Recent Developments in Electric Power

Transmission Technology

Dr. Kalyan Sen

April 15, 2003

Slide: 1

Issues Facing Power Industry Today

S o u rc e

Load

Load

Demand for electrical

energy is increasing.
Free Flow makes
particular transmission lines
overloaded.
Construction of new
transmission lines has
become increasingly difficult
and expensive.
Energy needs to be
transported from the
generating point to the enduser along the most
desirable path.
Slide: 2

Issues Facing Power Industry Today

Voltage level may need to be restored at a point along
the line.
Ps , Q s

Pr , Q r
VX

I
Vs s

XL
VX
V1

Vs

I qs
I
I ds

90

Vr r

Vm V2
Vr

Vs

I qr

Vr

I
I dr

Slide: 3

Principles of Power Flow in a Transmission Line

Pr , Q r
VX

Pr =
Vs

Qr =

Vs Vr
XL
Vs Vr
XL

Power flow in a
transmission line
depends on

VX

XL

sin
(cos -

Vs

Vr
Vs

Vr

90
(a)

(b)

Vr

impedance
voltage
phase angle.

Leading voltage
sends active
power to the
lagging voltage.

Slide: 4

Available Solutions
Traditional Technology

Voltage-Regulating Transformer
Shunt Inductor/Capacitor
Series Inductor/Capacitor
Phase Angle Regulator

Voltage-Sourced Converter Based Technology

STATic synchronous COMpensator (STATCOM)

Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC)
Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC)

Slide: 5

Vs

(a)

V sC

EXCITER UNIT

V s'C

V s's

V s'C

V sC

Voltage-Regulating Transformer

V sA

'B

V sA
Vs

V s'A

'sB

Vs

Vs
Tap
Control
Unit

Vs'*
Controller

(b)

'B

Vs

vs

Magnitude
Calculator

Vs

V s'A
VOLTAGE
REGULATING
UNIT

V s'sA

Regulates the line

voltage in small
steps by adding or
subtracting a
compensatng
voltage in series
with the
transmission line.

Taps

(c)
Slide: 6

Voltage-Regulating Transformer
Produces a variable
voltage.
Gate
Firing
Circuit

Gate
Firing
Circuit

Gate
Firing
Circuit

Gate
Firing
Circuit

Controller

Slide: 7

Thyristor-Controlled Static Var Compensator

Transmission Line

Step Down
Transformer

Gate
Firing
Circuit

Gate
Firing
Circuit

Gate
Firing
Circuit

Gate
Firing
Circuit

Regulates the
line voltage by
connecting an
inductor or a
capacitor in
parallel with the
transmission line.

Controller

Capacitor
Banks

Reactor
Banks

Slide: 8

Voltage and Current of a ThyristorControlled Reactor

TCR

TCR current
Bus voltage

19 0

20 0

21 0

22 0

ti me

2 30

24 0

25 0
x 10 -3

Slide: 9

STATic synchronous COMpensator-STATCOM

I
Vs

SHNBRK
XFSHN

I1
E1

V s'
V

Regulates the line

voltage by injecting
a shunt reactive
current into the
transmission line.

i DC1
v DC

MC1

VSC1
Control & Protection Unit

STATCOM

Slide: 10

A STATCOM Operating in Inductive and

Capacitive Modes
Vs

Xr

Xs
V
Iq

XTIE
E

Vr

Inductive operation
means E<V.
Capacitive operation
means E>V.

(a)

STATCOM
Iq
(b)

X TIE

V-E
Iq

V
V

(c)

Iq
E < V : Inductive

E > V : Capacitive

Slide: 11

Thyristor-Switched Series Capacitor (TSSC)

V C = -j I k XC (k=0, 1, ..., n)
XC

XC

XC

VX
XL

Regulates the
transmission lines
effective reactance
by connecting a
capacitor, parallel
with a bypass
switch, in series
with the
transmission line.

Slide: 12

Static Synchronous Series Compensator-SSSC

BYPBRK
V dq
XFSRS
ES

Vs

I
V2

V1
I2

i DC2

SRSDS
E2

v DC

V s'

Regulates the
transmission lines
effective reactance
by connecting a
compensatng
voltage in series
with the line and in
quadrature with the
prevailing line
curretnt.

VSC2
MC2
Control & Protection Unit

SSSC

Slide: 13

An SSSC Operating in Inductive and

Capacitive Modes
Pr , Q r
Vq

VX

VX

XL

Vs

Vr
I

Vs

V s'

Vr
90
(a)

90
Vq

VX

Vs

V s'

Vr
I

90

'
(c)

Pr =
Qr =

Vs Vr
XL Xq
Vs Vr
XL Xq

A series-injected
voltage while

sin
(cos

V s'

Vr
Vs

(b)

Vq

VX
I

Vs

Vr
'

)
90

leading the
prevailing line
current, provides
an inductive
compensation
lagging the
prevailing line
current, provides
a capacitive
compensation

(d)
Slide: 14

V sB

V sC
V s'C

V s'B

'C

V sA

Vs

EXCITER
UNIT

V s's

V s'A

V sC

A Phase Angle Regulator

'A

V s'B

V s'B
Vs

Vs

V sC

Vs

PHASE ANGLE
REGULATING
UNIT

V s'A
V sA V s'sA
V
s

'sB

Vs

Vs

Regulates the phase

angle of the line
voltage by a seriesconnected
compensating voltage
that is in quadrature
with respect to the
line voltage.

'C

(a)

V s'A

(b)

Slide: 15

The Effect of a Series-Injected Voltage

on Power Flow in a Transmission Line
Voltage
Regulator
Line

V s's
Qr

Pr , Q r
Vs Vd

V q V s'

VX

Reactance
Compensator
Line (P
=

with '- R'

XL

Pexch

-0.5

P exch
= Vd I

Q exch
= Vq I

Phase Angle
Regulator
Line

(a)
I

Pexch

with '+ R'

Reactance
Compensator
Line

(Vd = 0)

Phase Angle
Regulator
Line

P rn = P r @ Vs's = 0
0.5

90

-1

Q r @ Vs's = 0.2588

-0.5

Pexch
90

180

-0.5

0.5

(b)

(d)

Vr

V s's
V s'

(P rn , Q rn )
P r @Vs's = 0.2588

VX

Vs

with '+ R'

-1

with '- R'

Voltage
Regulator
Line

Active and reactive

power flow in the
line is regulated
independently.
Exchanged power
by the series unit is
active and reactive.

0)
(P r *, Q r* ) P r
exch

Vr

-R

180

+R

270

360

Q rn = Q r @Vs's = 0

L
Qexch

270

360

-R
(c)

Slide: 16

Characteristics of Power Flow Controllers

Traditional power flow controllers
each controls only one of the three parameters (voltage, reactance or
angle).

Single Voltage-Sourced Converter-based power flow controllers

each controls one of the transmission line parameters.
can have fast dynamic response.

Dual Voltage-Sourced Converter-based power flow controllers

can exchange real power with the line and generate or absorb reactive
power.

Slide: 17

Unified Power Flow Controller-UPFC

BYPBRK
V dq

Vs

SHNBRK
XFSHN

XFSRS
ES

I
V2

V1
I2

I1
E1

i DC1

DCLS

i DC2

SRSDS
E2

v DC
MC1

UPFC

VSC1
VSC2
MC2
Control & Protection Unit

V s'

Regulates the
active and the
reactive power
flow in the line
independently.
Regulates the
line voltage by
injecting a shunt
reactive current
into the
transmission line.
Slide: 18

AEP UPFC Test Results

1.05
Inez Bus Voltage (pu)
1
0.95
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

300
Line Active Power (P) M W
200

Line Reactive Power (Q) M var

100

-100

Holding unity power factor

while changing line active
power.
Sub-cycle performance of
a UPFC is not required in
a utility application.

-200
-300
0

10

20

150
100
50
0
-50
-100

30

40

50

60

70

STATCOM Reactive Power (M var)

10

20

30

40

50

60

70
Tim e (s)

Slide: 19

What Are We Looking For in a Utility Application?

A power flow controller that is

reliable
independent regulator of active (P) and reactive (Q) power flow
fast enough for a utility application
inexpensive

Slide: 20

Sen Transformer Concept

Combines power flow control parameters, using a
single-core three-phase transformer with load tap
changers,

voltage
phase angle
reactance

Regulates active and reactive power flow selectively,

Regulates line voltage.

Slide: 21

Sen Transformer
I 1A

V1s'sA

V sA

0
4

a1
4

V sB

I 1B
b1

I 1C

V 1s'B

c1

V 1s'A

V sC

V 1s'C
V1s'sB
0
4

a2
0

4
4

b2
0

c2

Regulates line votage like

an autotransformer.
Controls active and
reactive power flow in the
line by a series-connected
compensating voltage that
is at any angle with
respect to the line voltage.

V1s'sC
N

0
4

a3
4

b3

EXCITER
UNIT

c3

COMPENSATING-VOLTAGE UNIT
Slide: 22

Vs

Vs

V a2

V sA

V a3

V s's

V sC

Vs
Vs

'sB

'B

Vs

V c2

Vs

V sC

Vb

Vb

V c2

V s'sB

Vb

V c3

'sC

V sC

V s's

Vb

V c1

V sA

V s'C
Vb

V a1

Vs

V a3

Vb

V c3

V a2

V sC

V c1

V s'A

V sA

V sA

V s'sA

V a1

Sen Transformer Operation

Slide: 23

Practical Compensators Operating Range

VX

(a)
Vs s

Qr

Pr , Q r

V s's

XL

Vs' s'

Vr r

Voltage
Regulator
Line

V s's

Vs

10
0
-10

0.8
0

max
1

12
90

(b)

s'

Vs' @ Vs's = 0

4
270

90

180

A
Q r @ Vs's = 0.2

360

max

P r @Vs's = 0.2

-0.5
-1

34

180

P rn = P r @ Vs's = 0

(P r *, Q r* )
(P rn , Q rn)

Vs's

(d)

Vs' @ Vs's = 0.2

1.20
1.05
1
0.95

Vr

VX
V s'

-1

Pr

Phase Angle
Regulator
Line
-0.5

Voltage
Regulator
Line
Phase Angle
Regulator
Line

270

360

Q rn = Q r @ Vs's = 0
(c)
A

Line voltage is
bounded by 5% over
nominal voltage.
Full range of voltage
injection is not
permitted.
Full capability of a
UPFC is not utilized.
ST can be modified to
fit customers needs.
Slide: 24

Limited Angle Operation of a Sen Transformer

IA

V s'sA
0
V sA

V s'A

a1
0

Injects voltage from

0 to 120.

c1
IB

Vs'sB
0
V sB

V s'B

a2
4

b2

4
0

Vs'sC
V s'C
4

V sC
0

b3
4
0

c3

Slide: 25

Limited Angle Operation of a Sen Transformer

IA

V s'sA

V s'A
4

V sA
0

b1

Injects voltage from

120 to 240.

4
0

c1

IB

V s'sB
0
V sB

V s'B

a2
0

c2
IC

V s'sC
0
V sC

V s'C

a3
4

b3

4
0
Slide: 26

Limited Angle Operation of a Sen Transformer

IA

V s'sA
0
V sA

V s'A

a1
4

b1

Injects voltage from

240 to 360.

4
0

IB

Vs'sB

V s'B
4

V sB
0

b2
4
0

c2

IC

V s'sC
0
V sC

V s'C
4

a3

c3
Slide: 27

A Power Flow Controller in a 2-Bus Network

V source

Xsource

Vs

Power
Flow
Controller

V s'

XL

Vr

Controls the active

and the reactive
power flow in the
line by a seriesinjected voltage that
is at any angle with
respect to the line
voltage.

Slide: 28

Simulation of ST and UPFC (Vss = 0.15 pu)

The exchanged power by the series unit of an ST
and a UPFC are identical.
Variation of Exchanged Power with an S T

Variation of Exchanged Power with a UPFC

30

20
10

Pexch

Qexch
0

100

200

300

-10
-20

400

VAexch

Power (MW, Mvar, MVA)

Power (MW, Mvar, MVA)

30

20
10

Pexch
Qexch

0
-10

100

200

300

400

VAexch

-20
-30

-30

Rotational Angle (degree)

Rotational Angle (degree)

Slide: 29

Simulation of ST and UPFC (Vss = 0.15 pu)

Variation of Voltage at PCC
142

Voltage (kV)

140

ST

138

UPFC
136

Vs-nat

134
132
0

100

200

300

400

From 205 to 335, an ST

maintains a higher line
voltage than a UPFC.
From 0 to 205 and 205
to 335, a UPFC maintains
a higher line voltage than
an ST.

Rotational Angle (degree)

Slide: 30

Simulation of ST and UPFC (Vss = 0.15 pu)

The variation of power flow, at the receiving-end of
the transmission line, by an ST and a UPFC are
identical.
Variation of Receiving-end Power with a UPFC

200

200

150

150

100

Pr

50

Qr
Pnat

0
-50

100

200

300

-100

400

Qnat

Power (MW & MVar)

Power (MW & MVar)

Variation of Receiving-end Power with an ST

100

Pr

50

Qr
Pnat

0
-50

100

200

300

400

Qnat

-100
-150

-150

Rotational Angle (degree)

Rotational Angle (degree)

Slide: 31

Simulation of ST and UPFC (Vss = 0.15 pu)

Q r vs Pr
25

Qr (MVar)

0
-25

50

100

150

200
ST

-50

Area of controllability in
the P-Q plane for an ST
and a UPFC are almost
identical.

UPFC

-75
-100
-125
Pr (MW)

Slide: 32

Aerial View of AEP UPFC at Inez Substation

Slide: 33

Advantages and Shortcoming of an ST

Advantages

voltage regulation
independent control of active and reactive power (P and Q) flow
established transformer and load tap changer-based technology
limited angle operation with reduced amount of hardware
reliable and less expensive power flow controller
low operating cost
injection of line frequency voltage into the power system network
high enough response for most utility applications

Shortcoming
coarse voltage injection, which is acceptable for a utility
application.
Slide: 34

Main Differences Between Power Flow Controllers

ST
X
X

Voltage Regulation
Independent Line Active and
Reactive Power Control
Low installation and operating costs X
Reliability and high availability
X
Injection of line frequency voltage X
Low leakage reactance in the
X
coupling Transformer
Fast bypass switch not needed
X
Fast response for utility applications X
Coarse voltage injection
X
Capability of independent reactive
power generation and absorption

PAR

VRT
X

X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X

X
X
X

X
X
X

UPFC
X
X

X
X
Slide: 35

Main Differences Between Power Flow Controllers

Losses
Cost ($/kVA)

ST
<1%
15-20

PAR
<1%
15-20

VRT
<1%
10-15

UPFC
3%-8%
75-100

Slide: 36

Conclusion
A new power flow controlling transformer is presented.
Sen Transformer

uses traditional technology of transformer and tap changers.

uses proven technology that is reliable.
provides four quadrant control of active power (P) and
reactive power (Q) for an optimum system operation.
provides more features than a PAR at the same cost.
displaces UPFC for most utility applications.

An emerging power flow controller market can be

exploited with the right technology.

Slide: 37