggb welq wkv mvgMxZ cwZdwjZ nIqv
Riwi|
M. wewfb cvV mvgMxZ bvg eenvii mgq hb ay gq wk A_ev Qj wki bvg bv Avm
m w`K Lqvj ivLZ ne| bvg eenvi mgZvwfwK nj Zv mKji KvQ MnYxq ne|
N. wkv mvgMxZ eeZe AvjvKwP I AjsKiYi gvag hb gq wk ev bvixK nq bv
Kiv nq ev ccvZg~jK wPvewj cwZdwjZ bv nq m welq mKjK mPZb nZ ne| A_vr
h Kvbv wPvqb Rvi wbic nIqv evbxq|
wkvg weiY Rvi mgZv I mvgi cwZdjb: wkvg weiY g~jZ wkvg evevqbi
GKwU AewnZKiY cwqv| GwU wkvg evevqbi m~Pbv cei GKwU iZc~Y Abyl| GB
cwkY cwiPvjbi Rb cqvRb nq GKwU cwkY gvbyqvj| gvbyqvjwU AekB c~e wb`wkZ
Rvi-eve bxwZgvjvi wfwZ cYxZ ne| ZvQvov wkvg evevqbi Avi GKwU iZc~Y
w`K njv cwkYKvj cwkK (wkK, wkK-cwkK I gvV chvqi KgKZve`) hv Dcvcb
Kieb mLvb eeZe welqe,& D`vniY Dcgv, cwkY mswk AvPiY I bxwZgvjv BZvw`
Rvi wbic nIqv AZvekK|
g~jvqb Rvi mgZv I mvgi cwZdjb: g~jvqb Rvi mgZv I mvgi cwZdjb wbwZ KiZ
g~jvqb Kkj I cwigvcK (Uzjm) hb Rvi-wbic nq m w`K j ivLv cqvRb| ZvQvov
wkLbdj cwigvc Qj I gq wki ga Rvi mPZbZvi eveZv Kx Zvi cwigvYMZ I
YMZ gvb wbicYi Rb AvM _KB Rvi m~PK wbaviY Kiv cqvRb| G aibi g~jvqb
Kkj Rvi mgZv I mvgZvwfwK wk weKvk mnvqK ne|

cvK-cv_wgK wkvg

cv 75

we`vjq Rvi mgZv I mvgi cwZdjb: wkvgi mdj evevqbi GKwU gvcKvwV njv
Rvi-eve we`vjq| zjjv KZUzKz Rvi-eve wnme Mo DVQ Zv wbfi Ki gvevev/AwffveK, cwievi I mgvRi Ici A_vr eni RbmgvRi Rvi mPZbZvi Ici|
Rvi-eve we`vjq ejZ hv evSvq Zv njv:
K. we`vjq wbivc` wKbv: we`vjq Qj I gq wk`i Rb, wekl Ki gq wki myyiv,
wbivcv Ges Dxcbvgq cwiek weivR KiQ;
L. gq wk`i we`vjq Avmvi h me evav iqQ Zv wPwZ Ki hZ`~i me
`~ixKiYi KvhKi c`c bIqv nqQ;
M. MvUv we`vjqK Ggbfve AvKlYxqfve mvwRq-wQq ivLv, wbqg Kvbyb gb Pjv, wkK,
wekl Ki cyil wkK`i mnvqK-AvPiY, wk-eve cvqLvbv I PvcKj cwZv BZvw` hb
gq wki Rb KvwZ nq m welq eev bIqv nqQ;
N. Qj I gq wki mgAsk MnYi cwZeKZv LyuR ei Kiv Ges G me cwZeKZv
AcmviY AwffveK I mgvRi mnvqZv wbwZ Kiv;
O. Pvwn`vi wfwZ Qj I gq wki Rb mvgZvi bxwZZ m` eiv Kiv |

14.2 SzuwKM wk :
SzuwKM wkiv wekl cwiwwZi wkKvi| fMvwjK, A_bwZK I mvgvwRK cwZeKZvi KviY GB
cwiwwZi mw nq| Gme wkiv cvwievwiKfveI SzuwKM| wkv ewnf~Z _K hvIqvB myweav ewZ
nIqvi mePq DrK `v| wkv-ewnf~Z
wk`i ga wewfb aibi wk iqQ hv`i
mvgwMKfve myweav-ewZ wk ev SzuwKM wk ejv nq| G aibi wkiv nQ Pig `wi`Zvi ga
wbgwZ wk, mvgvwRK ev mvswZK w`K _K cvwK wk, fMvwjK KviY wewQb Aj ev `yMg
GjvKvq emevmKvix wk, KgRxex wk, Rj AvUK wk, cwievi _K wewQb wk, cwiZ wk,
z` RvwZmvi wk, GBPAvBwf Avv wk, Mv ev Rvi elgi wkKvi Ggb wk|
fvlv, wj, ckv, Avq, cwievi, mswZ, z` RvwZMZ ewP AvwjKZv ev `yMg GjvKvq Aevb
Kivi KviY Kvbv wkK cvK-cv_wgK wkvq AskMnY Kiv _K ewZ bv Kiv Ges cvK-cv_wgK
wkvi YMZ gvb, DchvwMZv Ges GKB mv_ wk`i wkvi myhvM mcmvwiZ Kiv|
evsjv`k cwZwU wki wkvi AwaKvi wbwZ Kivi j evaZvgyjK cv_wgK wkvi AvBbi K_v
c~eB DjL Kiv nqQ| ZvQvov evsjv`k 1990 mvj wk AwaKvi mb` (wmAviwm) ^viKvix
GKwU `k| G mb`i g~j cwZcv` welq nQ mKj wki Rb wkv wbwZ Kiv| ay myweav-ewZ
cvK-cv_wgK wkvg

cv 76

bq eis mKj wkK cvK-cv_wgK ii cYqbKZ wkvgi AvjvK wkv`vb Kiv, hvZ Ki
Kvbv wk LwZ gvbwmKZvq ev LwZ aviYvq weKwkZ bv nq| GQvov RvZxq wkv bxwZ 2010-G
SzuwKM wkK wkvq Afywi welq AZ iZvivc Kiv nqQ|
wkvg SzuwKc~Y wki cwZdjb: mevi Rb wkv - GB j ARbi AbZg AxKvi njv me
wki wkvi myhvM mw Kiv| m AvjvK cvK-cv_wgK wkvg mgZvi AvekKZv Acwinvh Ges
cYqbKZ wkvg mgZvi welqwU Mfxi cheYi gvag Afy Kiv nqQ| wekl Ki GB
wkvg cvwK RbMvx _K AvMZ wk`i AvK Kiv I ai ivLvi Rb wekl wb`kbvi
mycvwik Kiv nqQ| SzuwKM wk`i Rxeb, RxweKv, mswZ I jLvcov m^ Abvb wk`i
Awfb I BwZevPK gbvfve I `wfx Mo Zvjvi Rb wbPi welqjv weePbv Kiv hZ cvi:
K. wkLb-kLvbv Kkj wbevPbi mgq Ggb me Kkj wbevPb Kiv cqvRb hjv
SzuwKM wk`i m^ BwZevPK aviYv Mo ZzjZ mnvqK nq| GQvov Kkji gvag Ggb
Kvbv KvR bv Kiv hv SzuwKM wk`i gb AvNvZ Ki, Zv`i nxbgbZvq fvMvq ev
gvbwmK K `q| cwiKwZ h Kvbv KvR Zv GKK, RywUe ev `jxq nvK bv Kb Zv hb
SzuwKM wk-eve nq| cwiKwZ KvRi wewfb welq hgb: Ljv, M, Qov wbevPb,
f~wgKvwfbqi welqe Pqb BZvw` wbaviY LyeB mPZb nZ ne|
L. wkLb-kLvbv Kkj wbevPb ev cwiKwZ KvR evevqbi Rb cqvRb bvbv iKgi
DcKiY| wkv DcKiY Zwii Zv SzuwKM wk eve Kivi welq mswk mKji
mPZb nIqv cqvRb|
M. wkvg weiY cwkY SzuwKM wk`i welq wkKmn GKvWwgK mycviwfkbi mv_
mswk ew`i mPZb Kiv hZ cvi, mB m SzuwKM wk`i Rb h_vh_ wkLb cwiek
Zwii welqwU cwkY Afy
Kiv hZ cvi|

14.3 z` RvwZmv
wewfb mvswZK ewki mg^q mg GKwU `k evsjv`k| evsjv`ki kZKiv 98 fvM RbMY
evvwj Ges Zv`i fvlv evsjv| evsjv fvlvfvwl gvbyli cvkvcvwk evsjv`ki cvq 40 wU z` z`
RvwZmv Zv`i ^Kxq mvswZK ewk Azb iL I mxwZ eRvq iL cvkvcvwk Aevb KiQ|
^Z Av_-mvgvwRK, mvswZK, agxq mevcwi fvlvMZ ewki mg^q engvb z` z` RbMvxK
z` RvwZmv ejv nq|
wkiv kL Zvi wbRi fvlvq| h fvlvq Zvi wbRi `Lj bB mB fvlvq wkvMnY Kiv wk`i
Rb Kmva welq| evsjv`ki AwaKvsk gvbyli fvlv evsjv| G `ki cv_wgK we`vjqjvZ
cvK-cv_wgK wkvg

cv 77

wkvi gvagI evsjv| wK evsjv GKwU z` RvwZmvi wki Rb wZxq fvlv| ZvB G mKj wkiv
hLb we`vjq cek Ki ZLb h fvlvq Zvi wbRi `Lj bB mB fvlvq wkvMnY Kiv Kmva
nq `uvovq| hnZz Zv`i gvZfvlv evsjv bq, GmKj z` RvwZmvi wkiv hLb we`vjq cek
Ki ZLb Zv`i cavb euvav nq `uvovq fvlv| GRb z` RvwZmvi wk`i wkvq Si covi nvi
Ges GKB kwYZ cybivewi nvi evsjv`ki Abvb Aski Pq ewk|
gvZfvlvq wkv MnY cwZwU wki AwaKvi| MY cRvZx evsjv`k msweavbi 28(3) AbyQ`
Abyhvqx Kej ag, Mvx, eY, bvix-cyilf` ev Rb vbi KviY RbmvaviYi Kvb webv`b ev
wekvgi vb ceki wKsev Kvb wkv cwZvb fwZi welq Kvb bvMwiKK Kvbic AgZv,
evaevaKZv, evav ev kZi Aaxb Kiv hve bv| GQvovI `y RvwZmvi wk`i AwaKvi mgybZ
ivLZ ivi `vwqZ mK BZvga evsjv`k wewfb RvZxq I AvRvwZK NvlYv I PywZ ^vi
KiQ| GQvov RvZxq wkvbxwZ-2010 G z` RvwZmvi wk`i gvZfvlvq wkvi Dci iZvivc
Kiv nqQ| GLvb z` RvwZmvi wk`i cv_wgK wkvi m~Pbv ce _K gvZfvlvq covjLvi
myhvM mw Kivi K_v ejv nqQ|
z` RvwZmvi wk`i wkvi cwiek DbZ I hyZmB Kivi Rb gvZfvlvq wkv Avi Kivi myhvM
wbwZ Kiv cqvRb| mB m msLv Mwi RbMYi fvlv evsjvq `Zv ARb I wkv MnYi Rb
gvZfvlv wfwK efvwlK wkv Kvhg (Mother Tongue based Multi Llingual EducationMTbMLE) MnY Kiv cqvRb| cvK-cv_wgK chvq gvZfvlvq wkv MnY Avi Ki avivevwnK I
myeewZfve 2q fvlvq cwiwPZ nq wkv eevq cek Kij z` RvwZmvi bZzb wkv_xiv cvKcv_wgK chvq _K gvZfvlvq wkvi gReyZ wfw Ges wbRi cwZ Avv Zwi ne| GB kwkvjx
wfwi Dci wkv_xiv 2q Ges Aviv fvlvq wbR`i `Zv ARb KiZ cvie| GBfve GB
wkv_xiv Rxebevwc efvlvq wkvMnY wbwZ Kie| e fvlv I mswZi cwZ Zv`i cxwZ I
AvMn Zwi ne|
wkvg z` RvwZmvi cwZdjb: cvK-cv_wgK wkvg wk`i 4 wU weKvki K 8 wU
wkLb fvM Kiv nqQ| cwZwU wkLbK GKvwaK ARb DchvMx hvMZv I cwZwU ARb
DchvMx hvMZvK GKvwaK wkLbdj mywbw` Kiv nqQ| wkLbdj njv wkvgi KvwLZ
`Zv ev hvMZvi GKK|
cwZwU wkLbK ARb DchvMx hvMZv I wkLbdj Ggbfve f f `Lvbv nqQ hLvb
wk`i Dci Kvb wKQz Pvcvbv nqwb| wkv_xiv hvZ c_g Zvi Avkcvki cwiek _K kL
Zvi Dci iZ Avivc Kiv nqQ| wkLbdj cYqbi ^ ^ Aj Ges mswZi Dci Rvi
`qv nqQ| wkiv hvZ wbR`i mswZ I cwieki Dci hZkxj nZ cvi Ges Zv PPv Ki m
welq wekl iZ c`vb Kiv nqQ|
wkvg wPwZ 8wU wkLbi ga fvlv I hvMvhvM Ges cviwK-MwYZ ewZZ Abvb 6wU
z` RvwZmvi wkvw_iv mn mKj wkvw_iv wbR`i cwievi, cwiek, mswZ Ges
cvK-cv_wgK wkvg

cv 78

vwbqfve cPwjZ Ljv I fMvwjK Aevbi welq Rvbe Ges Gi gvag wkLb DwjwLZ
wkLbdj ARb Kie| z` RvwZmvi wkv_xiv gvZfvlvq wkLbdj ARbi cvkvcvwk wkLbdji
mv_ mwKZ DjLhvM kjv cvK-cv_wgK chvq evsjvq Rvbe|
gvZfvlv wfwK efvwlK wkv Kvhg wkLb-kLvbv Kkj: cvK-cv_wgK i z` RvwZmvi
wkv_xiv Zv`i wbR`i fvlvq wkLb AwfZv ARb Kie| kwYK wkLb kLvbvi fvlv ne
gvZfvlv| wkK wkvw_`i gvZfvlvq wkLb kLvbv Kvhg cwiPvjbv Kieb| IqvK eyK I
wkK mnvwqKv evsjvq cYqb Kiv njI z` RvwZmvi wk`i wbKU Zv Zv`i gvZfvlvq Dcvcb
Kiv hZ cvi|
wkLb kLvbv mvgMxZ z` RvwZmv: IqvKeyK I wkK mnvwqKv cYqb I Abvb wkLb-kLvbv
mvgwM Dbqbi weklfve j ivLZ ne hvZ z` RvwZmvi h_vh_ BwZevPK cwZdjb
_vK| IqvK eyKi welqe, cwiKwZ KvR, Pwi wPb Ges wPvb z` RvwZmvi mylg cwZdjb
_vKZ ne| welqe Pqbi wKQz wKQz cvK-cv_wgK ii z` RvwZmvi wk mn mKj
wk`i z` RvwZmv welq mPZbZv I AvMn mwi j z` RvwZmvi mswZi cwZdjb
cvVcy K ivLv hZ cvi| wPvb z` RvwZmvi fMvwjK Pwi Ges BwZevPK wP ivLv hZ
cvi| wPi ga w`q mwVKfve z` RvwZmvi gvbyli Pnviv, AvKvi-AvKwZ, cvkvK-cwiQ`,
evwoNi, ckv I cKwZi cKvk _vKZ cvi|
wkK mnvwqKvq z` RvwZmvi wk`i wkLb-kLvbv Kvhg cwiPvjbvi Rb cqvRbxq
wekl wb`kbv mshvRb Kiv hZ cvi| weklZ fvlv I hvMvhvM Ges cv iwK-MwYZ
wkLb wk`i cvK-cVb, cvK-wjLb Ges msLvi aviYv ARb ARb DchvMx hvMZvi wkLb
kLvbv AwfZvi welq wekl wb`kbv mshvRb Kiv hZ cvi|
wkvg weiY: wkvg weib Gi gvag wkvgi g~j welqe, wkvg evevqbi Kkj
Ges cvK-cv_wgK wkv evevqb wbqvwRZ mKj ew I cwZvbi `vwqZ welq mswk mKjK
AewnZ Kiv nq| wkvg weibi Rb cwYZe cwkY gvbyqvj wkvg z` RvwZmv welq h
me mycvwik ev cve cYqb Kiv nqQ Zvi welq my wb`kbv mn Kkji D`vniY _vKv
Riwi| h mKj wkK Ges ZveavqK gvZfvlv wfwK efvwlK wkv Kvhg evevqbi m
mswk _vKeb Zv`i Rb c_K cwkYi eev Kiv hZ cvi|
gvZfvlv wfwK efvwlK wkv Kvhgi evevqb:
z` RvwZmvi wk`i mnR, ^vfvweK I wbivc` AvbyvwbK wkvq ceki welq myz evevqbi
Rb wkKmn mswk mKj msvmg~ni wekl/wbw` wKQz `vq `vwqZ iqQ|
z` RvwZmvi wk`i wkv Kvhg cwiPvjbvi Rb mswk wkKK mB me RvwZmvi
fvlvq cvi`kx nZ ne|
mswk wkK/cavb wkK/ZveavqKK efvlv wkvq cqvRbxq `Zv _vKZ ne|
cvK-cv_wgK wkvg

cv 79

 mswk cavb wkKK gvZfvlv wfwK efvwlK wkv Kvhg evevqbi Rb we`vjq
h_vh_ cwiek eRvq evLZ ne Ges Zv wbweofve cwiexY I cqvRbxq wb`kbv c`vb
KiZ ne|
Dip in Ed mn Abvb wkK cwkY gvZfvlv wfwK efvwlK wkv Kvhg welq
c_Kfve mshy Kiv hZ cvi|
z` RvwZmvi wkiv h me cvK-cv_wgK we`vjq wkvMnY Ki m me we`vjq mswk
z` RvwZmvi fvlvq cvi`kx ev D RvwZmv _K wkK wbqvM `Iqvi eev MnY
KiZ ne| cv_wgK I MYwkv gYvjq, cveZ PMvg welqK gYvjq, cv_wgK wkv
Awa`i, Regional Council - CHT, Hill District Council G welq cqvRb nj bZzb
bxwZgvjv cYqb Gi eev MnY
g~jvqb: z` RvwZmvi wk`i g~jvqbi fvlv njv Zv`i gvZfvlv| g~jvqb nZ ne wkLbdji
wfwZ| mB m wkLbdji wfwZ wbavwiZ DjLhvM kjv evsjvfvlvq KZUzKz `Zv ARb
KiQ Zv g~jvqb KiZ ne Ze weklfve Lqvj ivLZ ne h GUv z` RvwZmvi wk`i 2q
fvlv, gvZfvlv bq|

14.4 wekl Pvwn`vmb wk:

wkv GKwU gwjK gvbevwaKvi wnme G `ki msweavb ^xKZ| cwZwU wki wkvi AwaKvi
wbwZ Kivi j miKvii AvBb I wkv msv bxwZ wb`kbv iqQ| evsjv`k GKwU Rbej
Dbqbkxj `k Ges wkvi j evevqb miKvii ewea eveZv _vKv mI cv_wgK wkv
DjLhvM ARb G hver nqQ| Ze evsjv`ki wekl Pvwn`v mb wk`i wkvi AwaKvi
wbwZ Kivi welq GLbv DjLhvM AMMwZ ARb Kiv me nqwb| miKvi G welq D`vM MnY
Ki evsjv`k cwZex KjvY AvBb 2001 Abygv`b Ki| mcwZ RvZxq wkvbxwZ 2010 G
wekl Pvwn`v mb wk`i wkvi welq iZvivc Kiv nqQ|
GQvov wewfb RvZxq AxKvii cvkvcvwk 1994 mvj bi mvjvgbKvq BDbv KZK AvqvwRZ
World Conference on Special Needs Education: Access and Quality Gi mv_I evsjv`k
miKvi GKvZZv NvlYv Ki|
wkLbi Rb wekl mnvqZvi cqvRb iqQ Ggb wkivB njv wekl Pvwn`v mb wk| Gme
wk`i wkvi AwZwi Kvb wekl w`K hgb, kvixwiK, gvbwmK, eyw, `w, keYRwbZ
Amyweav _vKZ cvi hv wekl mnvqZv c`vbi gvag Zvi wkv Kvhg AevnZ ivLZ cvi|
GLvb DjL h, cv_wgK wkvi g~j mvZavivi we`vjq g`y I gag chvqi wekl Pvwn`v mb
wk`i wkv Kvhg AskMnYi welq DrmvwnZ Kiv nq|
cvK-cv_wgK wkvg

cv 80

wekl Pvwn`v mb wk`i welq wb`kbv:

cvK-cv_wgK wkvg cYqbi wekl Pvwn`v mb wk`i wkvi welqwU iZi mv_
weePbv Kiv nqQ| hw`I wkvgi wkv , wkLbdj GKwU mvaviY wkK weePbv Ki
wbaviY Kiv nqQ Z_vwc IqvK eyK, wkK mnvwqKv, wkv DcKiY, Ljvi DcKiY cYqb I
wbevPbi mKj wki gvS mgZv ivi welq weklfve iZvivc Kivi welq GB
wb`kbv|
we`vjq wekl Pvwn`v mb wk`i mnRfve AfywKiYi Dk wbPi wb`kbvjv weePbv
Kiv cqvRb :
hw`I G wkvg GKwU mvaviY wkK weePbv Ki cYqb Kiv nqQ Z_vwc wkLb-kLvbv
Kvhg wbevPbi gvag wkKi wekl Pvwn`v mb wk`i kwY Kvhg AfyKiYi
h_ myhvM iqQ| `v ^ic, Kvb wki hw` kvixwiK PjbgZv weKvki ARbvcvhvMx
hvMZv nqZv wekl Pvwn`v mb wkwUK Abvb mvaviY wki gZ mgvbfve ARb KiZ
cvie bv Ze wkK Ab wkLb hgb, avivevwnK M Zwi Kiv kwY KvRwUZ wekl
Pvwn`v mb wkK AwaKZi iZ `qvi cwiKbv KiZ cvib| wkLb-kLvbv Kvhg,
wkLbdji cwiKwZ KvRi myz eenvii wb`kbv wkK wb`kbvq w`Z ne|
wkv mvgMx cwZ, wkv DcKiY wbevPb wekl Pvwn`v mb wk`i cwZ mgZvi `wKvY
_K wb`kbv c`vb KiZ ne| IqvKeyKi welqe wbevPb I Pwi wPY wekl Pvwn`v mb
wk`i cwZ kwYi Abvb wk`i mv_ mnvbyf~wZ I ezZc~Y Abyf~wZ Zwi nq m welq jLK,
wPKi`i mPZb _vKZ ne| IqvKeyKi gZv Abvb wkv mvgMxi fvlv, Dcvcb, wPi
Dcvcbv BwZ evPK nIqv mgxPxb hb wekl Pvwn`v mb wki cv_wgK wkvi g~j mvZavivq
Afyw KiY mnRZi nq| IqvKeyK bwZevPK Kvb fvlv eenvi Kiv mgxPxb bq| hviv wkv
DcKiY cZ Kieb, q Kieb Zv`i fZi hb wekl Pvwn`v mb wk`i welq aviYv
my _vK|
g~jvqbi wfw hnZz Criterion referenced assessment myZivs wekl Pvwn`v mb wk`i
gyjvqb Kkj wekl wfb nZ cvi| Gme wk`i mvweK Aev weePbv Ki gyjvqb
Kkj wbevPb Kiv hZ cvi|
wkvg evevqbi wb`kbv: we`vjq GKxf~Z wkvi cwiek I mswZ Zwii j wkvg
evevqbi welqwU AZ iZc~Y| we`vjq AeKvVvgvMZ welq _K i Ki kwY Kvhg,
wkv DcKiY, wkLb-kLvbv Kkj Ggb nIqv cqvRb hb wekl Pvwn`v mb wki we`vjq
mvgvwRKxKiY mnR nq| we`vjq GKxf~Z wkv evevqbi cvK-cv_wgK wkvgi w`K

cvK-cv_wgK wkvg

cv 81

wb`kbv wkvg evevqbi m mswk me AskxRb`i hgb, wkK`i cvkvcvwk wkK

cwkK, GmGgwmi m`m, gvZv wcZv, AwffveK, cwievi, mgvRK w`Z ne|
we`vjq chvq me aiYi wekl Pvwn`vmb wki Rb cqvRbvbymvi we`vjqjvZ wekl Pvwn`v
mb wkeve myhvM-myweav, hgb, kPvMvi, Ljvi gvV eenvimn PjvPj Kiv I Abvb myhvM
myweav wbwZ Kiv ne|
wekl Pvwn`vmb wk`i welq cvK-cv_wgK wkvi wkK cwkK`i cwkY w`Z ne|
K. h mKj wekl Pvwn`vmb wkv_x`i cv_wgK we`vjq cvK-cv_wgK kwYZ wkLbkLvbv Kvhg cwiPvjbv Kiv me Zv`i G mKj cwZvb fwZi myhvM c`vb KiZ ne;
L. G aibi wkv_x`iK hvZ mvaviY wkv_xiv ez I mncvVx wnme MnY KiZ cvi m
Rb wkK`i weklfve D`vM MnY KiZ ne;
M. wkv cwZvbi mnwkvwgK Kvhg h_v Ljvayjv I mvswZK KgKv hvZ wekl
Pvwn`vmb wkv_xMY mvaviY wkv_x`i mv_ Ask wbZ cvi G Rb KvhKi D`vM MnY
KiZ ne;
N. wekl Pvwn`vmb wkv_xiv hvZ Dcew cvwZ AMvwaKvi cvq mw`K wekl bRi w`Z
ne|
we`vjq GKxf~Z wkvi KvR wbqvwRZ g~L ew (Focal person), AwffveK, GmGgwm, mnKvix
Rjv cv_wgK wkv KgKZMY wekl Pvwn`vmb wk`i welq cqvRbxq eev MnY Kieb|
g~jvqbi mgZv: wekl Pvwn`vmb wk`i wkvi welq mgZv weavbi AbZg GKwU iZc~Y
welq g~jvqb| wekl Pvwn`vmb wk`i hw` cPwjZ cwZZ g~jvqb Kiv nq Ze G mKj
wk`i g~j mvZavivq we`vjq wkv Kvhg AevnZ ivLv `~in nq coe| wekl Pvwn`vmb
wkiv hvZ wkv Kvhg myzfve Abvb wk`i mv_ Pvwjq hZ cvi GRb wkvgi g~jvqb
Kvhg wewfb aibi g~jvqb cwZi myhvM ivLvi welq wb`kbv w`Z ne|
RvZxq wkvg I cvVcyK
evW (GbwmwUwe) ciewZZ GKxf~Z wkvi mv_ mswk ew-eM`i
wbq GKwU KwgwU MVb Ki GKxf~Z wkvi wevwiZ wb`kbv I cwiKbv cYqb Kie|

cvK-cv_wgK wkvg

cv 82

15. wbN (Glossary)

cvK-cv_wgK wkvg

cv 83

16. Mcx/idvi
wkv gYvjq (2010) RvZxq wkvbxwZ 2010, XvKv: MYcRvZx evsjv`k miKvi
cv_wgK I MYwkv gYvjq (2008) cvK-cv_wgK wkvi cwiPvjb KvVvgv, XvKv: MYcRvZx
evsjv`k miKvi,
cv_wgK wkv Awa`i (2010) AeZxKvjxb cvK-cv_wgK wkv cvKR, XvKv: cv_wgK wkv
Awa`i
evK wkv Kgm~wP (2007) wRwcwc gvbyqvj, evK, gnvLvwj, XvKv
evK wkv Kgm~wP (1999) wkwKv mnvwqKv: wk kwY, evK, gnvLvwj, XvKv
cvb evsjv`k (2005) wkvg I cvVm~wP, wc-zj Kvhg, BwmwmwW Kgm~wP, cvb evsjv`k,
jkvb, XvKv
cvb evsjv`k (2005) wkK cwkY mnvwqKv, wc-zj Kvhg, BwmwmwW Kgm~wP, cvb
evsjv`k, jkvb, XvKv
evsjv`k wk GKvWgx (2004) wkK mnvwqKv, cvK-cv_wgK wkv Kvhg, wki weKvk
cviwK wkv cK, gwnjv I wk welqK gYvjq, XvKv
mgw^Z mgvR Dbqb cK (2007) cvovKgx mnvwqKv, cvovKgx gwjK cwkY, wk weKvk I
cvK-cv_wgK wkv Kvhg, cveZ PMvg Dbqb evW
Lvj`, Gm. (1990), bwZKZv I Avgiv, LvZzb, K. kZcyv (cv 174-182) XvKv: evsjv
GKvWgx
gvngy`, k. b. (1990), wki wkv mK KqKwU K_v, LvZzb, K. kZcyv (cv 7-14) XvKv:
evsjv GKvWgx
Curriculum Development Centre (2008). Primary Education Curriculum, Ministry of
Education and Sports, Government of Nepal

cvK-cv_wgK wkvg

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Curriculum Development Division (2008). Pre-primary Curriculum Framework,

Botswana: Ministry of Education.
Department of Education and Training (2008). K - 10 Scope and Sequence, Western
Australia
Directorate of Primary Education (2007). Approved Strategies and Action Plans: Gender,
Special Needs Childrens Education, Tribal Childrens Education, Vulnerable Group
Childrens Education, Access and Inclusive Education, PEDPII, Ministry of Primary and
Mass Education, Bangladesh
Early Childhood Development Resource Centre (2008). Curriculum & Syllabus: PrePrimary, Institute of Educational Development, BRAC University
Fiji Islands Ministry of Education (2008). Na Noda Mataniciva: Kindergarten
Curriculum Guidelines for the Fiji Islands, Ministry of Education, National Heritage,
Culture and Arts, Republic of the Fiji Islands
National Institute for Educational Development (2008). Pre-primary Syllabus, Namivia:
Ministry of Education.
New Zealand Ministry of Education (1996). Te Whariki: Early Childhood Curriculum,
Wellington: Learning Media
Pre-school Curriculum Evaluation Research Consortium (2008). Effects of Pre-school
Curriculum Programs on School Readiness, Institute of Education Science, National
Centre for Education Research, US Department of Education
Rich-Orloff, W. (2010). Mainstreaming Pre-primary Education in Bangladesh: Bringing
It Together, Adding PPE into the PROG3 Arrangement, Final Report for Department for
Primary Education, Ministry of Primary and Mass Education, Bangladesh
Save the Children - USA (Not dated). Bringing Early Learning Best Practices to Children
Everywhere, SUCCEED Preschool Currculum Guide, Early Childhood Development
Program, Save the Children - USA, Bangladesh
The Curriculum Development Council (2006). Guide to the Pre-primary Curriculum,
Wan Chai, Hong Kong
Trawick-Smith, J. (2006). Early Childhood Development: A multicultural perspective,
Prentice Hall

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Victorian
Curriculum
and
Assessment
Authority (2008).
Analysis
of
Curriculum/Learning Frameworks for the Early Years (Birth to Age 8), Department of
Education and Early Childhood Development, Victoria, Australia
Walsh, G., Sproule, Liz , McGuinness, Carol , Trew, Karen , Rafferty, Harry andSheehy,
Noel (2006). 'An appropriate curriculum for 4-5-year-old children in Northern Ireland:
comparing play-based and formal approaches', Early Years, 26: 2, 201 221 available at
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09575140600760003
Kelly, A.V. (2009). The Curriculum: Theory and practice. Los Angeles: SAGE.
McLachlan, C., Fleer, M., & Edwards, S. (2010). Early Childhood Curriculum Planning,
Assessment, and Implementation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Null, J.W. (2008). Curriculum Development in Historical Perspective. In Connelly et
al., The SAGE Handbook of Curriculum and Instruction, pp.478-490.
Rogoff, B. (2003). The Cultural Nature of Human Development. New York: Oxford
University Press.
Rogoff, B. (1998). Cognition as a collaborative process. In Handbook of Child
Psychology, v-2 pp.679-744.
Sarker, P., & Deva., G. (2009). Exclusion of indigenous children from primary education
in the Rajshahi Division of northwestern Bangladesh. International Journal of Inclusive
Education, 13(1):1-11.
Slattery, P. (2006). Curriculum Development in the Postmodern Era. New York:
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Smith, A.B. (1993). Early Childhood Educare: Seeking a theoretical framework in
Vygotskys Work. International Journal of Early Years Education, 1(1):47-62.
Tanner, D., & Tanner, L.N. (2007). Curriculum Development: Theory into practice. New
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Wiles, J., & Bondy, J. (1998). Curriculum Development A Guide to Practice. New Jersey:
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(List incomplete)

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mswk KwgwUmg~n

cvK-cv_wgK wkvg

cv 87