1

1. ,
,
.
2. RNA
.
3.
DNA
.
RNA
.
4. O2
.
5. 4/3r3,
r .
,

S. aureus
: 253/0,53 = 125.000.
6. .
7. .
8. 1,0 1,4.
0,61/ sin ( ),

0,2 m
0,3 m .
9. H 0,61/NA. = 0,5 m
, = 1,3

0,23 m, = 1,1

0,27 m. ( ,
). ,

60 1,3.
10. GFP ,

. ,

GFP .
11.
,
( ).
12.
.
13.
. -

.
14.
,

.

2
1.
(
)
. ,

,
.
2.
(1 4)
(1 6) .
,
(1 4) .
3. ()
,

.
4.
(.. ATP) (.. AMP).
5. . .
,

.
6. Christian Afensen

.
.

7.
,

.
8. . ,

.
9. - CO NH
,
. -
.
10. .

.
11. ,
p .
,
.
12.
.
,
,
GFP
.

3
1.
.
(
)
.
2.
pH.
,
.
3. 1 .

4.

( P),

.
5. : 6- + P
1,6- + ADP.

1,6- 6-
(G = +4 kcal/mol)

ATP (7,3 kcal/mol). ,

3,3 kcal/mol.
6. :
[B] [C]
G = G + RT ln
[A]
,
G = 1,93 kcal/mol. , , C
.
7.
ATP. ,
ATP , .
8. ,
, 2 ATP
. ,
36-38 ATP.
9. , NADH


NADH+.
10. (
) ,

.
11. ,

2+ + 1/22 + 2e. T

ATP NADPH. ,

ATP NADPH
CO2 H2O.
12.

. ATP NADH.

4
1. (.
4.3). , .

, ,
,
.
2. DNA
.
3. ,

. , , ,
,
.
4.
EcoRI
DNA. ,
,

.
5. UGC . , U C
. UGA
. ,
, .
6. :
2,5 kb

EcoRI
0,5 kb
1 kb

HindIII

7.
DNA
. PCR
. , 10

210, , . 30 230 .
, 30 .
8. DNA
30-45 kb (. 4.3).
BamHI (. 4.2) 6
. 4.000 DNA
(46 = 4.096). , 30.000-45.000
4.000,
10
BamHI DNA.
9. 3
106 kb. BAC DNA 120-300 kb (. 4.3).

BAC,

10.000 25.000. ,
10.000.
10. ,
.
11.

SDS.
SDS,
. ,
.

5
1.
DNA.
2. Sharp mRNA
DNA .
, mRNA

DNA DNA

. DNA

RNA.
3. ,

.
4. , (..
ACAAACT) AT/GC
DNA. DNA

DNA
CsCl.
5. S. cerevisiae (125 bp)

,
.
,


.
6.

.

.


.
7.
(3 106 kb) , DNA
(
,
30 kb).
100 kb.
8. 1
DNA 200 bp . ,
1
(12 Mb)
200 bp. H1
60.000.

9. 5.1
,


.
3.400 bp.
10. 5.1,
2.500 bp. ,
cDNA
.
11. International Human Genome Sequencing
Consortium BAC
. Celera Genomics
, DNA


.
12. ,
,
.

,
,

.
13. (SNP)
.
SNP

.

6
1. ,
RNA
Okazaki DNA DNA
.
2. I
DNA
,

DNA
. II
DNA
DNA
DNA,
.
, II


.
3.
(. 5.6) 12 Mb (12
), Okazaki 1-3 kb (1.000-3.000 ).
Okazaki


Okazaki. 4.000-12.000 .
4. DNA DNA de novo.
-.
de novo
RNA, DNA .
5. 3 5
DNA
. E. coli DNA
III
.
6.
DNA
,
.

,
.
7. DNA
DNA.
,
. E. coli
DNA

.

8.
,

,
. .

,
.
9. DNA

.





(..
DNA).
10.

.
11. DNA

. ,

MutH.
12. , T,
B T
.

7
1. DNA, DNA DN .

DN , ,
.
2.

RNA .

3. mRNA E. coli ,
GC,
-. RNA
DNA .

RNA ,
-U G-C.
4. RNA
.
5. TATA in
vitro TBP TFIID.
, Inr
TFIID
( TBP), Inr TAF TBP.
6.
.

.
7.
.
8. ,
. ,

.
9.
(
XXY). RNA
Xist Xist
.
, Xist


.
10. O Sp1 GC.

Sp1 in
vitro.
11. snRNP
.
, .
12. RNA -
RITS RNA
RISC. ,
RNA .
13.
pre-mRNA
snRNP .
14. Apo-B100 mRNA . Apo-B48
mRNA
, .
15. mRNA

mRNA .
.

8
1.
(), tRNA
.
2. ShineDalgarno.
3.
,
. ,
RN . ,
50S

rRNA
.

4. .

mRNA .
5.
.
, .


.
6.

GPI,
.
7. ,


,
. ,

.
8. . , , ,
.
9. miRNA , RISC,
mRNA, .
10. 3 UTR mRNA ,
miRNA.
11. T. aquaticus , rRNA
E. coli

Noller
.
12.

.
. ,


.
13. , ,
.
-tRNA ,
GTP
eEF1 GDP.
14.
.

RN RN
.

9
1. mRNA .

mRNA ,
, . ,

.
2. .
.
, ,
DNA .
3. 15 kDa
, 100 kDa. 20 kDa .
4. Ran/GTP
.

5. NF-. , NF-
.
,
.
NF-,
- .
6.

, - .
7.
.
8. DNA , DNA
. DNA

.
9. Kalderon (
A. Smith) 126-132
(
- )
.
10.
snRN
.
11. RNA (snoRNA)
,
rRNA.
12. t
tRNA . t
tRNA .

10
1. Palade

, .

ER.
Golgi,


.
2. mRNA in vitro ,
,
mRNA
ER. ,

ER.
3.
(SRP)
, . -

ER
SRP. Sec62/63

.
ER BiP.
4. Sec61, Golgi
ER .
5.
ER Golgi,
.
6. KDEL
ER
Golgi ER,
. -
KDEL
ER
KDEL.
7. ,
ER. ER,
- . Golgi, ,
, , 6- . 6-
trans Golgi, -

.


ER.
.
,

Golgi .
8. 6- Golgi,
.
9.
, Golgi,

.
, .

,
.
10. Gaucher.
,
, .
11.
pH , ER Golgi.
pH ,

.
12. v-SNARE t-SNARE
.
.
13. Rab GDP
GDP (GDI). , GDI
,
GDP GTP.

10

11
1. cristae.
,
(>70%)
.
2. tRNA
, U
mRNA,

tRNA.
3.
pH ([H+]o) , ([H+]i). :
G = RT ln [H+]i / [H+]o

1,4 kcal/mol.
4. , Hsp70

,
Tom . , Tim

ATP. ,
Hsp60,
.
5. , , (-) ,
- . , ,
Oxa1, b2
.
6. Q
I II III. , Q
,

, -

. c

,
III IV.
7. F0

.
F1
F0

. F0

.
F0 F1
, F0

ATP F1.
8. ,

. ,
.
9. H2O
( 0,5 2)

, (
6 2) 24 . 12
NADPH 12 18 ATP,

bf. Calvin
18 ATP,
ATP,
.
10. Calvin.
11.

Ser-Lys-Leu .

.

12.
,
, .

12
1.
.

, .
.
,

,
.
2. ( ), ( )
ATP-
( GTP- ) (+)
ADP- (
GDP- ) ().
,

().

(+) ().
3. (+)
,
.

,
.
4. ADF/
. /
ADP ADP ATP,
/ATP
. Arp2/3

.

11

5.
. ,
.
6.

.

.

.
7. . ,
siRNA
.
8.
,

.
,
.
9. in vitro
ATP -.
AMP-PNP.

AMP-PNP.
10.
, ,

. ,
,
.
11. . ,

.
12. - . -
-,

12

13
1. ,
,
.
,

.
2.


pH,
.
.
3. Frye Edidin


, .
,
,
37 C .

. 2 C,

,
.
4.
.
,
.
5. .
6. C0/Ci = 10,
+
Nernst 59 mV.
+,

K+
, .
7.
. ,
.
8. + .

+
.
Na+, , .
Na+-H2O
.
9.

Na+ .
10. mdr
ABC,
.
,
.
11. LDL
LDL
,
LDL
.
12.

LDL LDL.

LDL,
LDL .
, LDL,
,
.

14
1. Gram

.
Gram

,
.
2.

.
3.
.
.
4.
,
.

,

.
5.
.
- .
6.

. ,
.

.

13

.
9. - ,

.
10. 64


. ,

.
11. .

, .
12.
.

,
.

15
1. , .
,
-
.
2.

. ,
( )
.

7. GAG ,
.

GAG,

.

3. ,
.

8. ,

4. cAMP

14

cAMP
.

STAT
-.

5.
,
Gi. , ,
cAMP.
,
.

12.
-, .
, -
Tcf
.

6. PDGF
.
PDGF

- .
, PDGF
.
7. , . ,
,
.
8. I A. AMP
CREB,
A. , I
. , I
cAMP,

cAMP
.
9. Akt GSK-3,
eIF2B. , Akt
mTOR,
S6
eIF4,
4E-BP1.
10. Sos Ras. , siRNA Sos
.
11. JAK
STAT .
JAK

16
1. G0
G1 DNA (2n)
. G0
G1 ,

.
2. .
30 53,3%
DNA 2n ( G1), G1 16 (
53,3% 30 ). S
DNA 2n 4n
30% . , S
9 . 16,7%
DNA 4n
G2 M. 3,3%
M, 13,4% ( 16,7% 3,3%)
G2. , G2 4
M 1 .
3.
G1 S
DNA .
G2 DNA
,
DNA .
4. Cdk .

Cdk .
Cdk
.

5.
, ,
.
6. Cdk7/ H Cdk
RNA II. Cdk7

.
7. , p16

G1.
Rb
p16,
Rb Cdk4, 6/ D.
8. .

Cdk1
.
9. Cdk1/ B

. ,
, Golgi
. , Cdk1/
B .
10. . , Cdk1/ B ,


.
11. /
(APC/C) ,
.
, , .

15

,

.
.

17
1. ,

.
2.
- . ,
(IAP)
.
3.
.
. ,
.
4.
Bcl-2
c ,
.
BH3- Bcl-2.
5. p53
DNA
- , p21, Cdk,
PUMA Noxa, BH3- Bcl-2. p21
BH3- Bcl-2
.

12.
II.

6. Bad
14-3-3,
.

13. ,
PIP2 IP3,
IP3- Ca2+ .

7. 14-3-3 , Bad FOXO, .

, siRNA
14-3-3 .

16

8. 8
TNF. ,
8 TNF. ,
TNF
.
9. Ced-3 C. elegans.
Ced-3
. Ced-3
siRNA .
10.
c .
11.


.
12. .

:
.
13.
. ,

.

18
1.
,
.

4. ,

.
5.
. ,

, . ,

,

. ,

.
6. p53 Rb.
6 p53
Rb

T,
Rb. , 7
Rb, ,
p53
Rb.
7. AIDS
.

2. ,
.

,
.
.

8. -

.
,
. -



.

3.

,
.

9. INK4 p16,
Cdk4, 6/ D.
Cdk4, 6/ D Rb,

p16 Rb.
10. p53
DNA
. ,
p53
.
11. imatinib - Bcr/Abl,
.
Bcr/Abl . -

17

imatinib Bcr/Abl
.
12.
,
.
.

,

.


1,4,5- (IP3, Inositol
1,4,5-trisphosphate): ,
PIP2,
.
2- (2-deoxyribose): (
) DNA.
3,4,5- (PIP3,
Phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate):
PIP2.
3 (3 UTR, 3 Untranslated
Region): 3 mRNA.
4,5- (PIP2,
Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate): .

PIP2 C

.
5 (5 UTR, 5 Untranslated
Region): 5 mRNA.
5- (ATP, Adenosine
5-Trisphosphate):
.
6- (mannose-6-phosphate):
.
abl: -

.
ADF/ (ADF/cofilin):
.

Akt: /
PIP3

.
Arabidopsis thaliana:
.
ARF: GTP
trans-Golgi.
ATM:
DNA .
ATP (ATP synthase):

ATP.
ATP Na+-K+ (Na+-K+ ATPase): . Na+-K+.
ATR: ATM
DNA.
Bcl-2: .
Caenorhabditis elegans: .
CCND1: D1.

.
Cdc42: Rho GTP.
Cdk:
.
Cdk1: /,

.

20

CENP-A: . H3.
cis- (cis-acting control
element): DNA

.
c-myc: -
,
.
c-myc: -
.
COPI COPII (COP, Coat Protein):
, , .
CREB (CRE-Binding protein, Cyclic AMP Response
Element-Binding protein:
AMP): cAMP .
Crista: .
DNA (DNA glycosylase): DNA

DNA.
DNA (DNA ligase):
DNA.
DNA (DNA polymerase): DNA.
DNA (DNA transposon):
DNA.
Drosophila melanogaster:
-
.
E2F:


DNA.
Elk-1:
ERK
.
erbA: -
.
ErbA: - erbA. .
erbB-2: - -

.

ERK: MAP
.
Escherichia coli (E. coli):
-
.
FAK (Focal Adhesion Kinase: ):

.
Fos:

.
Hedgehog: -
.
IAP (Inhibitor of Apoptosis): .
IB (Inhibitory B): NF-B.
Jun:
-
.
MEK (MAP kinase/ERK Kinase: MAP/
ERK):
ERK MAP.
Mos: I II

II.
mTOR:

.
NF-B: .
Notch:
,
.
N- (N-myristoylation): ( 14 )
.


p53:
G1
DNA

. p53 p53.
PML/RAR:

.
PTEN:
PIP3 .
Rab: GTP

.
Rac: GTP
.
raf: Raf.
Raf: / raf,
Ras
MEK.
Ran: GTP


.
ras: Ras.
Ras: GTP
ras
.
Ras
/ Raf MEK.
Rb:
. Rb

.
RecA: DNA .
Rho: GTP
.
RNA (RNA polymerase): RNA.
RNA SRP: RNA
SRP.
RN H (RNase H): RNA RNA-DNA.
RN P (RNase P): 5
pre-tRNA.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae:

21

. Saccharomyces cerevisiae
.
Smad: TGF-.
SNARE (Soluble NSF Attachment protein Receptor):

-.
Src: , (src)
Rous.
src: Src.
START:
G1. ,
S
.
trans- (trans-acting factor): , .
Wnt:

.
Xenopus laevis: -
.
- (-actinin):

.
(angiogenesis): .
RNA (mRNA, messenger RNA): RNA
.
GPI (GPI anchor, Glycosylphospatidylinositol
anchor): .
(ankyrin):

.

(membrane-anchored growth factor):
.
(A, denine):
.
(adenovirus): DNA
.

22

(adenylyl cyclase): AMP ATP.

(adenoma):
.
ER (rough ER):

.
- ( helix):


.
(nitrogen fixation):
(N2) (NH3).
(ethylene):
.
(histone acetylation):
.
(actin): 43 kDa
.
(allele):
.
Shine-Dalgarno (Shine-Dalgarno sequence):
o
mRNA

mRNA .
(spacer sequence):
.
(signal sequence):
,
( )
( ).
- (presequence):
.
(allosteric regulation):



.
(electron transport
chain):

.
(PCR, Polymerase
Chain Reaction): DNA
DNA in vitro.
(amino acid):
,

, ,
.
(abscisic acid): .
(starch):

.
(amyloplast): .
(amphipathic):
.
NADP (NADP reductase):

NADP+ NADPH.
(FRAP,
Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching):

.
(reproductive cloning):

.
Cdk (CKI, Cdk Inhibitor):
Cdk
.

(density-dependent
inhibition):
.
(contact inhibition):

.
(recombinant molecule):
DNA .
(recombination): .
(class switch
recombination):
V(D)J
.
(site-specific
recombination):
DNA
.
(anaphase):
.
(anaphase A):

.


(anaphase B):
.
(ORF, Open Reading
Frame):

.
(immunoprecipitation):

.
(ChIP, Chromatin
Immunoprecipitation):

.
(immunoblotting):
SDS-.
(immunoglobulin): . .
(adaptin):


.
(antigen):
.
(replication fork):
DNA

.
(anticodon):
RNA
RNA.
(antiport):

.
(antisense nucleic acid):
( RNA DNA) mRNA-
.
(reverse genetics):

.
(reverse transcriptase): DNA
RNA .
(reverse transcription): DNA RNA .
(antibody):

().
Na+-K+ (Na+-K+ pump):
Na+ K+
.
(ion pump):

ATP .

23

(axoneme): ,

.
(axonemal dynein):
.
(AID,
Activation-Induced Deaminase): B DNA
. AID

.
X (X chromosome
inactivation):

.
(haploid):
.
mRNA (NMD, Nonsense-Mediated mRNA
Decay): mRNA
.
(unfolded
protein response):


.
,

.
(apoptosis):
DNA,
.
(apoptosome):
9,
c

.
(feedback inhibition):



.
(archaea, archaebacteria):
.

,
.
(astral microtubule):

24

.
(growth factor):
.
(PDGF, PlateletDerived Growth Factor):


.
(auxin): .
(autocrine
growth stimulation):

.
(autocrine signaling):

.
- (self-splicing):
RNA
.
(ARS,
Autonomously Replicating Sequence):
DNA .
(autoradiography): .
(autophagy):

.
(autophagosome):

.
(autophosphorylation):

.
(baculovirus):
.
(bacteria, eubacteria):
,

.
(bacteriophage): .
- (-arrestin):

G
.

(basolateral domain):
.
(basement membrane): .
.
(basal body):



.
(basal lamina):

, .
- (-barrel): -
.
cDNA (cDNA library): cDNA.
DNA (recombinant DNA
library): cDNA.
(villin):

.
(vimentin):
.
(vinculin):
.
(vincristine): .
(vinblastine): .
(systems biology):


.
(bioinformatics):
,
.
(stem cell):

.
(cilium, . cilia): ,
.

SINE (Short Interspersed Nucleotide Element):



.
RNA (siRNA, small interfering
RNA): RNA ,
RNA -
- .
(feedback loop):

.
- ( sheet):

.
(genetic code):
mRNA

.
(general transcription
factor):
.
(gibberellin): .
(glycogen):
.
(GAG, Glycosaminoglycans):
.
(glycosidase):
.
(glycosidic bond):

.
(glycosylation): .
(glycosyltransferase):
.
(glycocalyx):
.
(glucocorticoid):
.
(glycolipid):

.
(glycolysis):
.
(gluconeogenesis): .
(glycoprotein):
.

25

(glyoxysome):

.
(gene amplification):

.
(gene transfer):
DNA .
(gene): RNA.
(secondary response
gene):
.
(stability gene):

.
.
(genomics): .
(genomic library):
DNA

.
(genomic imprinting):
DNA
, .
(fertilization): .
(genotype): .
(G, Guanine):
.
(guanylyl cyclase): GMP GTP.
(actin bundle):

.
(DNA, Deoxyribonucleic Acid):
.
(desmin):
.
(desmoglein):


.
(desmocollin):


.

26

(high-energy bond):
.
(desmosome):
. .
.
(secondary cell wall):


.
(second messenger):



.
(secondary structure): . . - -.
DNA (translesion DNA synthesis):
DNA
DNA .
(transgenic mouse):

.
(diakinesis):
I
.
(resolution):
.
(diacylglycerol): PIP2
C.
(transcytosis):
.
(transmembrane protein):



.
(Mediator):

, .
(transfection):
.
(crosstalk):

.

(voltage-gated channel):
.
(ligand-gated channel):

.
(ion channel):

.
(differential centrifugation):


.
(dideoxynucleotide):
3

DNA.
(facilitated diffusion):

-.
(double-strand break):
DNA .
cis-Golgi (cis-Golgi network):
Golgi
.
trans Golgi (trans Golgi network):
Golgi .
(actin network):
.
(signaling network):

.
(pyrimidine dimer):
DNA.

DNA .
- (NAD+,
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide):
.
- (FADH2, Flavin
Adenine Dinucleotide):
.


(proofreading): DNA DNA.
(diploid):
.
(diplotene): I

.
(EMSA, Electrophoretic-Mobility Shift Assay):

.
(signal patch): , ,

.
DNA (satellite DNA): DNA

,
DNA.
(dynactin):

.
(dynamic instability):

.
(action potential):
.
(dynamin): GTP .
(dynein):

().
(dystrophin): .
(enkephalin):
.
(eicosanoids):
, , ,
.
(ecdysone):
.
(secretory pathway): Golgi ,
, .
(secretory vesicle):
Golgi .

27

(elaioplast): .
(lamellipodium):
,
.
(elastic fiber):

.
(elastin):
.
Gibbs (G, Gibbs free energy):

.
-- (helix-loop-helix):

. .

.
(helicase):
.
-- (helix-turn-helix):

.

DNA.
(ES cell, Embryonic Stem
cell):
.
(alternative splicing):
mRNA
pre-mRNA.
(tumor initiation):
, .
(intermediate filament): 10 nm
. .
.
(endoderm): ,

.
(endocrine signaling):
-.

(intracellular signal transduction):

28

.
(endocytosis):

.
(receptor-mediated
endocytosis):


.
(fluid-phase endocytosis):

.
AP (AP endonuclease): DNA DNA

.
(restriction endonuclease):
DNA -.
(ER, Endoplasmic Reticulum):


,
.
(endorphin):
.
(endosymbiosis):

, .
(endosome):
,
.
(activation energy):
,
.
(active site):

.
(active transport): ,
ATP
.
(enzyme): RNA
.
(enhancer): .
-.

(integral
membrane protein):
.
(entactin): IV .
(oncogene addiction):

.
cAMP (cAMPdependent protein kinase): . A.
Nernst (Nernst equation):

.
(exon):
() mRNA.
(exportin):
.
(ectoderm):
,
.
(extracellular matrix):


.
(exonuclease):
DNA 5 3 3 5
.
(induced fit):

.
(induced
pluripotent stem cell):


.
(tumor promoter):
, .
(simple-sequence
repeats):
.
(processed pseudogene):

mRNA.


(epigenetic inheritance):

DNA.
(epidermal cell):
.
(EGF, Epidermal
Growth Factor):
.
(mismatch repair):
DNA

DNA.
(recombinational repair):
DNA DNA
.
(base-excision repair):
DNA
DNA.
(NER,
Nucleotide-Excision Repair): DNA
DNA.

(transcription-coupled repair): DNA DNA.
(epithelial cell):
( )

.
(domain):
.
PTB (PTB domain, Phosphotyrosine-Binding
domain):
.
SH2 (SH2 domain):
100
.
(zinc finger domain):
DNA

().

.
(dominant):
.

29

(dominant inhibitory
mutant): ,

.
(herpesvirus):
DNA. .
Kaposi
(Kaposis sarcoma-associated herpesvirus): Kaposi.
(erythrocyte): .
(clathrin-coated pit):
.
(focal adhesion):

.
(focal complex):


.
G (heterotrimeric G protein):

.
(heterophilic interaction):

.
(heterochromatin): ,
.
(eukaryotic cell):
, .
(euchromatin):
.
(zygotene): I

.
(zygote): .
(yeast):
. Saccharomyces serevisiae
()
.
(adhesion belt):


.
(electrical synapse):

.

30

(electroporation): DNA
.
(electron microscopy):

.
,
. ,
.
(transmission
electron microscopy): . .
(scanning electron
microscopy): . .
(electron tomography):

.
(two-dimensional gel
electrophoresis):

.
(gel electrophoresis):
.
SDS-
(SDS-PAGE, SDS-Polyacrylamide Gel
Electrophoresis):
,

SDS.
(electrochemical gradient):


.
(hemidesmosome):

.
(hemicellulose):

.
(semiconservative
replication):
DNA
.
(therapeutic cloning):

.
(Hsp, Heat-shock protein):


.
(temperature-sensitive
mutant):

,

.
(origin of replication):
DNA

.
(thromboxane): .
(T, Thymine):
DNA .
(thyroid hormone):
.
(niche): .
(importin):

.
(stress fiber):
.
(collagen fibril):
.
(fibroblast):
.
(integrin):
.
(intron): .
Epstein-Barr (Epstein-Barr virus): B.
Polyoma (polyomavirus):
DNA.
SV40 (SV 40, Simian Virus 40): DNA.
B (hepatitis B virus): DNA
.
C (hepatitis C virus): RNA



.
(papillomavirus): DNA,
.
Rous (RSV, Rous Sarcoma
Virus):
.
(PDI,
Protein Disulfide Isomerase):
(S-S)
.
(peptidyl prolyl
isomerase):
cis-trans
.
(histone):
DNA .
(footprinting): DNA
.
(caveolin):
.

(lagging strand): DNA

Okazaki.
(malignant tumor):
.
(calmodulin):
.
(benign tumor):
, .
(callus): .
7- (7-methylguanosine
cap): GTP
5 mRNA .
(cadherin):
.
(cardiolipin):
.
(carcinogen):
.
(cancer): .
(carcinoma): .

31

(karyopherin): .
(caspase):
.
(catalase):
.
(repressor): .
(catenin):
- -.
(vacuole): .
, ,
,
.
(central dogma):


DNA RNA RNA .
(centriole):
.
(microtubuleorganizing center):
() ,

.
(centromere):
.
H3 (CenH3, Centromeric H3):
H3
.
(centrosome):
.
(keratin):
.
(soft keratin): .
(hard keratin):

, .
(kb, kilobase):
.
Aurora (Aurora kinase):
,
.

32

CaM (CaM kinase): Ca2+/.

Janus (JAK, Janus Kinase):
.
MAP (MAP kinase, Mitogen-Activated Protein
kinase): /

. MAP

.
CHK1 CHK2 (Checkpoint
Kinase):
DNA.
(myosin
light-chain kinase): II
.
3 PI 3
(PI 3-kinase, Phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase):
PIP2
3,4,5- (PIP3).
Polo (Polo-like kinase):

,
.
(treadmilling):

.
(kinesin):

(+).
(kinetochore):

.

.
(clathrin): ,
.
(molecular clone): .
.
(cohesin):
S
.
(granulocyte): .
(collagen):
.

(collenchyma):
.
(colcemid): .
(colchicine): .
Holliday (Holliday junction):
,

DNA.
(connexin): .
(connexon): .
(condensin):
.
(corticosteroid):
.
(apical domain): .
(cosmid):
,

. DNA,
45 kb.
RNA (RNA world):

RNA.
X (X-ray crystallography):

X
.
(cyanobacteria):


.
(cyclic electron flow):
I ATP
NADPH.
AMP (cAMP, cyclic AMP):

3 5
.
.


GMP (cGMP, cyclic GMP):

3 5 .


.
(cyclin):
Cdk
.
G1 (Cln, G1 Cyclin):
START.
Calvin (Calvin cycle):
CO2 .
Krebs (Krebs cycle): .
.
(glyoxylate cycle):

.
(citric acid cycle):

-CoA CO2.
.
COP (COP-coated vesicle):
COP I COP II.
(clathrin-coated
vesicle): .
(C, Cytosine): .
c (cyt c, cytochrome c):
.
(cell plate): .
(cell line):
.
(cell wall): ,
,
, .
(cell transformation):
.
(cell cortex):

.

33

(cellulose):
, (1 4)
.
(cytokine):

.
(cytokinesis):
.
(cytokinin):
.
(flow cytometer): .

(FACS, Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorter):
.
(cytoplasmic dynein):
.
(plasma membrane):
,
, .
(cytoskeleton):

.

.
(CSF, Cytostatic Factor):
II.
(cytochalasin):
.
(codon):
. 64
.
(lamins):
, .
(laminin):
.
ER (smooth ER):
.
(lymphocyte):
. B T .
(lymphoma):
.
(leptotene): I

.

34

(leucoplast):
.
(leukotriene): .
(leukemia):

.
(lignin):
.
(fatty acid): (COO).
(fats): . .
(lipids):


.
(lipid raft):
.
(LDL, Low-Density
Lipoprotein):
.
(liposome): DNA
.
(lysosome):
.

LINE (Long Interspersed Nucleotide Element):


.
(LTR, Long Terminal
Repeat):
.
.
(macropinocytosis):

.
(macrophage):
.
(flagellum): .
RNA (RNA splicing):
mRNA

mRNA.

(Mb, Megabase): .
(meiosis):
.

.
(thylakoid membrane):


ATP.
(middle lamella):

.
(mesoderm):
.
.
(interphase):
,
G1, S G2.
(transition state):


.
ER (transitional ER): ER
Golgi.
(transcription):
RNA DNA
.
(transcriptional activator):
.
(transcription factor): RNA .
(transposable element): . .
(mutation): .
in vitro (in vitro mutagenesis): in
vitro DNA.
(mutagen):
.
(mineralocorticoid):


.

(hematopoietic stem cell transplantation):


.
(bone marrow
transplantation):




.
(metastasis): ,
.
(transformation): DNA
.
. .
(TGF-,
Transforming Growth Factor ):

.
(metaphase):

.
(FRET, Fluorescence Resonance Energy
Transfer):


.
(somatic cell
nuclear transfer):


.
ABC (ABC transporter):

ATP.
RNA (tRNA, transfer RNA): RNA
mRNA .
(translation):
mRNA.
in vitro (in vitro translation): .
GTP (small GTP-binding
protein):
GTP, Ras, Rab, Rho Ran.
RNA (snRNA, small nuclear RNA):
RNA 50 200
, RNA,
.
RNA (snoRNA, small nucleolar
RNA): RNA
pre-rRNA.

35

RNA (miRNA, microRNA): ,

RNA .
(microspike): . .
(microfilament):
.
(cellulose microfibril):

.
(caveolae):

.
(microvillus, . microvilli):
.

.
(phase-contrast
microscopy):

.
-
(differential interference-contrast microscopy):


.
(multiphoton excitation microscopy):

. ,
.
(video-enhanced
microscopy):
.
(fluorescence microscopy):
.
(bright-field microscopy):
,
.
DNA (DNA microarray): cDNA ,

.
(microtubule): -

36

,
, 25 nm.
(kinetochore
microtubule):
.
(microsomes):
.
(mitochondria): ATP
.
(mitosis): .
(mitotic spindle):

. .
,
,
.
(monoclonal antibody): B.
(monocyte):
.
(G actin, Globular actin):
.
(uniport):
.
JAK/STAT (JAK/STAT pathway):
STAT
JAK.
(monosaccharide):
(CH2O)n.
mRNA (monocistronic mRNA): RNA
.
- (lock-and-key model):



.
(sliding filament model):



.
(fluid mosaic model):

.

Holliday (Holliday model):

.
(insulator):
( )

.
(molecular cloning):
DNA

-.
(molecular motor):
.
(molecular chaperone):
.
(cell adhesion molecule):
.
(brassinosteroid): .
(muscle fiber):
.
(myofibril): .
(myosin):
.
I (myosin I):
.
II (myosin II):
.
(necrosis):
.
(nectin):
.
(nebulin):
.
(nexin):
.
(NGF, Nerve Growth
Factor):
.
(neurotransmitter): ,

- .
(neurofilament):
.
(neurohormone):
.


(neuropeptide):
.
(neurotrophin):
.
(neuron):

.
(filopodium):
.
(nitrosylation):
(NO)
.
(knockout):
, , .
(lysosomal storage
disease):
.
(excinuclease):
DNA ,
.
(nucleoside):
( ).
(nucleosome):
, DNA .
(nucleotide): .
(oncogene):

.
(tumor virus):
.
(tumor suppressor gene):

.
(tumor):
.
(gene family):

.
armadillo (armadillo protein
family): ,
-,
.
(estrogen): .

37

(oligonucleotide):
.
(oligosaccharide):
.
(homeodomain):
DNA
.
(homeobox):
180 bp .
(homologous recombination):
DNA
.
(homophilic interaction):
.
(cytochrome oxidase):


c O2.
(oxidative phosphorylation):
ATP ADP

.
(oxidative metabolism):

.
(operon):
mRNA.
(hormone):

-
.
(ubiquinone): . Q.
(ubiquitin):
.
(A) [poly(A) tail]: 200
3
mRNA .
(U, Uracil):
RNA .
(passive diffusion):
.
(passive transport): .
(palmitoylation):
( 16 ) .

38

(chromatin remodeling factor):
DNA .

(GEF, Guanine nucleotide Exchange Factor): GTP
GDP
GTP.
(release factor):
mRNA.
(SRF, Serum Response
Factor):
.
(IF, Initiation Factor):
.
(elongation factor):
.
(TNF, Tumor Necrosis
Factor):

.
TBP (TAF, TBPAssociated Factor):
TBP
TFIID.
(MPF,
Maturation Promoting Factor):
Cdk1 B
M .
(paracrine signaling):


-.
(parenchyma cell):
.
RNA (RNAi, RNA interference):
mRNA, RNA.
(transient expression):
DNA
.
(pachytene): I

.
(signal peptidase):
.
(MPP, Matrix
Processing Peptidase):
-
.

(SPP, Stromal
Processing Peptidase):

.
(peptide hormone):
.
(peptide bond):
.
(transit peptide):
.
(peptidoglycan):
,

.
(pericentriolar material):
.
(nucleolar organizing
region):
RNA.
(peripheral
membrane protein):
,

.
(pectin):
.
(turgor pressure):
.
(pinocytosis):
, .
TATA (TATA box):
DNA

RNA II.
(plakin):

.
(plasmalogen): .
(plasmid): , DNA

-.
Ti (Ti plasmid): .
(plasmodesma, . plasmodesmata):

.

.


(plastid):
,
, , ,
.
(polar body):
.
(polar microtubule):


.
(polyadenylation):
(A)
mRNA.
(pluripotency):
.
(F actin, Filamentous actin):
.
(polynucleotide):
.
(polypeptide): .
(polyp):
.
(polyribosome):
mRNA.
(polysaccharide): .
mRNA (polycistronic mRNA): RNA .
(polysome): . .
(polytene chromosome):
Drosophila
DNA

.
(porin):
-
, .
(purine):
.
.
(GFP, Green Fluorescent
Protein):
.
(prenylation):
()
.

39

(primase): RNA DNA

.
(progesterone):
.
(programmed
cell death):
.
mRNA (pre-mRNA, precursor mRNA):
, RNA
( mRNA) .
rRNA (pre-rRNA, precursor rRNA):
rRNA,

RNA ( 28S, 18S 5,8S rRNA
).
tRNA (pre-tRNA, precursor tRNA): ,
RNA.
(P, Product):
.
(prokaryotic cell):
( ).
(procollagen):

.
(prometaphase):



.
(tumor progression):
,
.
(proplastid):

.

(leading strand): DNA

.
(pronucleus): .
(ligand):
.
(prosthetic group):

.

40

(prostaglandin):
.
(prostacyclin): H2.
(prophase): ,

.
(profilin):
.
(feedforward relay):

.
(immediate-early genes):
.
(proteasome): .
ERM (ERM proteins):
.
G (G proteins):
.
(protein):
.
HMG (HMG protein, High Mobility
Group protein):

.
STAT (STAT protein):
SH2
,
.
(actin-binding protein):

,
.
(actin-bundling
protein):
.
(phospholipid
transfer protein):
.
(NF protein, Neurofilament
protein):

.
GTP (GAP, GTPaseActivating Protein):
GTP GTP.
DNA (singlestranded DNA-binding protein): DNA
.
TATA (TBP, TATA-Binding
Protein):
TATA .
(MAP,
Microtubule-Associated Protein):

.
- (channel protein):


.
- (scaffold protein):


.
- (carrier protein):

, .
(protein kinase):
ATP.
A (protein kinase A):
AMP.
C (protein kinase C):
/

Ca2+
.
/ (protein-serine/
threonine kinase): .
(protein-tyrosine kinase):

.

(nonreceptor protein-tyrosine kinase): .
(protein phosphatase):

.
(protein-tyrosine
phosphatase):
.


(proteoglycan):
.
(proteolysis): .
(proteome):
.
(proteomics):
.
(primary cell wall):

.
(primary culture):
.
- (proto-oncogene):

.
(nucleus):
,
.
(nuclear lamina): .
(nuclear membrane):

.
.
.
(nucleosome
core particle): 147
DNA
, H2A, H2B, H3 H4.
(nuclear envelope):
.
,
.
(nucleolus):
rRNA,
.
(pyrimidine):
.
,
.
(retinoid):
.
(retinoic acid):
A.
(retrovirus): RNA

DNA .
(retrotransposon):

RNA.
(ribozyme): RNA .

41

(ribose):
RNA.
(RNA, Ribonucleic Acid):
.

RNA (snRNP, small nuclear Ribonucleoprotein
Particle): snRNA .
(ribosome):
RNA
.
RNA (rRNA, ribosomal RNA):
RNA .
(rhodopsin):
G
.
(receptor downregulation):

,
.
(chaperonin):

.
(sarcomere): .
(sarcoplasmic reticulum):
Ca2+ .
(sarcoma):
.

(genome-wide association scan):

.
(selectin):
.
(nuclear export signal):
.
(NLS, Nuclear Localization
Signal):

.
DNA (DNA damage
checkpoint):
DNA

.
(spindle
assembly checkpoint):

42

.
(cell cycle
checkpoint):


.
(restriction point):
G1.
,
S
.
(metal shadowing):

.
(sclerenchyma cell):
, ,
.

(dark reactions):

. .
Calvin.
(spectrin):
.
(tight junction):

,

.
(stereocilium):
.
(steroid hormone):
,
.
Golgi (Golgi stack):
Golgi.
cAMP (CRE, cAMP Response
Element):
- cAMP.
(SRE, Serum Response
Element):



.
(retrovirus-like element): .

(barrier element): . .
RNA (RNA editing): RNA ( )

mRNA.
() (matrix):
.
() (stroma):

.
Southern (Southern blotting):
DNA
.
northern (northern blotting): mRNA
,
.
western (western blotting): . .
(corepressor):
,
, .

,
(.. )
.
(symport):
.
Golgi (Golgi complex): . Golgi.
(junctional
complex):
,
.
DNA (cDNA, complementary DNA):
DNA
mRNA in vitro .
Arp2/3 (Arp 2/3 complex, ctin-related
protein complex):
.
Tic (Tic complex, Translocase of the inner
chloroplast membrane complex):
.
Tim (Tim complex, Translocase of the inner
mitochondrial membrane complex):

.


Toc (Toc complex, Translocase of the outer
chloroplast membrane complex):
.
Tom (Tom complex, Translocase of the outer
mitochondrial membrane complex):

.
WASP/Scar (WASP/Scar complex):
.
(ORC, Origin Recognition Complex):
DNA
.
- (-tubulin ring
complex):
.
(exocyst): .
(guidance complex):

.
bf (Cyt bf complex,
Cytochrome bf complex):
.
/
(APC/C, Anaphase-Promoting Complex/Cyclosome):


.
(nuclear pore complex):
,
.
(synaptic vesicle):
.
(synaptonemal complex):

.
() (synapse):
.
(synapsis): .
(adherens junction):

.

43

(coactivator): ,
.
(coenzyme):
.
A (CoA, Coenzyme A):
.
Q (coenzyme Q):

.
(confocal microscopy):
,

.
(cellulose synthase):
.
-tRNA (aminoacyl tRNA
synthetase):
tRNA .
Golgi (Golgi apparatus):

.
.
(contractile bundle):
II .
(contractile ring):
II
.
(yeast twohybrid system): .
(sphingomyelin):


.
(somatic hypermutation):


.
(SRP, Signal Recognition
Particle):
srpRNA,

.
(spliceosome):
snRNP -

44

pre-mRNA.

(talin):
.
(taxol):
.
(telomerase):

RNA.
(telomere):
.
DNA

.
(telophase): ,

.
(freeze fracture):



.
(testosterone):
.
(quaternary structure):

.

.
P1 (PAC, P1 Artificial
Chromosome):
DNA E. coli.
(BAC, Bacterial
Artificial Chromosome):

DNA .
(YAC, Yeast Artificial
Chromosome):
(
kb) DNA.
patch clamp (patch clamp technique):

.
(titin):

.
Okazaki (Okazaki fragment): DNA
DNA.

(topoisomerase):
DNA

DNA.
(twinfilin):
.
(tubulin):
.
(transducin): G ,
, cGMP.
(translocon):

.
(transposon): DNA
.
(triacylglycerol):
.
(tertiary structure):
.
(tropomyosin):


.
(troponin):
.
in situ (in situ hybridization):
RNA DNA
.
(nucleic acid
hybridization):
DNA / RNA
.
(carbohydrate):
(CH2O)n.
.
(aquaporin): -

.
(hydrophilic): .
(hydrophobic): .
(Ig superfamily,
Immunoglobulin superfamily):

.
(nuclear receptor
superfamily):
-


, ,
D3.
(cytokine
receptor superfamily):


.
(peroxisome):

.
(peroxin): .
(ultracentrifuge):
.
T (T cell receptor):
T

.
(nuclear transport
receptor):

.
(ryanodine receptor):

.
(steroid hormone
receptor):

.
G (G proteincoupled receptor):
-.

G.
SRP (SRP receptor):

(SRP).
Toll (Toll-like receptor):


.
- (receptor
protein-tyrosine kinase):

.
- (one gene - one
enzyme hypothesis):

Neurospora 1940,

45

.

.
(promoter): DNA
RNA .
(S, Substrate):
.
(recessive):

.
(phagocytosis):
, , .
(phagolysosome):
.
(phagosome):
.
(phenotype): .
(phalloidin): .
G0 (G0 phase):

.
G1 (G1 phase):
DNA.
G2 (G2 phase): S
.
M (M phase):
.
S (S phase):
DNA.
(mass spectrometry):
.

.
(leucine zipper):
.
in situ (FISH, Fluorescence In Situ
Hybridization):
RNA
.
(filamin):
.
(fimbrin):

.

46

(fibronectin): .
(flippase):
.
(fodrin):
.
(expression vector): DNA -.
(cloning vector): DNA

DNA.

-,
.
(formin):
.
(equilibrium centrifugation):
.
.
,

, ().
(densitygradient centrifugation):

,
.
(velocity centrifugation):

.
(plant hormone):

.
(phosphatidylethanolamine):

.
(phosphatidylinositol):
.
(phosphatidylserine):
.
(phosphatidylcholine):
.
cAMP (cAMP phosphodiesterase):
3-5 AMP.
cGMP (cGMP phosphodiesterase): cGMP.
(phosphodiester bond): 5 -

3
.
C (phospholipase C):
PIP2
.
(phospholipid bilayer):


.
(phospholipid):

( )
()
.
(glycerol phospholipid):
.
(dolichol phosphate):
,
.
(phosphorylation):
.
(light
reactions):

ATP NADPH.
(photorespiration): .
(photoreactivation): DNA
.
(photosynthesis):
CO2
.
(photosynthetic pigment):
.
I (photosystem I):

NADPH.
II (photosystem II):

ATP.
(photocenter):
(



).
(restriction map):
DNA
.
(gap junction):
.
(operator): DNA

.
(chemiosmotic coupling):
ATP

.
(chiasma):
.
(chitin):
N-
.
(chloroplast):

.
(chlorophyll):
.
(cholesterol):
.
.
(chromatin): DNA
.
DNA (DNA-affinity
chromatography):

47

DNA.
(chromatosome): 166
DNA

.
(chromoplast):
.
(chromosome):
DNA
.
(chromosomal
microtubule): .
(vacuole): . .
(zebrafish):
.
(pseudogene):
.
(pseudopodium):

.
(brush border):
(..
).
(etioplast):
.