Chng 3

K THUT AN TON IN

3.1 Mt s khi nim trong an ton in

3.1.1 Tc hi ca dng in i vi c th ngi
Khi b chm in s c dng in i qua c th ngi (in git). Dng in qua c th
ngi gy ra tc ng v nhit, in phn, tc ng sinh l v nhng tc ng nguy him
khc. Cc tc ng ny xy ra rt nhanh v tu theo mc tc ng m c th gy nhng
nguy him nh:
a) Tc ng sinh l
Kch thch t chc ca t bo km theo s co git ca c bp, c bit l c phi, c
tim, c th lm ngng tr c quan h hp, c quan tun hon v gy cht ngi.
b) Gy tn thng c th sng
Trng hp b in git cha ti mc cht ngi nhng c th gy tn thng cho
nhiu c quan trong c th c bit l h thn kinh, h tun hon nh lm ri lon chc
nng ca cc h, gim st tr nh, t lit mt phn h thn kinh, nh hng c quan to
mu,
Trng hp chm phi in p cao s b cht ngay tc khc v c th b cht do c tc
ng kch thch ca dng in kt hp vi tc ng c hc gy chn thng nh b ng,
ri t trn cao xung.
3.1.2 Cc mc tc ng ca dng in i vi c th ngi
Khi b in git mc tc ng ch yu c nghin cu theo tc ng kch thch v
phn ln cc trng hp cht ngi l do tc ng kch thch. Dng in gy cht bi kch
thch tng i b (25 100)mA v in p khng ln, thi gian tc ng khong vi
giy.
Khi mi chm vo in, in tr ca ngi cn ln, dng in qua ngi ch gy kch
thch c bp lm ngn tay v tay co qup li. Nu khng kp thi tch khi vt mang in,
in tr ca ngi gim dn, dng in tng ln, s co qup cng tng ln n mc c th
khng cn kh nng tch khi vt mang in, h tun hon h h hp b t lit. Khi b cht
bi dng kch thch s khng thy r ch dng in i vo ngi v khng gy thng
tch.
Bng 3-1: cc mc tc ng ca dng in i vi c th ngi:
Cng dng
in (mA)

Dng xoay chiu f = (50 60)hz

Dng mt chiu

0,6 1,5

Bt u thy t ngn tay.

Cha c cm gic

23

Ngn tay t rt mnh.

Cha c cm gic

57

Bp tht tay co v rung.

au nh kim chm, thy nng.

8-10

Tay kh ri khi vt mang in v

cnh tay thy au.

Nng tng ln rt nhanh.

20 25

Tay khng th ri khi vt mang

in, au tng ln, kh th, tim p
mnh.

Nng tng ln v bt u c
hin tng co qup.

50 80

H h hp b t lit, ko di 3 giy
tim ngng p

Rt nng, c bp b co qup,
kh th.

90 - 100

H h hp b t lit.

3.1.3 Nhng yu t nh hng n mc nguy him khi b in git

a) in tr ca ngi
Khi b in git c th coi ngi nh mt in tr nhng nhng b phn khc nhau
in tr cng khc nhau vy c th coi dng in i qua ngi nh qua cc in tr mc
ni tip nhau.
Trong lp sng trn da (dy khong 0,05 n 0,2 m c in tr ln nht sau n
da v xng, phn c v mu c in tr nh.
Ngi da kh, khng c thng tch in tr khong t 10.000 dn 100.000 , nu mt
lp sng ch cn 800 n 1.000 , khi mt c lp da ch cn 600 n 800 .
in tr ca ngi cn b gim i khi c dng in i qua.
Bng 3 2: in tr ca ngi ph thuc trng thi ca da:
in p(V)

Da m

Da kh

in tr ca
ngi ()

Cng dng
in (mA)

in tr ca
ngi ()

Cng dng
in (mA)

10

10.000

1,0

20

9.100

2,2

30

2.200

13,5

40

1.950

20,5
500.000

0.1

60

75.000

0.8

70

30.000

1,8

80

8.000

10,0

50

Ko chu c

90

Ko chu c

b) Ph thuc tnh cht tip xc gia ngi vi vt mang in

Thi gian tip xc:
Thi gian tip xc cng lu cng nguy him bi hai nguyn nhn tng thi gian b
nguy him, dng in tng ln do in tr gim xung.
Trong thi gian 3 giy ngi c th chu c cng dng in theo cng thc:
2

I ng =

116
t

(3 1)

Trong :
Ing cng dng in an ton (mA).
T thi gian dng in qua ngi (s).
Din tch tip xc cng ln th cng dng in cng ln.
p lc tip xc cng ln th dng in cng cng ln.
c) Ph thuc vo in p tip xc, tnh cht dng in, tn s dng in v ng i
ca dng in qua c th ngi.
in p tip xc cng cao cng nguy him, dng xoay chiu nguy him hn dng mt
chiu. Dng xoay chiu c tn s (50 60)hz l nguy him nht, tn s cng cao hn cng
t nguy him, khi tn s 500.000hz s khng gy git nhng c th b bng.
Bng 3 3: in p tip xc ln nht cho php theo thi gian:
in p xoay chiu (V)

in p mt chiu (V)

Thi gian tip xc (s)

< 50

<120

50

120

5,00

75

140

1,00

90

160

0,50

110

175

0,20

150

200

0,10

220

250

0,05

280

310

0,03

Dng in trong c th khng i theo mt b phn nht nh ca c th m phn nhnh

theo nhiu b phn khc nhau tu thuc vo v tr ca ngi chm vi vt mang in.
Dng in i qua tim s gy nguy him nht nn phn lng dng in qua tim c o
nh gi mc nguy him ca ng i dng in qua c th ngi.
Bng 3 4: ng i dng in qua c th ngi
ng dng in qua ngi

Phn lng dng in tng i qua tim(%)

T chn qua chn.

0,4

T tay qua tay.

3,3

T tay tri qua chn.

3,7

T tay phi qua chn.

6,7

3.2 in p tip xc v in p bc
3.2.1. Dng in i vo trong t.
Khi cch in ca thit b h hng, nu v thit b c ni t s c dng in i
vo trong t v to nn xung quanh in cc ni t 1 vng c dng in d v in p
phn b trong t.
Xt dng in i vo mt in cc hnh bn cu t trong t c tnh cht thun nht
v in tr sut l , dng in s phn b u trong t theo mi hng tc l mt
dng in ti nhng im cch u im chm t l nh nhau. Hay ni cch khc, vng
t xung quanh im dy chm t s xut hin cc mt ng th, trn mt t c cc vng
ng th.
Mt dng in ti im cch tm bn cu 1 khong x l:

J=

Id
2. x 2

- Id l dng in i vo trong t.
- 2x 2 l din tch ca bn cu c bn knh l x.
Xt 1 lp t c dy l dx, theo hnh mt cu bn knh x th trn c 1 in p l:
Trong :

du = J. dx =

Id
2. x 2

.dx

in th ti im A cch in cc 1 khong x chnh l hiu in th ti A vi im

xa v cng ( = 0) l:

U A = A = du =
x

Trong : k =

I .

d
d
d
2. x 2 .dx = 2. x . x = 2. x = k. x
x

I d .
2

T biu thc trn, c th biu din in p ti mi im quanh in cc ni t (hnh

1- 2), cng xa im ni t in p cng gim.
Utx=Ud-Ux
Ux

Utx=Ud
Ud

Ub =Ux-Ux+a

Ux
Id
Rd

Ux+a

20m
dx

Hnh 3-1: Phn b in p tip xc v in p bc

khi dng in s 4c chy vo trong t.

Bng thc nghim c:

- 68% in p ri trong phm vi 1 m.
- 24% in p ri trong khong (1-10)m.
- Cch xa hn 20m, in p coi nh bng 0.
Do in tr ni t chnh l in tr ca khi t na bn cu c bn knh l 20m.
Nu c in p t ln thit b ni t Rd l Ud th dng in i vo trong t Id c
xc nh:

Rd =

Ud
Ud
Id =
Id
Rd

3.2.2. in p tip xc.

Khi thit b c ni t b h hng cch in, khi v thit b mang in p l:
Ud = Id. Rd
Nu ngi tip xc vi mt thit b c ni n in cc v ng hai chn chm
nhau trn t, th dng in chy qua cc tip t ny s to nn in p tip xc (hnh 12) l:

U tx = U d U x = U d

I d .
2. x

Trong : - Id l dng in i vo trong t, Rd l in tr ni t.

- Ux l in p ti im cch cc ni t 1 khong l x.
T biu thc: in p tip xc cng ln khi ngi ng cng xa cc tip t. Nu ngi
ng cch xa vt 20m th Ux = 0, do in p tip xc bng vi in p ca cc tip t
Ud.
3.2.3. in p bc.
Khi ngi ng trn mt t thng 2 chn 2 v tr khc nhau, nn ngi s phi
chu s chnh lch gia hai in th khc nhau Ux v Ux+a (hnh 1-2) v s c dng in
qua ngi. in p t ln ngi ph thuc vo khong cch bc chn nn c gi l
in p bc.

U b = U x U x+a =

1 I d . a
I d . 1
.
.
=
2 x x + a 2x x + a

Trong :
- a l di ca bc chn (0,40,8)m.
- x l khong cch n ch chm t.
in p bc bng 0 khi ng khong cch xa hn 20m hoc 2 chn ng trn
vng trn ng th.
3.3. Nhng tai nn in c th xy ra
Tai nn in thng xy ra trong nhng trng hp sau:
+ Chm trc tip vo vt mang in.
5

+ Chm vo cc vt mang in khi c s c v in (chm in gin tip)

+ B in p bc.
Trng hp tng qut khi b chm in, dng in sinh ra trong c th ngi c xc
nh theo cng thc:

I ng =
Trong :

U
Rng + Rcd

(3 2)

Ing Dng in i qua ngi.

U - in p chm phi.
Rng - in tr ca ngi.
Rcd - in tr ca thit b cch in hoc bin php cch ly.

3.3.1 Chm trc tip vo vt mang in

3.3.1.1. Mng in 1 pha.
I. Mng in mt pha c dy trung tnh cch t
1. Khi ngi tip xc vi hai cc ca mng in (hnh 3-2).
*) Dng in qua ngi.
2
U
1
Rng

Ing

Hnh 3-2: Ngi tip xc vi hai cc ca mng in

Trong mng in ny, khng k l c ni t hay khng, trng hp nguy him nht
l khi tip xc phi c hai cc ca mng in c in p U.
Dng in qua ngi s c tr s ln nht v bng:

I ng =

U
R ng

Trong : Rng l in tr ca ngi.

2. Khi ngi tip xc vi mt cc ca mng in.
Gi thit ngi tip xc vi 1 cc mng in, s thay th nh (hnh 3-3a) vi cc
k hiu nh sau:
- U l in p gia hai cc ca mng in.
- Rcd1, Rcd2 l in tr cch in ca dy dn i vi t.
- Xc1, Xc2 l in dung ca dy dn i vi t.
6

- Ing l dng in i qua c th ngi.

- Rng l in tr ca c th ngi.
- Rs l in tr ph ni ni tip vi in tr ngi (in tr ca thm, nn cch in m
ngi ng trn , hay ca giy cch in...).
1

Ing

Ung

1
C
Rc

Rc

Xc2

Rcd2
0
b)

a)

Xc1

Rcd1
Rs

Ing

Rng

Hnh 3-3: Ngi tip xc vi 1 cc ca mng in

a. S li in.
b. S thay th ca mng khi ngi chm phi dy dn 1.

a) Khi in dung ca mng in i vi t nh.

*) Dng in qua ngi.
Khi mng in c in p thp th in dung i vi t nh, v vy Xc rt ln v c
th b qua trong cc mch song song (hnh 2-2b). Khi dng in qua ngi l:
I ng =
Rcd 2

Rcd 1 .( R ng + R S )
1
U
.(
).
Rcd 1 .( R ng + R S ) Rcd 1 + R ng + R S R ng + R S
)
+(
Rcd 1 + R ng + R S

= U.

Rcd 1 Rcd 2

Rcd 1
+ ( Rcd 1 + Rcd 2 ).( R ng + R S )

.+ Khi Rcd1 = Rcd2 = Rcd , dng in chy qua ngi s l:

I ng =

2(R ng

U
+ R s ) + R cd

+ Trng hp bt li: Rcd = 0, lc dng in qua ngi s l:

I ng =

U
R ng + R s

b) Khi in dung ca mng in i vi t ln (hnh 3-4).

Khi in p ca mng cao, b qua in tr cch in i vi t do in tr ln hn
rt nhiu so vi in dung.
*) Dng in qua ngi.
T s ta c:

Zdt = R dt + jX dt =
=

R ng . jX c1
R ng + jX c1

X c21.R ng
R 2ng + X c21

+j

R ng . jX c1.(R ng jX c1 )
(R ng + jX c1 ).(R ng jX c1 )

R 2ng .X c1
R 2ng + X c21

1
Ing

Rdt

Ung

Xc1

Rng

Xdt

Rs

Xc2
Xc2
2

Hnh 3-4: S thay th ca mng khi ngi chm phi dy dn

vi li c in dung ln.

Vy:

R dt =

X 2c1 .R ng
R 2ng + X 2c1

X dt =

R 2ng .X c1
R 2ng + X 2c1

Gi tr modul ca tng tr xc nh bng:

2

2
dt

Z dt = R + X

2
dt

X 2c1 .R ng R 2ng .X c1
+
=
= 2
R + X 2 R2 + X 2
c1
c1
ng
ng

R ng .X c1
R 2ng + X 2c1

Dng in tng trong mch:

I =

U
=
Z

U
Rdt2 + ( X dt + X c 2 ) 2

U
Rng2 ( X c1 + X c 2 ) 2 + X c21. X c22
Rng2 + X c21

in p t ln ngi:

U ng = I .Z dt =
Dng in qua ngi l:
U ng
I ng =
=
R ng
Nu Xc1 = Xc2 =

U .Rng . X c1
Rng2 ( X c1 + X c 2 ) 2 + X c21. X c22
U.X c1
R 2ng ( X c1 + X c2 ) 2 + X 2c1 .X 2c2

1
th dng in qua ngi nh biu thc sau:
.C

I ng =

U.

1
.C

2 2
1
R (
) +
.C
(.C) 4

2
ng

U..C
4R 2ng .2 .C 2 + 1

Khi ngi cch in vi t bi in tr sn Rs th dng qua ngi l:

U..C

I ng =

(4R ng + R s ) 2 .2 .C 2 + 1

II. Mng in mt pha c dy trung tnh ni t

- Khi ngi tip xc vi mt cc ca mng in c mt dy dn.
Mng in mt dy dn (hnh 3-4) l mng in ch dng mt dy dn dn in
n ni tiu th, cn dy dn v li dng cc ng ray, t... thng c in p thp, do
c th b qua in dung ca ng dy vi t.
Khi ngi ng di t v chm phi dy dn 1, s thay th tnh ton nh
(hnh 3-4).
1
1

Ing
Rcd

Rng
I0

Ing

Rng

R0

Rs

R0

Rcd

Rs

Hnh 3-4: S mng in v thay th khi ngi chm vo dy dn 1.

Dng in qua c th ngi l:

I ng =

U
R ngR cd
R ng + R cd

.
+ R0

R ngR cd
R ng + R cd

U.R cd
1
=
R ng R ng (R cd + R 0 ) + R cd .R 0

Trong :
- R0 l in tr ni t ca mng in.
- Rcd l in tr cch in ca dy dn 1 i vi t.
- Rs l in tr cch in ca ngi i vi t.
- U l in p ca dy dn 1 i vi t.
Nu gia ngi v t c in tr l Rs th dng qua ngi l:

I ng =

U.R cd
(R ng + R s )(R cd + R 0 ) + R cd .R 0

Trng hp mng thc hin ni t tt th R0 0, c:

9

I ng =

U
R ng + R s

Nh vy, dng in qua ngi tng ln.

Nguy him nht l khi ni t tt (R0 0), sn nh li m t, khng c thm, giy
cch in (Rd 0).

I ng. max =

Khi , dng qua ngi:

U
R ng

3.3.1.2. Mng in 3 pha

I. Mng in ba pha c trung tnh cch t.
1. Khi ngi tip xc vi 1 pha ca mng in.
a) Dng qua ngi khi li in c c in dung v in tr cch in.
Khi tip xc vi 1pha ca li in 3 pha trung tnh cch in i vi t, s c dng
in i qua c th ngi. Dng in ny s ng kn qua in tr cch in v in dung
(hnh 2-6).
Khi tip xc vi 1 dy dn (dy 1), theo nh lut Kiechoff I c:
(g1 + g ng ).U1 + g 2 U 2 + g 3 U 3 + C1

dU 3
dU1
dU 2
+ C2
+ C3
=0
dt
dt
dt

Trong : - U1, U2, U3 l tr s tc thi ca in p pha vi t.

- C1, C2, C3 l in dung ca cc pha vi t.
- g1, g2, g3 l in dn ca cc pha vi t tng ng vi Rcd1, Rcd2, Rcd3.
3
2
1

3
2
1

Ing
Rc

C Rc

C Rc

Rng Rc1

1
C

Rc2

1
R
C c3

1
C

Ing

Hnh 2-6: S li in thay th ca mng khi ngi chm phi pha 1

Gii phng tnh trn, xc nh c dng in qua ngi l:

I ng =

U.g ng
2

[3(g 3 + g 2 ) + 3.(C3 C 2 )]2 + [ 3.(g 2 g 3 ) + 3.(C 2 + C3 )]2

.
(g1 + g 2 + g 3 + g ng ) 2 + 2 (C1 + C 2 + C3 ) 2

Nu Rcd1 = Rcd2 = Rcd3 = Rcd v C1 = C2 = C3 = C, th vo phng trnh trn, dng

in qua ngi l:

10

6 2
) + (6C ) 2
Rcd
U
U
=
=
.
2.Rng ( 3 + 1 ) 2 + 2 .(3C ) 2
R (6 Rng + Rcd )
Rng . 1 + 2cd
Rcd Rng
9 Rng (1 + 2C 2 .Rcd2 )
(

I ng

b) Khi mng in c in dung nh.

- Nu in tr cch in c ba pha ca li in ba pha trung tnh cch in khng
bng nhau. Thay Rcd1 Rcd2 Rcd3 v C1 = C2 = C3 = 0 vo biu thc trn. Dng in chy
qua ngi khi ngi tip xc vi dy dn l:
I ng =

U
.
2.Rng

[3(

1
1 2
1
1 2
+

)] + [ 3(
)]
3.U .Rcd 1 Rcd2 2 + Rcd 2 Rcd 3 + Rcd2 3
Rcd 3 Rcd 2
Rcd 2 Rcd 3
=
(*)
1
1
1
1 2
R
R
R
+
R
R
+
R
R
+
R
R
R
(
.
.
.
)
.
.
ng
cd
cd
cd
cd
cd
cd
cd
cd
cd
1
2
2
3
3
1
1
2
3
+
+
+
(
)
Rcd 1 Rcd 2 Rcd 3 Rng

- Nu in tr cch in c ba pha ca li in ba pha trung tnh cch in bng nhau.

Thay Rcd1 = Rcd2 = Rcd3 = Rcd v C1 = C2 = C3 = 0 vo biu thc trn. Dng in chy qua
ngi khi ngi tip xc vi mt on b hng cch in l:
1 2
)
R cd .R ng
U
3.U
3.U
R cd
=
.
=
.
=
2.R ng ( 3 + 1 ) 2 R ng .R cd 3R ng + R cd 3.R ng + R cd
R cd R ng
(6.

I ng

- Nu ngi cch in vi t bi in tr sn l Rs.

3.U
I ng =
3.(Rng + Rs ) + Rcd
c) Khi mng in c in dung ln.
Thay cc tr s Rcd1 = Rcd2 = Rcd3 = 0 v C1 = C2 = C3 = C vo biu thc (*) c:
I ng =

U
.
2R ng

(6C) 2
(

1 2
) + 9 2 C 2
R ng

3U.C

(1 + 9 2 C 2 .R 2ng

2. Dng in qua ngi khi tip xc vi 2 hoc 3 pha.

* Dng in qua ngi.
3
2
1

U
Ing

Hnh 3-7: S li in khi ngi tip xc 2 pha

11

Khi ngi tip xc vi 2 hoc 3 pha, in p t ln ngi l in p dy nn rt

nguy him, dng in qua ngi l:
U
I ng =
R ng
II. Mng in ba pha c trung tnh ni t.
1. Dng in qua ngi khi tip xc vi 1 pha.
* Dng in qua ngi.
Khi tip xc vi 1 pha ca mng in 3 pha c trung tnh trc tip ni t (hnh 3-8), dng
in qua ngi c xc nh nh sau:
I ng =

Uf
R ng + R 0

Nu ngi cch in vi t bi Rs, dng qua ngi l:

Uf
I ng =
R ng + R s + R 0
Uf
3
2
1
Ing
Rng
Rs

R0

Hnh 3-8: Ngi tip xc vi mt dy dn trong mng

3 pha trung tnh trc tip ni t
2. Tip xc vi mt pha v pha kia chm t.
* Dng in qua ngi.
Xt mng in c trung tnh trc tip ni t nh (hnh 2-9).
3
2
1
Ing
Rng
R0

1 U
1

3
2
1

R0

U0

R'd

U'1
O'

Ing
U'1

Rng
Ung

U0
3
U3

Rd

Hnh 3-9: Mng in ba pha trc tip ni t.

12

Ung
O
U2

Gi thit dy dn 1 b chm t, ngi ng t v chm phi dy dn 2.

in p ti im chm t i vi t l:
U'1 = Id. R'd
in p ti im trung tnh my bin p i vi t l:
U0 = Id. R0
Khi , in p t ln ngi l:
Ung = U2 - U0
Tr s tuyt i c th xc nh c t tam gic O'O2 theo biu thc sau:
U ng = U 02 + U 22 + 2.U 0 .U 2 . cos120 0 = U 02 + U 22 + U 0 .U 2

Dng in qua ngi l: I ng =

(2-26)

U ng
R ng

Khi ngi cch in vi t Rs, dng in qua ngi l:

U ng
I ng =
R ng + Rs
Nu in tr ni t R0 = 0, khi U0 = 0, vy Ung = U2 = Uf.
3. Dng in qua ngi khi tip xc vi 2 hoc 3 pha.
Khi tip xc vi 2 hoc 3 pha, tng t nh li c trung tnh trc tip ni t.
3.3.2 Chm vo b phn b s c v in (chm gin tip)
3.3.2.1. Khi nim chung.
Khi c s c h hng cch in thit b in, trn cc phn kim loi nh v thit b
in, ro chn, thanh dn c th xut hin in p. Tu theo dng s c h hng, in p
trn v thit b c th rt nh hoc bng in p pha tng ng vi s c h hng cch in
ti u vo ca thit b.
Khi cng nhn lm vic phi thng xuyn tip xc vi thit b in. Nu v thit b c
in p, ngi s chu in p ca v thit b gi l in p tip xc Utx.
Kh nng xut hin in p tip xc khi cng nhn lm vic nh (hnh 3-1).
U

Uf

a)

b)

c)

d)

Hnh 3-1: Nhng kh nng xut hin in p tip xc.

a. Gia v thit b v t.
b. Gia mt phn t tip xc vi v thit b v t.
c. Gia v thit b v mt phn t tip xc vi t (nc my).
d. Gia hai v thit b b s c hai pha khc nhau.

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3.3.2.2. Dng in qua ngi.

Trng hp b in git nng nht l khi s c h hng cch in ti u vo ca thit
b, dng in qua ngi s tng ng nh khi tip xc trc tip.
- i vi li in c trung tnh ni t, in p tip xc ng bng in p pha ca
li in (hnh 3-2a, b, c), cn dng in i qua ngi s l:

I ng =

U tx
U
= f
R ng R ng

- in p tip xc c th bng in p gia cc pha ca li in (hnh 3-2d), cn

dng in i qua ngi s l:

I ng =

U tx
U
= d
R ng R ng

3.4 Cc bin php an ton in, bo v ngi lao ng

m bo an ton in v bo v ngi lao ng cn phhi thc hin tt cc bin
php t chc qun l v cc bin php k thut.
3.4.1 Cc bin php t chc - qun l
Cc bin php ny rt quan trng v chng gp phn rt ln n vic hn ch tai nn
in. Bao gm:
- Quy nh trch nhim ca gim c hoc ngi ng u.
- Quy nh v vn hnh, th tc giao nhn ca.
- Quy nh v qun l h s trang b v cung cp in.
- Quy nh v t chc kim tra, v ch phiu cng tc, ch gim st.
3.4.2 Cc bin php k thut
a) Chng chm vo b phn mang in:
- Bc cch in.
- Che chn.
- Gi khong cch an ton.
b) Chng chm in vo cc b phn bnh thng khng mang in:
Do nhiu nguyn nhn khc nhau m cc thit b in c th b chm in ra v dn n
s c v tai nn. Phi c bin php ngn nga in p cao chm v hoc ct in khi b
chm (c s c v in).
- Khng in p cao chm v:
+ Tng cng cch in.
+ Dng in p thp.
+ Dng mng in cch ly.
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- Khng tn ti in p cao chm v: Khi c s c, in p cao chm ra v phi c

thit b iu khin t ng ct mch in cung cp bng mt trong cc cch sau:
+ Ni t bo v. Dng cho mng in 3 pha 4 dy c trung tnh ngun ni t.
+ Ct mch bo v. Loi thit b ny c nhy rt cao, ch cn c dng in chm
v khong 10mA l h thng t ng ct mch in trong khong thi gian 0,2 giy.

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