CC LOI CM T

Ti liu

Cm t (Phrases) - Phn 1
Anh ng Golden Voice xin mi bn cng tm hiu v cm t trong ting
Anh. Chc bn thnh cng!

1. nh ngha (Definition):
Cm t l mt nhm t kt hp vi nhau to thnh ngha nhng khng y (A phrase
is a group of words that makes sense but not complte sense).
Trong cc v d sau y, cm t l nhng nhm t c in nghing:
The sun rises in the east.
(Mt tri mc phng ng.)
It was a sunset if great beauty.
( l mt bui hong hn p v cng.)
The sea lay below them, golden in the sunlight.
(Bin nm pha di, rc r trong nh nng.)
Turning toward the class, the teacher asked for silence.
(Quay v pha lp, thy gio yu cu im lng.)
Nhng cm t ny khng to thnh ngha y nu b tch ri khi cc thnh
phn khc ca cu. V mt cu trc, cm t khng bao gi c cha cc ng
t chia (finite verbs), ngha l cc ng t ha hp vi ch t v ngi
(person) v s (number). Khi cn thit, cm t c th cha cc ng t dng
phn t (participle), dng nguyn mu (infinitive):
I saw a lot of boys playing on the ground.
(Ti thy rt nhiu a tr ang chi trn sn.)
[playing on the ground: bt u bng mt hin ti phn t c hnh thc khng
bin i.]

playing on the ground l cm t c cha hin ti phn t playing. Phn t

ny, khc vi cc ng t chia, khng bin i d ch t ca n (nh a lot of
boys) s nhiu hay s t, d th qu kh hay hin ti:
I saw a lot of boys playing on the ground.
I saw a boy playing on the ground.
I see a lot of boys playing on the ground.
I see a boy playing on the ground.
Ngc li, ng t play trong cu sau y l ng t chia. N l mt thnh
phn ca mnh v bin i theo ch ng ca n v ngi v s:
I see that a lot of boys play very well.
[a lot of boys play very well: mnh ]
[play c ch ng l a lot of boys]
I see that a boy plays very well.
[a boy plays very well: mnh ]
[plays c ch ng l a boy]
Cc ng t play v plays trong hai cu trn kt hp vi cc ch t tng
ng ca n to thnh mnh .
2. Cc loi cm t (Kinds of phrases):
Da trn cu trc, cm t c phn thnh bn loi sau y:
a. Cm gii t (prepositional phrases).
b. Cm phn t (participle phrases).
c. Cm danh ng t (gerund phrases).
d. Cm ng t nguyn mu (infinitive phrases).
e. Cm tnh t (adjective phrases).
f. Cm danh t (noun phrases).
3. Cm gii t (Prepositional phrases):
3.1 nh ngha (Definition):
Cm gii t l mt nhm t bt u bng mt gii t v thng c theo sau
bi mt danh t hoc i t:

into the house

after them
on the table
in the street
Cm gii t thng khng th ng mt mnh, tr khi lm u v trong cc
tnh hung i thoi m cc thnh phn khc (ch t, ng t) ca cu
c hiu ngm. Cm gii t thng c xem l thnh phn ca cu v c
dng nh tnh t v trng t:
Cm gii t c dng nh:
- Tnh t: b ngha cho danh t v i t.
- Trng t: b ngha cho cc t loi khc.
3.2 Cm gii t c dng nh tnh t (Prepositional phraseused as adjectives):
Khi c dng nh tnh t, cm gii t c chc nng nh tnh t: b ngha cho
danh t v i t.
Chng ta hy so snh:
a) The rose is very beautiful flower.
b) The rose is a flower of great beauty.
(Hoa hng l mt loi hoa rt p.)
Trong cu (b), chng ta dng cm gii t of great beauty thay th cho tnh
t beautiful trong cu (a). Chng ta hy xem thm vi v d khc:
I have passed a sleepless night.
I have passed a night without sleep.
That was a cowardly act.
That was an act of cowardice.
( l mt hnh ng hn nht.)
3.3 Cm gii t c dng lm trng t (Prepositional phrases used as adverbs):
a. Khi c dng nh trng t, cm gii t c chc nng b ngha cho ng t,
tnh t, mt trng t khc (i khi c th b ngha cho gii t v lin t na):

He writes carefully.
He writes with care.
b. Cm gii t l trng t c th b ngha cho ng theo nhiu cch khc nhau:
She sings like a bird.
[like a bird tr li cu hi vi How?: trng t ch th cch]
She sings in the morning.
[in the morning tr li cu hi vi When?: trng t ch thi gian]
She sings in the garden.
[in the garden tr li cu hi vi Where?: trng t ch ni chn]
She sings for an hour.
[for an hour tr li cu hi vi How long?: trng t ch qung thi gian]
She sings for her own delight.
[for her own delight tr li cu hi vi Why?: trng t ch nguyn nhn]
c. Cm gii t lm trng t c th b ngha cho tnh t:
Her face was pale with fright.
(C y s xanh mt.)
The prize-winning actress was radiant with joy.
(Ngi n din vin ot gii rng r v vui sng.)
d. Cm gii t lm trng t c th b ngha cho mt trng t khc:
The plane arrived late in the afternoon.
(My bay d n vo lc chiu ti.)
4. Cm phn t (Participle phrases):
4.1 nh ngha (Definition):
Cm phn t l mt nhm t bt u bng mt phn t (c th bng mt hin ti
phn t hoc mt qu kh phn t). Ngi ta s dng cm phn t khi mun
bt mnh , lm cho cu vn di tr nn ngn gn hn. Thay v ni The girl
who is driving the car is Marys sister hoc The concert which was given by the
Beatles was a great success, ngi ta thng ni:
The girl driving the car is Marys sister.
(C gi ang li xe hi l ch ca Mary.)

The concert given by the Beatles was a great success.

(Bui ha nhc ca nhm Beatles la mt thnh cng ln.)
Chng ta ch c dng cm phn t khi ch t ca phn t ch v cng mt i
tng vi ch t ca ng t chnh.
Working all day long, he felt tired
(Lm vic sut c ngy, cu cm thy mt mi.)
Trong cu trn, ch t ca working v felt ch v cng mt ngi.
= He felt tired because he had worked all day long.
Ngc li, cu sau y sai v ch t ca phn t khc vi ch t ca mnh
chnh:
Being a hot day, he felt tired.
[ch t ca being l it, ch t ca felt l he]
4.2 V tr ca cm phn t (Positions of participle phrases):
a. Khi din t hnh ng xy ra trc hoc cng lc vi hnh ng trong mnh
, cm phn t c th nm u cu hoc gia cu:
Working all day long, he felt tired.
The boy going over there is working at this restaurant.
b. Khi hnh ng trong mnh v hnh ng do cm phn t din ra song
song v ko di, cm phn t c th c ba v tr:
u cu:
Singing a new song, the schoolboys walked into their classroom.
Gia cu:
The schoolboys, singing a new song, walked into their clasroom.
Cui cu:
The schoolboys walked into their classroom, singing a new song.
Cc cm phn t ty thuc vo ng t chnh v th:
I see a girl carrying a basket of flowers.
= I see a girl who is carrying a basket of flower.

I saw a girl carrying a basket of flowers.

= I saw a girl was carrying a basket of flowers.
4.3 Cc loi cm phn t (Kinds of participle phrases):
a. Cm phn t hin ti (Present participle phrases):
Cm phn t hin ti bt u bng mt hin ti phn t.
Turning toward the class, the teacher asked for silence.
(Quay mt v pha lp, thy gio yu cu im lng.)
The traveler, being weary, sat down on the grass.
(Cm thy mt mi, ngi l hnh ngi xung bi c.)
b. Cm phn t qu kh (Pas participle phrases):
Cm phn t qu kh bt u bng mt qu kh phn t. V tr ca cm t ny
trong cu khng ty thuc vo thi gian m ty thuc vo ch t ca cm phn
t. Cm phn t ny nn c t gn ch t ca n :
Bombed repeatedly during the war, the city has lost many beautiful buildings.
(B nm bom nhiu ln trong chin tranh, thnh ph y mt nhiu ta nh xinh p.)
The little boy, driven by hunger, stole a piece of bread.
(B cn i thc y, cu b n trm mt mu bnh m.)
He liked the concert given by the Beatles.
(Anh y thch bui ha nhc ca nhm Beatles.)
Chng ta dng cm phn t hin ti khi ch t ca cm t lm ch hnh ng
do phn t dia64n t v dng cm phn t qu kh khi ch t ca cm t nhn
chu hnh ng do ngi hoc vt khc gy nn.
c. Cm phn t hon thnh (Perfect participle phrases):
Cm phn t hon thnh bt u bng having + qu kh phn t. Cm t ny
c dng khi cn nhn mnh rng hnh ng th nht hon tt trc khi
hnh ng th hai bt u :
Having done my homework, I went to the movies.
(Sau khi lm xong bi tp, ti i xem chiu bng.)
Having been beaten once, the boy didnt want to go out alone.
( c ln b nh, cu b khng mun i ra ngoi mt mnh.)
Chng ta cn so snh thm hai cu sau y thy s quan trng ca cm
phn t hon thnh:

Singing his song, he left the room.

[Anh y v i va ht.]
Having sung his song, he left the room.
[Anh y ri phng sau khi ht xong.]
4.4 Chc nng ca cm phn t (Function of participle phrases):
Cm phn t c cc chc nng sau y:
a. Tnh t:
Cm phn t c dng tng ng vi mt mnh tnh ng, c chc nng
b ngha cho danh t hoc i t bn cnh:
The woman driving the car is my sister. [cm t]
The woman who is driving the car is my sister. [mnh ]
The concert given by the Beatles was a great success. [cm t]
The concert which was given by the Beatles was a great success. [mnh ]
b. Trng t:
Cm phn t c dng tng dng vi mt mnh trng ng. Trong
trng hp ny cm phn t c dng thay th cho:
- Mnh trng ng ch thi gian (Adverb clauses of time):
Walking along the country road, I saw a big tiger.
= While I was walking along the country road
- Mnh trng ng ch nguyn nhn (Adverb clauses of cause):
Seeing that it was raining, he put on his raincoat.
= Because he saw that it was raining
- Mnh trng ng ch s tng phn (Adverb clauses of concession):
Possessing all the advantages of education and wealthy, he never made a name.
= Although he possessed all the advantages of education and wealthy
(Mc d anh y c nhng thun li v hc vn v s giu c, anh y chng bao gi to
c tn tui.)
- Mnh trng ng ch iu kin (Adverb clauses of condition):
Following my advice, you will gain your object.
= If you follow my advice,
(Nu anh chu nghe li khuyn ca ti, anh s t c mc ch.)

4.5 Ch t ca cm phn t (Subject of participle phrases):

Trong cc v d trn, chng ta thy cm phn t c dng thay th cho
mt mnh . Cm phn t cng c dng thay th cho mt cu n
(simple sentence) khi cn thit, ngha l chng ta c th kt hp hai cu n li
thnh mt cu n bng cch dng cm phn t, nh u vn tr nn ngn
gn hn. iu kin cho hai cu n c th kt hp vi nhau l ch t ca hai
cu phi ch v cng mt i tng:
The woman took the baby in her arms. She smiled happily.
[the woman = she]
= Taking the baby in her arms, the woman smiled happily.
The worker worked all day long. He felt very tired.
[the worker = he]
= Working all day long, the worker felt very tired.
Hai cu n cng c th kt hp vi nhau khi tn ng ca cu ny ch v cng
mt i tng vi ch t ca cu kia:
I saw a beautiful picture. It was painted by a French artist.
I saw a beautiful picture painted by a French artist.
(Ti thy mt bc tranh p do mt ha s Php v.)
Hai cu sau y sai v ch t khng ph hp vi nhau:
Being a very hot day, I felt tired.
[sai v ch t ca being l It v ch t ca felt la I]
Sitting on the doorway, a bee stung me.
[sai v ch t ca sitting la I, nhng ch t ca stung li l a bee]
Hai cu trn c th sa li thnh:
It being a very hot day, I felt tired. [dng cm t c lp]
Sitting on the doorway, I was stung by a bee. [dng cm phn t, i mnh
chnh sang th th ng]
Tuy nhin, sau khi hc v giao tip nhiu, chng ta s thy i khi ch t ca
cm phn t c th khc vi ch t ca ng t chnh:
Arriving almost too late to catch the train, the customs officer kindly passed our
luggage without opening anything.
(V n tr qu sut nh chuyn tu, nhn vin hi quan t t cho hnh l ca chng
ti i qua m khng khm xt g c.)

Trong cu trn ch t ca arriving khng th l customs officer, tuy nhin ngi

Anh - M vn thy cu trn chp nhn c v t our gip cho ngi c lin
tng n ch t we c hiu ngm. Tuy nhin, v khng phi l ngi Anh M nn chng ta nn trnh nhng cu trn v nn vit:
Arriving almost too late to catch the train, we were vary glad when the customs
officer kindly passed our luggage without opening anything.
(V n tr qu sut nh chuyn tu, chng ti rt vui mng khi nhn vin hi quan t
t cho hnh l ca chng ti i qua m khng khm xt g c.)
Trong hi thoi v cc tc phm vn hc, chng ta c th bt gp nhng trng
hp tng t:
Walking beside her, it seemed to me that life was so wonderful.
(i bn nng, ti cm thy cuc i sao tuyt diu qu.)
5. Cm danh ng t (Gerund phrases):
5.1 nh ngha (Definition):
Cm danh ng t l mt nhm t bt u bng mt danh ng t (ng t tn
cng bng ing). Nhm t y c gi l cm danh ng t v n c dng
nh danh t (c chc nng lm ch ng hoc tn ng):
A miser hates speding money.
[spending money: cm danh ng t lm tn ng cho hates]
(Ngi h tin ght vic tiu tin.)
Chng ta cn ch cm phn t cng bt u bi mt ng t tn cng bng
ing nhng lm chc nng ca mt tnh t.
5.2 Cch dng ca cm danh ng t ( Uses of gerund phrases):
Cm danh ng t c chc nng ca mt danh t. Cm t ny c th:
a. Lm ch t ca ng t (Subject of a verb):
Hunting tigers was a favourite sport in many countries.
(Sn cp l mt mn th thao c yu thch nhiu nc.)
Studying until midnight leaves him too tired.
(Vic hc n khuya khin anh y mt nhc.)
Teaching children is useful worrk.
(Dy tr l mt cng vic c ch.)
Danh ng t c th c dng y nh danh t c the i trc:
The teaching of children is useful work.

Nhng khng c ni:

The teaching children is useful work. [sai v khng c of]
b. Lm tn ng cho ng t (Object of a verb):
Children love reading fairy tales.
(Tr con thch thn tin.)
We dont allow smoking in schools and in hospitals.
(Chng ti khng cho php ht thuc trong trng hc v trong bnh vin.)
c. Lm b ng cho ng t (Complement of a verb):
Thng ng sau ng t be:
The most interesting part of our trip was watching the sun setting.
(Phn th v nht trong chuyn tu du ngon ca chng ti l nhn mt tri ln.)
His favourite sport is swimming in this river.
(Mn th thao yu thch ca anh y l bi li trn sng ny.)

d. Lm tn ng cho gii t (Object of a preposition):

Many people relax by listening to music.
[listening to music: tn ng cho gii t by]
Im sorry for coming like this, without being invited.
[being invited: tn ng ca gi t without]
(Ti xin li khng c mi m li n d nh th ny.)
5.3 Danh ng t v cc i t s hu (Gerunds with possessive pronouns):
Cc i t s hu (my, your, his, her) c th ng trc danh ng t:
He dislikes my working late.
(ng y khng thch ti i lm mun.)
I object to his making private calls on the office phone.
(Ti phn i vic anh ta in thoi c quan ni chuyn ring.)
Please forgive my ringing you up so early.
(Xin anh tha li vic ti gi in thoi cho anh sm qu.)
Please excuse my interrupting you.
(Xin anh tha li vic ti ngt li anh.)

Chng ta c th dng danh t (nhng khoo6ng nn cng danh t dng s hu

cch) trc danh ng t:
They are looking forward to Mary coming.
(H ang ngng i Mary n.)
Khng nn ni:
They are looking forward to Mary s coming.
5.4 Cc ng t theo sau bi danh ng t (Verbs followed by gerunds):
a. Nhng ng t sau y c th theo sau bi danh ng t:
admit (chp nhn)
avoid (trnh)
consider (xem xt)
delay (nh hon)
dislike (ght)
excuse (tha li)
forgive (tha th)
like (thch)
prevent (ngn nga)
remember (nh)
anticipate (ngng i)
begin (bt u)
defer (hon li)
deny (t chi)
enjoy (thch)
finish (chm dt)
love (yu)

postpone (hon li)

stop (ngng)
suggest ( ngh)
b.Tt c cc ng t c gii t theo sau v vi ng t khc:
care for (thch)
John doesnt care for stading in queues.
(John khng thch ng xp hng.)
insist on (i)
Tom insisted on seeing her.
(Tom c i gp c y.)
keep on (tip tc)
Why do the dogs keep on barking?
(Ti sao ch c sa hoi?)
give up (b)
He gave up smoking.
(Anh y b thuc.)
go on (tip tc)
They went on talking about the accident.
(H tip tc ni chuyn v tai nn .)
leave off (b)
Please leave off biting your nails.
(Xin ng cn mng tay na.)
put off (hon li)
He put off leaving for France.
(Anh y hon li vic i Php.)
take to (quen vi)
He takes to drinking every day.
(Anh ta quen vi ung ru hng ngy.)
c. Cc t ng thng dng sau y (phn ln tn cng bng gii t):

be ashamed of (h thn)
You should be ashamed of lying to her.
(Anh nn h thn v ni di c y.)
be afraid of (s)
Mary avoids lonely streets. Shes afraid of being mugged.
(Mary trnh nhng ng vng. C y s b cp git.)
be busy (bn rn)
My father is busy cutting grass in the garden.
(Ba ti ang bn ct c trong vn.)
be capable of (c th)
If only I were capable of travelling around the world.
(c g ti c th i vng quanh th gii.)
be fed up with (chn)
Many people are fed up with queueing every day.
(Nhiu ngi chn vic sp hng mi ngy.)
be fond of (thch)
Shes fond of dancing.
(C y thch khiu v.)
be good at (gii)
Hes good at telling lies.
(Anh ta gii ni lo.)
be scared of (s)
Im scared of living alone in a big house.
(Ti s phi sng mt mnh trong cn nh ln.)
be sorry for (xin li)
Im sorry for making a noise last night.
(Ti xin li lm n m qua.)
be tired of (chn)
Im tired of doing the same thing day after day.
(Ti chn phi lm cng mt cng vic ngy ny sang ngy khc.)
be worth (ng)

This book is worth reading.

(Cun sch ny ng c.)
be used to (quen vi)
John is used to working at night.
(John quen lm vic vo ban m.)
can't stand (khng th chu c)
I cant stand being kept waiting.
(Ti khng th chu c vic ngi khc bt mnh phi i.)
can't help (khng trnh khi, khng ngn c)
I cant help thinking that hes still alive.
(Ti khng trnh khi ngh rng anh y vn cn sng.)
look forward to (ngng i)
Shes looking forward to seeing you.
(C y ang ngng i gp anh.)
have an objecction to (phn i)
They have a strong objection to smoking here.
(H cc lc phn i vic ht thuc.)
Its no use (khng ch g)
Its no use telling lies.
(Ni lo cng khng ch g.)
Ti liu

Cm t (Phrases) - Phn 2
Anh ng Golden Voice xin mi bn cng tm hiu v cm t trong ting
Anh. Chc bn thnh cng!

6. Cm ng t nguyn mu (Infinitive phrases):

6.1 nh ngha (Definition) :

Cm ng t nguyn mu l mt nhm t bt u bng mt ng t nguyn
mu c to (to go, to work...).
Our duty is to serve our country.
[to serve our country: cm t nguyn mu]
(Bn phn ca chng ta l phc v t nc.)
6.2 Cch dng (Uses):
Cm t nguyn mu c th:
a. Lm ch t ca ng t (Subject of a verb):
To get money is their ambition.
(c vng ca h l kim tin.)
To visit her was all that I desired.
(c thm nng l tt c nhng g ti ao c.)
b. Lm tn ng ca ng t (object of a verb):
The Prime Minister didnt want to tell the truth.
(ng Th tng khng mun ni s tht.)
Tn ng ny c th i trc bng what, when, how:
I dont know what to say.
(Ti khng bit phi ni iu g.)
He cant decide whether to speak or not.
(Anh ta khng th quyt nh ni hay khng ni.)
c. Lm b ng cho ng t (Complement of a verb):
ng sau ng t be:
His job was to teach hadicapped children.
(Cng vic ca anh y l dy tr tt nguyn.)
My lifelong desire is to travel around the world.
(c ao sut c i ti l du lch vng quanh th gii.)
Tuy nhin, b ng ca ng t cng c th l mt ng t nguyn mu khng
c to khi ch t ca cu c all, only, best, most, last what + mnh i trc:
All I wanted to do was go home.
The most he could do was die.

The only thing we can do is write to him.

The best thing to do was run away.
The last thing he wanted to do was kiss her.
What I wanted to do was kiss her in the lift going down.
ng t nguyn mu c to cng c th dng trong cc trng hp k trn.
d. Lm trng t vi cc chc nng sau y:
Trng t ch mc ch (Adverb of purpose):
Sally went to the seaside to enjoy fresh air.
(Sally n bi bin hng khng kh trong lnh.)
Mary is working late to make up for her absence yesterday.
(Mary lm vic mun b li hm qua c y vng mt.)
Trong trng hp ny, chng ta c th nhn mnh vo mc ch ca hnh ng
bng cch thay to bng in order to (= ct ):
She went to the seaside in order to enjoy fresh air.
(C y i bin ct hng khng kh trong lnh.)
Lm trng t ch nguyn nhn (Adverb of cause):
They wept to see the desolation caused by the flood.
(H khc v trng thy cnh tn ph do l lt gy ra.)
= They wept because they saw the desolation
Lm trng t ch kt qu (Adverb of result):
The firemen attempted to rescue the trapped child, only to be driven back by the
fire.
(Lnh cu ha c cu a b b mc kt, nhng rt cuc b ngn la y li.)
He went to Africa penniless, to return hom forty years later as a millionaire.
(Anh y i Chu Phi khng mt xu dnh ti, ri 40 nm sau tr v thnh mt nh triu
ph.)
e. Lm tnh t (b ngha cho danh t):
They have a lot of food to eat in the winter.
[= a lot of food that they can eat]
They have nothing to do.
[= nothing that thay can do]

We were still looking for a house to live in.

[= We are still looking for a house which we can live in]
He is a man to be admired.
[= He is a man that is admired]
Tng t, chng ta c th ni:
A book to read
A man to talk to
Nothing to fear
Something to talk about
A pen to write with
A table to write on
A tool to open it with
A case to keep my records in
Chng ta cn ch cm t nguyn mu trong cc trng hp trn c chc nng
nh tnh t b ngha cho danh t i trc. Mt khc, danh t i trc li c
xem l tn ng (object) ca ng t nguyn mu theo sau. V th, a book to read
c th chuyn thnh to read a book. Do , ci bn dng vit phi l a table
to write on, mt ci hp ng phi l a case to keep records inbi v chng
ta khng th ni to write a table, to keep records a case(thiu gii t).
Chng ta cng cn ch cm ng t nguyn mu trong trng hp ny c th
gii thich bng cch thm for + danh t vo trc ng t nguyn mu:
A book to read = a book for John to read
A man to talk to = a man for me to talk to
6.3 Nhng t v t ng dng vi ng t nguyn mu (Words and expressions used
with the infinitive):
a. Too + tnh t + ng t nguyn mu: qukhng th
You are too young to understand.
(Chu cn nh qu khng th hiu c.)

The coffee is too hot to drink.

(C ph nng qu khng th ung c.)
For + i t c th dng trc i t nguyn mu:
The coffee is too hot for me to drink.
(C ph nng qu ti khng th ung c.)
Cu trc trn c th chuyn sang dng so + tnh t + that:
The coffee is so hot that I cant drink it.
Chng ta cng c th dng trng t trong cu trc trn:
He spoke too quickly for me to understand.
(Anh y ni nhanh qu ti khng hiu c.)
b. So + tnh t + as + ng t nguyn mu: n mc m
He was so stupid as to park his car in the no-parking area.
(N di n mc xe khu vc cm xe.)
He is not so stupid as to do that.
(Anh ta khng di dt n mc lm chuyn y u.)
c. Tnh t + enough + ng t nguyn mu: ()c th
Mary is old enough to travel by herself.
(Mary ln c th i mt mnh c.)
Cu trn dch bng Mary is old to travel by herself (khng c enough) th sai.
d. It is + tnh t + of you (him, her) + ng t nguyn mu:
Khi dch nn bt u bng you + ng t nguyn mu trc.
It is so nice of you to help me.
(Anh gip ti tht l t t qu.)
Its stupid of him to smoke so much.
(N ht thuc nhiu nh th tht l di.)
Nhng tnh t c dng trong cu trc ny gm c: wise, kind, good, nice,
honest, silly, wicked
e. But + ng t nguyn mu: ngoi vic
She had no choice but to obey.
(C y khng cn chn la no ngoi vic vng li.)

Sau but chng ta cng c th dng ng t nguyn mu khng to:

They did nothing but dance and sing.
(H chng lm vic g ngoi nhy v ht.)
f. Mt s tnh t sau y thng c theo sau bi ng t nguyn mu:
Tnh t din t tnh cm nh:
Anxious
She is very anxious to see you.
(C y rt nng lng c gp anh.)
Happy
We are very happy to accept your invitation.
(Chng ti rt sung sng c nhn li mi ca ng.)
Glad
I am very glad to meet you.
(Ti rt vui mng khi c gp anh.)
Disappointed
John was disappointed not to find her at home.
(John tht vng v khng tm thy c y nh.)
Interesting
Some books are interesting to read but boring to learn.
(C nhng cun sch c th th v nhng hc th chn.)
Sad
We are very sad to hear the news of his death.
(Chng ti rt bun khi nghe tin anh y mt.)
I am sorry to interrupt you.
(Ti xin li ngt li anh.)
I am surprised to learn that he didnt come.
(Ti rt ngc nhin khi bit rng anh y khng n.)
Mt s tnh t khc nh:
Ready
We are ready to start.

(Chng ti sn sng khi hnh.)

Right
You are quite right to refuse.
(Bn hon ton c l khi t chi.)
Easy
This book is easy to read.
(Cun sch ny d c.)
Hard
It is hard to say which is better.
(Tht kh ni ci no tt hn.)
Mt s tnh t khc c theo sau bi ng t nguyn mu nh trn gm c: able (c
th), unable (khng th), difficult (kh), fit (thch hp), important (quan trng), pleasant
(vui th), possible (c th), impossible (khng th), sure (chc chn), wrong (sai, nhm)

Chng ta cn ch cc cu thuc mu ny thng c hai cch din t:

a) This sory is easy to understand.
b) It is easy to understand this story.
Chng ta c th thay this story bng it, hai cu trn s thnh:
a) It is easy to understand.
b) It is easy to understand it.
Chng ta c th chen for + ch t (ca ng t nguyn mu) vo (b):
b) it is easy for me to understand this story.
g. Sau cc tnh t ch s th t nh the first, the second,the last, the only thay
cho mnh tnh ng (adjective clauses):
John is always the first to come and the last to leave.
[= the first who comes]
(John lun l ngi n trc tin v l ngi v sau cng.)
Elton Kash is the 34th actor to play this part on the London stage.
[= who played]
(Elton Kash l din vin th 34 ng vai ny trn sn khu Lun n.)

She was the only one to survive the air crash.

[= the only one that survived]
(C y l ngi duy nht sng st trong tai nn my bay.)
He is the second man to be killed in this way.
[= the second man who was killed]
(ng y l ngi th hai b git bng cch ny.)
h. Ch t ca cm ng t nguyn mu (Subject of theh infinnitive phrase):
Cu c tn ng ch ngi (personal object):
Tn ng ny cng chnh l ch ca cm ng t nguyn mu:
He sent his son to the town to buy food.
[his son: ch t ca ng t nguyn mu to buy]
The policeman let me step inside the palace gate to take a photo.
[me: ch t ca ng t nguyn mu to take a photo]
Nu mun ch t ca cu cng l ch t ca cm ng t nguyn mu, chng
ta dng so as hoc in order trc ng t nguyn mu:
John sent his son into the garden so as to have some peace.
[John: ch t ca ng t nguyn mu to have some peace]
(John mun c yn tnh.)
Cu khng c tn ng ch v ngi:
Ch t ca cu cng l ch t ca ng t nguyn mu:
He went to France to study French.
John always goes to school on a bicycle to save time.
He fertilized the apple-tree to make it grow more quickly.
(Anh y bn phn cho cy to lm n ln nhanh hn.)
He fertilized the apple-tree to grow more quickly. [sai]
(Anh y ln nhanh hn?)
6.4 Phn loi (Classification):
C ba loi cm ng t nguyn mu:
a. Cm ng t nguyn mu n (Simple infinitive phrases):
Dng din t hnh ng din ra hin ti hoc tng lai:

to work long hours, to go away...

Tnh cht ca cm ng t nguyn mu n tng t nh tnh cht ca ng t
nguyn mu c trnh by trong chng ng t.
b. Cm ng t nguyn mu tip din (Present infinitive phrases):
Dng din t hnh ng ang din ra hin ti. Cm ng t nguyn mu
tip din c to thnh bi:
to be + hin ti phn t
to be working long hours, to be going away...
Cm ng t nguyn mu tip din c dng sau cc tr ng t (auxiliary
verbs) v mt vi ng t khc nh seem:
They seem to be following us.
(C v nh bn chng ang theo di chng ta.)
He may be waiting in the station.
(C l anh y ang i nh ga.)
He must be coming by bus.
(Hn l anh y ang i bng xe but.)
c. Cm ng t nguyn mu hon thnh (Perfect infinitive pharses):
Dng din t hnh ng xy ra qu kh, c ngha tng t nh th qu
kh hoc tin qu kh. Cm ng t nguyn mu hon thnh c to thnh
bi:
to have + qu kh phn t
to have worked long hours, to have gone away...
She was sorry not to have come on Monday.
(C y xin li v khng n vo th Hai.)
He is believed to have killed the girl.
(Ngi ta tin rng hn git c gi y.)
They are supposed to have discovered America.
(Ngi ta cho rng h khm ph ra Chu M.)
ng t nguyn mu hon thnh cn c dng vi cc tr ng t (auxiliary
verbs) sau y din t mt hnh ng khng c thc hin trong qu kh:
- Should + have + qu kh phn t: ng l phi

Dng ch mt bn phn hoc ngha v khng c thc hin trong qu kh.

John should have stayed at home.
(ng l John phi nh.) [nhng anh y li i ra ngoi]
- Was/ were + to have + qu kh phn t: l ra
Ch mt k hoch khng c thc hin trong qu kh.
The harvest was to have been ready but the heavy rain delayed it.
(V thu hoch l ra sn sng nhng cn ma ln lm chm tr.)
- Should/ would + to have + qu kh phn t: c g
Din t mong c khng c thc hin trong qu kh.
I should like to have seen her.
(c g ti gp nng.)
Would c dng cho ngi 2 v ngi 3.
- Could + have + qu kh phn t: l rac th
Ch mt kh nng khng c thc hin rong qu kh.
He could have helped me.
(L ra anh y c th gip ti.) [nhng anh y khng gip]
- Neednt + have + qu kh phn t: l ra khng cn phi
Din t mt hnh ng khng cn thit trong qu kh.
We neednt have hurried. Now we are too early.
(L ra chng ta khng cn phi vi. By gi chng ta li n sm qu.)
ng t nguyn mu hon thnh c dng vi cc tr ng t sau y ch
s suy on (deduction) v mt s vic trong qu kh:
- May/ might + have + qu kh phn t: c th
Ch s suy on v mt hnh ng trong qu kh.
He may/ might have come.
(C th anh y n.)
Might nhn mnh vo s ng v hn may.
- Must + have + qu kh phn t: hn l
Ch s suy din trong qu kh.

He must have stayed up too late last night. He looks sleepy now.
(Hn l m qua anh y thc khuya qu. By gi trng anh y cn bun ng.)
- Cant/ Couldnt + have + qu kh phn t: khng th
He says he saw you at the theatre yesterday.
- He cant/ couldnt have seen me. I wasnt there.
(Anh y khng th no thy ti. Ti khng c y.)
7. Cm tnh t (Adjective phrases):
Cm tnh t l mt ngm bt u bng mt tnh t, khc vi cm gii t v cm
phn t c dng nh tnh t.
Brave as alion, he refused to surrender.
(Can m nh s t, anh y khng chu u hng.)
The sea lay down below them, golden in the sunlight.
(Bin nm pha di, rc r trong nh nng.)
8. Cm danh t (Noun phrases):
Cm danh t l mt nhm t bt u bng mt danh t v c chc nng ng
cch (appositive). Cm danh t ny thng i ngay trc hoc ngay sau danh
t n biu th :
A victim of the war, he hated the sight of solders.
(L mt nn nhn chin tranh, anh y ght thy cnh lnh trng.)
[A victim of the war = he]
Son of a poor family, John nevertheless became a good engineer.
(Tuy l con ca mt gia nh ngho, John tr thnh mt k s gii.)
[Son of a poor family = John]
Chng ta c th xem cm danh t v cm tnh t ni trn l hnh thc rt gn
ca cm phn t bt u vi being.
9. Cm t c lp (Absolute phrases):
Cm t c lp c dng khi ch t ca phn t khc vi ch t ca ng t
chnh. Cm t c lp khng c quan h v chc nng ng php vi cc thnh
phn khc trong cu. Khc vi cm phn t (khng c ch t), cm t ny c
th:
a. Bao gm mt ch t v mt phn t (Nominative absolute):
Spring advancing, the swallows appear.
(Khi ma xun n, chim n xut hin.)

The last train having gone, we had to walk home.

(V chuyn tu cui cng khi hnh, chng ti phi i b v nh.)
All the essays having been written, the teacher sent the class home.
(Khi hc sinh lm xong tt c bi lun, thy gio cho c lp v nh.)
i khi phn t c th c hiu ngm:
The summer holidays over, we came back to school.
(Khi nhng ngy h chm dt, chng ti tr li trng.)
Cm t c lp c th t cui cu:
We explored the cave, he acting as guide.
(Chng ti thm him hang ng, anh y lm ngi hng o.)
The old man prayed silently, eyes closed.
(ng lo m thm cu nguyn, i mt nhm li.)
Hoc gia cu:
The dog, tail wagging, went straight up to the stranger
(Con ch vy ui, chy thng n ngi l)
Cm t c lp thng bt u bng gii t with:
His study was a nice room with books lining the walls.
(Phng lm vic ca ng ta l mt cn phng xinh xn vi nhng cun sch sp dc theo
tng.)
The man was learning forward in his seat, with his head resting in his hands.
(Ngi n ng ang ngi trn gh ta mnh v pha trc, hai tay ly u.)
The night was clean, with a new moon silvering the trees along the road
(m tht trong lnh vi mnh trng khuyt ri nh sng bng bc xung nhng hng
cy dc theo con ng)
b. Khng c ch t, ch c phn t (Impersonal absolute):
Strictly speaking, you have no right to be here.
(Ni ng ra, anh khng c quyn y.)
Roughly speaking, the coat cost about 1000 dollars.
(Ni phng chng, chic o khong 1000 la.)
Considering his abilities, he should have done better.
(Xt v mt kh nng, l ra anh ta phi lm tt hn.)

Generally speaking, everything is all right.

(Ni chung, mi vic u n tha c.)