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    screws and power screw

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    screws and power screw

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    12 views44 pages

    Desighn 8

    Uploaded by

    AboodA.Khraishi
    screws and power screw

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 44
    CH# 8 Schews » Fastenehs, andthe Design ¢ Norpetmanent Joints B18 Thread Standatde and Defitions — Figure 84 belo» illustrates the Teiminology of sdeo reads igure 8-1 — The pitch ip) & the distance between ackacent thi ead forms measured paallel to- the thread axis. the piteh in U.S. units (toch class) » the heciphocal of the nu bor f thsead forms per inch (N)- — the lead (L) 5 the distance the mut moves palallel te the Scien axis when the mit < given one turn. For a singh thneed) sores the lead 5 egpuel to the pitch, however for Aub threadef) ccrer the lead egpalr to tice the pitch at 40 on. Standatdi gel phodach as ScBew5, bolts, land nite al have single Mall = Fig 8.2 below shows the metic Mand Mg profiles. The Mprfile neplces the inch Cunified) class. ) — Table 8-1 lists the metic class. Methic thheads ate specified by wniting. the Alametos aad! pitch im mm, thas Mia x95 + a methic thheol” having a mason dime. ter of In mm ard 2 pitch f 195 mm. — Table 8-2 lists the Amdrican National (Unifiel) Whee! siges which = 377-2 bein Similatly, for the collar we hawe T= FLA = 2500 o-06)(5) 2 2 => T=395 Mbin Hence, Tata TH, = 39924395 2 ke = 952.4 Ibin per Stew ta — Note thet a= Lestat = 2 Thaa)v oh : Tretorn" 0.95 = 2( 952-9) 0) Tnoton (F5) © Tad PENS be — Finally, Mateh honcepowes feptiiSed 4, H', whore H= Tua 6) 63020 yh He 2b) 028) OSoe0 => H= 0596 hp (te) 8:32 Threaded’ Fastenets — Schevs and bolts ate the most- familiar threaded fas- tenes types. the only difference between shed ancl” A halt 4 thet the bolt needs a mite be used as a fastench. on the ctheh hunk, a sche itr bie a thbeedef, hole. The same fastene’ folmed « machne Scheu o cag schoo when it 5 headed? inks a typed ih he, thas than Used with «nut. stud’ prefers to a heedfes fastfenes peated on bath end and scsewed inl the hole one of the membehs being. connected’ (See the figure -“ al “ipl ene arr bs nd Bese — the Fiyite below (Fig: #9) shows 4 pate a Ei head’ belt. — Typleel, cap-scbero heeds abe shown im Fig Be. Also, types of heads used on machine sAews ate shown in Fin. Gi (a) — Several pe ¢ hexagonal nul 2%e shaun Fig. 8-12, theih Aimensions 282 given iv table A- - — the threel length f snch- sehier bolts is “Ly”, whote Ly= atin f La6in 2D+pm 7 L>6in — | and fr methic bolts & Finnie 2046 mm if Le 125 mm G Ly=[204n = fms 2h A aoe 2D+25 L>200 Whete Ds the Liametoh ff the bolt andl L i ss ng — Washets mst always be Used. undes the bolt head te fredtce stheg Concenthation. 1¢ 5 Necessaly te ule washes under the nut lee- — Novel Aetse mils, infect, it can be Langebous te do ss B-4e Joints - Fasteneh stiffness = Figute 8-4 belo s « section though a tension- loaded __ jolted goint Ronee dl i Hin thy soint (Fig. 9-1), the Dip Le” 5 total thieknes of the clamped mabe « = Figute 3-4 shows another tension-loaalel Comection. # In this case (Fiy 8-0) the effective gnp Le” given in table 8-7 beloo- — the stiffness ff abolt oh scdec within the clanpel ne const genetll of two pelt thet d the unthreaded” prion ky and thet lhe thheedof/p wbfion kp. Tha . stffnes of the bolt of withen the clogged Fone > given 25 “KY , whole Pa elec oft ke Keke” in senies. keke Oy kKt+ke Whee | AE, = AE a ae Pht in which Ags tensile sthere Bea (Table @4 , 8-2) Les length Wbeaded porbion i Sip Ay = maph Aametes «Sea d fertener Lys length fstbreted pstion in 5p 3) ‘ble 8-7 Sigg Poca fr Fedg Fst Sites ident inher ido Rosdieehi tee 20+} in 20+6nm, = 125,048 0m (= 4204 12—9, 125<1 220000 20425 mm, 1» 200mm Foro > to enh cole ear ing ele 17 Sheep tye[hthe bd eV heda, pod Fosnerloghs > he 15d porno ny el atl ted poor toe ‘Beateroeeegeegnstepelinflnd ra ples led Seer pga Ontenioey (4) Thoefhe, k, can be when as = AVE BO Alt Ald — Note Ured for short ferknels Use k= ke Ae ad fs long pestenets (thy ecdel portion & small) Use = k,= WE k= Ky G 8-58 Qoints- Member stiffness — Thole may be move than tuo members include in the ve of the fastens, hence the total ping. hale 7 the members Clike conphessive hings in Sefiies) 9 sl ee a el Bh ee: ie KO RTH = ¥ one of the membels » 4 gasket then only the gasket stiffnes shoulf. be Used that ¢ kek of gasket = ue fol ky if thele 4 no gasket, we Shall use the fixed’ Zane Angle oficcha flees on — consihes figite B15 Shown below i 4 eet l * when the leony & pesthecteh ty awashed annulus, which 3 the usual case, then 02 = 30 # The elongation of an element of the cone of thickness dx subgectel ty atencile force Ps 45 = fe i) EA The wee the dement » A= mCas-#) 2 tanec +2) —(L)*] Now, Substituting Am 940) an inte igfetinn, te ge «Lf In (at tanec + D-A) (D4) 9° ie hae Fe tanec + Die) ail Thus, the stiffues f thi, frustum i, ted tane< Pe ee ese (fete Dead, (ord) , (at fonee + Dd) (D-d) (8) with <=30 we have k= an oa ----@ “Cust + 0-4) (ped) Meteor (pd 4) Gpytion (2) must be solved separet solved se cach prsctiem in the Soitt, and then ob ge i ee , &§ 6 # Howevel if the membibs of the geist have the Fame Youngs mnodidis E and? have E same thicknes Chet =t), then hy using L=2t an enh ol, = the deanetor f tle washot face we find bs eb = | AAG CL tenes hy pf ted) ced) (1 tan + utd) (hyd) % For hexagon head boty and” cop shes, we hawe Ae isd, tA and’ i we abo use 0212, thea 4K GAG) becomes m k= ae ‘mn (o5RL +05) _ ale(s feswocszed)) the last egaction in Wedd fh same mahi, Game thickness » X=J2.. an hy 5d io) — Howevol , wileman obtained) an exponential exphession pn the goide (member) stiffness given as Bed) k= e dace! a Whele A; and) B. hefole le the numelical constants far matetiel 2 given in table 8-8. EX A hexagonal bolt ancl. mut (Migx2) % used” be goint pus membets as shown belo Find the Joint (member) stiffnessusing Shigleg?s method and Wileman’s method. x All dinensions ate in mn KE = 1068 Gha (steel) ye = HW GPa CAlaminam) Solution * @ Using Shigleg’s method As one Can See Since the thickness f Ue Aluminum Aes wt equal that of Teel, then the mmber ¢ fousta we gets 3° % Using Pigonometty , we find the A -[istanee)+ 5) =e A= 3F mm () Hilo Using egito) we get ky for frstin © as 4 r k= 0547 Teepe xi) (206.8 nie) 8) = 50-86 x16 Nim i Inf (ses) + SOG (15 (25) + 214 1)(21- 14) Similarly 4 -3; i o57pm (Axio) (14xI2) seni ky u/s + 49.37 -14)(49. al 15 (25) + 47.89-+1#) (4183-14) ad k, for Prustum@ © fe 2ST) ecrn xsd Nim = [nf Gis@75) 421-4 (are) (isGasr2H)2t- 4) prom which tetetet k, Ky WS k, \ on ene Qe cote Se ka Sasi? Said 6 72x18 ky = 12:78x18 N/m (©) By Ming wilemans method ky & We shiffiness the steel member, which can be frnel’ as ad k= 84Ae ay “ 008)0)) k,= @o6sxie)(ixie)(o7Aey 7 3 = 32. wxie N/m Similadly, ky, (fob Aluminum) tye Ce (0.6382)(1#) ae) x k= ard) (13) (o9n6) eb 8 = [0-6%X]0 Nim ky = (0-671 theepsbs, the spiat st fines Ky Cypalt & ae tet ee & fcauer aaa naee kK,” e4ixd espe kg= 2-02 Xle N/m A Nate thet wilemantmethed © single aL close te shih Besults, thelfite it can be wed fr — Calculating the stiffines [the goiat (mem bots) also - (20) 8-63 Bolt sthength — the sthength of a bolt 5 asually specified by stoting- the miaimum phoof Prenat, od miainum prof load! The po load is the marinum (rad (face) thet bolt can withstand! without aegribing pomanent sh the prof sthength & the prof load! Avoled by the peasile - sthe ss area. — The SAE ecifications ae foun’ in table 8-9 fav inch class: similarly, the ASTM specifications fab inch class aBe found) in table a-lo- And the Hecifications for the methic fasteneh fe giver in tble B-ll 8-18 Tension Joints The External lone” — nef again te Fig. 8-11, we assume that the clamping face, which we will call te preload Fi, has been Cofbecty fit b to htenng the mil befose P » ofl Note thet? - ; F. = phelo pz exfedal tonite load” fy = postion f P taken 5 belt i = porhion 4 P taken by membeds Fy = Rk. = Aesultant belt lead Fn = Pa- Fe = hesultant loaaf on membes — The load’ P iv tension and if cacses He Conmection to sthetch thtough some distance & (See the figtle below) We can frelate this 5 to the Stiffnesses fk the Jolt and” membe, 5 .k Ss: aay od Ee from which we get =f Fw i i since Poh, +h, ,~e have - KP OL oe Whole C= Ke (extol the stiffness cantont fief) et Fm Ale pe peR = (ror Now, the hesultant belt loadls Rekth=eprk lee and) the hecuttant (ead on the connecteof/ membesy + Foc PacFe 2 O-OP-f Free Note thet, im genchel, the membes take ove B0f of the external load (22) ee 8-Bs Relating Bolt Tohyse To Bolt Tension — The Torgue wench has built in tial which indicefe, the poop tage = The whench telgac Pegphed we Aevelop the feifiel fleload! can be estimated ar T=kE-# (Booman has obtained? thy delafyon) » Known es TeigHe Factos all & depends on the finich Cond tyons 4 the bolt, and ibs gir in table BIS Notes Mse 202 when the bolt cond/hon 4 not stated. de & te magon Ainmetes Fes 6 the phe loud. 8-78 Statically loaded Tension Joint with Ppeloael” — We know thet ra f= cP +h ond. Fry = (rc) P- — The, tensile sthess im the bolt 4 given as =i = oF ae ey ae Whéle ke @3) put the limiting, oe a pot sthength Sp , thus, ith the we J a had factoh 0, the last egeation beame = cnh yf 2S A Oe : n= Sehecle (lend Faetos guarding, ep against bolt yelling) Note that cry value of >I ensues thet ¥~ Sp — Anethes means of encubing, a Safe point & t Fegtite thed the extetnal load (P) be smaller than Uhect needed’ to cause the foidt to Separate. If Separation doe, occuh, then the entihe external loadl will be imposed on the belt x Let P, be the value ofp He external lon thes _ would cause foint sepahaction then Geclh-k =° (fies af spatih) — we let n, be the facto» 4 safety guarding, against point sepatation then n= fe i obtain 169, From the Lact toe epuations we ot Mae Mee BIO) (24) — Russell has shown that the Aeconmended” preload Fa given by 045 i for reused’ Comections 0% f for feraanent connections whele fp 5 the phorf load, obtataed Lsom Feay Ln which 5p fem taller 9-9 & B-", heb fan ates maletial Use = 085 Sy. 69) to? Gasketed Joints — of afall gasket & present inthe Grint, then the ga- sket piesste Ps found’ from - Sn fe 4/N Whele Ay = Gasket aleg N = Nog bolts — the last equation for the gasket phessire fn be whiffen * Where N » c P= [i= mF(t-e]M ed fect. =n fal-gacketed qoiets uniformity of pessitte. on the qaket 6 mpottant, tholefabe a hough fale for bolt Spacing, aound a bit cibdle eT < of Whele Dy 6 the diameter # the belt cincle and N 4 te numbed f bolfs. bolt cincle (23 8-118 Fatigue Loading. of. Tension oidts = Use of trolled tanh, s the ppedoninant method ff ths. Cad forming. in chee fasteneds. Fully cobbectet t¥ial endurance sthenglh fob tolled thseady i given in Table 8-Ip. Howevet, for cut thhead, the mebhoel, of chapted # anh table 8-16 ate Useful — The type q fot gue loading, encounthed ia boll Goidts 5 one fluctuates behveen Feba om as waitin pce P. Fon such case, the maximum force Frog & the belt eae fo f awl the minimum in Bint E thelefste the altetnating. conpureat farce in the hols 6 which tals Es fawba . Eo Z Tr Dividing by Ag te get the alternating cogperent A the bolt sPes as & y= fice. (cP+hi)—Fe Conplitude) Pe pg a SP 4 fe he, Jel Get ee % é — Now, by censidehing the Designers fatigue Ainge shown, in figuhe 8-20 belots we can white 9 Sy= & + & — By Solving. simultaneously the lest © gHetion with the gptations f the folloving fatigue faibde Siterin Bn = Fp Gosbes © 2 +(=/) ei Goodmans Sa 4 Se Asmte-ellytic? (Sa) ey el then we get Se ee Bw te, eae & fh Godman 3 | Pe eS ZL, Sq = 5h [Bal HFG) See 2% a Fig WHEE ~ 8%) = with nefabence te the above figtte, we Can ite the facth | Safely guarding against fatigue fulare e Wy Se & x fr Gerber * & foh Asmie ell hic ¢ (23) Appling the last Aeletin & Cordbaan Ghifelion, we git = 25 (Suh ke i es +S) (Gelman) —Note, you need alia to chick the value f te Leal facies thet prevents the belt spe from beaming Copal We the proof shength, aL) aly> the (oad? faces thet yal agent got Spahet'on (24) 9f2e Giventxcon siden figune & phoblen 8/205 ait Lit Asoqm —— prim chim D=2onm E 225mm I * The linden © Cast thon (£=966Pa) % the heads: lo2-carbon steel (¢ 222° GPa) # Thete ate 36 MioX!5 [S50 10-7 bolts tightened te J pescent qf phoof load A fhessitle fluctuater between o apd” 550 Kix Fadl’? @) the [ocd Factos qellng against bolt Sthesr becoming, egecal ly phorf sth 1 Geel we lof sthergeh () the load” Facto guarding. agaist goidt Separation © the fact of safety guarding, against fatigete failute of a bolt “ting, Goofuan chifetion deer Solution ¢ — the maximum extehral lod pod bolt “Ps gpl lo p= (Presihe) Anca _ 11 (0:4)"(550) # f belts (4) (36) =p P= 772 KN/bolt — From table a) we find Sp = 8f0 My, Supt lobe Mla , anf) 3,2 40 Miu (32) — From table 84 we get Aye 58 rn — with Aefelence fe table 8-7, we hwe im out case Age 0 23.5 mm* Le = 20425 = 4s mm (means L < 125m) Ly = 2(e) +6 = 26 mm Te fed Lf te bolt we need te Letetmine the height of the mut. tm fact, from table A-3\ we fin? He Btn Hence “ Le Leth = 45484 = 52-4 mom Now, from table A-I? chose L= 60 mm x thebefare, we can Calculate t, LL, «s fy = L-Ly = 60-26 = 24mm ya lan ke < beat HSE ees kpc MAE. WCAC) « po qyt Ayhthely 72511) + 58000) ” k= 3324x138 KN/m — Noy te find ky, we have ieee 2 kw Re Using Wilemen eyuation we Can Ate k, = 5 4A, (4) that » a (¢ (ce tis) kg = (209)(is)(e484!5) € => ‘ ky = 2231-2 Xle N/m (¢ 161912) similail ou key = (18) (1) (09787 € 6 eres 956-5 Xle N/m From which, \ da 2, + Sa Ken 2esiaxle 9565Xlo SB k= 60x15 N/m 6 # (a et: = _332-4X)e0 Kath sraqxid + 6F0x09 = ey Fi 95 AySp = 0'F5 (58) (830) => Fe = 3605 N ak 6, hee = 6225 MPa “ FEO ne Spiyrfe _ (830)68)— 26105 oe 0°33 (4420) =P N= 3.45 , (32) Fe eselan. pd-< ) Fae (1- 033) => fh, = 554 (C) From Goodman felation we get oy mea 6, = Selon =%) “Sa + Se But Se = (62 MPa (from Fable 8-19) thatefre G, = 162(lopo- 622) Jo¥o + 162 — 5, = 56:74 MPa But also, yi oh = 28 (7420) ZA, «2 (58) Now, sa. 564 f° &, BBs x =e y= Lot This means ed the argon 4. failute fatigue Notes tf you use the frustum method jou uill find k= 1e57XI© Nn and C# 024 which gives Mp= 23° HWHZE 505 54 O39, B/es (39) 9-128 Sheah Joints — Rivetedl and bolted Goitts leeeled/ x sheah abe Heated exact alike in design and analysis. — The vebiaus means by which ahiveted Connection loaded in shear might Z fail are the fallowsing, X Feilute of fhivet by pure sheer The sthess in the hivit ee E where Ais the Cros-Sectjonel area ff all the nrivets in the ghoup. # Ruptde f one ¢ the connected members oh phites by pure tension, the tensile sthess * ret whete A is the te wea of the pl Nete thad sftess concenthation effects are not considered in sfhuctulal asin. IF X Failure by bearing sthess t ; Get bi br A iF (#4) mie Whete A is the phovectel contact atea of the rivet , and if given by Actd —An sthuctural Lesign it i customary to select in advance the pumbes of rivets and thas diameters and posing The cthength + then Aetemined for cach method 4 farlure. —1n oder te Aetotnine the Shean forces which act upon each bolt , if » necessary te kno? the location f the centneid of the bit (rivet) gett — consided Figuhe 8-13, the centroid & iy located” by the coordinates x and | a5 follows? | Figure 8-23, * Ay t Ay tAst AgtaAs (35) Where A; al 4, are the distances te the ney ective bolt centers: Nete thet in many instances these certhotdal distan. ces x wally can be located by symmetry. — shear f Bolts and Rives due t eccentric loading,» The figute below show a belted goint with eceen- tic load a The F.B-0 f the beam has folo-s e | *M=Pe vo the bolt doup can be shown as follows (36) the total load’ taken by each belt will be calculated” in thhee steps i. Finding. the primary sheer force F, whebe fee inwhich ns ef belts im the groub- 2- Finding, he secondahy shear force ia i gat be Aone as follows s * The moment and moment loaf are frelated by MERE METBE + ~~ We can white also that Robo fok «x (the farce taken ele a by exch bolt From x andl # & we get depends upon di ie. ie, fradlef distance . Athy tfyi+ ~~ from the centroid) Ez 3- The prima, ond secondahy load, ae ade! Vectobially stain the Resultant london each bolt. Since «ll the bolty 22 hivets ale Usualh the Same Sipe, onl, thet bolt hawing. the maxiaum loacl need te be considlohed. GD Ex/ The plate Shown + Made f UNS 10350 Cold davon steel and 5 fastened & hin I beam by thhee swivels thet ake made f « sted spelt wns Glolec Cole Ltavon- Thickness the plate smn. Diameter f the Sivéls 4 20.™™- What Safe bul Fo and fj can be ssypotted fon a factor of safety 2+ Notes Use Ssy= SFP Sy + Abeme * Note Febth fn Tf { noo mm,| wom |, 155mm r Given $y plate = 460 Me | table A-20 Sy hivet = See Mla ne2 Re teh Fide 6 end & (38) Solutions the figure below Shows the iv groub whee 8 M 14 F, (249) -F, (238) = tel FE Nanm Fo 24h _ oak y (A CACD) a _ = tet Ge) st o553 RN RPE 5 ey HOF ate hha Mm _ _ tA Gre) = ous N AME HE ao) + OF Ney (FE). o feincsisy)= 0M Coase) = 9316 F N a fh cos (stat) 0a (os 4) 20277 N ~ Si fitan which, ef : 7 , = fro oown) Heart — i fF R= 553, — 08h = 02 Gy) pouits A anh B ate ntical, therefie & Sheahing | aivits om fati, GF ie = 00036 Ro MPs + bid Soy = 0997 (309) = #54 MPa Ss, s. = Shechin o n= S00 . (Bt. R= 24k t ae 2—> . eae frivits beangn of. pivits and membed Shenae Te = HEE 2 0.0037 Fe ing EP Use) Prom which a fren whic (ay bearing, of bivite 3 Hj se Bite we a Boe = ect eae (by beehing aff member wa i iter | OS lt fee % juuplite f meober dete berding, streses (a) af section AB, ell " Ye i Tyg = 14laeco mmt Saige thehfs, Bindig= LID = o-otet6 Fe Mfe F wi 14love Ge) bt ne “baling, on = bo oolen6 Fe from which f= 224 KN fi = 3136 KN (3) af section € whee, ames Kee = Wb Nom p= Wand 22), 2150000 mnt RB te Thedf fr, F,(89) . o.00433F, MPa a 155, 3; ZlFooce bit one Yeah oh _ 460 a = 5312 KN ea oe E f = Pee KN Zetherfre the latgest forces F, and Fy thet can te apple safeh ake ; Fy = 22-4 kN Fos 336 kN AHWHSE B/43 7 8/085 0/49 “ — B-135 Setschews — The sets rev depends on comphession Te ovelop the clamping. force. =the sesistance lo atial motion the Collar on ub relative te the theft & called holding, power. — Figute 8-24 below shovs the point types available 4 sétscrews. a, ta ta e * » « = able 8-18 lirts values of the Seating, ohgue apf! the carmespondiag, holding power fon inch -sebies. = pie factons of Safety use with SetsBeas e Is & 2 fod stetic loads and ¢ % 8 for Gramic loade. Sétschews shoal have 4 length f

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