You are on page 1of 131

, 2003

5, ..: 10681, .: 210-3306286


.........................................................................................4
.........................................................................................8
.................................................. 11
............................................................15
......................................25
1980 ..............35
)
...................................................................................39
) ...................44
) () ;.................48
:
... !............................................................52
....................................59
..........................................................63
) ;........................................................................65
) ..........................................................73
) ....................76
........................................................80
........................................89
.........................................94
....................................................................................97

................................................................102
.............................105

......................................................... 112
.............................................................. 113
...................................................... 114


.......................................................... 116
............................................ 119
;..................124

..................................................126
................................................129
..................................................................................130

-



.
, ,


,
.
;

. ,



.


. 90,

.
;
.

.

.
.

20
,
, , , .

. ,

.
, .


, .

,



.

,



.
.

.

- ..


. .
. ... 11 2001

,
-


.
, .. ATTAC


.




1945 ( ...- ,
,

1989

( ..)
, , ...

.
.


,
.
,
,

1917 .
1 2 .

23/6/2004

( )
.
, ,
. 1989 (

) ;.

, ,
,
1.

,
. -
,
. -

!
1990 , , , .
,
1980,
,

. ()
.
, .
,
,
. ...
... , , . !
(

),
( ), ,
, , . ,
,
.
, , ,
. -, ,
.
,
() , . ,
.
,
,
() . , ,
,
. -

10

- ..


.
,
. ,
,

.
,
,
,
.
.


. ,
,
,
,
.
. .

11

1


:
,
. , .
,
. , . .
, ,
, ...
,
,
2.

12

- ..

1870 1913, 900%. 20 . 1950 1960


19 (9,9% 3,4%). , 7% 1970, 4% 1980.3

, . 1985
1,6 . , 1998 5,4 .
20%
. , 80%
.
75%
, .
19 20 ,

. ,
. 1990
:
[ 19 ] .
, .
.
1913, , -

13

12.9% , 6,2% 1938,



14,3% 1993. 1913 1,5%.4
, World Investment Report
2000, .
.
22%
1913 8,7%.5
( )
. ,

,
. 3/4
, .
1990 71,9%
20%.
( ) . , , , 76,5% 16,5%.


, 20 1990:
... 45%
1950 38,3% 1959 28,5%
1969.
.
, [...] []

14

- ..

28,7% 1970 . , 1970


6,2 .
[ 29
] 2,5 . 6.
(
, ., -
, , ) 209 . 1990 1,118
. 2000. 1996 37% , . 37%
90% 9 147 ,
, , , . , 2/3
.
, , 1990:
1970 1992 [ ]
,
0,2% , 1990
1% [ ]. ... [ ] (80-90), ...
, ,
5% 15%, . ,
...,

.7
-

15

(
).
,
,
, ( ), ,
. ,
, ,
.

-, ,
.

.
63.000 690.000 . .
100 , ,
, , , , .
6 ,
2 . 2 . 8. 200 1/3 .9
,
, .
, .

16

- ..

, , .

, , .
1960, , . ,
,
. , ( ),
,
.
1980 , ,
.
( Ford, General Motors). ,
.
made in....
Ford -
. Carmy Toyota
. , Toyota
. General Motors Toyota , Isuzu,
:
Nafta (
) -

17

,
.


10.
IBM, Siemens Toshiba,
IBM . , . .
1980 64 100 ,
256 200 .
1995 64 megabit
1,2 . 11. () ( NEC,
Samsung ).
:
... , .
1996 NEC
Toshiba, Siemens , Philips
SGS-Thomson . ,
,
12.

18

- ..

1980
, . ( ). , ,
:
1990 Daimler-Benz Mitsubishi
, [...]

, , 13.
Mitsubishi, , Boeing
777. Mitsubishi
, .

. 19 , ,
. . . ( ) :
,

19

, [...] :
,

. , [...]
[...] [...] [...] [...] , ,
,
[...] .
. . 20 , .. . : [...]
; , :
,
, .

, [...]
, , , .. .
, , ,
.
, -

20

- ..

.
.
; [...]
, . , , ,
, , .., ..
,
,
, 14.
, , .
.
,

-
. , .
. , ,
.
.
, , -

21

, . - :
.
, .

. . .
( )
,
. , .
,
. ..
200 :
93% .., 80% ,
83% ..15.
. IBM, Boeing,

.
,
:
1997,

1,5 . , , , 223 . ,

. , 53 . -

22

- ..

- 2000
200 . .
, ,
700 . 1998-2001.
65-70%
[ ]. ,
. , ... .16
,
.
( ). .
Thomas Friedman,
State Department ,
(New York Times, 28 1998):
. McDonalds
McDonnell Douglas.
Silicon Valley
, , .
, ,
.

23

, 2%

.
.
10% .17
, :
,
,
.
.
,
, 50% , Ford.
.
Sony, 55%
[...] , , , 18.
.
,
,

. -

24

- ..

, ,

.

25


,
,
. (
) (
(;) - ).

,
.
.
19723, . ,
.
,
.

26

- ..

1970 , ,
.
1970 :
) , , ,
.
) , , .
.
1990 1,4 . . 1997 2,7 . .
1998
717 .19 ,
.
,
, 20.
,
, , .
25%
197021.

. 4,5 . , .
, 1,5 .

27

. 450
56% !

() .

.
)
. . ,

(, .)
.
. ,
.
,

1980, .
,
40% 1993-1995, 70.000 . 30.000
1995-1998 .
.
.
, .

, .
, 1990, 66%. 1990 1995 6,5 . ,
.
( -

28

- ..

) .
( 2000 15 ) (!) .
, , ...
, , 1996 ,
. 300 . ,
, 10
. , (Pacific Gas and
Electric[PG&E], SoCal Edison, San Diego Gas and Electric),
, .
! (
). ... !

Confederate Cartel,
.
, . 2000
3,5 40
1,5 !
. .
. Sacramento
Bee 57%
.

29

. . ,
, . 20
1990,
, .
, .
( 40% ),
,
(
), .
( 8%, 18%),
, 1215%! 2.500.000 . 300.000 . 700.000 ., 100.000 . , , ( ) .

. 1996, , 2000 200%
.
)
.
, .
) .
,
, -

30

- ..

.


(
)
.
(2001) . (
60% ) 20%
, 17%, ,
17,8%, 13,7% 13%.
14,5%, 6,5%
. 43%
3 .
,
,
( 20%, ).
:
30% 30% [...] ,
,
[...] ( , zero hour contracts, , ), ,
22.
..

31

.
: 38
12,2% 1975 , 44 13,7% 1985, 53 16,1% 1992, 57
1998 ( 1990 ...)23.
1990
12%, 18.000.000 . 5.000.000 .
, 45 . 160 , ! , 1990 (
40% Microsoft ).
.
. 1997, 26 ( )
,
24.
( , 2000, 106 ),
. , ,
...

, . .., 1999 ,

32

- ..

, , . Percy Barnevik ERT


(European Round Table of Industrialists), .

, ,
.
, , , . 25:
...
,
. ,
,
[ , , ].
( , .), , , , .
, -

33


. , , , .
1930, , , .

1914. 1913 100, 1920-1925 82. 1931-1935
93. 1948 103,
191326.
, .


, :
...
1950
. , , ,
/,
.27
, , .

34

- ..

.
. 19 . 1930 -
- 1970, :
...

. ,
,
,

. , (
), , , ,

, , ,
,
80, ,
(, ..).28.
,
. 1930 .
, ,

35

,
.
. , .

1980

1973
,
. .
, 3,7%
1961-69 6,4% 1969-73, 10,9%
1973-79. , , , 1970 16%. .
, ,
29.
1973 ,
(), .
1972-1981
118,5 (1967=100) 675,9, .30
,
.
, .
10% .31
-

36

- ..

, .
. ,
(), 1965 1976 37% , 16%
, 12% . ,
10% 1965 5% 1980.

25% 12% 198032.

,
. , 1980,

, !
.
. .
1960 1980 .
184 1.000 1963 1967, 969
1968 1972 33.
, 1979, .
1984-1985,
, 1988, 1989, 1990 1992. .
(1981) . ()
.

37

( ) , ,
, . , ,
, .
1970
, .
. , : ,
: .34
, , . 1980
.
10,7%, 1930.
,
, , . .
1930.
, , ,

.
: -

38

- ..

. ,
, , , ,
.
, .
1980 : , ,
, ( ) , ,
. : , . , , .
(Washington Consensus, , 1990):
,
, , , . (), , ( )
,
.
,

1980 :

)
.

39


, 1979, .
. ,
,
.
, , ,
, .
. , .
,
1980,
, . . 0
1980 3% 1985 2,7 199535
. 1980 .
, 1970 . ,

(360 .
1974-1981).36 . , , , -

40

- ..

( ). () ,

. Federal Reserve ()

.
, ,
,
1960.

, ,
, . (, ),
25 . 1968 200 . 1974.37
, , . , , .
, ,
. ,
, .
,
.
. ,

41

1950 1960, 25% . 1970 65%.38 ( ) .


9,2% 1980, 17,7%, 18,4%, 20,2%.
, ,
, .
,
, ,
.
.
1982, ,
.39
, . ,
, , , .
. , , ,
.
, , . ,
, , . , ,
.

42

- ..


.
,

. , ,
. ( 1,5% (!) 2001).
,
,
, ( ).
, . 1996 , , , 1997
. 1997
, ,
, , .
.
27% 1970, 11% 1980,
17%
1990. 1995 21% (53 . 254 .)40.
,
( )
. .
() ,
,

43

,
. .
.
. 1990
15% , 1996 35%.
1930: 13,7% , -7,5% , -10%
, -5,8% .
, . 1997 .
,
,
.
,
,
. 1980,
1994-95, 1997-98, 1998, 1998 2002.
,
. ,

,
() .41.

:
1971 90%
[ ] 10% .
1990 , 1995

44

- ..

95% , ,
, : 80%
.42.

)
.


, .
,
.
,
,
. , ,
,
. ,
,
. ,
(
) ,
.
, , .
,

45

( ).
:

() ,
, , , [...] , ,
() . , , , .

( ) .
, ,
,
43. [ , ,
].
, ,
, . ( ).
, ,
, , , . 1989 179 ., ( ) -

46

- ..

341 .,
1989.
56% .
, . , .

, ,
, ,
, , . .
,
. , , , ,
. ,
( ) , .
,
. .
, .
, . . 1990 ,
, 8 .
, 1998 9 . ,
44.

47

, , :
)
:
2000
340,75 ./
.
( funds)
.
: , .
, .

45.
, , :
, .46
, (

) ,
. 8,5 .
, 70% 6 . .47
,

48

- ..

. , ,
. , . , ,
, . , , , .
) . , . ,
. , , () .
,
, .

) ()
;

(1950
1970)

.
, ,
.

49

,
,
.
,
. ,
, ( ).
1990 ( )
,
. :
( , ,
)
[...] ,
,

[...] [ ], , , , .48

, ,
. , , , .49
Internet, , ,
-

50

- ..

3%,
.50
3,5% 1960 1970, 1990,
2,5%.51
, , , 18 . ,
(
1,2 ).52

, ) ,
, )
,
) , :
... , .
, .

, [...]
, ,
, -

51

.53
, , () :
,

, , , , , , [...]
.54
,

( ,
, ), . ( )
, . , () ,
. Microsoft , , , NASDAQ.
, , ,
:
1995

52

- ..

180 , . Internet 3%. 1995 , 15%


, 3/4 ,
Internet.
: 47
.
....55

:

... !

. ,
, , ... ! 1846, 150 .
... ! 40% ,
,
.
, :
.
19 , (.. )
-

53

.
,
, :
, ,
,
,
[...]

. , ( ) [...] ,
.
, ,
. 20 ,
56.

:
,
-

54

- ..

. , ,

.
,
, ,
.

. , ,
, ,
,
57.
:
...
, ,
. , ,
, , , .58
:
10% -

55

70 : 28%
, . 10% , . 25% , . 30% , 59.
( ) ,
:


, . .
.60
:



- .
,
1930, Foreign Affairs 198061.
Fortune 100 (
) 1993

56

- ..

, , .
.
, 1980,
, ,


, . ,
,
. ,
37,2% 1981 50,9% 1990,
57,1% 63,8%, 36,4% 46,9%.
45,2% 56,7%62.
. , ,
. . . ,
1960-67, 28,3%, 1990-1996
35%.
18,7% 33,5%. 33,9% 42%.
. :

,

.63.

, -

57

, , ().

.
, , . (Fed) 1998 ( )
,
,
.
,
, , . General Motors 1990-1994 111 .
, IBM 58 . .64
.
, , , [...]
26 . ,
, . 1986 28 , 1993 200. 30%
15% [...]

[...]
1,75% ( ) 5,5% () -

58

- ..

65.

, ,
NIKEI 37.000
10.000 , 1930. Chris Harman:
1930.
,

. 66.
( )
.
,
. ,
.
,

. ,
,
, , .
,

, , .

59

,
, ,
,
.
,
.

.
,
, ( ). .
, , ,
. ,
.

( ), .

,
17 .
. . . -

60

- ..

.
. . () .
. .
,
.
, 1950
1960, , .
1970 . , ,
. ,
.

. ,
.
, .
. ,
. ,
() . , ,

61

.
, , . , ,
, , , . . , ,
,
. , 1905,

.
.
1970-73, 1978-79, 1990,
1998
, .

62

,
. ,
,
,
.

. , . .
.
,
, .
, . .
.., Nafta (, ,
Nafta ) ,
. -

63

.

, . , (
), .
. 5/3/2002 30%.
3,8 . . .., , , , (), . , ! ! ,
, . , ... !
,
.. . ..

,
( )67. .. , ,
.68 .
..
,

..69

64

- ..

( ),

.
.
.. , , ,

2000.70
: ( ),
( ):
, 1980 1990
,

,
[...]
12% 1980 26%. [: 1990] 20%
, 5% 71.
:

,
, .

65


.72
, :
... ,
, ,
(.. ,
.73

.
. Nafta
. .. , . ..
(, , , ),
. ..
( ).

) ;

,
. . . ,
, , :

66

- ..

... , ,
:
, [sic!] .
[sic!]-
,
- . [...] [ ] .
, 74. [...] [ ]
[...] , , . [...]
,
[ ] , [ ,
] 75.
.
, ..
, ,
, (- ),
( [ ] ). ,
( .. ) ,
, .
-
, .

67

( ) . ,
, , .

34% , 350,8 . 469,6 . 2007. , , ,
. Fed ,
, :
76. ,
, ,
.

.
() .
:
, , 100.000 115 ( )
[:
, 1991,
]. , 1521, , ....77

68

- ..

1994 , 300.
1999 78
.78

. , ,
31 2002 :
[...]
.
,
.
.
, ,
. . ,
.

.

. , (
, , ). (
40-50 ),

69


.
, .
Wall Street Journal :
( )
[...] ( )
, ,
!79
,
Olin :
... [...]
, ,
.80
.
, :
[] ,
[!] [!!] [!!!] [...]
-

70

- ..

, , ,
19 . 81
, 19 . Niall Ferguson Guardian:

,
. ,
,
18
19 82.

. ..
,
,
.
.. GPS (Global Positioning System),
3,2 3,6 . .
GPS, .83

, (
) . , ,
.
,

71

(
)
, . , ,
, -.

, , .
Spratly . - 1979,
1980.
, .84
. . 1980 :
, ,
,
, , ,
, , ,
,
[...] 16 , ,
.
[...]
, -

72

- ..

85.

, , . ,
15 16 .

- :
, [...]
,
. [...]:
:

... ,
, . ,

86.
,

. ( )
:
... -

73



:
.


.
,
() [...]

. , ,
.87


(NAFTA- E.E. )
.
,
.
.
, .
, , ,
- . 25% -

74

- ..

, 8% , 12% 88. , Guardian89:


[...]
.
..
Wall Street .
, ,
.
,

,
:

,
..
,
, . [...] ,
[...] ..

, . , . 100 .
, .90
142 , 21 , ..,
. -

75

, . , Robert Zoelliek,
:


[ ] ... .91
, , ...
.
1997,
,
,
(
). ,

.
:
Chalmers Johnson [ Japan Policy
Research Institute]
, :

.92
,

76

- ..

. , Microsoft, Intel, Siemens,


Toshiba,
.

.. .


, . ,
( ).
. 1870
.
1930 .
1970,
.
:
) . . , .

, . ,
3/4
2/3

77

, . 95% . 93.
, , , ,
94.
,
( )
,
:


. . [...] 1950, . , . ,
.
,
[...] ,
,
. 1990
[...] 1970, 64
100 , 26 8 .
1988, 42 100 -

78

- ..

, 33 15 95.

,
.
, .

. , - . ,
, 1990,
,
, . , ,
, .
)
.

, :
,


,
, [...] , .

79

,
96.
, think tank
, ,
,
,

. 1977 14% .
1993 36%.
Wall Street , .
,
, . , , :
...

[...]
,
97.
)
, . , ,
.

80

. ( )
. , .
CEPR98
,
, (1980-2000) (1960-1980).
: , , ,
, .
.
,
1,9% 1960-1980 0,5%
1980-2000. 3,6%
1%. 2,6% 1,7%.
, . 1970, . , 1980 60%

81

.
, .
65,5 57 .

( ). , 80% 40-60% :
20-40%
,
[...]
, , ,
,
,
[...]99.

6% 1974 5%
1974 1983, : 3,4% 1980, 1,8% 1990100.

. 2/3
. , ( )
.
7,4 . ,
1990, 35(!) 1960 ( ).
.
7% 1980. 12% 1985 15%101.
135%

82

- ..

2001,
165%.
,
!
,
, .
. ,

1980, . 1,5 . , (
):
1994 (
) , 5 . ,
, 102.

. , , (
1930).
, , . mainstream, . 1999

83

:
...
,
[:
,
] [..]

, ,
[...] , : .
,
,
, , ,
[...]

. ,
,
, , ,
1930 .
, ,
. , , ,

.

84

- ..

, .
[...] .
,
; [...]

[...]
103.
... ,
, ; 1992 (10
128 . ) , .
, , ;
, ;
, .
,
; . 2001, ,
6,5% 1%, 40 .
;
2002 , [ ] 4%,
6%104. . ,
.. .

85

()
.
. 2004 () .
, .
,

. . , . , , .
Wall Street, .
40%
2000, . (, ), . . ( ) .. .

.
1990, 350
. ,
. Nikkei 38.000 , 1989, 10.000 ,
-

86

- ..

.
.
1930 .
.
, , ,
. -, .
.
, ,
,
, :
, 1930, , ,
.105
, ,
. ,
, , . , , (;) ,
. ,
. -

87

. ,

:
.
, , [...]
106.
, . , .
, ,
. ,

, . ,
,
. .
.

,
19 . , 19
1930, :

.
, ,

88

- ..

[...] . [...]
, , ,

[...] , , . , . ,

[...] . [...] . , , , 107.

, 1944.
, , .
, ,
! , .
, junk foods. , , -

89

.
.

.
.

,
. (, , )
:
[...] ,
. ,
[...]
, , , . , ,
[...] [...] 108.

- - .
-

90

- ..

,
,
:
, -,
,
laissez-faire
, , , a priori, . , , , , , .109
,
,
managers , ,
,
. , , .
() , .
: ,
90% , .110
, . -

91

,
, 1/4 .
, ,
- ( , )
,
() .
,
.
: Disney, AOL Time Warner,
Sony, News Corporation, Viacom, Vivendi, Bertelsmann.
, , 80-85% ,
, ., ..111
, ,

,
.
() -
,
, , , , ,
.
.
, ,
. , , ,
. -

92

- ..

.
1930, ,
. , ,
, .
1930, , ... .
, ,
,
.

:

, - [...] ,
. ,
, 600.000 .
[...]
: 1979 1993 100.000 , ,
23 52, 44 62
37 117. ....112
, 5,4 . 1980 2000
400%. ,

93


, 1000%!113

. ,
, ( ) :
25 2001,
, , :
, , ,
IRA, .., , , , ,
, .114
95 Human Rights Watch , 1.200 :
, ,
.
. , . -

94

- ..


() . , .
:

;
;
;
. ( ), . , ,
, ,
. , ,
.

.

, ,
.
, , ,
.
,
,
, .

95

.
. , ,

.
. .
,
, . , ,
,
.
. ,
, .
1970,
, 1980
.
, 1980.
.

.
. , -

96

- ..

.
. . ,
.
(
1995 ).
, ,
. ,
: ,
.

97

The End of History? 3-4


( - ).
3
, 96
4
, 26
5
Chris Harman, Analysing imperialism, International Socialism Journal, Summer
2003.
6
74
7
35
8
Paul D Amato Imperialism and the state: Why McDonalds needs McDonnell
Douglas, International Socialist Review issue 17, April-May 2001.
9
46
10
Mac 81
11
279
12
298
13
285
14

15
Chris Harman Globalisation A Critique of the New Orthodoxy, International
Socialism, 73
16
24/02/2002
17
Chris Harman Globalisation A Critique of the New Orthodoxy, International
Socialism, 73
18
45
19
Phil Marfleet Globalisation and the third world, International Socialism, no 81
20
Chris Harman , ,

21
OHE, Human development Report 1998
22
Keith Dixon , , 28
23

24
, 186
1
2

98

- ..

12/01/2002
Chris Harman Globalisation A Critique of the New Orthodoxy, International
Socialism, 73
27
30
28
. 193
29
Mark Mazower 313-244
30
John Kenneth Galbraith , 304
31
John Kenneth Galbraith , 305
32
, , , 105
33
Keith Dixon ,
34
John Kenneth Galbraith , 310
35
57
36
60
37
Chris Harman Explaining the crisis, 114
38
Chris Harman Explaining the crisis, 114
39
, 62
40
East Asia since the 1997 crisis. Rumy Hasan International Socialism 92
41
A new financial architecture, Bruno Jetin, North Paris University
42
Noam Chomsky Profits over people
43
. 176, . 181
44
28/12/2001
:
45
9/1/2002 :

46
... 7/4/2002
47
... 7/4/2002
48
. ;
29-30-31.
49
265
50
284
51
268
52
Doug Henwood: A new economy?, International Socialist Review issue 19,
August-September 2001
53
, ; 79-80
54
113
55
, 166
25
26

99
William Lazonick
19
57
William Lazonick
20
58
Mac 344
59
Lester Thurow ,
87
60
89
61
Noam Chomsky Profits over people 37
62
, , , 31
63
, 123
64
Paul D Amato Imperialism and the state: Why McDonalds needs McDonnell
Douglas, International Socialist Review issue 17, April-May 2001.
65
Lester Thurow ,
88-89
66
Chris Harman Explaining the crisis 118
67
11/3/2002
68
23/3/2002
69
27/3/2002
70
23/3/2002
71
, 131-132
72
Lester Thurow ,
456
73
Lester Thurow ,
20
74
12/11/2001
75
13/7/2001
76
10/3/2002
77
, 128
78
Paul Marie De La Gorge :
17/3/2002
79
Le Monde Diplomatique, Philip S. Golub, , 15/9/2002
80

81
Le Monde Diplomatique, Philip S. Golub, ,
56

100

- ..

15/9/2002
Ahmed Shawki The rehabilitation of colonialism , International
Socialist Review issue 21, January-February 2002
83
27/3/2002
84
Nigel Harris China: Globalization and the new agenda, International Socialist
Review issue 19, August-September 2001
85
; 110
86
; 116-7
87
91-92
88
Chris Harman Beyond the boom, International Socialism, no 90
89
Guardian 12 January 2001
90
12/4/2002
91
John Pilger The real story behind Americas war, International
Socialist Review issue 21, January-February 2002
92
Walden Bello: Global capitalism: From triumph to crisis,
International Socialist Review issue 19, August-September 2001
93
David Horowitz 99
94
David Horowitz 301-34
95
Lester Thurow ,
79-81
96
301-303
97
324
98
Mark Weisbrot, Dean Baker, Egor Kraev, Judy Chen,
Center for Economic and Policy Research
99
Mark Mazower 367-68
100
, 304
101
, 145
102
Mac 349
103
229-246
104
19/3/2002
105
246
106
307
107

108

109
Mac 342
110
, 97
82

101
Robert Mc Chesney: Global media, neoliberalism & imperialism, International
Socialist Review issue 19, August-September 2001
112
Mark Mazower 3327-329
113
Manning Marable: Race, class, and globalization, International Socialist Review
issue 19, August-September 2001
114
;, Guardian 9/3/2002
111

102

, , : , ,
.
.

. , .
,

( ), , ,
,
, ,
.


, , (.. ),

, ,
. , ,
, , , , -

103

,
(
).
.
, , ,
, .
,
.
,
,
.
( ),
, 20 ,
, ,
,
,
. ,
,
.
,
.
, ,

.1
, .
( ) () .

104

- ..


, .
, ( ) .
:
, () . .


. ,
,
,

, , .
,
.

. ,
,
( , , ),
. ,
( ,
). , (
) .. .
, .., - (
)

105

. ..
, (
).

. ,
..
. , (
), ,
( ) .
,
(),
-.
, -,
.. . () .
,
-.
( )
( 66, 70, 77,
93, 96, 97)
( 101, 103,
107, 107, 110, 111, 113,
114). 168. -

106

- ..

,
50 57%,
43 50%.2
() ( ) 4,5:
1.3 , , 44 (31 )!4
, ..
. 1,27% .., (5-7% ).
,

( ).5
, ,
.

. (
)
,
( )
, , (

- ).
, ..

,
.
( ) ,
10 , . -

107

,
2003, - (, , , , , )
.6 , ,
0,9% 2006.
.7 ,
( 1990)
70 . .8

.. ,
.
,
100% . ( ) (, , )
2-3% .
,

,
..9 -, , ( )
.
(- )
( ) .. ,
, ,
.
( 2003 1,20 ) . ,
. ,
-

108

- ..

(
). ,
, ,
2003 10,1 . , 9,2 .
.10 2003,

.11 2003
135 . , 2002, 3% ..,
1%.12
,
.. .. (50% ..),
(64%), (65%),
(37% ..),
(39%), (33%).13 , ,
( ..)
. ..-15
(, , ),
,
, ,
.14
.
,
(
..), ..
,
( [ ]
2006).
, , .
,
0,34

109

. , 40% ,
.15
,
, , . ( ).
,
.. .
, 21,32
. . ,
,
,
.16
, , ,
.
1% . : (0,16% ),
(0,18%), (0,25%), (0,58%) (0,90%).17
,
.
,
(-
..). , , (
), .
(
)
..
2%, 34% 18:

110

- ..


,
, ,
.
,
.
[...]
, ,

, ,
,
.
.19
,
,
,
. ,
- .
, ,
5% .20 , ,
3% .. (- 2003 4% ,
4% 2003
3% 2004,
3%). , ,
.. ,
. , -

111

(
..)
( ) .
,
2003, .. ( , , ,
220 . 202021). ,
(
3% )
. Standard & Poors,

..22
, ()
-
.., , , ..
, .


. ,
2003 , , ( , , )
,
,
Galileo23-
.
( ,
, ),
.24
.. (
) -

112

- ..

(
2006-2012) ,
. .25

( ) .. 2004. , , 15 -
, 450 . . , ,
. .. , , () .
!
, ( ) ,
: .. 20%, .. 4,48%.
( 4,66%
..).
.. ( )
. 2000, ..15 20 . ,
14 .
1993, .

113

( ) 44% (31% )
..
: 19,6%, 16,5%, 11,5%, 10%).

, , , ,
.. (..-15). , , 11% ..-15. ,
..-15, , ,
(
,
..-15).
..-15. 2000-2006 -
( )
.26 ,
( ,
).
100% 2013, ()
! , : 67 (!) ,
437 .


50 90 !!

114

- ..

.
,

1%
2%. ,
, .
2000-2009 3-4%
( 2%). ,
21%,
, 250.000
.27 ,

..15
( ...)
.


, () . ..

. , .
( ), (
).

115



- .. --,

(
). -
,

. ..,
- , .
.. ,
,
.
, .. : -
(
)

.
,
.
..,
(
).
,
( )
.

116

- ..

, , .. , , :
. , , .

. , , (
), , ,
..
,

.., .

.., . .. , . ( :
, 3 4) ..:
, .
,
(!) (!) . ,
,
. ,
( ),

117

.
, , , -:
.

( -76).
,
, ( ) .
,
.
( )
, ,
,
.
,
, ( )
19 , , . ,
. ,
, .
:
- , ,
.

118
-

- ..

.
(, , , ..)
.

,
( , -14), ,
.
. . ,

.
, ,
,
: ...(!)
( ) (!!) ( , -15).
, ..,
( , -34).
.

, ,
, , , ..
,

119

,
.
:


! (!)
, , :
,
, .28
, ( , ), ..:
. , ,
..
..
,
:
.

( , ), .. ,
.. .
: ()
-

, () -

120

- ..

. (), .. ( ,

).

, .., ,
, , . ..,
.
, ,
,

(
1970).
, ,
.
,
.., , , ,
.
:
.
, , , ,
.
(
), ,
() ,
( [ ] ).
-

121

. 1960 ( )
.. 5% 15% (
[ ] ). 1970
8% 22% .
1990 19%
33% .29
,
1970,
.30 ,
, - ,

.
(, , ),
,
.
, , ,
,

.
..: .
. 2001.
,
,
( ):
- (
) 65 70 .
- 20-40%.
- , -

122

- ..


, ,
( ).
- .

!

,
. ,
, .
, ! ..
.
.. , , .

, , (
) ..

.. ( )
, . .., , ( , ),
.
, ,
. . .. .. ,
(
).

123

() . ,
..-15 ,


. ,
Daily Mail
, Guardian []
. .
,
,
: ,
,
!31
,

.., .
,
.. (
), ,
.
, , , .
,
,
, .

, , (.. ), ( ),
.
,
.. , ( -

124

- ..

)
.

, ,
.. : ,
. ,
..
H
, , . ( 1980), ,
( ),
. ,
.
.
,
.., NAFTA ,
. ,

.
, ( )
, .
, ..(
,
). , , !
, . ( ), ,

125

.
:
[ ]
!!32

.., . ..
. , ,
.. ,
. , ,
.33
, ,
, , .
, , - , ,
.
(
..),
(
.. ).

.., . ..,
, .., ,
[sic!]
.34

126

- ..

,
1961, () ,
, ,
.
,
( ),
. 1960-1975
8,5% ( 3,8% ),
,
1985-94,

.. (4,1% 2001 1,7% .. 3,8%
2003 1% ..).

. ,
, ,
:
.

:

() :
. ,
( ). ,
( 1967)

127

() ...
, , . ,

!
( ): ,
.
,
( )
( , ). , ( )
1967.
,
-, , 1989,
! (
) .

,
. ,
, ,
.. (). (),
,
:
89 ( ), .
, . , , .
,
. ,

128

- ..


, , ,
.

, (
..
).

..,
.
- ,
, .

, ,
,
. ,
,
,
. ( ) , ,
.

().
, .
, ,
1985!
,
,
.

129

..
. , ,
..
( ) ,
:35
) ,
.. .. . -. ( ).
.. .
) ,
,

.
) ( )
.. ,
..
.
) -
.
(, , ),
: , .
) ,
..
, ,
.

130

Chris Harman, The Common Market, International Socialism 49, 1971.


, ,
, , 2002, . 777.
3
, , 21 ,
, . 289.
4
, .. , ,
2/5/2003.
5
. , , , . 35.
6
, 17/12/2003.
7
, , , , 2000, . 115-116.
8
cite www.CIA - The World Factbook .
9
, , ,
-, . 60-81. . ,
, , . 19-41.
10
, 10/7/2003.
11
, 12/11/2003.
12
, 31/12/2003.
13
. , , , . 29.
14
, , , . 122.
15
, , ,
-, . 80.
16
, 6/7/2003.
17
, , 21 ,
, . 320.
18
, , , , 2000, . 107.
19
, , , , 2000, . 107,109.
20
, 12/10/2003.
21
, 4/10/2003.
1
2

131
, 10/7/2003.
, 21/9/2003.
24
, 28/9/2003.
25
, 6/10/2003.
26
, , , 2000, .
163.
27
G. Buster, EU enlargement: from poverty to misery, International Viewpoint 340,
May 2002.
28
Bernard Cassen, , Le Monde, , 24/8/2003.
29
, , ,
1999, . 663.
30
, , 21 ,
, . 183.
31
, : , , . 68, 76.
32
.. , site www.kke.gr.
33
.., site www.kke.gr.
34
, site www.kke.gr.
35
, ,
2002, International Viewpoint 342, July/August 2002. , , 2, 2002.
22
23

You might also like