aie ‘THE 8” INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON ADVANCED TOPICS IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING May 23-25, 2013 Bucharest, Romania Hardware Design of a Street Lighting Control System with Vehicle and Malfunction Detection Lavric Alexandru, Popa Valentin Stefan cel Mare University, Computers, Electronics and Automation Department, Suceava, Romania lavrie@eed.usv.r0 Abstract—Thic paper presents the hardware development of a Street lighting ‘monitoring and control | cloktateFuncton eo: Eee wns _SvetLighing Comat Fig 1 Teternal stucare of he INSI4 transceiver andthe system functions ‘The timer is used for designing a clock that would enable the on/off controls according to a flexible schedule set in advance by the user. The ADC converters are used to retrieve information from the sensors and the DAC is used for generating the PWM signal used for reducing the light intensity. The UART communication interface is used for icating with the computer unit installed at the‘command center of the street lights system. ‘monitoring and control MM, Tae Damawe CRcur ‘The dimming method used in the system is the digital PWM. method which provides certain advantages over the analog method [2]. The driver integrated in the LED street lighting lamp can be controlled to perform the dimming process via a 10V PWM signal, Since the PWM amplitude coming from the INSL4S is about 2.8 V, a particular circuit converts it to 10V amplitude, as shown in Fig. 2 re Fig 2 Fig. 3 presents the PWM signal received from the microcontroller, which is used for a 25% dimming, a peak-to- peak voltage of 2.6 V and a frequ terval during which the lamp is period of 6.4 ms The PWR crew cy of 186 Hz. The time “The PWM signal fom the microcontzlles Duly Cycle 25%) IV. Ventcus Detection A, The PIR sensor ‘The street lighting monitoring and control system is able to adjust the light intensity depending ou the presence of vehicles. One way to achieve detection within the system is the integration of a PIR (Passive Infrared Sensor) sensor. The PIR sensor reacts to changes in the infrared thermal radiation flow. Fig. 4 shows the PIR sensor of the DSC LC-100PI type [8] “The sensor consists of a series of lenses that collect the light from the infrared spectrum and send it to the processing circuit that converts it into energy. The processing circuit determines if'a detection occurs. Movement is detected when a body with a certain temperature passes by the infrared source. Table I presents the advantages and disadvantages Big 4 Stucare ofthe PIB sensor TABU PIE. ADvawTAoge! Di Baainaee [_____Dasdeantages + + rer the QUIT (Quad Liner | * Sentry to nrden tempermare Tinaging Techaslogy)technelogy | changes in the environment. that improves toe analyte of the | * Actiraon time Sore (2 Ste) (detected bodes (7) sSeaniaty to drect sunisht + Suvvelllece range 15m x | exponuse 1501 © Detection raage 15 m + "Detection ele opening OP | * Detection time 2 see (£0 Sees) Tnmunty to omall sums | + False alamns (nsmimao 25K) compensasen ST Agjunable HR eeror 2 otetion fom secromagaetic interference aed fads frequency OVI 10 000M) [7] + Frotesion against yan dation Power consumption 82-160 Standby coasumphoa 3A (£96) ie active mode Oma M) Reduced cots ‘Thus, the use of the PIR censor for vehicle detection has a mber of disadvantages related to the environment in which it ‘operates, as itis exposed to direct sunlight, which causes large temperature differences and generates false alarms that can compromise the entire street lighting control system. Moreover, the detection is limited to 15m in ideal operating conditions (distanee may decrease down to Sm in actual operating conditions). B. The Doppler sensor Another way fo achieve vehicle detection is the intearation of a sensor that uses the Doppler Effect. The sensor sends an electromagnetic (EM) signal to an object and receives back a signal reflected from that particular object. By monitoring the delay between the signal transmission and the reception of the reflected signal, the distance to the object can be determined. If the object is moving, the frequency of the received signal will be translated from the frequency of the seat signal to anoth frequency, and this effect is known as the Doppler Effect [9], [10] The translation of tne Doppler frequency is determined by the radial velocity of a moving object in the LoS (Line of Sight) ditection, The seusor can measure the radial velocity of ‘a moving object, based on the changing Doppler frequency ofthe received signal, The Doppler frequency shift is usually measured in the frequency area by means of the Fourier transformation of the received signal. Ia the Fourier spectrum, the maximum component is the Doppler frequency induced by the radial velocity of the direction of movement of the object ‘The Doppler frequency bandwidth is an estimate of the movement velocity through the micro-Doppler effect. The frequency of the transmitted signal should be as stable as possible in order to achieve the proper monitoring of the received signal status. Fig. § presents the Doppler GI100 [11] sensor that has been tested for vehicle detection in the street lighting monitoring and control system. The sensor includes two antennas used for signal transmission (Tx), two antennas for receiving the reflected signal (Rx) an oscillator that generates the signal and ‘mixer circu. Fig 6 The Doppler GHIOO seazor circuit ‘Table IE shows the values recorded by the ADC when a ‘vehicle is detected at various speeds. 5) enema rweace Fig 5. The Doppler GH100 sensor. pantera rere “The sensor operates on the 10.525GHz frequency in the X band, with a maximum power of 14dBm and a supply voltage of $V. The maximum current is of 60mA maximum, the harmonic emissions are of -10dBm, the sensitivity amounts to - ‘86dBm, and the antenna gain being of SdBi [11] ‘The advantages of the Doppler sensor as shown by the obtained results are: reduced false alarms, immunity to temperature changes in the operating environment, detection distance of over 20m, possibility to determine the moving speed of an object, almost instantancous activation time, immunity to direct sunlight exposure and a detection time of S0ms. By integrating the Doppler sensor in the street fighting ‘control system the false detection problem of the PIR sensor is solved. Since the amplitude of the sensor signal at the IF output is very small (by the order of millivolts) the signal has to be processed and applied to the terminals of an amplifying circuit designed by using the LM1324 operational amplifiers, as shown in Fig. 6. When an object moves in the radial direction of the sensor, a a speed of 1 m/s, the IF output frequency is of 40Hz/s. The amplitude of the output signal is directly proportional to the distance from the object The input signal an of 4V and its connection to the ADC convertor terminals of the INSIAS module will require voltage divider that reduces it to a voltage of 2 V. The maximum signal amplitude that can be applied to one of the two ADC converters is 2.4V. When no vehicle is detected, the recorded ADC value ranges between 1152-1400 mV. TABLE ADC Vavvis Doreen Sexson Dinner | ADC valse =) ev) im 3000 an 1956 Sm 1512 7 1 ea 198 Ti 16 ‘Thus, when the presence of a vehicle is detected, the value recorded by the ADC exceeds the 1400 mY threshold V. MALEUNCTION DETECTION CIRCUIT ‘The street lighting control system must be able to detect ‘any malfunctions that may occur due to any lamp that does not ‘work within normal parauieters, without any need for on-site inspection or passer-by notifications. These malfunctions are reported to the command center. Thus, an ACS714 [12] current sensor manufactured by Allearo is used. The ACS714 is a cost efficient altemative for current measurement, ‘The sensor incorporates a Hall low-offset linear sensor cireuit, When a consumer is applied, the current generates an electromagnetic field that is transformed by the Hall cireut into a directly proportional voltage. The sensor output is a voltage that is disectly proportional to the voltage identified by the consumer. The sensor resolution is of G6mV/A. Fig. 7a presents the block diagram of the ACS714 sensor. The supply voltage is of $ V, just as the voltage of the Doppler sensor used for vehicle detection. The signal generated at the sensor output signal is set at 24 V. As seen in Fig. 7, a resistive divider (Ry R,) is used for reducing the output voltage to 2V, since the ADC input of the JNS148 module has a maximum voltage of 24 °V. The speed of a vehicle can be calculated using (1) approximation, where o is the speed of light, fis the direct signal frequency and fiethe Doppler frequencyFig. 7b presents the ACS714 sensor incorporated in the street ing monitoring and control system, connected to the terminals of a LED lamp of 60 W. 1 system integration Fig 7. Structure ofthe ACSTH sensor Table TI shows the values recorded by the ADC converter for the different dimming levels. ‘TABLE ADC VaWvs ACSTU4 Sexson Dasmeg | ADC waa VD i 000) 356 2085; 5% 7090, 75% 3095) 8 7106) Fig, 8a presents the lighting control system that includes the command module, the 60 W Led Blectromax lamp, the Doppler sensor, the ACS 714 sensor and the oscilloscope used. Fig. 8b shows the PCB of the Doppler seasor circuit, the ACS and the one used for acquiring the PWM signal 2) Sweet lighting contol arate, 3) PCB-eenrore Fig § The teeelighting cones ayeem conigution VI Conctust0: ‘This paper presente the hardware development of the street lighting monitoring and coutrol system. Oue way to detect movement is to integrate a PIR (Passive Infrared Sensor) within the system, The employment of the PIR sensor for Vehicle detection has a number of disadvantages due to the environment in which it will operate. Another way to detect vehicles consists in the integration of a sensor that uses the Doppler Effect. The obtained results show that the Doppler sensor helps reduce the false alarms detected by the PIR sensor, it is immune to temperature changes in the operating environment, and has a greater detection range amounting to over 20m. Another aspect under consideration was the circuit for the detection of possible malfunctions which are reported to the command center and thus reduce the maintenance costs related to the street lighting system. The circuit entails the integration of an ACS714 Hall translation circuit. The main advantages of this system consist in the significant reduction of the electricity consumption costs and of the maintenance costs, by reducing the light intensity (dimming) after processing the information received from the sensors, such as: light level monitoring and vehicle detection. The automatically generated reports enable the monitoring of heavy traffic areas and help determine effective measures to optimize road traffic ACKNOWLEDGMENT ‘This paper was supported by the project "Improvement of the doctoral studies quality in engineering science for development of the kuowledge based society-QD0C” contract no, POSDRU/107/1,/S/78534, project co-funded by the Enropean Social Fund through the Sectorial Operational Program Human Resources 2007-2013 REFERENCES 11) A Lame, V Popa. I Bini, © Males, AM Gaitan, “An onginal lighting sontoring aod cootal system using’ Wiselers Sensor Networks", ECUMICT, pp 167-173, 2012 12) A. Lani V. Bopa, ¢. Male I Finis, Mew Techaslogies ia Sweet Lighting", Inernanonal Word Energy System Conference (WESC). 2p si1.sie, 312 1B) A Lame, V Popa. Finis, © Males, tid Mesh ZigBee Network Top Systems." Przegl Hekerotechn 4}. A Lame, V Popa, .A Trafic Prediction Alger for Conta Bificienty ACS Journal. in pes 15} ME Ziene, K Medes, M_Adjoud, F. 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